1
|
Dutta A, Thakur S, Dey DK, Kumar A. Cisplatin and Starvation Differently Sensitize Autophagy in Renal Carcinoma: A Potential Therapeutic Pathway to Target Variegated Drugs Resistant Cancerous Cells. Cells 2024; 13:471. [PMID: 38534315 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin, a powerful chemotherapy medication, has long been a cornerstone in the fight against cancer due to chemotherapeutic failure. The mechanism of cisplatin resistance/failure is a multifaceted and complex issue that consists mainly of apoptosis inhibition through autophagy sensitization. Currently, researchers are exploring ways to regulate autophagy in order to tip the balance in favor of effective chemotherapy. Based on this notion, the current study primarily identifies the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in cisplatin-treated autophagic ACHN cells through the Illumina Hi-seq platform. A protein-protein interaction network was constructed using the STRING database and KEGG. GO classifiers were implicated to identify genes and their participating biological pathways. ClueGO, David, and MCODE detected ontological enrichment and sub-networking. The network topology was further examined using 12 different algorithms to identify top-ranked hub genes through the Cytoscape plugin Cytohubba to identify potential targets, which established profound drug efficacy under an autophagic environment. Considerable upregulation of genes related to autophagy and apoptosis suggests that autophagy boosts cisplatin efficacy in malignant ACHN cells with minimal harm to normal HEK-293 growth. Furthermore, the determination of cellular viability and apoptosis by AnnexinV/FITC-PI assay corroborates with in silico data, indicating the reliability of the bioinformatics method followed by qRT-PCR. Altogether, our data provide a clear molecular insight into drug efficacy under starved conditions to improve chemotherapy and will likely prompt more clinical trials on this aspect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Dutta
- Advanced Nanoscale Molecular Oncology Laboratory (ANMOL), Department of Biotechnology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri 734013, West Bengal, India
| | - Subarna Thakur
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of North Bengal, Siliguri 734013, West Bengal, India
| | - Debasish Kumar Dey
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Anoop Kumar
- Advanced Nanoscale Molecular Oncology Laboratory (ANMOL), Department of Biotechnology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri 734013, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang HB, Hu Y, Deng JL, Fang GY, Zeng Y. Insights into the involvement of long non-coding RNAs in doxorubicin resistance of cancer. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1243934. [PMID: 37781691 PMCID: PMC10540237 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1243934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin is one of the most classical chemotherapeutic drugs for the treatment of cancer. However, resistance to the cytotoxic effects of doxorubicin in tumor cells remains a major obstacle. Aberrant expression of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) has been associated with tumorigenesis and development via regulation of chromatin remodeling, transcription, and post-transcriptional processing. Emerging studies have also revealed that dysregulation of lncRNAs mediates the development of drug resistance through multiple molecules and pathways. In this review, we focus on the role and mechanism of lncRNAs in the progress of doxorubicin resistance in various cancers, which mainly include cellular drug transport, cell cycle disorder, anti-apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cancer stem cells, autophagy, tumor microenvironment, metabolic reprogramming and signaling pathways. This review is aimed to provide potential therapeutic targets for future cancer therapy, especially for the reversal of chemoresistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Bo Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Women’s Hospital (Hangzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease and China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Li Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Ying Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Women’s Hospital (Hangzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Karlina I, Schroeder BA, Kirgizov K, Romantsova O, Istranov AL, Nedorubov A, Timashev P, Ulasov I. Latest developments in the pathobiology of Ewing sarcoma. J Bone Oncol 2022; 35:100440. [PMID: 35855933 PMCID: PMC9287185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2022.100440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Karlina
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostics, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, World-Class Research Centre “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Brett A. Schroeder
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Kirill Kirgizov
- Research Institute of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology at N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia Moscow, 115478, Russia
| | - Olga Romantsova
- Research Institute of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology at N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia Moscow, 115478, Russia
| | - Andrey L. Istranov
- Department of Oncology, radiation therapy and plastic surgery, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Andrey Nedorubov
- Center for Preclinical Research, Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter Timashev
- World-Class Research Centre “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Ilya Ulasov
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostics, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, World-Class Research Centre “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Corresponding author at: Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostics, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, World-Class Research Centre “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Modulation of autophagy: a Phase II study of vorinostat plus hydroxychloroquine versus regorafenib in chemotherapy-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Br J Cancer 2022; 127:1153-1161. [PMID: 35739299 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01892-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), regorafenib (RGF), a multi-kinase inhibitor with angiogenic inhibition has modest effects on survival. We reported that autophagy modulation using hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), enhances the anticancer activity of the histone deacetylase inhibitor, vorinostat (VOR), in mCRC, is well tolerated, and has comparable activity to RGF. Thus, we conducted a prospective study of VOR/HCQ versus RGF in mCRC. METHODS This is a randomised, controlled trial of VOR 400 mg and HCQ 600 mg orally daily versus RGF 160 mg orally daily (3 weeks on/1 week off), every 4 weeks, in patients with mCRC. PRIMARY ENDPOINT median progression-free survival (mPFS). Secondary endpoints: median overall survival (mOS); adverse events; pharmacodynamic analyses. RESULTS From 2/2015-10/2017, 42 patients were randomised to VOR/HCQ and RGF. Median age was 58.4 years. mPFS on VOR/HCQ was 1.9 months versus 4.35 months with RGF (P = 0.032). There was no difference in mOS (P = 0.9). Treatment was tolerated in both arms. In both arms, there was improved anti-tumour immunity. CONCLUSIONS VOR/HCQ had an inferior PFS when compared to RGF, although there was an increase in anti-tumour immunity in mCRC. VOR/HCQ has a favourable safety profile, and immune or tumour biomarkers may be used to identify clinical benefit of autophagy modulation in mCRC. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT02316340.
Collapse
|
5
|
Mohamadian M, Bahrami A, Moradi Binabaj M, Asgharzadeh F, Ferns GA. Molecular Targets of Curcumin and Its Therapeutic Potential for Ovarian Cancer. Nutr Cancer 2022; 74:2713-2730. [PMID: 35266849 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2022.2049321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the fifth most common gynecological cancer in women globally. Conventional chemotherapy is the first therapeutic approach in the treatment of ovarian cancer, but its success is limited by severe side effects, transient response, and the high prevalence of relapse. Curcumin is a natural product found in the rhizome extract of Curcuma longa and has been extensively used over the last decades for its unique biological and medicinal properties, which include: having antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammation, and anti-tumor activities. Curcumin exerts its anticancer properties against ovarian cancer via multiple mechanisms: interfering with cellular interactions necessary for metastasis and recurrence of OC cells, increasing pro-apoptotic proteins as well as inducing or suppressing generation of different molecules such as cytokines, transcription factors, enzymes, protein kinases, and growth factors. Moreover, curcumin down-regulates various signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt, Wnt/β-catenin, JAK/STAT3, and MEK/ERK1/2 axes, which at least in part have a role in inhibiting further tumor proliferation, growth, and angiogenesis. In this review, we overview the potential of incorporating curcumin into the treatment of ovarian cancer. In particular, we summarize the preclinical evidence supporting its use in combination with current chemotherapeutic regimens as well as new analogues and formulations under investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malihe Mohamadian
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Afsane Bahrami
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Imam Reza Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Clinical Research Development Unit of Akbar Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Moradi Binabaj
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Asgharzadeh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Department of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yoon JY, Woo SM, Seo SU, Song SR, Lee SG, Kwon TK. Lucanthone, Autophagy Inhibitor, Enhances the Apoptotic Effects of TRAIL through miR-216a-5p-Mediated DR5 Upregulation and DUB3-Mediated Mcl-1 Downregulation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010017. [PMID: 35008442 PMCID: PMC8744864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A lucanthone, one of the family of thioxanthenones, has been reported for its inhibitory effects of apurinic endonuclease-1 and autophagy. In this study, we investigated whether lucanthone could enhance tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis in various cancer cells. Combined treatment with lucanthone and TRAIL significantly induced apoptosis in human renal carcinoma (Caki and ACHN), prostate carcinoma (PC3), and lung carcinoma (A549) cells. However, combined treatment did not induce apoptosis in normal mouse kidney cells (TCMK-1) and normal human skin fibroblast (HSF). Lucanthone downregulated protein expression of deubiquitinase DUB3, and a decreased expression level of DUB3 markedly led to enhance TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Ectopic expression of DUB3 inhibited combined treatment with lucanthone and TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Moreover, lucanthone increased expression level of DR5 mRNA via downregulation of miR-216a-5p. Transfection of miR-216a-5p mimics suppressed the lucanthone-induced DR5 upregulation. Taken together, these results provide the first evidence that lucanthone enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis through DR5 upregulation by downregulation of miR-216a-5p and DUB3-dependent Mcl-1 downregulation in human renal carcinoma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yun Yoon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea; (J.Y.Y.); (S.M.W.); (S.U.S.); (S.R.S.); (S.G.L.)
| | - Seon Min Woo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea; (J.Y.Y.); (S.M.W.); (S.U.S.); (S.R.S.); (S.G.L.)
| | - Seung Un Seo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea; (J.Y.Y.); (S.M.W.); (S.U.S.); (S.R.S.); (S.G.L.)
| | - So Rae Song
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea; (J.Y.Y.); (S.M.W.); (S.U.S.); (S.R.S.); (S.G.L.)
| | - Seul Gi Lee
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea; (J.Y.Y.); (S.M.W.); (S.U.S.); (S.R.S.); (S.G.L.)
| | - Taeg Kyu Kwon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea; (J.Y.Y.); (S.M.W.); (S.U.S.); (S.R.S.); (S.G.L.)
- Center for Forensic Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-258-7358
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
HDAC6 Inhibition Extinguishes Autophagy in Cancer: Recent Insights. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246280. [PMID: 34944907 PMCID: PMC8699196 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Autophagy is an essential process in cell recycling, and its involvement in cancer has been increasingly recognized in the last few decades. This mechanism acts as a double-edged sword in tumor progression and is known to either block or promote tumorigenesis in a context-specific manner. Its role in determining chemotherapeutic resistance makes it a potential target in cancer treatment. The two autophagic inhibitors hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine are currently used in the clinic but cause several side effects in tumor patients. Since recent studies also show that epigenetic enzymes such as histone deacetylase (HDAC) proteins are able to modulate autophagy, this review focuses on the ability of HDAC6 to actively regulate the autophagic process. We also explore the possibility of using HDAC6 inhibitors as therapeutic agents in adjuvant treatment or in combination with autophagic modulators to trigger this mechanism, thus avoiding the occurrence and effects of chemoresistance. Abstract Autophagy is an essential intracellular catabolic mechanism involved in the degradation and recycling of damaged organelles regulating cellular homeostasis and energy metabolism. Its activation enhances cellular tolerance to various stresses and is known to be involved in drug resistance. In cancer, autophagy has a dual role in either promoting or blocking tumorigenesis, and recent studies indicate that epigenetic regulation is involved in its mechanism of action in this context. Specifically, the ubiquitin-binding histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzyme HDAC6 is known to be an important player in modulating autophagy. Epigenetic modulators, such as HDAC inhibitors, mediate this process in different ways and are already undergoing clinical trials. In this review, we describe current knowledge on the role of epigenetic modifications, particularly HDAC-mediated modifications, in controlling autophagy in cancer. We focus on the controversy surrounding their ability to promote or block tumor progression and explore the impact of HDAC6 inhibitors on autophagy modulation in cancer. In light of the fact that targeted drug therapy for cancer patients is attracting ever increasing interest within the research community and in society at large, we discuss the possibility of using HDAC6 inhibitors as adjuvants and/or in combination with conventional treatments to overcome autophagy-related mechanisms of resistance.
