1
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Krzysiak TC, Choi YJ, Kim YJ, Yang Y, DeHaven C, Thompson L, Ponticelli R, Mermigos MM, Thomas L, Marquez A, Sipula I, Kemper JK, Jurczak M, Thomas G, Gronenborn AM. Inhibitory protein-protein interactions of the SIRT1 deacetylase are choreographed by post-translational modification. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e4938. [PMID: 38533551 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Regulation of SIRT1 activity is vital to energy homeostasis and plays important roles in many diseases. We previously showed that insulin triggers the epigenetic regulator DBC1 to prime SIRT1 for repression by the multifunctional trafficking protein PACS-2. Here, we show that liver DBC1/PACS-2 regulates the diurnal inhibition of SIRT1, which is critically important for insulin-dependent switch in fuel metabolism from fat to glucose oxidation. We present the x-ray structure of the DBC1 S1-like domain that binds SIRT1 and an NMR characterization of how the SIRT1 N-terminal region engages DBC1. This interaction is inhibited by acetylation of K112 of DBC1 and stimulated by the insulin-dependent phosphorylation of human SIRT1 at S162 and S172, catalyzed sequentially by CK2 and GSK3, resulting in the PACS-2-dependent inhibition of nuclear SIRT1 enzymatic activity and translocation of the deacetylase in the cytoplasm. Finally, we discuss how defects in the DBC1/PACS-2-controlled SIRT1 inhibitory pathway are associated with disease, including obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy C Krzysiak
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - You-Jin Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Joon Kim
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yunhan Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher DeHaven
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lariah Thompson
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ryan Ponticelli
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mara M Mermigos
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laurel Thomas
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrea Marquez
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ian Sipula
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jongsook Kim Kemper
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael Jurczak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gary Thomas
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Angela M Gronenborn
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Farani MR, Sarlak M, Gholami A, Azaraian M, Binabaj MM, Kakavandi S, Tambuwala MM, Taheriazam A, Hashemi M, Ghasemi S. Epigenetic drugs as new emerging therapeutics: What is the scale's orientation of application and challenges? Pathol Res Pract 2023; 248:154688. [PMID: 37494800 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression or function without altering the DNA sequence. Important factors are part of epigenetic events, such as methylation, DNA histone rearrangements, nucleosome transposition, and non-coding RNAs. Dysregulated epigenetic mechanics are associated with various cancers' initiation, development, and metastasis. It is known that the occurrence and development of cancer can be controlled by regulating unexpected epigenetic events. Epi-drugs are used singly or in combination with chemotherapy and enhance antitumor activity, reduce drug resistance, and stimulate the host immune response. Despite these benefits, epigenetic therapy as a single therapy or in combination with other drugs leads to adverse effects. This review article introduces and compares the advantages, disadvantages, and side effects of using these drugs for the first time since their introduction. Also, this article describes the mechanism of action of various epigenetic drugs. Recommendations for future use of epigenetic drugs as cancer therapeutics are suggested as an overall conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Ramezani Farani
- Toxicology and Diseases Group (TDG), Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), the Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 1417614411 Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Sarlak
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Amir Gholami
- Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Maryam Azaraian
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany; Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maryam Moradi Binabaj
- Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Science, Sabzevar, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Sareh Kakavandi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- Lincoln Medical School, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, 0United Kingdom
| | - Afshin Taheriazam
- Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sorayya Ghasemi
- Cancer Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
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3
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Zia A, Sahebdel F, Farkhondeh T, Ashrafizadeh M, Zarrabi A, Hushmandi K, Samarghandian S. A review study on the modulation of SIRT1 expression by miRNAs in aging and age-associated diseases. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 188:52-61. [PMID: 34364937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) as a NAD + -dependent Class III protein deacetylase, involves in longevity and various cellular physiological processes. SIRT1 via deacetylating transcription factors regulates cell growth, inflammation, metabolism, hypoxic responses, cell survival, senescence, and aging. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that modulate the expression of target genes in a post-transcriptional manner. Recent investigations have exhibited that miRNAs have an important role in regulating cell growth, development, stress responses, tumor formation and suppression, cell death, and aging. In the present review, we summarize recent findings about the roles of miRNAs in regulating SIRT1 and SIRT1-associated signaling cascade and downstream effects, like apoptosis and aging. Here we introduce and discuss how activity and expression of SIRT1 are modulated by miRNAs and further review the therapeutic potential of targeting miRNAs for age-associated diseases that involve SIRT1 dysfunction. Although at its infancy, research on the roles of miRNAs in aging and their function through modulating SIRT1 may provide new insights in deciphering the key molecular pathways related to aging and age-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliabbas Zia
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Sahebdel
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Tahereh Farkhondeh
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Faculty of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey; Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of epidemiology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.
