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Obradovic M, Zafirovic S, Gluvic Z, Radovanovic J, Isenovic ER. Autophagy and diabetes. EXPLORATION OF MEDICINE 2023:576-588. [DOI: 10.37349/emed.2023.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The current literature findings on autophagy’s beneficial and detrimental roles in diabetes mellitus (DM) and diabetes-related comorbidities were reviewed. The effects of oral hypoglycaemic medicines and autophagy in DM. Autophagy plays an important function in cellular homeostasis by promoting cell survival or initiating cell death in physiological settings was also assessed. Although autophagy protects insulin-target tissues, organelle failure caused by autophagy malfunction influences DM and other metabolic diseases. Endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stress enhance autophagy levels, making it easier to regulate stress-induced intracellular changes. Evidence suggests that autophagy-caused cell death can occur when autophagy is overstimulated and constitutively activated, which might prevent or develop DM. Even though the precise role of autophagy in DM complications is uncertain, deregulation of the autophagic machinery is strongly linked to beta cell destruction and the aetiology of DM. Thus, improving autophagy dysfunction is a possible therapeutic objective in treating DM and other metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Obradovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sonja Zafirovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Gluvic
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Zemun Clinical Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Radovanovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Esma R. Isenovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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2
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Mohammadi-Motlagh HR, Sadeghalvad M, Yavari N, Primavera R, Soltani S, Chetty S, Ganguly A, Regmi S, Fløyel T, Kaur S, Mirza AH, Thakor AS, Pociot F, Yarani R. β Cell and Autophagy: What Do We Know? Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13040649. [PMID: 37189396 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β cells are central to glycemic regulation through insulin production. Studies show autophagy as an essential process in β cell function and fate. Autophagy is a catabolic cellular process that regulates cell homeostasis by recycling surplus or damaged cell components. Impaired autophagy results in β cell loss of function and apoptosis and, as a result, diabetes initiation and progress. It has been shown that in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, and high metabolic demands, autophagy affects β cell function, insulin synthesis, and secretion. This review highlights recent evidence regarding how autophagy can affect β cells' fate in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Furthermore, we discuss the role of important intrinsic and extrinsic autophagy modulators, which can lead to β cell failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid-Reza Mohammadi-Motlagh
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 67155-1616, Iran
| | - Mona Sadeghalvad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416634793, Iran
| | - Niloofar Yavari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Panum Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rosita Primavera
- Interventional Regenerative Innovation at Stanford (IRIS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Setareh Soltani
- Clinical Research Development Center, Taleghani and Imam Ali Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 67145-1673, Iran
| | - Shashank Chetty
- Interventional Regenerative Innovation at Stanford (IRIS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Abantika Ganguly
- Interventional Regenerative Innovation at Stanford (IRIS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Shobha Regmi
- Interventional Regenerative Innovation at Stanford (IRIS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Tina Fløyel
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Simranjeet Kaur
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Aashiq H Mirza
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Avnesh S Thakor
- Interventional Regenerative Innovation at Stanford (IRIS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Flemming Pociot
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Reza Yarani
- Interventional Regenerative Innovation at Stanford (IRIS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
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3
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Brown MR, Laouteouet D, Delobel M, Villard O, Broca C, Bertrand G, Wojtusciszyn A, Dalle S, Ravier MA, Matveyenko AV, Costes S. The nuclear receptor REV-ERBα is implicated in the alteration of β-cell autophagy and survival under diabetogenic conditions. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:353. [PMID: 35428762 PMCID: PMC9012816 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04767-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cell failure in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with impaired regulation of autophagy which controls β-cell development, function, and survival through clearance of misfolded proteins and damaged organelles. However, the mechanisms responsible for defective autophagy in T2DM β-cells remain unknown. Since recent studies identified circadian clock transcriptional repressor REV-ERBα as a novel regulator of autophagy in cancer, in this study we set out to test whether REV-ERBα-mediated inhibition of autophagy contributes to the β-cell failure in T2DM. Our study provides evidence that common diabetogenic stressors (e.g., glucotoxicity and cytokine-mediated inflammation) augment β-cell REV-ERBα expression and impair β-cell autophagy and survival. Notably, pharmacological activation of REV-ERBα was shown to phenocopy effects of diabetogenic stressors on the β-cell through inhibition of autophagic flux, survival, and insulin secretion. In contrast, negative modulation of REV-ERBα was shown to provide partial protection from inflammation and glucotoxicity-induced β-cell failure. Finally, using bioinformatic approaches, we provide further supporting evidence for augmented REV-ERBα activity in T2DM human islets associated with impaired transcriptional regulation of autophagy and protein degradation pathways. In conclusion, our study reveals a previously unexplored causative relationship between REV-ERBα expression, inhibition of autophagy, and β-cell failure in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Brown