Collapse
|
8
|
Jena BC, Rout L, Dey A, Mandal M. Active autophagy in cancer-associated fibroblasts: Recent advances in understanding the novel mechanism of tumor progression and therapeutic response. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:7887-7902. [PMID: 34008184 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is primarily a homeostatic and catabolic process that is increasingly being recognized to have a pivotal role in the initiation and maintenance of cancer cells, as well as in the emergence of therapeutic resistance. Moreover, in the tumor microenvironment (TME) autophagy plays a crucial and sometimes dichotomous role in tumor progression. Recent studies show that during the early stages of tumor initiation, autophagy suppresses tumorigenesis. However, in the advanced stage of tumorigenesis, autophagy promotes cancer progression by protecting cancer cells against stressful conditions and therapeutic assault. Specifically, in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), autophagy promotes tumorigenesis not only by providing nutrients to the cancerous cells but also by inducing epithelial to mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, stemness, and metastatic dissemination of the cancer cells, whereas in the immune cells, autophagy induces the tumor-localized immune response. In the TME, CAFs play a crucial role in cancer cell metabolism, immunoreaction, and growth. Therefore, targeting autophagy in CAFs by several pharmacological inducers like rapamycin or the inhibitor such as chloroquine has gained importance in preclinical and clinical trials. In the present review, we summarized the basic mechanism of autophagy in CAFs along with its role in driving tumorigenic progression through several emerging as well as classical hallmarks of cancer. We also addressed various autophagy inducers as well as inhibitors of autophagy for more efficient cancer management. Eventually, we prioritized some of the outstanding issues that must be addressed with utmost priority in the future to elucidate the role of autophagy in CAFs on tumor progression and therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Chandra Jena
- Cancer Biology Lab, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Lipsa Rout
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Technical Education and Research, Siksha'O'Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Ankita Dey
- Cancer Biology Lab, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Mahitosh Mandal
- Cancer Biology Lab, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sheng JQ, Wang MR, Fang D, Liu L, Huang WJ, Tian DA, He XX, Li PY. LncRNA NBR2 inhibits tumorigenesis by regulating autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 133:111023. [PMID: 33378941 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been identified to play increasingly important roles in tumorigenesis, and they may serve as novel biomarkers for cancer therapy. LncRNA NBR2 (neighbor of BRCA1 gene 2), a novel identified lncRNA, is demonstrated to decrease in several cancers. However, it is still unknown whether lncRNA NBR2 is involved in hepatocellular carcinoma and autophagy. We found that HCC cases with lower NBR2 expression had significantly worse overall survival than those with higher NBR2 expression in advanced patients. And the expression of NBR2 was negatively correlated with the degree of malignancy of HCC cell lines and differentiation of hepatocellular carcinoma. Besides, NBR2 inhibited the proliferation, invasion, and migration of liver cancer cells. We further found that NBR2 repressed cytoprotective autophagy to restrain HCC cell proliferation. Moreover, NBR2 inhibited Beclin 1-dependent autophagy through ERK and JNK pathways. Taken together, NBR2 suppressed autophagy-induced cell proliferation at least partly through ERK and JNK pathways. These data indicated that NBR2 served as a tumor suppressor gene in hepatocellular carcinoma. The current study provides a novel insight and treatment strategy for hepatocellular carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qi Sheng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Mu-Ru Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Dan Fang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Lian Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Wen-Jie Huang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.
| | - De-An Tian
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xing-Xing He
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Pei-Yuan Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kulka LAM, Fangmann PV, Panfilova D, Olzscha H. Impact of HDAC Inhibitors on Protein Quality Control Systems: Consequences for Precision Medicine in Malignant Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:425. [PMID: 32582706 PMCID: PMC7291789 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine acetylation is one of the major posttranslational modifications (PTM) in human cells and thus needs to be tightly regulated by the writers of this process, the histone acetyl transferases (HAT), and the erasers, the histone deacetylases (HDAC). Acetylation plays a crucial role in cell signaling, cell cycle control and in epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Bromodomain (BRD)-containing proteins are readers of the acetylation mark, enabling them to transduce the modification signal. HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) have been proven to be efficient in hematologic malignancies with four of them being approved by the FDA. However, the mechanisms by which HDACi exert their cytotoxicity are only partly resolved. It is likely that HDACi alter the acetylation pattern of cytoplasmic proteins, contributing to their anti-cancer potential. Recently, it has been demonstrated that various protein quality control (PQC) systems are involved in recognizing the altered acetylation pattern upon HDACi treatment. In particular, molecular chaperones, the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy are able to sense the structurally changed proteins, providing additional targets. Recent clinical studies of novel HDACi have proven that proteins of the UPS may serve as biomarkers for stratifying patient groups under HDACi regimes. In addition, members of the PQC systems have been shown to modify the epigenetic readout of HDACi treated cells and alter proteostasis in the nucleus, thus contributing to changing gene expression profiles. Bromodomain (BRD)-containing proteins seem to play a potent role in transducing the signaling process initiating apoptosis, and many clinical trials are under way to test BRD inhibitors. Finally, it has been demonstrated that HDACi treatment leads to protein misfolding and aggregation, which may explain the effect of panobinostat, the latest FDA approved HDACi, in combination with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in multiple myeloma. Therefore, proteins of these PQC systems provide valuable targets for precision medicine in cancer. In this review, we give an overview of the impact of HDACi treatment on PQC systems and their implications for malignant disease. We exemplify the development of novel HDACi and how affected proteins belonging to PQC can be used to determine molecular signatures and utilized in precision medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Anna Michelle Kulka
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Pia-Victoria Fangmann
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Diana Panfilova
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Heidi Olzscha
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jones TM, Carew JS, Nawrocki ST. Therapeutic Targeting of Autophagy for Renal Cell Carcinoma Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1185. [PMID: 32392870 PMCID: PMC7281213 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney cancer is the 7th most prevalent form of cancer in the United States with the vast majority of cases being classified as renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Multiple targeted therapies have been developed to treat RCC, but efficacy and resistance remain a challenge. In recent years, the modulation of autophagy has been shown to augment the cytotoxicity of approved RCC therapeutics and overcome drug resistance. Inhibition of autophagy blocks a key nutrient recycling process that cancer cells utilize for cell survival following periods of stress including chemotherapeutic treatment. Classic autophagy inhibitors such as chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have been introduced into phase I/II clinical trials, while more experimental compounds are moving forward in preclinical development. Here we examine the current state and future directions of targeting autophagy to improve the efficacy of RCC therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steffan T. Nawrocki
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine and The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (T.M.J.); (J.S.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bekric D, Neureiter D, Ritter M, Jakab M, Gaisberger M, Pichler M, Kiesslich T, Mayr C. Long Non-Coding RNAs in Biliary Tract Cancer-An Up-to-Date Review. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9041200. [PMID: 32331331 PMCID: PMC7231154 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The term long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) describes non protein-coding transcripts with a length greater than 200 base pairs. The ongoing discovery, characterization and functional categorization of lncRNAs has led to a better understanding of the involvement of lncRNAs in diverse biological and pathological processes including cancer. Aberrant expression of specific lncRNA species was demonstrated in various cancer types and associated with unfavorable clinical characteristics. Recent studies suggest that lncRNAs are also involved in the development and progression of biliary tract cancer, a rare disease with high mortality and limited therapeutic options. In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the manifold roles of lncRNAs in biliary tract cancer and give an overview of the clinical and molecular consequences of aberrant lncRNA expression as well as of underlying regulatory functions of selected lncRNA species in the context of biliary tract cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dino Bekric
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (D.B.); (M.R.); (M.J.); (M.G.); (T.K.)
| | - Daniel Neureiter
- Institute of Pathology, Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken (SALK), 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
- Cancer Cluster Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Markus Ritter
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (D.B.); (M.R.); (M.J.); (M.G.); (T.K.)
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis and Rehabilitation, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Gastein Research Institute, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Jakab
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (D.B.); (M.R.); (M.J.); (M.G.); (T.K.)
| | - Martin Gaisberger
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (D.B.); (M.R.); (M.J.); (M.G.); (T.K.)
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis and Rehabilitation, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Gastein Research Institute, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Pichler
- Research Unit of Non-Coding RNAs and Genome Editing, Division of Clinical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center Graz, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria;
| | - Tobias Kiesslich
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (D.B.); (M.R.); (M.J.); (M.G.); (T.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken (SALK), 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian Mayr
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (D.B.); (M.R.); (M.J.); (M.G.); (T.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken (SALK), 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhong W, Tang X, Liu Y, Zhou C, Liu P, Li E, Zhong P, Lv H, Zou Q, Wang M. Benzoxazole Derivative K313 Induces Cell Cycle Arrest, Apoptosis and Autophagy Blockage and Suppresses mTOR/p70S6K Pathway in Nalm-6 and Daudi Cells. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25040971. [PMID: 32098126 PMCID: PMC7070478 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzoxazole derivative K313 has previously been reported to possess anti-inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. To date, there have been no related reports on the anticancer effects of K313. In this study, we found that K313 reduced the viability of human B-cell leukemia (Nalm-6) and lymphoma (Daudi) cells in a dose-dependent manner without affecting healthy peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and induced moderate cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase. Meanwhile, K313 mediated cell apoptosis, which was accompanied by the activation of caspase-9, caspase-3, and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP). Furthermore, cells treated with K313 showed a significant decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), which may have been caused by the caspase-8-mediated cleavage of Bid, as detected by Western blot analysis. We also found that K313 led to the downregulation of p-p70S6K protein, which plays an important role in cell survival and cell cycle progression. In addition, treatment of these cells with K313 blocked autophagic flux, as reflected in the accumulation of LC3-II and p62 protein levels in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In conclusion, K313 decreases cell viability without affecting normal healthy PBMCs, induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, reduces p-p70S6K protein levels, and mediates strong autophagy inhibition. Therefore, K313 and its derivatives could be developed as potential anticancer drugs or autophagy blockers in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China;
| | - Xinwen Tang
- Center of Science and Research, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610513, China; (X.T.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yang Liu
- Center of Science and Research, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610513, China; (X.T.); (Y.L.)