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4
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Wang M, Lin H. Understanding the Function of Mammalian Sirtuins and Protein Lysine Acylation. Annu Rev Biochem 2021; 90:245-285. [PMID: 33848425 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-082520-125411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Protein lysine acetylation is an important posttranslational modification that regulates numerous biological processes. Targeting lysine acetylation regulatory factors, such as acetyltransferases, deacetylases, and acetyl-lysine recognition domains, has been shown to have potential for treating human diseases, including cancer and neurological diseases. Over the past decade, many other acyl-lysine modifications, such as succinylation, crotonylation, and long-chain fatty acylation, have also been investigated and shown to have interesting biological functions. Here, we provide an overview of the functions of different acyl-lysine modifications in mammals. We focus on lysine acetylation as it is well characterized, and principles learned from acetylation are useful for understanding the functions of other lysine acylations. We pay special attention to the sirtuins, given that the study of sirtuins has provided a great deal of information about the functions of lysine acylation. We emphasize the regulation of sirtuins to illustrate that their regulation enables cells to respond to various signals and stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA;
| | - Hening Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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5
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Manjula R, Anuja K, Alcain FJ. SIRT1 and SIRT2 Activity Control in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:585821. [PMID: 33597872 PMCID: PMC7883599 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.585821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins are NAD+ dependent histone deacetylases (HDAC) that play a pivotal role in neuroprotection and cellular senescence. SIRT1-7 are different homologs from sirtuins. They play a prominent role in many aspects of physiology and regulate crucial proteins. Modulation of sirtuins can thus be utilized as a therapeutic target for metabolic disorders. Neurological diseases have distinct clinical manifestations but are mainly age-associated and due to loss of protein homeostasis. Sirtuins mediate several life extension pathways and brain functions that may allow therapeutic intervention for age-related diseases. There is compelling evidence to support the fact that SIRT1 and SIRT2 are shuttled between the nucleus and cytoplasm and perform context-dependent functions in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD). In this review, we highlight the regulation of SIRT1 and SIRT2 in various neurological diseases. This study explores the various modulators that regulate the activity of SIRT1 and SIRT2, which may further assist in the treatment of neurodegenerative disease. Moreover, we analyze the structure and function of various small molecules that have potential significance in modulating sirtuins, as well as the technologies that advance the targeted therapy of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramu Manjula
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Kumari Anuja
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Francisco J. Alcain
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
- Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Center for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
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6
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Broussy S, Laaroussi H, Vidal M. Biochemical mechanism and biological effects of the inhibition of silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) by EX-527 (SEN0014196 or selisistat). J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 35:1124-1136. [PMID: 32366137 PMCID: PMC7241506 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1758691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human sirtuin silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) is a NAD+-dependent deacetylase enzyme. It deacetylates many protein substrates, including histones and transcription factors, thereby controlling many physiological and pathological processes. Several synthetic inhibitors and activators of SIRT1 have been developed, and some therapeutic applications have been explored. The indole EX-527 and its derivatives are among the most potent and selective SIRT1 inhibitors. EX-527 has been often used as a pharmacological tool to explore the effect of SIRT1 inhibition in various cell types. Its therapeutic potential has, therefore, been evaluated in animal models for several pathologies, including cancer. It has also been tested in phase II clinical trial for the treatment of Huntington’s disease (HD). In this review, we will provide an overview of the literature on EX-527, including its mechanism of inhibition and biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Broussy