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Damien Laouteouet
- grid.121334.60000 0001 2097 0141Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Morgane Delobel
- grid.121334.60000 0001 2097 0141Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Orianne Villard
- grid.157868.50000 0000 9961 060XLaboratory of Cell Therapy for Diabetes (LTCD), PRIMS facility, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy (IRMB), University hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France ,grid.157868.50000 0000 9961 060XDepartment of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Broca
- grid.157868.50000 0000 9961 060XLaboratory of Cell Therapy for Diabetes (LTCD), PRIMS facility, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy (IRMB), University hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Gyslaine Bertrand
- grid.121334.60000 0001 2097 0141Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Wojtusciszyn
- grid.121334.60000 0001 2097 0141Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France ,grid.157868.50000 0000 9961 060XLaboratory of Cell Therapy for Diabetes (LTCD), PRIMS facility, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy (IRMB), University hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France ,grid.157868.50000 0000 9961 060XDepartment of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphane Dalle
- grid.121334.60000 0001 2097 0141Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Magalie A. Ravier
- grid.121334.60000 0001 2097 0141Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Aleksey V. Matveyenko
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA ,grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDivision of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Safia Costes
- grid.121334.60000 0001 2097 0141Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
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Singh S, Bansal A, Singh V, Chopra T, Poddar J. Flavonoids, alkaloids and terpenoids: a new hope for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2022; 21:941-950. [PMID: 35673446 PMCID: PMC9167359 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-021-00943-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic syndrome characterized by a hyperglycemic state and multi-organ failure. Millions of people worldwide are suffering from this deadly disease taking a hit on their pocket and mental health in the name of its treatment. Modern medical practices with new technological advancements and discoveries have made revolutionary changes in the treatment. But, unfortunately, Glucose-lowering drugs used have many accompanying effects such as chronic vascular disease, renal malfunction, liver disease and, many skin problems. These complications have made us think about alternative treatments for diabetes with minimum or no side effects. Nowadays, in addition to modern medicine, herbal treatment has been suggested to treat diabetes mellitus. These herbal medicines contain biological macromolecules such as flavonoids, Terpenoids, glycosides, and alkaloids, which show versatile anti-diabetic effects. These phytochemicals are generally considered safe, and naturally occurring compounds have a potential role in preventing or controlling diabetes mellitus. The underlying mechanism of their anti-diabetic effects includes improvement in insulin secretion, decrease in insulin resistance, enhanced liver glycogen synthesis, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In this review, we have focused on the mechanism of various phytochemicals targeting hyperglycemia and its underlying pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhpal Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Central Research Cell, M.M. Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, University Research Fellow, Maharishi Markandeswar (Deemed to be University, Mullana, Ambala, 133207 India
| | - Abhishek Bansal
- Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, RAJOURI, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir 185135 India
| | - Vikramjeet Singh
- Kalpana Chawla Government Medical College, Karnal, Haryana India
| | - Tanya Chopra
- Department Of Biochemistry and Central Research Cell, M.M. Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207 India
| | - Jit Poddar
- Department of Microbiology, RG Kar Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal 700003 India
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5
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Multifaceted Mechanisms of Action of Metformin Which Have Been Unraveled One after Another in the Long History. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052596. [PMID: 33807522 PMCID: PMC7962041 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
While there are various kinds of drugs for type 2 diabetes mellitus at present, in this review article, we focus on metformin which is an insulin sensitizer and is often used as a first-choice drug worldwide. Metformin mainly activates adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the liver which leads to suppression of fatty acid synthesis and gluconeogenesis. Metformin activates AMPK in skeletal muscle as well, which increases translocation of glucose transporter 4 to the cell membrane and thereby increases glucose uptake. Further, metformin suppresses glucagon signaling in the liver by suppressing adenylate cyclase which leads to suppression of gluconeogenesis. In addition, metformin reduces autophagy failure observed in pancreatic β-cells under diabetic conditions. Furthermore, it is known that metformin alters the gut microbiome and facilitates the transport of glucose from the circulation into excrement. It is also known that metformin reduces food intake and lowers body weight by increasing circulating levels of the peptide hormone growth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF15). Furthermore, much attention has been drawn to the fact that the frequency of various cancers is lower in subjects taking metformin. Metformin suppresses the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) by activating AMPK in pre-neoplastic cells, which leads to suppression of cell growth and an increase in apoptosis in pre-neoplastic cells. It has been shown recently that metformin consumption potentially influences the mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19). Taken together, metformin is an old drug, but multifaceted mechanisms of action of metformin have been unraveled one after another in its long history.
