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Cowling CL, Homayouni AL, Callwood JB, McReynolds MR, Khor J, Ke H, Draves MA, Dehesh K, Walley JW, Strader LC, Kelley DR. ZmPILS6 is an auxin efflux carrier required for maize root morphogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2313216121. [PMID: 38781209 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313216121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant root systems play a pivotal role in plant physiology and exhibit diverse phenotypic traits. Understanding the genetic mechanisms governing root growth and development in model plants like maize is crucial for enhancing crop resilience to drought and nutrient limitations. This study focused on identifying and characterizing ZmPILS6, an annotated auxin efflux carrier, as a key regulator of various crown root traits in maize. ZmPILS6-modified roots displayed reduced network area and suppressed lateral root formation, which are desirable traits for the "steep, cheap, and deep" ideotype. The research revealed that ZmPILS6 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and plays a vital role in controlling the spatial distribution of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA or "auxin") in primary roots. The study also demonstrated that ZmPILS6 can actively efflux IAA when expressed in yeast. Furthermore, the loss of ZmPILS6 resulted in significant proteome remodeling in maize roots, particularly affecting hormone signaling pathways. To identify potential interacting partners of ZmPILS6, a weighted gene coexpression analysis was performed. Altogether, this research contributes to the growing knowledge of essential genetic determinants governing maize root morphogenesis, which is crucial for guiding agricultural improvement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig L Cowling
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | | | - Jodi B Callwood
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Maxwell R McReynolds
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Jasper Khor
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Haiyan Ke
- Botany and Plant Sciences Department, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Melissa A Draves
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Katayoon Dehesh
- Botany and Plant Sciences Department, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Justin W Walley
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | | | - Dior R Kelley
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
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2
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Nukazuka A, Yamaguchi T, Tsukaya H. A Role for Auxin in Triggering Lamina Outgrowth of Unifacial Leaves. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:1013-1024. [PMID: 33620494 PMCID: PMC8195525 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A common morphological feature of typical angiosperms is the patterning of lateral organs along primary axes of asymmetry-a proximodistal, a mediolateral, and an adaxial-abaxial axis. Angiosperm leaves usually have distinct adaxial-abaxial identity, which is required for the development of a flat shape. By contrast, many unifacial leaves, consisting of only the abaxial side, show a flattened morphology. This implicates a unique mechanism that allows leaf flattening independent of adaxial-abaxial identity. In this study, we report a role for auxin in outgrowth of unifacial leaves. In two closely related unifacial-leaved species of Juncaceae, Juncus prismatocarpus with flattened leaves, and Juncus wallichianus with transversally radialized leaves, the auxin-responsive gene GLYCOSIDE HYDROLASE3 displayed spatially different expression patterns within leaf primordia. Treatment of J. prismatocarpus seedlings with exogenous auxin or auxin transport inhibitors, which disturb endogenous auxin distribution, eliminated leaf flatness, resulting in a transversally radialized morphology. These treatments did not affect the radialized morphology of leaves of J. wallichianus. Moreover, elimination of leaf flatness by these treatments accompanied dysregulated expression of genetic factors needed to specify the leaf central-marginal polarity in J. prismatocarpus. The findings imply that lamina outgrowth of unifacial leaves relies on proper placement of auxin, which might induce initial leaf flattening and subsequently act to specify leaf polarity, promoting further flattening growth of leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Nukazuka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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3
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Isoda R, Yoshinari A, Ishikawa Y, Sadoine M, Simon R, Frommer WB, Nakamura M. Sensors for the quantification, localization and analysis of the dynamics of plant hormones. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:542-557. [PMID: 33231903 PMCID: PMC7898640 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant hormones play important roles in plant growth and development and physiology, and in acclimation to environmental changes. The hormone signaling networks are highly complex and interconnected. It is thus important to not only know where the hormones are produced, how they are transported and how and where they are perceived, but also to monitor their distribution quantitatively, ideally in a non-invasive manner. Here we summarize the diverse set of tools available for quantifying and visualizing hormone distribution and dynamics. We provide an overview over the tools that are currently available, including transcriptional reporters, degradation sensors, and luciferase and fluorescent sensors, and compare the tools and their suitability for different purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reika Isoda