- Université de Paris, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, CiTCoM, 8038 CNRS, U 1268 INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Hanna Laaroussi
- Université de Paris, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, CiTCoM, 8038 CNRS, U 1268 INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Michel Vidal
- Université de Paris, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, CiTCoM, 8038 CNRS, U 1268 INSERM, Paris, France.,Service biologie du médicament, toxicologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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7
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Kerek EM, Yoon KH, Luo SY, Chen J, Valencia R, Julien O, Waskiewicz AJ, Hubbard BP. A conserved acetylation switch enables pharmacological control of tubby-like protein stability. J Biol Chem 2020; 296:100073. [PMID: 33187986 PMCID: PMC7948452 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubby-like proteins (TULPs) are characterized by a conserved C-terminal domain that binds phosphoinositides. Collectively, mammalian TULP1-4 proteins play essential roles in intracellular transport, cell differentiation, signaling, and motility. Yet, little is known about how the function of these proteins is regulated in cells. Here, we present the protein–protein interaction network of TULP3, a protein that is responsible for the trafficking of G-protein-coupled receptors to cilia and whose aberrant expression is associated with severe developmental disorders and polycystic kidney disease. We identify several protein interaction nodes linked to TULP3 that include enzymes involved in acetylation and ubiquitination. We show that acetylation of two key lysine residues on TULP3 by p300 increases TULP3 protein abundance and that deacetylation of these sites by HDAC1 decreases protein levels. Furthermore, we show that one of these sites is ubiquitinated in the absence of acetylation and that acetylation inversely correlates with ubiquitination of TULP3. This mechanism is evidently conserved across species and is active in zebrafish during development. Finally, we identify this same regulatory module in TULP1, TULP2, and TULP4 and demonstrate that the stability of these proteins is similarly modulated by an acetylation switch. This study unveils a signaling pathway that links nuclear enzymes to ciliary membrane receptors via TULP3, describes a dynamic mechanism for the regulation of all tubby-like proteins, and explores how to exploit it pharmacologically using drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M Kerek
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kevin H Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shu Y Luo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jerry Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Robert Valencia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Olivier Julien
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew J Waskiewicz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Basil P Hubbard
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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8
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Johnson GS, Rajendran P, Dashwood RH. CCAR1 and CCAR2 as gene chameleons with antagonistic duality: Preclinical, human translational, and mechanistic basis. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:3416-3425. [PMID: 33403784 PMCID: PMC7540973 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell Cycle and Apoptosis Regulator 1 (CCAR1) and Cell Cycle and Apoptosis Regulator 2 (CCAR2) have emerged as key players in physiology and pathophysiology, with critical roles in the DNA damage response, nuclear receptor function, and Wnt signaling, among other activities. Contradictory reports exist on the functional duality of CCAR1 and CCAR2 as either tumor promoters or suppressors, suggesting that CCAR1 and CCAR2 have the hallmarks of gene chameleons. We review herein the mechanistic, preclinical, and human translational findings for CCAR1 and CCAR2, based on available RNA and protein expression data from human studies, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data mining, gene knockout mouse models, and cell-based assays. Multiple factors contribute to the divergent activities of CCAR1 and CCAR2, including tissue type, mutation/genetic background, protein-protein interactions, dynamic regulation via posttranslational modifications, and alternative RNA splicing. An array of protein partners interact with CCAR1 and CCAR2 in the context of tumor promotion and suppression, including β-catenin, androgen receptor, p21Cip1/Waf1, tumor protein p53 (p53), sirtuin 1, and histone deacetylase 3. Genetic changes frequently found in cancer, such as TP53 mutation, also serve as critical determinants of survival outcomes in cancer patients. This review seeks to provide the impetus for further investigation into CCAR1 and CCAR2 as potential master regulators of metabolism, aging, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin S. Johnson