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6
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Marchetti P, Suleiman M, De Luca C, Baronti W, Bosi E, Tesi M, Marselli L. A direct look at the dysfunction and pathology of the β cells in human type 2 diabetes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 103:83-93. [PMID: 32417220 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
β cells uniquely produce and secrete insulin under the control of several, integrated signals, to maintain blood glucose concentrations within a narrow physiological interval. β cell failure is key to the onset and progression of type 2 diabetes, due to impaired function and reduced mass. In this review we focus on several features of human β cell dysfunction and pathology in type 2 diabetes, as revealed by direct assessment of isolated islet traits and examination of pancreatic tissue from organ donors, surgical samples or autoptic specimens. Insulin secretion defects and pathology findings are discussed in relation to some of the major underlying mechanisms, to also provide clues for conceiving better prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes by targeting the pancreatic β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine - University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Mara Suleiman
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine - University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carmela De Luca
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine - University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, Pisa, Italy
| | - Walter Baronti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine - University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, Pisa, Italy
| | - Emanuele Bosi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine - University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marta Tesi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine - University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorella Marselli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine - University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, Pisa, Italy
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7
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Klee NS, McCarthy CG, Lewis S, McKenzie JL, Vincent JE, Webb RC. Urothelial Senescence in the Pathophysiology of Diabetic Bladder Dysfunction-A Novel Hypothesis. Front Surg 2018; 5:72. [PMID: 30564582 PMCID: PMC6288180 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2018.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic bladder dysfunction (DBD) is a well-recognized and common symptom affecting up to 50% of all diabetic patients. DBD has a broad range of clinical presentations ranging from overactive to underactive bladder symptoms that develops in middle-aged to elderly patients with long standing and poorly controlled diabetes. Low efficacy of current therapeutics and lifestyle interventions combined with high national healthcare costs highlight the need for more research into bladder dysfunction pathophysiology and novel treatment options. Cellular senescence is an age-related physiologic process in which cells undergo irreversible growth arrest induced by replicative exhaustion and damaging insults. While controlled senescence negatively regulates cell proliferation and promotes tissue regeneration, uncontrolled senescence is known to result in tissue dysfunction through enhanced secretion of inflammatory factors. This review presents previous scientific findings and current hypotheses that characterize diabetic bladder dysfunction. Further, we propose the novel hypothesis that cellular senescence within the urothelial layer of the bladder contributes to the pro-inflammatory/pro-oxidant environment and symptoms of diabetic bladder dysfunction. Our results show increased cellular senescence in the urothelial layer of the bladder; however, whether this phenomenon is the cause or effect of DBD is unknown. The urothelial layer of the bladder is made up of transitional epithelia specialized to contract and expand with demand and plays an active role in transmission by modulating afferent activity. Transition from normal functioning urothelial cells to secretory senescence cells would not only disrupt the barrier function of this layer but may result in altered signaling and sensation of bladder fullness; dysfunction of this layer is known to result in symptoms of frequency and urgency. Future DBD therapeutics may benefit from targeting and preventing early transition of urothelial cells to senescent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S Klee
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Cameron G McCarthy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Steven Lewis
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Jaine L McKenzie
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,Department of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Julie E Vincent
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - R Clinton Webb
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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8
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Costes S. Targeting protein misfolding to protect pancreatic beta-cells in type 2 diabetes. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 43:104-110. [PMID: 30245473 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The islet in type 2 diabetes is characterized by beta-cell dysfunction and deficit, increased beta-cell apoptosis and amyloid deposits that derived from islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP). In species such as humans that are vulnerable to developing type 2 diabetes, IAPP has the propensity to form toxic oligomers that contribute to beta-cell dysfunction and apoptosis, defining type 2 diabetes as a protein misfolding disorder. In this report, we review mechanisms known to contribute to protein misfolding and formation of toxic oligomers, and the deleterious consequences of these oligomers on beta-cell function and survival. Finally, we will consider approaches to prevent protein misfolding and formation of toxic oligomers as potential novel therapeutic targets for type 2 diabetes and other protein misfolding diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safia Costes
- IGF, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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9