| | - Chunyu Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610083, China; (C.Z.); (E.L.); (P.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Pan Liu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China;
| | - Enhui Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610083, China; (C.Z.); (E.L.); (P.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Peilin Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610083, China; (C.Z.); (E.L.); (P.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Haoxue Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610083, China; (C.Z.); (E.L.); (P.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Qiang Zou
- Center of Science and Research, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610513, China; (X.T.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (Q.Z.); (M.W.); Tel.: +86-028-62739159 (Q.Z.); +86-028-85418776 (M.W.)
| | - Maolin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China;
- Correspondence: (Q.Z.); (M.W.); Tel.: +86-028-62739159 (Q.Z.); +86-028-85418776 (M.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cai Q, Wang X, Wang S, Jin L, Ding J, Zhou D, Ma F. Gallbladder Cancer Progression Is Reversed by Nanomaterial-Induced Photothermal Therapy in Combination with Chemotherapy and Autophagy Inhibition. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:253-262. [PMID: 32021178 PMCID: PMC6970248 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s231289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is the most common malignancy in biliary tract with extremely poor prognosis. Photothermal therapy (PTT) shows great promises for tumor therapy, which causes tumor cell death via selectively directed heating released by nanoparticles under the near-infrared irradiation. Through degrading damaged organelles and misfolded proteins in autophagosomes, autophagy plays a vital role in maintaining the intracellular homeostasis. The present study attempted to combine chemotherapy and autophagy blocking with PTT. Materials and Methods We purchased multi-walled carbon nanotubes from Nanostructured and Amorphous Materials and performed PTT using an 808-nm diode laser. The cytotoxic effects of PTT and chemotherapy in vitro were assessed by cell viability analysis. The effects of PTT and chemotherapy on autophagy in vitro were assessed by GFP-LC3 and Western blot. And these results were confirmed by in vivo experiment. Results Both PTT and chemotherapy could trigger cytoprotective autophagy to tolerate the cellular stresses and prolong the survival of GBC cell; therefore, the blocking of autophagy could enhance the efficacy of PTT and chemotherapy in GBC treatment in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion Chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin and autophagy inhibitor chloroquine could enhance the efficacy of nanoparticle-mediated hyperthermia in GBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China.,Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinjing Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouhua Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Longyang Jin
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Ding
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Shuguang Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai University of T.C.M., Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Ma
- Department of Oncology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Molecular Determinants of Cancer Therapy Resistance to HDAC Inhibitor-Induced Autophagy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 12:cancers12010109. [PMID: 31906235 PMCID: PMC7016854 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylation inhibitors (HDACi) offer high potential for future cancer therapy as they can re-establish the expression of epigenetically silenced cell death programs. HDACi-induced autophagy offers the possibility to counteract the frequently present apoptosis-resistance as well as stress conditions of cancer cells. Opposed to the function of apoptosis and necrosis however, autophagy activated in cancer cells can engage in a tumor-suppressive or tumor-promoting manner depending on mostly unclarified factors. As a physiological adaption to apoptosis resistance in early phases of tumorigenesis, autophagy seems to resume a tumorsuppressive role that confines tumor necrosis and inflammation or even induces cell death in malignant cells. During later stages of tumor development, chemotherapeutic drug-induced autophagy seems to be reprogrammed by the cancer cell to prevent its elimination and support tumor progression. Consistently, HDACi-mediated activation of autophagy seems to exert a protective function that prevents the induction of apoptotic or necrotic cell death in cancer cells. Thus, resistance to HDACi-induced cell death is often encountered in various types of cancer as well. The current review highlights the different mechanisms of HDACi-elicited autophagy and corresponding possible molecular determinants of therapeutic resistance in cancer.
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhu L, Zhu Y, Han S, Chen M, Song P, Dai D, Xu W, Jiang T, Feng L, Shin VY, Wang X, Jin H. Impaired autophagic degradation of lncRNA ARHGAP5-AS1 promotes chemoresistance in gastric cancer. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:383. [PMID: 31097692 PMCID: PMC6522595 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1585-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemoresistance remains the uppermost disincentive for cancer treatment on account of many genetic and epigenetic alterations. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging players in promoting cancer initiation and progression. However, the regulation and function in chemoresistance are largely unknown. Herein, we identified ARHGAP5-AS1 as a lncRNA upregulated in chemoresistant gastric cancer cells and its knockdown reversed chemoresistance. Meanwhile, high ARHGAP5-AS1 expression was associated with poor prognosis of gastric cancer patients. Intriguingly, its abundance is affected by autophagy and SQSTM1 is responsible for transporting ARHGAP5-AS1 to autophagosomes. Inhibition of autophagy in chemoresistant cells, thus, resulted in the upregulation of ARHGAP5-AS1. In turn, it activated the transcription of ARHGAP5 in the nucleus by directly interacting with ARHGAP5 promoter. Interestingly, ARHGAP5-AS1 also stabilized ARHGAP5 mRNA in the cytoplasm by recruiting METTL3 to stimulate m6A modification of ARHGAP5 mRNA. As a result, ARHGAP5 was upregulated to promote chemoresistance and its upregulation was also associated with poor prognosis in gastric cancer. In summary, impaired autophagic degradation of lncRNA ARHGAP5-AS1 in chemoresistant cancer cells promoted chemoresistance. It can activate the transcription of ARHGAP5 in the nucleus and stimulate m6A modification of ARHGAP5 mRNA to stabilize ARHGAP5 mRNA in the cytoplasm by recruiting METTL3. Therefore, targeting ARHGAP5-AS1/ARHGAP5 axis might be a promising strategy to overcome chemoresistance in gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Zhu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiran Zhu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuting Han
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Miaoqin Chen
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Song
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongjun Dai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenxia Xu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lifeng Feng
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Vivian Y Shin
- Department of Surgery, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongchuan Jin
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cai Q, Wang S, Jin L, Weng M, Zhou D, Wang J, Tang Z, Quan Z. Long non-coding RNA GBCDRlnc1 induces chemoresistance of gallbladder cancer cells by activating autophagy. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:82. [PMID: 30953511 PMCID: PMC6449938 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-1016-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gallbladder cancer is the most common biliary tract malignancy and not sensitive to chemotherapy. Autophagy is an important factor prolonging the survival of cancer cells under chemotherapeutic stress. We aimed to investigate the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in autophagy and chemoresistance of gallbladder cancer cells. METHODS We established doxorubicin (Dox)-resistant gallbladder cancer cells and used microarray analysis to compare the expression profiles of lncRNAs in Dox-resistant gallbladder cancer cells and their parental cells. Knockdown or exogenous expression of lncRNA combined with in vitro and in vivo assays were performed to prove the functional significance of lncRNA. The effects of lncRNA on autophagy were assessed by stubRFP-sensGFP-LC3 and western blot. We used RNA pull-down and mass spectrometry analysis to identify the target proteins of lncRNA. RESULTS The drug-resistant property of gallbladder cancer cells is related to their enhanced autophagic activity. And we found a lncRNA ENST00000425894 termed gallbladder cancer drug resistance-associated lncRNA1 (GBCDRlnc1) that serves as a critical regulator in gallbladder cancer chemoresistance. Furthermore, we discovered that GBCDRlnc1 is upregulated in gallbladder cancer tissues. Knockdown of GBCDRlnc1, via inhibiting autophagy at initial stage, enhanced the sensitivity of Dox-resistant gallbladder cancer cells to Dox in vitro and in vivo. Mechanically, we identified that GBCDRlnc1 interacts with phosphoglycerate kinase 1 and inhibits its ubiquitination in Dox-resistant gallbladder cancer cells, which leads to the down-regulation of autophagy initiator ATG5-ATG12 conjugate. CONCLUSIONS Our findings established that the chemoresistant driver GBCDRlnc1 might be a candidate therapeutic target for the treatment of advanced gallbladder cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Cai
- Department of General Surgery, XinHua Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Shouhua Wang
- Department of General Surgery, XinHua Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Longyang Jin
- Department of General Surgery, XinHua Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Mingzhe Weng
- Department of General Surgery, XinHua Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Di Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, XinHua Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jiandong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, XinHua Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhaohui Tang
- Department of General Surgery, XinHua Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhiwei Quan
- Department of General Surgery, XinHua Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ghosh S, Lalani R, Patel V, Bardoliwala D, Maiti K, Banerjee S, Bhowmick S, Misra A. Combinatorial nanocarriers against drug resistance in hematological cancers: Opportunities and emerging strategies. J Control Release 2019; 296:114-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
19
|
Dong X, Yang Y, Zhou Y, Bi X, Zhao N, Zhang Z, Li L, Hang Q, Zhang R, Chen D, Cao P, Yin Z, Luo L. Glutathione S-transferases P1 protects breast cancer cell from adriamycin-induced cell death through promoting autophagy. Cell Death Differ 2019; 26:2086-2099. [PMID: 30683915 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0276-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases P1 (GSTP1) is a phase II detoxifying enzyme and increased expression of GSTP1 has been linked with acquired resistance to anti-cancer drugs. However, most anticancer drugs are not good substrates for GSTP1, suggesting that the contribution of GSTP1 to drug resistances might not be dependent on its capacity to detoxify chemicals or drugs. In the current study, we found a novel mechanism by which GSTP1 protects human breast cancer cells from adriamycin (ADR)-induced cell death and contributes to the drug resistance. GSTP1 protein level is very low in human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 but is high in ADR-resistant MCF-7/ADR cells. Under ADR treatment, MCF-7/ADR cells showed a higher autophagy level than MCF-7 cells. Overexpression of GSTP1 in MCF-7 cells by using the DNA transfection vector enhanced autophagy and down-regulation of GSTP1 through RNA interference in MCF-7/ADR cells decreased autophagy. When autophagy was prevented, GSTP1-induced ADR resistance reduced. We found that GSTP1 enhanced autophagy level in MCF-7 cells through interacting with p110α subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and then inhibited PI3K/protein kinase B (AKT)/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity. Proline123, leucine160, and glutamine163, which located in C terminal of GSTP1, are essential for GSTP1 to interact with p110α, and the following autophagy and drug resistance regulation. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that high level of GSTP1 maintains resistance of breast cancer cells to ADR through promoting autophagy. These new molecular insights provide an important contribution to our better understanding the effect of GSTP1 on the resistance of tumors to chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.,Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaowen Bi
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ningwei Zhao
- Shimadzu Biomedical Research Laboratory, Shanghai, 200233, China.,Laboratory of Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Zhengping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.,Jiangsu Simovay Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qiyun Hang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ruhui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Dan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China
| | - Zhimin Yin
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Lan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Anticancer and antibacterial activity in vitro evaluation of iridium(III) polypyridyl complexes. J Biol Inorg Chem 2018; 24:151-169. [PMID: 30564887 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-018-1635-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Three iridium(III) polypyridyl complexes [Ir(ppy)2(PYTA)](PF6) (1) (ppy = 2-phenylpyridine), [Ir(bzq)2(PYTA)](PF6) (2) (bzq = benzo[h]quinolone) and [Ir(piq)2(PYTA)](PF6) (3) (piq = 1-phenylisoquinoline, PYTA = 2,4-diamino-6-(2'-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. The cytotoxic activity of the complexes toward cancer SGC-7901, Eca-109, A549, HeLa, HepG2, BEL-7402 and normal LO2 cell lines was investigated by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. Complex 3 shows the most effective on inhibiting the above cell growth among these complexes. The complexes locate at the lysosomes and mitochondria. AO/EB, Annex V and PI and comet assays indicate that the complexes can induce apoptosis in SGC-7901 cells. Intracellular ROS and mitochondrial membrane potential were examined under fluorescence microscopy. The results demonstrate that the complexes increase the intracellular ROS levels and induce a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential. The complexes can enhance intracellular Ca2+ concentration and cause a release of cytochrome c. The autophagy was studied using MDC staining and western blot. Complexes 1-3 can effectively inhibit the cell invasion with a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, the complexes target tubules and inhibit the polymerization of tubules. The antimicrobial activity of the complexes against S. aureus, E. coli, Salmonella and L. monocytogenes was explored. The mechanism shows that the complexes induce apoptosis in SGC-7901 cells through ROS-mediated lysosomal-mitochondrial, targeting tubules and damage DNA pathways. Three iridium(III) complexes [Ir(N-C)2(PYTA)](PF6) (N-C = ppy, 1; bzq, 2; piq, 3) were synthesized and characterized. The anticancer activity of the complexes against SGC-7901 cells was studied by apoptosis, comet assay, autophagy, ROS, mitochondrial membrane potential, intracellular Ca2+ levels, release of cytochrome c, tubules and western blot analysis. The antibacterial activity in vitro was also assayed.