- Institute of Transformative Bio‐Molecules (WPI‐ITbM)Nagoya UniversityChikusaNagoya464‐8601Japan
| | - Akira Yoshinari
- Institute of Transformative Bio‐Molecules (WPI‐ITbM)Nagoya UniversityChikusaNagoya464‐8601Japan
| | - Yuuma Ishikawa
- Institute of Transformative Bio‐Molecules (WPI‐ITbM)Nagoya UniversityChikusaNagoya464‐8601Japan
- Molecular PhysiologyHeinrich‐Heine‐UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Mayuri Sadoine
- Molecular PhysiologyHeinrich‐Heine‐UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Rüdiger Simon
- Developmental GeneticsHeinrich‐Heine‐UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Wolf B. Frommer
- Institute of Transformative Bio‐Molecules (WPI‐ITbM)Nagoya UniversityChikusaNagoya464‐8601Japan
- Molecular PhysiologyHeinrich‐Heine‐UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Masayoshi Nakamura
- Institute of Transformative Bio‐Molecules (WPI‐ITbM)Nagoya UniversityChikusaNagoya464‐8601Japan
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4
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Oka M, Kamada M, Inoue R, Miyamoto K, Uheda E, Yamazaki C, Shimazu T, Sano H, Kasahara H, Suzuki T, Higashibata A, Ueda J. Altered localisation of ZmPIN1a proteins in plasma membranes responsible for enhanced-polar auxin transport in etiolated maize seedlings under microgravity conditions in space. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2020; 47:1062-1072. [PMID: 32635987 DOI: 10.1071/fp20133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the International Space Station experiment 'Auxin Transport', polar auxin transport (PAT) in shoots of etiolated maize (Zea mays L. cv. Golden Cross Bantam) grown under microgravity in space was substantially enhanced compared with those grown on Earth. To clarify the mechanism, the effects of microgravity on expression of ZmPIN1a encoding essential auxin efflux carrier and cellular localisation of its products were investigated. The amounts of ZmPIN1a mRNA in the coleoptiles and the mesocotyls in space-grown seedlings were almost the same as those in 1 g-grown seedlings, but its products were not. Immunohistochemical analysis with anti-ZmPIN1a antibody revealed a majority of ZmPIN1a localised in the basal side of plasma membranes of endodermal cells in the coleoptiles and the mesocotyls, and in the basal and lateral sides of plasma membranes in coleoptile parenchymatous cells, in which it directed towards the radial direction, but not towards the vascular bundle direction. Microgravity dramatically altered ZmPIN1a localisation in plasma membranes in coleoptile parenchymatous cells, shifting mainly towards the vascular bundle direction. These results suggest that mechanism of microgravity-enhanced PAT in maize shoots is more likely to be due to the enhanced ZmPIN1a accumulation and the altered ZmPIN1a localisation in parenchymatous cells of the coleoptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Oka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyamacho-minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; and Corresponding authors. ;
| | - Motoshi Kamada
- Future Development Division, Advanced Engineering Services Co., Ltd, 1-6-1 Takezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0032, Japan
| | - Riko Inoue
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyamacho-minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Kensuke Miyamoto
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Eiji Uheda
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Chiaki Yamazaki
- JEM Mission Operations and Integration Center, Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan
| | - Toru Shimazu
- Technology and Research Promotion Department, Japan Space Forum, Shin-Otemachi Bldg., 2-2-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sano
- Utilization Engineering Department, Japan Manned Space Systems Corporation, Space Station Test Building, Tsukuba Space Center, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan
| | - Haruo Kasahara
- Kibo Utilization Center, Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan
| | - Tomomi Suzuki
- Kibo Utilization Center, Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan
| | - Akira Higashibata
- Kibo Utilization Center, Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan
| | - Junichi Ueda
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan; and Corresponding authors. ;
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5