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Galluzzi L, Baehrecke EH, Ballabio A, Boya P, Bravo-San Pedro JM, Cecconi F, Choi AM, Chu CT, Codogno P, Colombo MI, Cuervo AM, Debnath J, Deretic V, Dikic I, Eskelinen EL, Fimia GM, Fulda S, Gewirtz DA, Green DR, Hansen M, Harper JW, Jäättelä M, Johansen T, Juhasz G, Kimmelman AC, Kraft C, Ktistakis NT, Kumar S, Levine B, Lopez-Otin C, Madeo F, Martens S, Martinez J, Melendez A, Mizushima N, Münz C, Murphy LO, Penninger JM, Piacentini M, Reggiori F, Rubinsztein DC, Ryan KM, Santambrogio L, Scorrano L, Simon AK, Simon HU, Simonsen A, Tavernarakis N, Tooze SA, Yoshimori T, Yuan J, Yue Z, Zhong Q, Kroemer G. Molecular definitions of autophagy and related processes. EMBO J 2017; 36:1811-1836. [PMID: 28596378 PMCID: PMC5494474 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201796697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1084] [Impact Index Per Article: 154.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, the molecular machinery that underlies autophagic responses has been characterized with ever increasing precision in multiple model organisms. Moreover, it has become clear that autophagy and autophagy-related processes have profound implications for human pathophysiology. However, considerable confusion persists about the use of appropriate terms to indicate specific types of autophagy and some components of the autophagy machinery, which may have detrimental effects on the expansion of the field. Driven by the overt recognition of such a potential obstacle, a panel of leading experts in the field attempts here to define several autophagy-related terms based on specific biochemical features. The ultimate objective of this collaborative exchange is to formulate recommendations that facilitate the dissemination of knowledge within and outside the field of autophagy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France
| | - Eric H Baehrecke
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
- Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Patricia Boya
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Bravo-San Pedro
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Francesco Cecconi
- Department of Biology, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Unit of Cell Stress and Survival, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Augustine M Choi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charleen T Chu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Patrice Codogno
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Paris, France
- INSERM, U1151, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8253, Paris, France
| | - Maria Isabel Colombo
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM)-CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Ana Maria Cuervo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jayanta Debnath
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vojo Deretic
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Ivan Dikic
- Institute of Biochemistry II, School of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt Main, Germany
- Department of Immunology and Medical Genetics, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | | | - Gian Maria Fimia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David A Gewirtz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Malene Hansen
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J Wade Harper
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marja Jäättelä
- Cell Death and Metabolism Unit, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Terje Johansen
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Gabor Juhasz
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Alec C Kimmelman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Claudine Kraft
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Vienna Biocenter, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Sharad Kumar
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Beth Levine
- Center for Autophagy Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Carlos Lopez-Otin
- Department de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Cáncer, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sascha Martens
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Vienna Biocenter, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Alicia Melendez
- Department of Biology, Queens College, Queens, NY, USA
- Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Noboru Mizushima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leon O Murphy
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Josef M Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Campus Vienna BioCentre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Laura Santambrogio
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Luca Scorrano
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Katharina Simon
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anne Simonsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Sharon A Tooze
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Tamotsu Yoshimori
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junying Yuan
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Ludwig Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhenyu Yue
- Department of Neurology, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qing Zhong
- Center for Autophagy Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Pôle de Biologie, Hopitâl Européen George Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
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10
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Yang JS, Lu CC, Kuo SC, Hsu YM, Tsai SC, Chen SY, Chen YT, Lin YJ, Huang YC, Chen CJ, Lin WD, Liao WL, Lin WY, Liu YH, Sheu JC, Tsai FJ. Autophagy and its link to type II diabetes mellitus. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2017; 7:8. [PMID: 28612706 PMCID: PMC5479440 DOI: 10.1051/bmdcn/2017070201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a double-edged sword for cell survival, is the research object on 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Autophagy is a molecular mechanism for maintaining cellular physiology and promoting survival. Defects in autophagy lead to the etiology of many diseases, including diabetes mellitus (DM), cancer, neurodegeneration, infection disease and aging. DM is a metabolic and chronic disorder and has a higher prevalence in the world as well as in Taiwan. The character of diabetes mellitus is hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by insulin resistance and failure of producing insulin on pancreatic beta cells. In T2DM, autophagy is not only providing nutrients to maintain cellular energy during fasting, but also removes damaged organelles, lipids and miss-folded proteins. In addition, autophagy plays an important role in pancreatic beta cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. In this review, we summarize the roles of autophagy in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai-Sing Yang