Collapse
|
21
|
Li ML, Xu YZ, Lu WJ, Li YH, Tan SS, Lin HJ, Wu TM, Li Y, Wang SY, Zhao YL. Chloroquine potentiates the anticancer effect of sunitinib on renal cell carcinoma by inhibiting autophagy and inducing apoptosis. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:2839-2846. [PMID: 29435010 PMCID: PMC5778883 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sunitinib based adjuvant chemotherapy combined with chloroquine (CQ) for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is in clinical trials; however, its anti-RCC effect and the mechanism remain unclear. In the present study, the anti-RCC effect of sunitinib with CQ and the underlying mechanism was investigated. An MTT assay demonstrated that CQ enhanced the proliferation inhibitory effect of sunitinib against the OS-RC-2 RCC cell line. CQ inhibited sunitinib-induced autophagy in OS-RC-2, which was evidenced by the inhibition of autophagic vacuoles, acidic vesicular organelle formation, light chain 3 (LC3)-II recruitment to the autophagosomes and the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II, as induced by sunitinib. The inhibition of autophagy by CQ enhanced sunitinib-induced apoptosis, which was characterized by the activation of caspase-3, caspase-9, Bcl-2 and p53. Additionally, the exposure of OS-RC-2 cells to CQ and sunitinib resulted in the inhibition of AKT, tuberous sclerosis complex 2, mechanistic target of rapamycin and p70 ribosomal S6 kinase, which are associated with cell proliferation. In in vivo study, a combination of sunitinib with CQ in mice significantly reduced OS-RC-2 cell xenograft growth compared with the sunitinib alone group. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that CQ may enhance the anti-RCC effect of sunitinib by inhibiting the autophagy induced by sunitinib, and enhance the rate of apoptosis. Inhibiting cell proliferation may also serve a role in the synergistic antitumor effect of sunitinib and CQ. These data suggest that combination therapy of sunitinib with CQ may be a promising strategy for adjuvant chemotherapy in RCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man-Li Li
- Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - You-Zhi Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Jie Lu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Huai Li
- Department of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Sheng Tan
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 510002, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Jun Lin
- Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Tian-Ming Wu
- Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Si-Ying Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Lan Zhao
- Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chi KH, Wang YS, Huang YC, Chiang HC, Chi MS, Chi CH, Wang HE, Kao SJ. Simultaneous activation and inhibition of autophagy sensitizes cancer cells to chemotherapy. Oncotarget 2018; 7:58075-58088. [PMID: 27486756 PMCID: PMC5295413 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While combined chemotherapy (CT) with an autophagy inducer and an autophagy inhibitor appears paradoxical, it may provide a more effective perturbation of autophagy pathways. We used two dissimilar cell lines to test the hypothesis that autophagy is the common denominator of cell fate after CT. HA22T cells are characterized by CT-induced apoptosis and use autophagy to prevent cell death, while Huh7.5.1 cells exhibit sustained autophagic morphology after CT. Combined CT and rapamycin treatment resulted in a better combination index (CI) in Huh7.5.1 cells than combined CT and chloroquine, while the reverse was true in HA22T cells. The combination of 3 drugs (triplet drug treatment) had the best CI. After triplet drug treatment, HA22T cells switched from protective autophagy to mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and endoplasmic reticulum stress response-induced apoptosis, while Huh7.5.1 cells intensified autophagic lethality. Most importantly, both cell lines showed activation of Akt after CT, while the triplet combination blocked Akt activation through inhibition of phospholipid lipase D activity. This novel finding warrants further investigation as a broad chemosensitization strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwan-Hwa Chi
- Department of Radiation Therapy and Oncology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shan Wang
- Department of Radiation Therapy and Oncology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Research and Development, JohnPro Biotech Inc., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Huang
- Department of Research and Development, JohnPro Biotech Inc., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chien Chiang
- Department of Research and Development, JohnPro Biotech Inc., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mau-Shin Chi
- Department of Radiation Therapy and Oncology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Hwa Chi
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ell Wang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Jyh Kao
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Protein neddylation and its alterations in human cancers for targeted therapy. Cell Signal 2018; 44:92-102. [PMID: 29331584 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Neddylation, a post-translational modification that conjugates an ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8 to substrate proteins, is an important biochemical process that regulates protein function. The best-characterized substrates of neddylation are the cullin subunits of Cullin-RING ligases (CRLs), which, as the largest family of E3 ubiquitin ligases, control many important biological processes, including tumorigenesis, through promoting ubiquitylation and subsequent degradation of a variety of key regulatory proteins. Recently, increasing pieces of experimental evidence strongly indicate that the process of protein neddylation modification is elevated in multiple human cancers, providing sound rationale for its targeting as an attractive anticancer therapeutic strategy. Indeed, neddylation inactivation by MLN4924 (also known as pevonedistat), a small molecule inhibitor of E1 NEDD8-activating enzyme currently in phase I/II clinical trials, exerts significant anticancer effects by inducing cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, senescence and autophagy in a cell-type and context dependent manner. Here, we summarize the latest progresses in the field with a major focus on preclinical studies in validation of neddylation modification as a promising anticancer target.
Collapse
|
24
|
Autophagy inhibitors chloroquine and LY294002 enhance temozolomide cytotoxicity on cutaneous melanoma cell lines in vitro. Anticancer Drugs 2017; 28:307-315. [PMID: 27941537 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Patients with metastatic melanoma are difficult to treat and have a very poor prognosis because of high resistance to therapy. Recent evidence indicates that tumors could overcome death through autophagy, a survival mechanism, which cancer cells use under lack of energy and nutrient deprivation. Melanoma cells have different sensitivity to temozolomide (TMZ) treatment. In this study, we showed that the combination of autophagy inhibitors chloroquine or LY294002 and TMZ induced enhanced cytotoxicity of alkylating agents on human melanoma cell lines. All assays were performed on patient-derived melanoma cell lines. The effectiveness of the combined treatment of TMZ and autophagy inhibitors was determined using an MTT assay. Next, we analyzed the expression mRNA level of Beclin 1, LC3B, and p62/STSQM1 and the relative expression of LC3B protein under combined treatment. Autophagic flux was determined by analysis of colocalization of Lysotracker Red and LC3B puncta. Apoptosis was measured by Annexin V/PI staining. Cell cycle analyses were carried out by flow cytometry. We showed that autophagy inhibition could enhance melanoma cell death combined with TMZ therapy. Chloroquine synergistically enhanced the TMZ-induced growth arrest and increased the G0/G1 population in Mel Z and Mel IL cell lines, but not Mel MTP. The expression analysis showed that autophagy involvement in TMZ enhanced cytotoxicity. Furthermore, LY294002, an early-stage autophagy, and PI3K inhibitor were found to exert similar effects. Both chloroquine and LY294002 improved the cytotoxic effect of TMZ treatment, making this combination applicable as a potent antitumor treatment for metastatic melanoma.
Collapse
|
25
|
A novel acridine derivative, LS-1-10 inhibits autophagic degradation and triggers apoptosis in colon cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3086. [PMID: 28981103 PMCID: PMC5682664 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy promotes cancer cell survival and drug resistance by degrading harmful cellular components and maintaining cellular energy levels. Disruption of autophagy may be a promising approach to sensitize cancer cells to anticancer drugs. The combination of autophagic inhibitors, such as chloroquine (CQ) and lucanthone with conventional cancer therapeutics has been investigated in clinical trials, but adverse drug-drug interactions are a high possibility. Here we designed and synthesized a novel, small-molecule library based on an acridine skeleton and the CQ structure with various modifications and substitutions and screened the compounds for effective autophagy inhibition. We found that 9-chloro-2-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)pyrrolo[2,3,4-kl]acridin-1(2H)-one (LS-1-10) was the most effective from our library at inhibiting autophagic-mediated degradation and could decrease the viability of multiple colon cancer cells. In addition, LS-1-10 induced DNA damage and caspase 8-mediated apoptosis. Overall, this small molecule was more efficient at reducing the viability of cancer cells than other conventional chemotherapeutic agents, such as CQ and amsacrine. The anticancer and autophagy-inhibiting activities of LS-1-10 were confirmed in vivo in a xenograft mouse model. Collectively, this study has identified a new and efficient single compound with both autophagy-inhibiting and anticancer activity, which may provide a novel approach for cancer therapy.