- Center for Epigenetics & Disease PreventionTexas A&M Health Science CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Praveen Rajendran
- Center for Epigenetics & Disease PreventionTexas A&M Health Science CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Roderick H. Dashwood
- Center for Epigenetics & Disease PreventionTexas A&M Health Science CenterHoustonTXUSA
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Texas A&M College of MedicineTexas A&M UniversityHouston CampusTXUSA
- Department of Clinical Cancer PreventionThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
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9
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Krzysiak TC, Thomas L, Choi YJ, Auclair S, Qian Y, Luan S, Krasnow SM, Thomas LL, Koharudin LMI, Benos PV, Marks DL, Gronenborn AM, Thomas G. An Insulin-Responsive Sensor in the SIRT1 Disordered Region Binds DBC1 and PACS-2 to Control Enzyme Activity. Mol Cell 2018; 72:985-998.e7. [PMID: 30415949 PMCID: PMC6309500 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Current models of SIRT1 enzymatic regulation primarily consider the effects of fluctuating levels of its co-substrate NAD+, which binds to the stably folded catalytic domain. By contrast, the roles of the sizeable disordered N- and C-terminal regions of SIRT1 are largely unexplored. Here we identify an insulin-responsive sensor in the SIRT1 N-terminal region (NTR), comprising an acidic cluster (AC) and a 3-helix bundle (3HB), controlling deacetylase activity. The allosteric assistor DBC1 removes a distal N-terminal shield from the 3-helix bundle, permitting PACS-2 to engage the acidic cluster and the transiently exposed helix 3 of the 3-helix bundle, disrupting its structure and inhibiting catalysis. The SIRT1 activator (STAC) SRT1720 binds and stabilizes the 3-helix bundle, protecting SIRT1 from inhibition by PACS-2. Identification of the SIRT1 insulin-responsive sensor and its engagement by the DBC1 and PACS-2 regulatory hub provides important insight into the roles of disordered regions in enzyme regulation and the mode by which STACs promote metabolic fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy C Krzysiak
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Laurel Thomas
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - You-Jin Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Sylvain Auclair
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Yiqi Qian
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Shan Luan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Stephanie M Krasnow
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Laura L Thomas
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Leonardus M I Koharudin
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Panayiotis V Benos
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Daniel L Marks
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Angela M Gronenborn
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Gary Thomas
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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10
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Magni M, Buscemi G, Zannini L. Cell cycle and apoptosis regulator 2 at the interface between DNA damage response and cell physiology. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2018; 776:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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11
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Wang ZP, Lu H. Clinical significance of expression of deleted in breast cancer-1 in human gastric cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2018; 26:150-158. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v26.i3.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To detect the expression of deleted in breast cancer-1 (DBC1) in gastric cancer (GC) and analyze its potential clinical significance.
METHODS The expression of DBC-1 in normal gastric mucosa cells (GSE-1) and GC cells (SGC-7901 and BGC-823) was detected by RT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the expression of DBC1 in 201 cases of GC and matched tumor-adjacent non-tumor tissues. The correlation between DBC1 expression and clinicopathologic features was analyzed.