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Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University Taichung
404 Taiwan
| | - Chi-Cheng Lu
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Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University Taichung
404 Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Chu Kuo
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School of Pharmacy, China Medical University Taichung
404 Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Man Hsu
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Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University Taichung
404 Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chang Tsai
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Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University Taichung
404 Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yin Chen
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Genetics Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital Taichung
404 Taiwan
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School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Taichung
404 Taiwan
| | - Yng-Tay Chen
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Genetics Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital Taichung
404 Taiwan
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School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Taichung
404 Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ju Lin
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Genetics Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital Taichung
404 Taiwan
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School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Taichung
404 Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuen Huang
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Genetics Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital Taichung
404 Taiwan
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School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Taichung
404 Taiwan
| | - Chao-Jung Chen
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Genetics Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital Taichung
404 Taiwan
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School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Taichung
404 Taiwan
| | - Wei-De Lin
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Genetics Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital Taichung
404 Taiwan
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School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Taichung
404 Taiwan
| | - Wen-Lin Liao
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Genetics Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital Taichung
404 Taiwan
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School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Taichung
404 Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yong Lin
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Genetics Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital Taichung
404 Taiwan
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School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Taichung
404 Taiwan
| | - Yu-Huei Liu
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Genetics Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital Taichung
404 Taiwan
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School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Taichung
404 Taiwan
| | - Jinn-Chyuan Sheu
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Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University Kaohsiung
804 Taiwan
| | - Fuu-Jen Tsai
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Genetics Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital Taichung
404 Taiwan
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School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Taichung
404 Taiwan
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Department of Medical Genetics, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University Taichung
404 Taiwan
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11
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Sun K, Wang W, Wang C, Lao G, Liu D, Mai L, Yan L, Yang C, Ren M. AGEs trigger autophagy in diabetic skin tissues and fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 471:355-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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12
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Abstract
Autophagy plays a key role in maintaining pancreatic β-cell homeostasis. Deregulation of this process is associated with loss of β-cell mass and function, and it is likely to be involved in type 2 diabetes development and progression. Evidence that modulation of autophagy may be beneficial to preserve β-cell mass and function is beginning to accumulate although the complexity of this process, the intricate link between autophagy and apoptosis, and the fine balance between the protective and the disruptive role of autophagy make it very difficult to develop interventional strategies. This chapter provides an overview of the role of constitutive and adaptive autophagy in pancreatic β-cell and in the context of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Mazza
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Centre for Diabetes, Inositide Signalling Group, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tania Maffucci
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Centre for Diabetes, Inositide Signalling Group, London, United Kingdom.
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13
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Ouyang C, You J, Xie Z. The interplay between autophagy and apoptosis in the diabetic heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 71:71-80. [PMID: 24513079 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is characterized by ventricular dysfunction that occurs in diabetic patients independent of coronary artery disease, hypertension, and any other cardiovascular diseases. Diabetic cardiomyopathy has become a major cause of diabetes-related mortality. Thus, an urgent need exists to clarify the mechanism of pathogenesis. Emerging evidence demonstrates that diabetes induces cardiomyocyte apoptosis and suppresses cardiac autophagy, indicating that the interplay between the autophagy and apoptotic cell death pathways is important in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy. This review highlights recent advances in the crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis and its importance in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Protein Quality Control, the Ubiquitin Proteasome System, and Autophagy".