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Huang Z, Bao K, Jing Z, Wang Q, Duan H, Zhu Y, Zhang S, Wu Q. Small Auxin Up RNAs influence the distribution of indole-3-acetic acid and play a potential role in increasing seed size in Euryale ferox Salisb. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:311. [PMID: 32620077 PMCID: PMC7333270 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02504-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aquatic Euryale ferox Salisb. is an economically important crop in China and India. Unfortunately, low yield limitations seriously hinder market growth. Unveiling the control of seed size is of remarkable importance in improvement of crops. Here, we generated a new hybrid line (HL) with larger seeds by crossing South Gordon Euryale and North Gordon Euryale (WT) which hasn't been reported before. However, the functional genes and molecular mechanisms controlling the seed size in Euryale ferox Salisb. remain unclear. In this study, we focused on the differentially expressed genes in the auxin signal transduction pathway during fruit development between HL and WT to explore candidate regulatory genes participated in regulating seed size. RESULTS Both concentration and localization of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) at two growth stages of fruits of WT and HL were detected by LC-MS and immunofluorescence. Although IAA content between the two lines did not differ, IAA distribution was significantly different. To elucidate the mechanism and to seek the key genes underlying this difference, RNA-seq was performed on young fruits at the two selected growth stages, and differentially expressed genes related to the auxin transduction pathway were selected for further analysis. CONCLUSION Hybrid Euryale ferox Salisb. expressed significant heterosis, resulting in non-prickly, thin-coated, large seeds, which accounted for the significantly larger yield of HL than that of WT. Our study indicated that Small Auxin Up RNAs (SAURs) -mediated localization of IAA regulates seed size in Euryale ferox Salisb. We found that some SAURs may act as a positive mediator of the auxin transduction pathway, thereby contributing to the observed heterosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ke Bao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zonghui Jing
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Huifang Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yaying Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Sen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qinan Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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6
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Fan X, Che X, Lai W, Wang S, Hu W, Chen H, Zhao B, Tang M, Xie X. The auxin-inducible phosphate transporter AsPT5 mediates phosphate transport and is indispensable for arbuscule formation in Chinese milk vetch at moderately high phosphate supply. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:2053-2079. [PMID: 32079042 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus is a macronutrient that is essential for plant survival. Most land plants have evolved the ability to form a mutualistic symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, which enhances phosphate (Pi) acquisition. Modulation of Pi transporter systems is the master strategy used by mycorrhizal plants to adapt to ambient Pi concentrations. However, the specific functions of PHOSPHATE TRANSPORTER 1 (PHT1) genes, which are Pi transporters that are responsive to high Pi availability, are largely unknown. Here, we report that AsPT5, an Astragalus sinicus (Chinese milk vetch) member of the PHT1 gene family, is conserved across dicotyledons and is constitutively expressed in a broad range of tissues independently of Pi supply, but is remarkably induced by indole-3-acetic acid (auxin) treatment under moderately high Pi conditions. Subcellular localization experiments indicated that AsPT5 localizes to the plasma membrane of plant cells. Using reverse genetics, we showed that AsPT5 not only mediates Pi transport and remodels root system architecture but is also essential for arbuscule formation in A. sinicus under moderately high Pi concentrations. Overall, our study provides insight into the function of AsPT5 in Pi transport, AM development and the cross-talk between Pi nutrition and auxin signalling in mycorrhizal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xianrong Che
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wenzhen Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | | | - Wentao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Ming Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xianan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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7
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Kućko A, Wilmowicz E, Ostrowski M. Spatio-temporal IAA gradient is determined by interactions with ET and governs flower abscission. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 236:51-60. [PMID: 30878877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The abscission zone (AZ) is a specialized tissue that usually develops at the base of an organ and is highly sensitive to phytohormones, e.g., abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ET), and gibberellins (GAs). A current model of organ abscission assumes that the formation of an auxin gradient around the AZ area determines the time of shedding; however, that thesis is supported by studies that are primarily concerned with auxin transporters. To better understand the events underlying the progression of abscission, we focused for the first time on indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) distribution following AZ activation. We performed a series of immunolocalization studies in proximal and distal regions of floral AZ cells in yellow lupine, which is an agriculturally important legume. The examined phytohormone was abundant in natural