RESULTS The relative expression level of DBC1 in GC cells was significantly higher than that in normal gastric mucosa cells (P < 0.05). A higher positive rate of DBC1 was detected in GC tissues than in non-cancer tissues (75.12% vs 20.90%, P < 0.05). The expression level of DBC1 was correlated with Bormann type (P < 0.05), tumor size (P < 0.05), Lauren type (P < 0.05), tumor differentiation (P < 0.05), vessel invasion (P < 0.05), perinerural invasion (P < 0.05), and TNM stage (P < 0.05), but there was no difference between DBC1 expression and gender (P > 0.05) or age (P > 0.05). Kaplan-Meier and Cox analyses showed that DBC1 expression was associated with shorter disease-free survival (P < 0.05) and overall survival (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION DBC1 is overexpressed in GC and can act as a prognostic factor in GC. These findings indicate that DBC1 may play an important role in the development of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Ping Wang
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hang Lu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, Liaoning Province, China
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12
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Kang H, Oka S, Lee DY, Park J, Aponte AM, Jung YS, Bitterman J, Zhai P, He Y, Kooshapur H, Ghirlando R, Tjandra N, Lee SB, Kim MK, Sadoshima J, Chung JH. Sirt1 carboxyl-domain is an ATP-repressible domain that is transferrable to other proteins. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15560. [PMID: 28504272 PMCID: PMC5440690 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirt1 is an NAD+-dependent protein deacetylase that regulates many physiological functions, including stress resistance, adipogenesis, cell senescence and energy production. Sirt1 can be activated by energy deprivation, but the mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we report that Sirt1 is negatively regulated by ATP, which binds to the C-terminal domain (CTD) of Sirt1. ATP suppresses Sirt1 activity by impairing the CTD's ability to bind to the deacetylase domain as well as its ability to function as the substrate recruitment site. ATP, but not NAD+, causes a conformational shift to a less compact structure. Mutations that prevent ATP binding increase Sirt1's ability to promote stress resistance and inhibit adipogenesis under high-ATP conditions. Interestingly, the CTD can be attached to other proteins, thereby converting them into energy-regulated proteins. These discoveries provide insight into how extreme energy deprivation can impact Sirt1 activity and underscore the complex nature of Sirt1 structure and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeog Kang
- Laboratory of Obesity and Aging Research, Genetics and Development Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Shinichi Oka
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07101, USA
| | - Duck-Yeon Lee
- Biochemistry Core Facility, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Junhong Park
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Angel M. Aponte
- Proteomics Core Facility, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Young-Sang Jung
- Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 120-140, Republic of Korea
| | - Jacob Bitterman
- Laboratory of Obesity and Aging Research, Genetics and Development Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Peiyong Zhai
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07101, USA
| | - Yi He
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Hamed Kooshapur
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Rodolfo Ghirlando
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Nico Tjandra
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Sean B. Lee
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Myung K. Kim
- Laboratory of Obesity and Aging Research, Genetics and Development Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07101, USA
| | - Jay H. Chung
- Laboratory of Obesity and Aging Research, Genetics and Development Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Magni M, Ruscica V, Restelli M, Fontanella E, Buscemi G, Zannini L. CCAR2/DBC1 is required for Chk2-dependent KAP1 phosphorylation and repair of DNA damage. Oncotarget 2016; 6:17817-31. [PMID: 26158765 PMCID: PMC4627348 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle and apoptosis regulator 2 (CCAR2, formerly known as DBC1) is a nuclear protein largely involved in DNA damage response, apoptosis, metabolism, chromatin structure and transcription regulation. Upon DNA lesions, CCAR2 is phosphorylated by the apical kinases ATM/ATR and this phosphorylation enhances CCAR2 binding to SIRT1, leading to SIRT1 inhibition, p53 acetylation and p53-dependent apoptosis. Recently, we found that also the checkpoint kinase Chk2 and the proteasome activator REGγ are required for efficient CCAR2-mediated inhibition of SIRT1 and induction of p53-dependent apoptosis. Here, we report that CCAR2 is required for the repair of heterochromatic DNA lesions, as cells knock-out for CCAR2 retain, at late time-points after genotoxic treatment, abnormal levels of DNA damage-associated nuclear foci, whose timely resolution is reinstated by HP1β depletion. Conversely, repair of DNA damages in euchromatin are not affected by CCAR2 absence. We also report that the impairment in heterochromatic DNA repair is caused by defective Chk2 activation, detectable in CCAR2 ablated cells, which finally impacts on the phosphorylation of the Chk2 substrate KAP1 that is required for the induction of heterochromatin relaxation and DNA repair. These studies further extend and confirm the role of CCAR2 in the DNA damage response and DNA repair and illustrate a new mechanism of Chk2 activity regulation. Moreover, the involvement of CCAR2 in the repair of heterochromatic DNA breaks suggests a new role for this protein in the maintenance of chromosomal stability, which is necessary to prevent cancer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Magni