Collapse
|
26
|
Chaicharoenaudomrung N, Jaroonwitchawan T, Noisa P. Cordycepin induces apoptotic cell death of human brain cancer through the modulation of autophagy. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 46:113-121. [PMID: 28987792 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Brain cancer, in particular neuroblastoma and glioblastoma, is a global challenge to human health. Cordycepin, extracted from Cordyceps ssp., has been revealed as a strong anticancer agent through several ways; however, the mechanism, by which cordycepin counteracts brain cancers, is still poorly understood. In this study, the underlying mechanisms of cordycepin against human brain cancer cells were explored. SH-SY5Y and U251 cells were being a model to represent human neuroblastoma and glioblastoma, respectively. Here, it was found that cordycepin inhibited cell growth, and induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner in both SH-SY5Y and U-251 cell lines. The expression of pro-apoptotic genes, including P53, BAX, Caspase-3, and Caspase-9, were upregulated, whereas the expression of anti-apoptotic gene, BCL-2, was suppressed. Besides, cordycepin induced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) along with the suppression of antioxidant genes, including GPX, SOD, and Catalase. Importantly, cordycepin was shown to involve in the activation of autophagy, which was evidenced by the increment of LC3I/II. The combination of cordycepin with chloroquine, an autophagy inhibitor, further inhibited the growth, and enhanced the death of brain cancer cells. Altogether, this finding suggested that cordycepin induced apoptosis of human brain cancer cells through mitochondrial-mediated intrinsic pathway and the modulation of autophagy. Therefore, cordycepin could be a promising candidate for the development of anticancer drugs targeting human brain cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nipha Chaicharoenaudomrung
- Laboratory of Cell-Based Assays and Innovations, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Thiranut Jaroonwitchawan
- Laboratory of Cell-Based Assays and Innovations, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Parinya Noisa
- Laboratory of Cell-Based Assays and Innovations, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhou L, Qin J, Ma L, Li H, Li L, Ning C, Gao W, Yu H, Han L. Rosoloactone: A natural diterpenoid inducing apoptosis in human cervical cancer cells through endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial damage. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:355-362. [PMID: 28858734 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural diterpenoids have been previously reported to induce tumor cell apoptosis. We identified a diterpenoid metabolite as rosoloactone that was isolated from the endophytic fungus Trichothecium roseum and displayed significant antitumor activity in vitro. In this study, we report the antitumor effect of rosoloactone on human cervical cancer HeLa cells and its mechanism of action. Our data indicate that rosoloactone induces strong anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects in human cervical cancer HeLa cells, leads to significant apoptotic morphological characteristics, and increases the number of Annexin V-positive stained cells. These effects were associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and mitochondrial damage. More specifically, rosoloactone caused accumulation of misfolded or unfolded proteins in the ER lumen, leading to excessive ERS, as well as mitochondrial damage followed by release of cytochrome c into the cytosol, activation of caspase-9 and -3, and subsequent activation of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Furthermore, the effects of rosoloactone were likely accompanied by marked reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Altogether our results showed that rosoloactone mediates pro-apoptotic effects in human cervical cancer HeLa cells likely via the activation of ERS-associated apoptosis and the mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jianchun Qin
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Liwei Ma
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Department of Medical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Lixiang Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Cong Ning
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Huimei Yu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Liying Han
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Protein kinase C β inhibits autophagy and sensitizes cervical cancer Hela cells to cisplatin. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20160445. [PMID: 28246354 PMCID: PMC5469325 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, autophagy has been indicated to play an essential role in various biological events, such as the response of cervical cancer cells to chemotherapy. However, the exact signalling mechanism that regulates autophagy during chemotherapy remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the regulation by cisplatin on protein kinase C β (PKC β), on B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and on apoptosis in cervical cancer Hela cells. And then we examined the regulation by cisplatin on autophagy and the role of autophagy on the chemotherapy in Hela cells. In addition, the regulation of the PKC β on the autophagy was also investigated. Our results indicated that cisplatin promoted PKC β in Hela cells. The PKC β inhibitor reduced the cisplatin-induced apoptosis, whereas increased the cisplatin-induced autophagy in Hela cells. On the other side, the PKC β overexpression aggravated the cisplatin-induced apoptosis, whereas down-regulated the cisplatin-induced autophagy. Taken together, our study firstly recognized the involvement of PKC β in the cytotoxicity of cisplatin via inhibiting autophagy in cervical cancer cells. We propose that PKC β would sensitize cervical cancer cells to chemotherapy via reducing the chemotherapy induced autophagy in cancer cells.
Collapse
|
29
|
LncRNA HULC triggers autophagy via stabilizing Sirt1 and attenuates the chemosensitivity of HCC cells. Oncogene 2017; 36:3528-3540. [PMID: 28166203 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Considerable evidences have shown that autophagy has an important role in tumor chemoresistance. However, it is still unknown whether the lncRNA HULC (highly upregulated in liver cancer) is involved in autophagy and chemoresistance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this study, we for the first time demonstrated that treatment with antitumor reagents such as oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil and pirarubicin (THP) dramatically induced HULC expression and protective autophagy. Silencing of HULC sensitized HCC cells to the three antitumor reagents via inhibiting protective autophagy. Ectopic expression of HULC elicited the autophagy of HCC cells through stabilizing silent information regulator 1 (Sirt1) protein. The investigation for the corresponding mechanism by which HULC stabilized Sirt1 revealed that HULC upregulated ubiquitin-specific peptidase 22 (USP22), leading to the decrease of ubiquitin-mediated degradation of Sirt1 protein by removing the conjugated polyubiquitin chains from Sirt1. Moreover, we found that miR-6825-5p, miR-6845-5p and miR-6886-3p could decrease the level of USP22 protein by binding to the 3'-untranlated region of USP22 mRNA. All the three microRNAs (miRNAs) were downregulated by HULC, which resulted in the elevation of USP22. In addition, we showed that the level of HULC was positively correlated with that of Sirt1 protein in human HCC tissues. Collectively, our data reveals that the pathway 'HULC/USP22/Sirt1/ protective autophagy' attenuates the sensitivity of HCC cells to chemotherapeutic agents, suggesting that this pathway may be a novel target for developing sensitizing strategy to HCC chemotherapy.
Collapse
|
30
|
Tian J, Liu R, Qu Q. Role of endoplasmic reticulum stress on cisplatin resistance in ovarian carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:1437-1443. [PMID: 28454274 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an essential site of cellular homeostasis regulation. ER stress (ERS) may induce autophagy in tumor cells that escape from apoptosis. The present study examined the effects and mechanism of ERS on cisplatin (DDP) sensitivity in ovarian carcinoma. SKOV3 tumor cells treated with Saquinavir were subjected to western blot and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis to determine protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and Beclin 1. MTT assay was used to analyze the influence of Saquinavir on DDP resistance in SKOV3 cells. Saquinavir induced glucose-regulated protein 78 expression, which is a marker of ERS. Following treatment with various doses of Saquinavir, the sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells to DDP decreased significantly. Protein and mRNA expression levels of mTOR and Beclin 1 in SKOV3 cells were increased when the cells were exposed to Saquinavir or DDP for 24 h. Moreover, mTOR and Beclin 1 expression levels were highest in the Saquinavir + DDP group (0.684±0.072 and 0.6467±0.0468, respectively). SKOV3 tumor cells were also exposed to the autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine (3-MA), and different concentrations of Saquinavir. Analysis of half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of DDP after this treatment demonstrated that IC50 values were significantly decreased compared with Saquinavir alone (P<0.001), suggesting that the sensitivity to DDP was improved in ovarian cancer cells after 3-MA exposure. These findings demonstrated that Saquinavir is able to induce ERS in SKOV3 cells effectively, and ER-induced stress may decrease the sensitivity of DDP in SKOV3 cells. Furthermore, ERS may regulate cell autophagy through the mTOR and Beclin 1 pathways, leading to a reduction in the sensitivity of DDP in SKOV3 cells. ERS in tumor cells and autophagy may be a potential target to improve the therapeutic effect of chemotherapy and reduce drug resistance in tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tian
- Department of Gynaecology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Gynaecology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Quanxin Qu
- Department of Gynaecology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Cree IA, Charlton P. Molecular chess? Hallmarks of anti-cancer drug resistance. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:10. [PMID: 28056859 PMCID: PMC5214767 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2999-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development of resistance is a problem shared by both classical chemotherapy and targeted therapy. Patients may respond well at first, but relapse is inevitable for many cancer patients, despite many improvements in drugs and their use over the last 40 years. Review Resistance to anti-cancer drugs can be acquired by several mechanisms within neoplastic cells, defined as (1) alteration of drug targets, (2) expression of drug pumps, (3) expression of detoxification mechanisms, (4) reduced susceptibility to apoptosis, (5) increased ability to repair DNA damage, and (6) altered proliferation. It is clear, however, that changes in stroma and tumour microenvironment, and local immunity can also contribute to the development of resistance. Cancer cells can and do use several of these mechanisms at one time, and there is considerable heterogeneity between tumours, necessitating an individualised approach to cancer treatment. As tumours are heterogeneous, positive selection of a drug-resistant population could help drive resistance, although acquired resistance cannot simply be viewed as overgrowth of a resistant cancer cell population. The development of such resistance mechanisms can be predicted from pre-existing genomic and proteomic profiles, and there are increasingly sophisticated methods to measure and then tackle these mechanisms in patients. Conclusion The oncologist is now required to be at least one step ahead of the cancer, a process that can be likened to ‘molecular chess’. Thus, as well as an increasing role for predictive biomarkers to clinically stratify patients, it is becoming clear that personalised strategies are required to obtain best results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Cree
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK. .,Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK.