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhan Ouyang
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jieyun You
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Zhonglin Xie
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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14
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Liu Y, Shi S, Gu Z, Du Y, Liu M, Yan S, Gao J, Li J, Shao Y, Zhong W, Chen X, Li C. Impaired autophagic function in rat islets with aging. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:1531-1544. [PMID: 22843415 PMCID: PMC3776112 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-012-9456-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by a deficit in β-cell function and mass, and its incidence increases with age. Autophagy is a highly regulated intracellular process for degrading cytoplasmic components, particularly protein aggregates and damaged organelles. Impaired or deficient autophagy is believed to cause or contribute to aging and age-related disease. Autophagy may be necessary to maintain structure, mass, and function of pancreatic β-cells. In this study, we investigated the effects of age on β-cell function and autophagy in pancreatic islets of 4-month-old (young), 14-month-old (adult), and 24-month-old (old) male Wistar rats. We found that islet β-cell function decreased gradually with age. Protein expression of the autophagy markers LC3/Atg8 and Atg7 exhibited a marked decline in aged islets. The expression of Lamp-2, a good indicator of autophagic degradation rate, was significantly reduced in the islets of old rats, suggesting that autophagic degradation is decreased in the islets of aged rats. However, protein expression of beclin-1/Atg6, which plays an important role in the induction and formation of the pre-autophagosome structure by associating with a multimeric complex of autophagy regulatory proteins (Atg14, Vps34/class 3 PI3 kinase, and Vps15), was most prominent in the islets of adult rats, and was higher in 24-month-old islets than in 4-month-old islets. The levels of p62/SQSTM1 and polyubiquitin aggregates, representing the functions of autophagy and proteasomal degradation, were increased in aging islets. 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine, a marker of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA oxidative damage, exhibited strong immunostaining in old islets. Analysis by electron microscopy demonstrated swelling and disintegration of cristae in the mitochondria of aged islets. These results suggest that β-cell and autophagic function in islets decline simultaneously with increasing age in Wistar rats, and that impaired autophagy in the islets of older rats may cause accumulation of misfolded and aggregated proteins and reduce the removal of abnormal mitochondria in β-cells, leading to reduced β-cell function. Dysfunctional autophagy in islets during the aging process may be an important mechanism leading to the development of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- />Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Suozhu Shi
- />Department of Nephrology, State Key Lab of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Zhaoyan Gu
- />Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Yingzhen Du
- />Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Minyan Liu
- />Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Shuangtong Yan
- />Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Jianjun Gao
- />Department of Nephrology, State Key Lab of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Jian Li
- />Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Yinghong Shao
- />Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Wenwen Zhong
- />Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- />Department of Nephrology, State Key Lab of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Chunlin Li
- />Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
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15
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Lei X, Bone RN, Ali T, Wohltmann M, Gai Y, Goodwin KJ, Bohrer AE, Turk J, Ramanadham S. Genetic modulation of islet β-cell iPLA₂β expression provides evidence for its impact on β-cell apoptosis and autophagy. Islets 2013; 5:29-44. [PMID: 23411472 PMCID: PMC3662380 DOI: 10.4161/isl.23758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
β-cell apoptosis is a significant contributor to β-cell dysfunction in diabetes and ER stress is among the factors that contributes to β-cell death. We previously identified that the Ca²⁺-independent phospholipase A₂β (iPLA₂β), which in islets is localized in β-cells, participates in ER stress-induced β-cell apoptosis. Here, direct assessment of iPLA₂β role was made using β-cell-specific iPLA₂β overexpressing (RIP-iPLA₂β-Tg) and globally iPLA₂β-deficient (iPLA₂β-KO) mice. Islets from Tg, but not KO, express higher islet iPLA₂β and neutral sphingomyelinase, decrease in sphingomyelins, and increase in ceramides, relative to WT group. ER stress induces iPLA₂β, ER stress factors, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (∆Ψ), caspase-3 activation, and β-cell apoptosis in the WT and these are all amplified in the Tg group. Surprisingly, β-cells apoptosis while reduced in the KO is higher than in the WT group. This, however, was not accompanied by greater caspase-3 activation but with larger loss of ∆Ψ, suggesting that iPLA₂β deficiency impacts mitochondrial membrane integrity and causes apoptosis by a caspase-independent manner. Further, autophagy, as reflected by LC3-II accumulation, is increased in Tg and decreased in KO, relative to WT. Our findings suggest that (1) iPLA₂β impacts upstream (UPR) and downstream (ceramide generation and mitochondrial) pathways in β-cells and (2) both over- or under-expression of iPLA₂β is deleterious to the β-cells. Further, we present for the first time evidence for potential regulation of autophagy by iPLA₂β in islet β-cells. These findings support the hypothesis that iPLA₂β induction under stress, as in diabetes, is a key component to amplifying β-cell death processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Lei
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Robert N. Bone
- Department of Pathology; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Tomader Ali
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Mary Wohltmann
- Department of Medicine; Mass Spectrometry Resource; Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research; Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Ying Gai
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Karen J. Goodwin
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Alan E. Bohrer
- Department of Medicine; Mass Spectrometry Resource; Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research; Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO USA
| | - John Turk
- Department of Medicine; Mass Spectrometry Resource; Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research; Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Sasanka Ramanadham
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham, AL USA
- Correspondence to: Sasanka Ramanadham,
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