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ruscica
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.,Current address: Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Michela Restelli
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Fontanella
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Buscemi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Zannini
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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14
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Dale R, Ohmuro-Matsuyama Y, Ueda H, Kato N. Mathematical Model of the Firefly Luciferase Complementation Assay Reveals a Non-Linear Relationship between the Detected Luminescence and the Affinity of the Protein Pair Being Analyzed. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148256. [PMID: 26886551 PMCID: PMC4757408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The firefly luciferase complementation assay is widely used as a bioluminescent reporter technology to detect protein-protein interactions in vitro, in cellulo, and in vivo. Upon the interaction of a protein pair, complemented firefly luciferase emits light through the adenylation and oxidation of its substrate, luciferin. Although it has been suggested that kinetics of light production in the firefly luciferase complementation assay is different from that in full length luciferase, the mechanism behind this is still not understood. To quantitatively understand the different kinetics and how changes in affinity of a protein pair affect the light emission in the assay, a mathematical model of the in vitro firefly luciferase complementation assay was constructed. Analysis of the model finds that the change in kinetics is caused by rapid dissociation of the protein pair, low adenylation rate of luciferin, and increased affinity of adenylated luciferin to the enzyme. The model suggests that the affinity of the protein pair has an exponential relationship with the light detected in the assay. This relationship causes the change of affinity in a protein pair to be underestimated. This study underlines the importance of understanding the molecular mechanism of the firefly luciferase complementation assay in order to analyze protein pair affinities quantitatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Dale
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Yuki Ohmuro-Matsuyama
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ueda
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naohiro Kato
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Dai H, Ellis JL, Sinclair DA, Hubbard BP. Synthesis and Assay of SIRT1-Activating Compounds. Methods Enzymol 2016; 574:213-244. [PMID: 27423864 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The NAD(+)-dependent deacetylase SIRT1 plays key roles in numerous cellular processes including DNA repair, gene transcription, cell differentiation, and metabolism. Overexpression of SIRT1 protects against a number of age-related diseases including diabetes, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, overexpression of SIRT1 in the murine brain extends lifespan. A number of small-molecule sirtuin-activating compounds (STACs) that increase SIRT1 activity in vitro and in cells have been developed. While the mechanism for how these compounds act on SIRT1 was once controversial, it is becoming increasingly clear that they directly interact with SIRT1 and enhance its activity through an allosteric mechanism. Here, we present detailed chemical syntheses for four STACs, each from a distinct structural class. Also, we provide a general protocol for purifying active SIRT1 enzyme and outline two complementary enzymatic assays for characterizing the effects of STACs and similar compounds on SIRT1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dai
- Sirtuin DPU, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Collegeville, PA, United States
| | - J L Ellis
- Sirtuin DPU, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Collegeville, PA, United States
| | - D A Sinclair
- Glenn Labs for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - B P Hubbard
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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16
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DBC1/CCAR2 and CCAR1 Are Largely Disordered Proteins that Have Evolved from One Common Ancestor. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:418458. [PMID: 25610865 PMCID: PMC4287135 DOI: 10.1155/2014/418458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Deleted in breast cancer 1 (DBC1, CCAR2, KIAA1967) is a large, predominantly nuclear, multidomain protein that modulates gene expression by inhibiting several epigenetic modifiers, including the deacetylases SIRT1 and HDAC3, and the methyltransferase SUV39H1. DBC1 shares many highly conserved protein domains with its paralog cell cycle and apoptosis regulator 1 (CCAR1, CARP-1). In this study, we examined the full-length sequential and structural properties of DBC1 and CCAR1 from multiple species and correlated these properties with evolution. Our data shows that the conserved domains shared between DBC1 and CCAR1 have similar domain structures, as well as similar patterns of predicted disorder in less-conserved intrinsically disordered regions. Our analysis indicates similarities between DBC1, CCAR1, and the nematode protein lateral signaling target 3 (LST-3), suggesting that DBC1 and CCAR1 may have evolved from LST-3. Our data also suggests that DBC1 emerged later in evolution than CCAR1. DBC1 contains regions that show less conservation across species as compared to the same regions in CCAR1, suggesting a continuously evolving scenario for DBC1. Overall, this study provides insight into the structure and evolution of DBC1 and CCAR1, which may impact future studies on the biological functions of these proteins.