| | - Peter Charlton
- Imperial Innovations, 52 Princes Gate, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2PG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Carew JS, Espitia CM, Zhao W, Han Y, Visconte V, Phillips J, Nawrocki ST. Disruption of Autophagic Degradation with ROC-325 Antagonizes Renal Cell Carcinoma Pathogenesis. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:2869-2879. [PMID: 27881580 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Although autophagy plays important roles in malignant pathogenesis and drug resistance, there are few clinical agents that disrupt this pathway, and the potential therapeutic benefit of autophagy inhibition remains undetermined. We used medicinal chemistry approaches to generate a series of novel agents that inhibit autophagic degradation.Experimental Design: ROC-325 was selected as a lead compound for further evaluation. Comprehensive in vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to evaluate the selectivity, tolerability, and efficacy of ROC-325 in preclinical models of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with HCQ serving as a comparator. Markers of autophagy inhibition and cell death were evaluated in tumor specimens.Results: ROC-325 exhibited superior in vitro anticancer effects compared with the existing autophagy inhibitor hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in 12 different cancer cell lines with diverse genetic backgrounds. Focused studies of the mechanism of action and efficacy of ROC-325 in RCC cells showed that drug treatment induced hallmark characteristics of autophagy inhibition, including accumulation of autophagosomes with undegraded cargo, lysosomal deacidification, p62 stabilization, and disruption of autophagic flux. Subsequent experiments showed that ROC-325 antagonized RCC growth and survival in an ATG5/7-dependent manner, induced apoptosis, and exhibited favorable selectivity. Oral administration of ROC-325 to mice bearing 786-0 RCC xenografts was well tolerated, was significantly more effective at inhibiting tumor progression than HCQ, and inhibited autophagy in vivoConclusions: Our findings demonstrate that ROC-325 has superior preclinical anticancer activity compared with HCQ and support the clinical investigation of its safety and preliminary efficacy in patients with RCC and other autophagy-dependent malignancies. Clin Cancer Res; 23(11); 2869-79. ©2016 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Carew
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona. .,Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Claudia M Espitia
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cancer Therapy and Research Center at The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - William Zhao
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cancer Therapy and Research Center at The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Yingchun Han
- Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - James Phillips
- Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Steffan T Nawrocki
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhao Y, Fan D, Zheng ZP, Li ETS, Chen F, Cheng KW, Wang M. 8-C-(E-phenylethenyl)quercetin from onion/beef soup induces autophagic cell death in colon cancer cells through ERK activation. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 61. [PMID: 27670274 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Quercetin, a flavonoid, widely distributed in edible fruits and vegetables, was reported to effectively inhibit 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4, 5-b]pyridine (PhIP) formation in a food model (roast beef patties) with itself being converted into a novel compound 8-C-(E-phenylethenyl)quercetin (8-CEPQ). Here we investigated whether 8-CEPQ could be formed in a real food system, and tested its anticancer activity in human colon cancer cell lines. METHODS AND RESULTS LC-MS was applied for the determination of 8-CEPQ formation in onion/beef soup. Anticancer activity of 8-CEPQ was evaluated by using cell viability assay and flow cytometry. Results showed that 8-CEPQ suppressed proliferation and caused G2 phase arrest in colon cancer cells. Based on immunofluorescent staining assay, western blot assay, and RNA knockdown data, we found that 8-CEPQ did not cause apoptotic cell death. Instead, it induced autophagic cell death. Moreover, treatment with 8-CEPQ induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Inhibition of ERK phosphorylation by the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/ERK inhibitor U0126 attenuated 8-CEPQ-induced autophagy and reversed 8-CEPQ-mediated cell growth inhibition. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that 8-CEPQ, a novel quercetin derivative, could be formed in onion/beef soup. 8-CEPQ inhibited colon cancer cell growth by inducing autophagic cell death through ERK activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueliang Zhao
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daming Fan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zong-Ping Zheng
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Edmund T S Li
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Engineering, Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ka-Wing Cheng
- College of Engineering, Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingfu Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhao Y, Fan D, Ru B, Cheng KW, Hu S, Zhang J, Li ETS, Wang M. 6-C-(E-phenylethenyl)naringenin induces cell growth inhibition and cytoprotective autophagy in colon cancer cells. Eur J Cancer 2016; 68:38-50. [PMID: 27710830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
6-C-(E-phenylethenyl)naringenin (6-CEPN) is a small molecule found in naringenin fortified fried beef. It has been shown to suppress colon cancer cell proliferation, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here we demonstrate that 6-CEPN suppresses tumour cell proliferation through cell cycle arrest in G1 phase, induces necrotic cell death and autophagy in colon cancer cells. Blockade of autophagy by knockdown of the essential autophagy proteins, Atg7 or beclin-1, resulted in aggravated cell death in response to 6-CEPN treatment. In addition, genome-wide transcriptome expression profiling by RNA-sequencing revealed that 6-CEPN-mediated gene expression pattern was extremely similar to the transcriptome response induced by a RAS inhibitor salirasib (farnesylthiosalicylic acid [FTS; salirasib]). Subsequent molecular biological and biochemical experiments demonstrated that 6-CEPN indeed strongly inhibited RAS activation, leading to the inhibition of the downstream effector pathways c-Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin. More importantly, our computational molecular docking data showed that 6-CEPN could bind to the active site of isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase (Icmt), a critical enzyme for the activation of RAS. Icmt activity assay showed that 6-CEPN inhibited its activity significantly. Knockdown of Icmt by siRNA attenuated 6-CEPN-mediated autophagy and cell death. The present study demonstrates that 6-CEPN induces cell growth inhibition and cytoprotective autophagy in colon cancer cells, at least in part, though inhibition of the Icmt/RAS signalling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueliang Zhao
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daming Fan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Beibei Ru
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka-Wing Cheng
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Shuting Hu
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiangwen Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Edmund T S Li
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mingfu Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Patel S, Hurez V, Nawrocki ST, Goros M, Michalek J, Sarantopoulos J, Curiel T, Mahalingam D. Vorinostat and hydroxychloroquine improve immunity and inhibit autophagy in metastatic colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:59087-59097. [PMID: 27463016 PMCID: PMC5312297 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) enhances the anti-cancer activity of the histone deacetylase inhibitor, vorinostat (VOR), in pre-clinical models and early phase clinical studies of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Mechanisms could include autophagy inhibition, accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins, and subsequent tumor cell apoptosis. There is growing evidence that autophagy inhibition could lead to improved anti-cancer immunity. To date, effects of autophagy on immunity have not been reported in cancer patients. To address this, we expanded an ongoing clinical study to include patients with advanced, refractory mCRC to evaluate further the clinical efficacy and immune effects of VOR plus HCQ. Refractory mCRC patients received VOR 400 milligrams orally with HCQ 600 milligrams orally daily, in a 3-week cycle. The primary endpoint was median progression-free survival (mPFS). Secondary endpoints include median overall survival (mOS), adverse events (AE), pharmacodynamic of inhibition of autophagy in primary tumors, immune cell analyses, and cytokine levels. Twenty patients were enrolled (19 evaluable for survival) with a mPFS of 2.8 months and mOS of 6.7 months. Treatment-related grade 3-4 AEs occurred in 8 patients (40%), with fatigue, nausea/vomiting, and anemia being the most common. Treatment significantly reduced CD4+CD25hiFoxp3+ regulatory and PD-1+ (exhausted) CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and decreased CD45RO-CD62L+ (naive) T cells, consistent with improved anti-tumor immunity. On-study tumor biopsies showed increases in lysosomal protease cathepsin D and p62 accumulation, consistent with autophagy inhibition. Taken together, VOR plus HCQ is active, safe and well tolerated in refractory CRC patients, resulting in potentially improved anti-tumor immunity and inhibition of autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sukeshi Patel
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Vincent Hurez
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Steffan T. Nawrocki
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Martin Goros
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Joel Michalek
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - John Sarantopoulos
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Tyler Curiel
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Devalingam Mahalingam
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Liang B, Liu X, Liu Y, Kong D, Liu X, Zhong R, Ma S. Inhibition of autophagy sensitizes MDR-phenotype ovarian cancer SKVCR cells to chemotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 82:98-105. [PMID: 27470344 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED AUTOPHAGY: is an intracellular lysosomal degradation pathway where its primary function is to allow cells to survive under stressful conditions. Autophagy is, however, a double-edge sword that can either promote cell survival or cell death. CHEMORESISTANCE: is a major challenge in the clinical treatment of ovarian cancer, of which the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to explore the role of autophagy in vincristine (VCR) resistant ovarian cancer cells. METHODS The SKOV3 parental cell line and SKVCR, the VCR-resistant ovarian carcinoma cells were used. 3-MA (3-Methyladenine) and CQ (Chloroquine) were also used as autophagy inhibitors. CCK8 (Cell Counting Kit-8) was used to detect cell viability, quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot were used to detect the expressions of mRNA and protein, MDC staining and flow cytometry were used to detect autophagy and apoptosis, respectively. RESULTS Compared with parental SKOV3 cells, SKVCR cells showed Multidrug Resistance (MDR). SKVCR cells demonstrated higher autophagy levels than SKOV3 cells, which could be inhibited by 3-MA and CQ. In SKVCR cells, VCR increased apoptosis levels further, 3-MA and CQ inhibited autophagy and potentiated the cytotoxicity by VCR. Moreover, 3-MA and CQ overcame the acquired VCR resistance in SKVCR cells by enhancing VCR-induced cytotoxicity, and promote apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that autophagy has a protective role in the multi-drug resistant SKVCR cells. The inhibition of autophagy increases the killing effects of VCR by increasing apoptosis and inhibiting autophagy, suggesting a better strategy for the treatment of drug-resistant SKVCR cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Care, School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Ministry of Health), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Ministry of Health), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Center for Radiological Research, Changchun, 130021, China; Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Ministry of Health), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Ministry of Health), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Dejuan Kong
- Department of Pediatric Ultrasound, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Ministry of Health), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Rui Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Ministry of Health), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Shumei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Ministry of Health), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Xiao L, Shi XY, Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Zhu L, Tian W, Zhu BK, Wei ZL. YAP induces cisplatin resistance through activation of autophagy in human ovarian carcinoma cells. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:1105-14. [PMID: 27073322 PMCID: PMC4806764 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s102837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To identify the role of YAP in cisplatin resistance in human ovarian cancer cells and in the regulation of autophagy in these cancer cells. Materials and methods The cisplatin-sensitive OV2008 parental cell line and its cisplatin-resistant variant C13K were cultured. RNA interference was used to knock down the YAP gene. Accumulation of GFP-LC3 puncta was performed by fluorescence microscopy. The formation of autophagosomes was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Drug sensitivity was examined using CCK-8 assay, while apoptosis, the level of intracellular rhodamine 123 and lysosomal acidification were analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Acid phosphatase activity was measured using an acid phosphatase-assay kit. Real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence detection were used to detect the protein and messenger RNA expression of YAP, YAP target genes, CCND1, cleaved PARP, and caspase 3, Atg-3 and -5, and the LC3B protein. Results YAP signaling may regulate cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer cells by augmenting cellular autophagic flux. After knockdown of YAP-sensitized C13K cells to cisplatin by inducing a decrease in autophagy, YAP led to an increase in autophagy via enhancement of autolysosome degradation. Conclusion YAP-mediated autophagy may play a protective role in cisplatin-resistant human ovarian cancer cells. Therefore, YAP-mediated autophagy should be explored as a new target for enhancing the efficacy of cisplatin against ovarian cancer and other types of malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yan Shi