active AZ cells, as well as above and below parts of this structure. A similar gradient of IAA was observed during the early steps of abscission, which was induced artificially by flower removal. Surprisingly, IAA was not detected in inactive AZ cells. This paper is also a consequence of our comprehensive studies concerning the phytohormonal regulation of flower abscission in yellow lupine. We present new data on interactions between IAA and ET, previously pointed out as a strong modulator of flower separation. The detailed analysis shows that disruption of the natural auxin gradient around the AZ area through the application of synthetic IAA had a positive effect on ET biosynthesis genes. We proved that these changes are accompanied by an accumulation of the ET precursor. On the other hand, exposure to ET significantly affected IAA localization in the whole AZ area in a time-dependent manner. Our results provide insight into the existence of a spatio-temporal sequential pattern of the IAA gradient related to the abscission process; this pattern is maintained by interactions with ET. We present new valuable evidence for the existence of conservative mechanisms that regulate generative organ separation and can help to improve the yield of agronomically significant species in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Kućko
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 LwowskaStreet, 87-100, Toruń, Poland; Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Emilia Wilmowicz
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 LwowskaStreet, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.
| | - Maciej Ostrowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 LwowskaStreet, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.
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8
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Nishimura T, Koshiba T. Immunolocalization of IAA Using an Anti-IAA-C-Antibody Raised Against Carboxyl-Linked IAA. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1924:165-172. [PMID: 30694474 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9015-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) plays a crucial role in plant physiological events such as plant development, differentiation, and environmental responses. IAA is synthesized in specific focal cells and/or tissues such as the coleoptile tip in maize and the root tip and young leaf primordia in Arabidopsis thaliana. Recent studies have shown that formation of an IAA maxima or concentration gradient, created by the changing expression and cellular localization of IAA transport proteins, crucially controls plant physiological events. For this reason, visualization of IAA molecules at the cell and tissue levels is necessary to accurately determine the distribution of IAA in plants. Immunolocalization of IAA is a means to directly visualize IAA and observe its localization and distribution in plant cells and tissues. Here, we introduce an immunolocalization protocol to observe IAA distribution that uses a specific anti-IAA-C-antibody raised against carboxyl-linked IAA. This method is applicable for various plant samples and is reliable for specifically detecting IAA in plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nishimura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Tomokazu Koshiba
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Pérez-Pérez Y, El-Tantawy AA, Solís MT, Risueño MC, Testillano PS. Stress-Induced Microspore Embryogenesis Requires Endogenous Auxin Synthesis and Polar Transport in Barley. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1200. [PMID: 31611902 PMCID: PMC6776631 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Stress-induced microspore embryogenesis is a model in vitro system of cell reprogramming, totipotency acquisition, and embryo development. After induction, responsive microspores abandon their developmental program to follow an embryogenic pathway, leading to in vitro embryo formation. This process is widely used to produce doubled-haploid lines, essential players to create new materials in modern breeding programs, particularly in cereals, although its efficiency is still low in many crop species, because the regulating mechanisms are still elusive. Stress signaling and endogenous hormones, mainly auxin, have been proposed as determinant factors of microspore embryogenesis induction in some eudicot species; however, much less information is available in monocot plants. In this study, we have analyzed the dynamics and possible role of endogenous auxin during stress-induced microspore embryogenesis in the monocot Hordeum vulgare, barley. The results showed auxin accumulation in early proembryo cells, from embryogenesis initiation and a further increase with embryo development and differentiation, correlating with the induction and expression pattern of the auxin biosynthesis gene HvTAR2-like. Pharmacological treatments with kynurenine, inhibitor of auxin biosynthesis, and α-(p-chlorophenoxy)-isobutyric acid (PCIB), auxin antagonist, impaired embryogenesis initiation and development, indicating that de novo auxin synthesis and its activity were required for the process. Efflux carrier gene HvPIN1-like was also induced with embryogenesis initiation and progression; auxin transport inhibition by N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid significantly reduced embryo development at early and advanced stages. The results indicate activation of auxin biosynthesis with microspore embryogenesis initiation and progression, in parallel with the activation of polar auxin transport, and reveal a central role of auxin in the process in a monocot species. The findings give new insights into the complex regulation of stress-induced microspore embryogenesis, particularly in monocot plants for which information is still scarce, and suggest that manipulation of endogenous auxin content could be a target to improve in vitro embryo production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Pérez-Pérez