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17
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Knight JRP, Allison SJ, Milner J. Active regulator of SIRT1 is required for cancer cell survival but not for SIRT1 activity. Open Biol 2013; 3:130130. [PMID: 24258275 PMCID: PMC3843821 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.130130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The NAD(+)-dependent deacetylase SIRT1 is involved in diverse cellular processes, and has also been linked with multiple disease states. Among these, SIRT1 expression negatively correlates with cancer survival in both laboratory and clinical studies. Active regulator of SIRT1 (AROS) was the first reported post-transcriptional regulator of SIRT1 activity, enhancing SIRT1-mediated deacetylation and downregulation of the SIRT1 target p53. However, little is known regarding the role of AROS in regulation of SIRT1 during disease. Here, we report the cellular and molecular effects of RNAi-mediated AROS suppression, comparing this with the role of SIRT1 in a panel of human cell lines of both cancerous and non-cancerous origins. Unexpectedly, AROS is found to vary in its modulation of p53 acetylation according to cell context. AROS suppresses p53 acetylation only following the application of cell damaging stress, whereas SIRT1 suppresses p53 under all conditions analysed. This supplements the original characterization of AROS but indicates that SIRT1 activity can persist following suppression of AROS. We also demonstrate that knockdown of AROS induces apoptosis in three cancer cell lines, independent of p53 activation. Importantly, AROS is not required for the viability of three non-cancer cell lines indicating a putative role for AROS in specifically promoting cancer cell survival.
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Abstract
The NAD(+)-dependent deacetylase SirT1 regulates gene silencing and genomic stability in response to nutrient deprivation and DNA damage. An important regulator of SirT1 in mammalian cells is DBC1 (deleted in breast cancer 1; KIAA1967 or CCAR2), which binds to SirT1 and inhibits the deacetylation of substrates. Recent studies have revealed that ATM/ATR-mediated phosphorylation of DBC1 promotes binding to SirT1. Here we show that DBC1 is modified by acetylation on two N-terminal lysine residues (K112 and K215). The MYST family histone acetyltransferase hMOF (human MOF) is responsible for DBC1 acetylation. Acetylation of K112 and K215 inhibits DBC1-SirT1 binding and increases SirT1 deacetylase activity. SirT1 also promotes DBC1 deacetylation, suggesting the presence of a negative-feedback mechanism that stabilizes the SirT1-DBC1 complex and limits SirT1 activity. hMOF binding and acetylation of DBC1 are inhibited after DNA damage in an ATM-dependent fashion, contributing to increased SirT1-DBC1 binding after DNA damage. Furthermore, a DBC1 mutant that mimics the acetylated state fails to promote apoptosis after DNA damage. These results suggest that acetylation of DBC1 inhibits binding to SirT1 and serves as a mechanism that connects DNA damage signaling to SirT1 and cell fate determination.
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Mrzljak L, Munoz-Sanjuan I. Therapeutic Strategies for Huntington's Disease. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2013; 22:161-201. [PMID: 24277342 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2013_250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a devastating autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease, caused by expansion of the CAG repeat in the huntingtin (HTT) gene and characterized pathologically by the loss of pyramidal neurons in several cortical areas, of striatal medium spiny neurons, and of hypothalamic neurons. Clinically, a distinguishing feature of the disease is uncontrolled involuntary movements (chorea, dyskensias) accompanied by progressive cognitive, motor, and psychiatric impairment. This review focuses on the current state of therapeutic development for the treatment of HD, including the preclinical and clinical development of small molecules and molecular therapies.
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