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis of Hubei Province, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University (Shanghai Red House Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital), Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Tian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing-Kun Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Lian Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Golden EB, Cho HY, Hofman FM, Louie SG, Schönthal AH, Chen TC. Quinoline-based antimalarial drugs: a novel class of autophagy inhibitors. Neurosurg Focus 2015; 38:E12. [PMID: 25727221 DOI: 10.3171/2014.12.focus14748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Chloroquine (CQ) is a quinoline-based drug widely used for the prevention and treatment of malaria. More recent studies have provided evidence that this drug may also harbor antitumor properties, whereby CQ possesses the ability to accumulate in lysosomes and blocks the cellular process of autophagy. Therefore, the authors of this study set out to investigate whether CQ analogs, in particular clinically established antimalaria drugs, would also be able to exert antitumor properties, with a specific focus on glioma cells. METHODS Toward this goal, the authors treated different glioma cell lines with quinine (QN), quinacrine (QNX), mefloquine (MFQ), and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and investigated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced cell death, autophagy, and cell death. RESULTS All agents blocked cellular autophagy and exerted cytotoxic effects on drug-sensitive and drug-resistant glioma cells with varying degrees of potency (QNX > MFQ > HCQ > CQ > QN). Furthermore, all quinoline-based drugs killed glioma cells that were highly resistant to temozolomide (TMZ), the current standard of care for patients with glioma. The cytotoxic mechanism involved the induction of apoptosis and ER stress, as indicated by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage and CHOP/GADD153. The induction of ER stress and resulting apoptosis could be confirmed in the in vivo setting, in which tumor tissues from animals treated with quinoline-based drugs showed increased expression of CHOP/GADD153, along with elevated TUNEL staining, a measure of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Thus, the antimalarial compounds investigated in this study hold promise as a novel class of autophagy inhibitors for the treatment of newly diagnosed TMZ-sensitive and recurrent TMZ-resistant gliomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Encouse B Golden
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhong J, Dong X, Xiu P, Wang F, Liu J, Wei H, Xu Z, Liu F, Li T, Li J. Blocking autophagy enhances meloxicam lethality to hepatocellular carcinoma by promotion of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Cell Prolif 2015; 48:691-704. [PMID: 26481188 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Meloxicam, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, has been demonstrated to exert anti-tumour effects against various malignancies. However, up to now, mechanisms involved in meloxicam anti-hepatocellular carcinoma effects have remained unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cell viability and apoptosis were assessed by CCK-8 and flow cytometry. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy-associated molecules were analysed by western blotting and immunofluorescence assay. GRP78 and Atg5 knock-down by siRNA or chemical inhibition was used to investigate cytotoxic effects of meloxicam treatment on HCC cells. RESULTS We found that meloxicam led to apoptosis and autophagy in HepG2 and Bel-7402 cells via a mechanism that involved ER stress. Up-regulation of GRP78 signalling pathway from meloxicam-induced ER stress was critical for activation of autophagy. Furthermore, autophagy activation attenuated ER stress-related cell death. Blocking autophagy by 3-methyladenine (3-MA) or Atg5 siRNA knock-down enhanced meloxicam lethality for HCC by activation of ER stress-related apoptosis. In addition, GRP78 seemed to lead to autophagic activation via the AMPK-mTOR signalling pathway. Blocking AMPK with a chemical inhibitor inhibited autophagy suggesting that meloxicam-regulated autophagy requires activation of AMPK. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed that both ER stress and autophagy were involved in cell death evoked by meloxicam in HCC cells. This inhibition of autophagy to enhance meloxicam lethality, suggests a novel therapeutic strategy against HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingtao Zhong
- Department of General Surgery, Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Xiaofeng Dong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Peng Xiu
- Department of General Surgery, Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Fuhai Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Ju Liu
- Laboratory of Medicrovascular Medicine and Medical Research Center, Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Honglong Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Zongzhen Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of General Surgery, Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of General Surgery, Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
8-p-Hdroxybenzoyl Tovarol Induces Paraptosis Like Cell Death and Protective Autophagy in Human Cervical Cancer HeLa Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:14979-96. [PMID: 26147427 PMCID: PMC4519883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160714979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
8-p-Hdroxybenzoyl tovarol (TAW) is a germacrane-type sesquiterpenoid that can be isolated from the roots of Ferula dissecta (Ledeb.) Ledeb. In this study, the growth inhibitory effects induced by TAW were screened on some types of tumor cells, and the mechanism was investigated on TAW-induced growth inhibition, including paraptosis and autophagy in human cervical cancer HeLa cells. TAW-induced paraptosis involved extensive cytoplasmic vacuolization in the absence of caspase activation. Additionally, TAW evoked cell paraptotic death mediated by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR). Autophagy induced by TAW was found to antagonize paraptosis in HeLa cells. This effect was enhanced by rapamycin and suppressed by the autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine (3MA). Loss of beclin 1 (an autophagic regulator) function led to promote ER stress. Taken together, these results suggest that TAW induces paraptosis like cell death and protective autophagy in HeLa cells, which would provide a new clue for exploiting TAW as a promising agent for the treatment of cervical cancer.
Collapse
|
41
|
Choi PR, Kang YJ, Sung B, Kim JH, Moon HR, Chung HY, Kim SE, Park MI, Park SJ, Kim ND. MHY218-induced apoptotic cell death is enhanced by the inhibition of autophagy in AGS human gastric cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2015; 47:563-72. [PMID: 26043797 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported the anticancer effects of MHY218, which is a hydroxamic acid derivative, in HCT116 human colon cancer cells. In the present study, the involvement of autophagy in the MHY218-induced apoptotic cell death of AGS human gastric cancer cells was investigated. MHY218 treatment induced growth inhibition and apoptotic cell death in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The induction of apoptosis was confirmed by observations of decreased viability, DNA fragmentation, and an increase in late apoptosis and sub-G1 DNA, which were detected with a flow cytometric analysis. Western blot analyses showed that MHY218 treatment resulted in decreased protein levels of procaspase-8, -9, and -3; cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP); and alterations in the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 protein expression. Apoptosis induced by MHY218 was involved in the activation of caspase-8, -9, and -3, and it was blocked by the addition of Z-VAD‑FMK, a pan-caspase inhibitor. In addition, autophagy-inducing effects of MHY218 were indicated by cytoplasmic vacuolation, the accumulation of acidic vesicular organelles, the appearance of green fluorescent protein-light-chain 3 (LC3) punctate dots, and increased levels of Beclin-1 and LC3-II protein expression. Pretreatment with the autophagy inhibitors LY294002, 3-methyladenine, chloroquine, and bafilomycin A1 enhanced the induction of apoptosis by MHY218, and this was accompanied by an increase in PARP cleavage. Taken together, these results provide new insights into the role of MHY218 as a potential antitumor agent. The combination of MHY218 with an autophagy inhibitor might be a useful candidate for the chemoprevention and/or treatment of gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pyoung Rak Choi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan 602-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jung Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Bokyung Sung
- College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan 602-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Ryong Moon
- College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Young Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Eun Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan 602-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo In Park
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan 602-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Seun Ja Park
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan 602-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Deuk Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Susanto JM, Colvin EK, Pinese M, Chang DK, Pajic M, Mawson A, Caldon CE, Musgrove EA, Henshall SM, Sutherland RL, Biankin AV, Scarlett CJ. The epigenetic agents suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid and 5‑AZA‑2' deoxycytidine decrease cell proliferation, induce cell death and delay the growth of MiaPaCa2 pancreatic cancer cells in vivo. Int J Oncol 2015; 46:2223-30. [PMID: 25695794 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite incremental advances in the diagnosis and treatment for pancreatic cancer (PC), the 5‑year survival rate remains <5%. Novel therapies to increase survival and quality of life for PC patients are desperately needed. Epigenetic thera-peutic agents such as histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) and DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (DNMTi) have demonstrated therapeutic benefits in human cancer. We assessed the efficacy of these epigenetic therapeutic agents as potential therapies for PC using in vitro and in vivo models. Treatment with HDACi [suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA)] and DNMTi [5‑AZA‑2' deoxycytidine (5‑AZA‑dc)] decreased cell proliferation in MiaPaCa2 cells, and SAHA treatment, with or without 5‑AZA‑dc, resulted in higher cell death and lower DNA synthesis compared to 5‑AZA‑dc alone and controls (DMSO). Further, combination treatment with SAHA and 5‑AZA‑dc significantly increased expression of p21WAF1, leading to G1 arrest. Treatment with epigenetic agents delayed tumour growth in vivo, but did not decrease growth of established pancreatic tumours. In conclusion, these data demonstrate a potential role for epigenetic modifier drugs for the management of PC, specifically in the chemoprevention of PC, in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johana M Susanto
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Emily K Colvin
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Mark Pinese
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - David K Chang
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Marina Pajic
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Amanda Mawson
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - C Elizabeth Caldon
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Musgrove
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Susan M Henshall
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Robert L Sutherland
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Andrew V Biankin
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Christopher J Scarlett
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
AHN MEEYOUNG, AHN JIWEE, KIM HYUNGSIK, LEE JUN, YOON JUNGHOON. Apicidin inhibits cell growth by downregulating IGF-1R in salivary mucoepidermoid carcinoma cells. Oncol Rep 2015; 33:1899-907. [PMID: 25647264 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
|
44
|
Du P, Cao H, Wu HR, Zhu BS, Wang HW, Gu CW, Xing CG, Chen W. Blocking Bcl-2 leads to autophagy activation and cell death of the HEPG2 liver cancer cell line. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 14:5849-54. [PMID: 24289588 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.10.5849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptosis may be induced after Bcl-2 expression is inhibited in proliferative cancer cells. This study focused on the effect of autophagy activation by ABT737 on anti-tumor effects of epirubicin. METHODS Cytotoxic effects of ABT737 on the HepG2 liver cancer cell line were assessed by MTT assay and cell apoptosis through flow cytometry. Mitochondrial membrane potential was measured by fluorescence microscopy. Monodansylcadaverin (MDC) staining was used to detect activation of autophagy. Expression of p53, p62, LC3, and Beclin1, apoptotic or autophagy related proteins, was detected by Western blotting. RESULTS ABT737 and epirubicin induced growth inhibition in HepG2 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Both ABT737 and epirubicin alone could induce cell apoptosis with a reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential as well as increased apoptotic protein expression. Further increase of apoptosis was detected when HepG2 cells were co- treated with ABT373 and epirubicin. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that ABT373 or epirubicin ccould activate cell autophagy with elevated autophagosome formation, increased expression of autophagy related proteins and LC3 fluorescent puncta. CONCLUSIONS ABT737 influences cancer cells through both apoptotic and autophagic mechanisms, and ABT737 may enhance the effects of epirubicin on HepG2 cells by activating autophagy and inducing apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Du