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Group, Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María Teresa Solís
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Group, Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María C. Risueño
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Group, Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar S. Testillano
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Group, Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Pilar S. Testillano,
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10
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Geisler M. Seeing is better than believing: visualization of membrane transport in plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 46:104-112. [PMID: 30253307 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the plant transport field has shifted their research focus toward a more integrative investigation of transport networks thought to provide the basis for long-range transport routes. Substantial progress was provided by of a series of elegant techniques that allow for a visualization or prediction of substrate movements in plant tissues in contrast to established quantitative methods offering low spatial resolution. These methods are critically evaluated in respect to their spatio-temporal resolution, invasiveness, dynamics and overall quality. Current limitations of transport route predictions-based on transporter locations and transport modeling are addressed. Finally, the potential of new tools that have not yet been fully implemented into plant research is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Geisler
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Robinson DG, Hawes C, Hillmer S, Jürgens G, Schwechheimer C, Stierhof YD, Viotti C. Auxin and Vesicle Traffic. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:1884-1888. [PMID: 29630496 PMCID: PMC5841702 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David G Robinson
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Chris Hawes
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Hillmer
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerd Jürgens
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Claus Schwechheimer
- Plant Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - York-Dieter Stierhof
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Corrado Viotti
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, 67084 Strasbourg, France
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12
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Márquez-López RE, Ku-González Á, Méndez-Hernández HA, Galaz-Ávalos RM, Loyola-Vargas VM. Auxin Immunolocalization in Coffea canephora Tissues. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1815:179-188. [PMID: 29981121 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8594-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Auxins are plant growth regulators that participate in a variety of biological mechanisms during the growth and development of plants. The most abundant natural auxin is indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The physiological processes regulated by IAA depend on their temporal space accumulation in different tissues of a plant. This accumulation is regulated by its biosynthesis, conjugation, degradation, and transport. Therefore tools that allow us a qualitative and quantitative detection of IAA in plant tissues are very useful to understand the homeostasis of IAA during the life cycle of plants. In this protocol, the complete procedure for localization of IAA in different tissues of Coffea canephora is described using specific anti-IAA monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E Márquez-López
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Ángela Ku-González
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Hugo A Méndez-Hernández
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Rosa M Galaz-Ávalos
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Víctor M Loyola-Vargas
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
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13
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Pařízková B, Pernisová M, Novák O. What Has Been Seen Cannot Be Unseen-Detecting Auxin In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122736. [PMID: 29258197 PMCID: PMC5751337 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxins mediate various processes that are involved in plant growth and development in response to specific environmental conditions. Its proper spatio-temporal distribution that is driven by polar auxin transport machinery plays a crucial role in the wide range of auxins physiological effects. Numbers of approaches have been developed to either directly or indirectly monitor auxin distribution in vivo in order to elucidate the basis of its precise regulation. Herein, we provide an updated list of valuable techniques used for monitoring auxins in plants, with their utilities and limitations. Because the spatial and temporal resolutions of the presented approaches are different, their combination may provide a comprehensive outcome of auxin distribution in diverse developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Pařízková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Markéta Pernisová