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China E-mail :
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ren T, Takahashi Y, Liu X, Loughran TP, Sun SC, Wang HG, Cheng H. HTLV-1 Tax deregulates autophagy by recruiting autophagic molecules into lipid raft microdomains. Oncogene 2015; 34:334-45. [PMID: 24362528 PMCID: PMC4067462 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The retroviral oncoprotein Tax from human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), an etiological factor that causes adult T-cell leukemia and lymphoma, has a crucial role in initiating T-lymphocyte transformation by inducing oncogenic signaling activation. We here report that Tax is a determining factor for dysregulation of autophagy in HTLV-1-transformed T cells and Tax-immortalized CD4 memory T cells. Tax facilitated autophagic process by activating inhibitor of κB (IκB) kinase (IKK) complex, which subsequently recruited an autophagy molecular complex containing Beclin1 and Bif-1 to the lipid raft microdomains. Tax engaged a crosstalk between IKK complex and autophagic molecule complex by directly interacting with both complexes, promoting assembly of LC3+ autophagosomes. Moreover, expression of lipid raft-targeted Bif-1 or Beclin1 was sufficient to induce formation of LC3+ autophagosomes, suggesting that Tax recruitment of autophagic molecules to lipid rafts is a dominant strategy to deregulate autophagy in the context of HTLV-1 transformation of T cells. Furthermore, depletion of autophagy molecules such as Beclin1 and PI3 kinase class III resulted in impaired growth of HTLV-1-transformed T cells, indicating a critical role of Tax-deregulated autophagy in promoting survival and transformation of virally infected T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Ren
- Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Yoshinori Takahashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Xin Liu
- Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Thomas P. Loughran
- Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Shao-Cong Sun
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Hong-Gang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Hua Cheng
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
BAO LINGJIE, JARAMILLO MELBAC, ZHANG ZHENBO, ZHENG YUNXI, YAO MING, ZHANG DONNAD, YI XIAOFANG. Induction of autophagy contributes to cisplatin resistance in human ovarian cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:91-8. [PMID: 25322694 PMCID: PMC4237096 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin resistance is a major challenge in the clinical treatment of ovarian cancer, of which the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. The aim of the present study was to explore the role of autophagy in cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer cells. A2780cp cisplatin-resistant ovarian carcinoma cells and the A2780 parental cell line, were used as a model throughout the present study. The cell viability was determined using a water soluble tetrazolium salt-8 assay, and western blot analysis was performed to determine the protein expression levels of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3 I and LC3 II), and Beclin 1. Beclin 1 small interfering (si)RNA and 3-methyladenine (3-MA) were used to determine whether inhibition of autophagy may re-sensitize cisplatin-resistant cells to cisplatin. The ultrastructural analysis of autophagosomes was performed using transmission electron microscopy, and apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry. In both A2780cp and A2780 cells, cisplatin induced the formation of autophagosomes and upregulated the expression levels of autophagy protein markers, LC3 II and Beclin 1. However, the levels of autophagy were significantly higher in A2780cp cells, as compared with the A2780 cells. The combined treatment of cisplatin with 3-MA, the autophagy pharmacological inhibitor, increased the cell death rate, but had no effects on apoptosis, as compared with cisplatin treatment alone in A2780cp cells. However, inhibition of autophagy by siRNA knockdown of Beclin 1 expression enhanced cisplatin-induced cell death and apoptosis. The findings of the present study suggest that autophagy has a protective role in human ovarian cancer cells, and that targeting autophagy may promote chemotherapeutic sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- LINGJIE BAO
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - MELBA C. JARAMILLO
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - ZHENBO ZHANG
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai First People’s Hospital, Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - YUNXI ZHENG
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - MING YAO
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - DONNA D. ZHANG
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - XIAOFANG YI
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Dr Xiaofang Yi, Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, 419 Fangxie Road, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Golden EB, Cho HY, Jahanian A, Hofman FM, Louie SG, Schönthal AH, Chen TC. Chloroquine enhances temozolomide cytotoxicity in malignant gliomas by blocking autophagy. Neurosurg Focus 2014; 37:E12. [DOI: 10.3171/2014.9.focus14504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Object
In a recent clinical trial, patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme benefited from chloroquine (CQ) in combination with conventional therapy (resection, temozolomide [TMZ], and radiation therapy). In the present study, the authors report the mechanism by which CQ enhances the therapeutic efficacy of TMZ to aid future studies aimed at improving this therapeutic regimen.
Methods
Using in vitro and in vivo experiments, the authors determined the mechanism by which CQ enhances TMZ cytotoxicity. They focused on the inhibition-of-autophagy mechanism of CQ by knockdown of the autophagy-associated proteins or treatment with autophagy inhibitors. This mechanism was tested using an in vivo model with subcutaneously implanted U87MG tumors from mice treated with CQ in combination with TMZ.
Results
Knockdown of the autophagy-associated proteins (GRP78 and Beclin) or treatment with the autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyl adenine (3-MA), blocked autophagosome formation and reduced CQ cytotoxicity, suggesting that autophagosome accumulation precedes CQ-induced cell death. In contrast, blocking autophagosome formation with knockdown of GRP78 or treatment with 3-MA enhanced TMZ cytotoxicity, suggesting that the autophagy pathway protects from TMZ-induced cytotoxicity. CQ in combination with TMZ significantly increased the amounts of LC3B-II (a marker for autophagosome levels), CHOP/GADD-153, and cleaved PARP (a marker for apoptosis) over those with untreated or individual drug-treated glioma cells. These molecular mechanisms seemed to take place in vivo as well. Subcutaneously implanted U87MG tumors from mice treated with CQ in combination with TMZ displayed higher levels of CHOP/GADD-153 than did untreated or individual drug-treated tumors.
Conclusions
Taken together, these results demonstrate that CQ blocks autophagy and triggers endoplasmic reticulum stress, thereby increasing the chemosensitivity of glioma cells to TMZ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Encouse B. Golden
- 1Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York; and
| | | | - Ardeshir Jahanian
- 4Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, and
| | | | - Stan G. Louie
- 5Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Axel H. Schönthal
- 4Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, and
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Potential application of curcumin and its analogues in the treatment strategy of patients with primary epithelial ovarian cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:21703-22. [PMID: 25429431 PMCID: PMC4284673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151221703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings on the molecular basis of ovarian cancer development and progression create new opportunities to develop anticancer medications that would affect specific metabolic pathways and decrease side systemic toxicity of conventional treatment. Among new possibilities for cancer chemoprevention, much attention is paid to curcumin—A broad-spectrum anticancer polyphenolic derivative extracted from the rhizome of Curcuma longa L. According to ClinicalTrials.gov at present there are no running pilot studies, which could assess possible therapeutic benefits from curcumin supplementation to patients with primary epithelial ovarian cancer. Therefore, the goal of this review was to evaluate potential preclinical properties of curcumin and its new analogues on the basis of in vivo and in vitro ovarian cancer studies. Curcumin and its different formulations have been shown to display multifunctional mechanisms of anticancer activity, not only in platinum-resistant primary epithelial ovarian cancer, but also in multidrug resistant cancer cells/xenografts models. Curcumin administered together with platinum-taxane chemotherapeutics have been reported to demonstrate synergistic effects, sensitize resistant cells to drugs, and decrease their biologically effective doses. An accumulating body of evidence suggests that curcumin, due to its long-term safety and an excellent profile of side effects should be considered as a beneficial support in ovarian cancer treatment strategies, especially in patients with platinum-resistant primary epithelial recurrent ovarian cancer or multidrug resistant disease. Although the prospect of curcumin and its formulations as anticancer agents in ovarian cancer treatment strategy appears to be challenging, and at the same time promising, there is a further need to evaluate its effectiveness in clinical studies.
Collapse
|
49
|
Molecular mechanisms of fenofibrate-induced metabolic catastrophe and glioblastoma cell death. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 35:182-98. [PMID: 25332241 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00562-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fenofibrate (FF) is a common lipid-lowering drug and a potent agonist of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). FF and several other agonists of PPARα have interesting anticancer properties, and our recent studies demonstrate that FF is very effective against tumor cells of neuroectodermal origin. In spite of these promising anticancer effects, the molecular mechanism(s) of FF-induced tumor cell toxicity remains to be elucidated. Here we report a novel PPARα-independent mechanism explaining FF's cytotoxicity in vitro and in an intracranial mouse model of glioblastoma. The mechanism involves accumulation of FF in the mitochondrial fraction, followed by immediate impairment of mitochondrial respiration at the level of complex I of the electron transport chain. This mitochondrial action sensitizes tested glioblastoma cells to the PPARα-dependent metabolic switch from glycolysis to fatty acid β-oxidation. As a consequence, prolonged exposure to FF depletes intracellular ATP, activates the AMP-activated protein kinase-mammalian target of rapamycin-autophagy pathway, and results in extensive tumor cell death. Interestingly, autophagy activators attenuate and autophagy inhibitors enhance FF-induced glioblastoma cytotoxicity. Our results explain the molecular basis of FF-induced glioblastoma cytotoxicity and reveal a new supplemental therapeutic approach in which intracranial infusion of FF could selectively trigger metabolic catastrophe in glioblastoma cells.
Collapse
|
50
|
Xu L, Liu JH, Zhang J, Zhang N, Wang ZH. Blockade of autophagy aggravates endoplasmic reticulum stress and improves Paclitaxel cytotoxicity in human cervical cancer cells. Cancer Res Treat 2014; 47:313-21. [PMID: 25578058 PMCID: PMC4398113 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2013.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Autophagy is one of the ways to degrade unfolded proteins after endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The purpose of this study is to determine whether a blockade of autophagy leads to aggravated endoplasmic reticulum stress, which then induces cells apoptosis in HeLa cells treated with paclitaxel. Materials and Methods Autophagy activation and the proapoptotic effects were characterized using monodansylcadaverine labeling and Hoechest staining, respectively. A Western blot analysis was used to detect the expression of apoptotic and autophagy-related genes. A flow cytometry was used to assess the cell apoptosis ratio. Results Paclitaxel exposure induced the aggregation of autophagosomes in the cytoplasms of cervical cancer HeLa cells. The expression of Beclin 1 and LC3 II were upregulated, but p62 was downregulated, which suggests that autophagy was promoted by paclitaxel. On the other hand, the expression of GRP78 obviously increased, suggesting that ER stress was induced after paclitaxel treatment. The cell proliferation assay indicated that a knockdown of Beclin 1 sensitized HeLa cells to paclitaxel. Furthermore, paclitaxel-mediated apoptotic cell death was further potentiated by the pretreatment with autophagy inhibitor chloroquine or small interfering RNA against Beclin 1. These results suggest that an induction of autophagy by paclitaxel may induce cell survival rather than cell death in HeLa cells; moreover, inhibition of autophagy led to an aggravated ER stress and an induction of downstream apoptosis. Conclusion Our results reveal autophagy induced by paclitaxel conferred protection of tumor cells against apoptosis, and blockade of autophagy subsequently aggravated ER stress, enhancing the apoptosis associated with paclitaxel treatment in HeLa cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing-Hua Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Shanxi Da Yi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Shanxi Da Yi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zan-Hong Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Shanxi Da Yi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| |
Collapse
|