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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14
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Mettbach U, Strnad M, Mancuso S, Baluška F. Immunogold-EM analysis reveal brefeldin a-sensitive clusters of auxin in Arabidopsis root apex cells. Commun Integr Biol 2017; 10:e1327105. [PMID: 28702129 PMCID: PMC5501221 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2017.1327105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunogold electron microscopy (EM) study of Arabidopsis root apices analyzed using specific IAA antibody and high-pressure freeze fixation technique allowed, for the first time, vizualization of subcellular localization of IAA in cells assembled intactly within plant tissues. Our quantitative analysis reveals that there is considerable portion of IAA gold particles that clusters within vesicles and membraneous compartments in all root apex cells. There are clear tissue-specific and developmental differences of clustered IAA in root apices. These findings have significant consequences for our understanding of this small molecule which is controlling plant growth, development and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR & Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - S. Mancuso
- Department of Plant, Soil and Environmental Science & LINV, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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15
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Deng Z, Wang ZY, Kutschera U. Seedling development in maize cv. B73 and blue light-mediated proteomic changes in the tip vs. stem of the coleoptile. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:1317-1322. [PMID: 27631339 PMCID: PMC5885752 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-1023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In 2009, the draft genome of the reference inbred line of maize (Zea mays L. spp. mays cv. B73) was published so that, using this specific corn variety, molecular analyses of physiological processes became possible. However, the morphology and developmental patterns of B73 maize, compared with that of the more frequently used hybrid varieties, have not yet been analyzed. Here, we describe organ development in seedlings of B73 maize and in those of six other hybrid cultivars, and document significant morphological as well as quantitative differences between these varieties of Z. mays. In a second set of experiments, we used etiolated seedlings of B73 maize to analyze the effect of blue light (BL) on the patterns of proteins in the tip vs. growing region of this sheath-like organ. By using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D DIGE), coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, we detected, in the microsomal fraction of maize coleoptile tips, rapid changes in the abundance of protein spots of maize phototropin 1 and several metabolic enzymes. In the sub-apical (growing) region of the coleoptile, proteomic changes were less pronounced. These results suggest that the tip of the coleoptile of B73 maize may serve as a unique model system for dissecting BL responses in a light-sensitive plant organ of known function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Deng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Zhi-Yong Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Ulrich Kutschera
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, 94305, USA.
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16
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Wang S, Ren X, Huang B, Wang G, Zhou P, An Y. Aluminium-induced reduction of plant growth in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is mediated by interrupting auxin transport and accumulation in roots. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30079. [PMID: 27435109 PMCID: PMC4951802 DOI: 10.1038/srep30079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate Al(3+)-induced IAA transport, distribution, and the relation of these two processes to Al(3+)-inhibition of root growth in alfalfa. Alfalfa seedlings with or without apical buds were exposed to 0 or 100 μM AlCl3 and were foliar sprayed with water or 6 mg L(-1) IAA. Aluminium stress resulted in disordered arrangement of cells, deformed cell shapes, altered cell structure, and a shorter length of the meristematic zone in root tips. Aluminium stress significantly decreased the IAA concentration in apical buds and root tips. The distribution of IAA fluorescence signals in root tips was disturbed, and the IAA transportation from shoot base to root tip was inhibited. The highest intensity of fluorescence signals was detected in the apical meristematic zone. Exogenous application of IAA markedly alleviated the Al(3+)-induced inhibition of root growth by increasing IAA accumulation and recovering the damaged cell structure in root tips. In addition, Al(3+) stress up-regulated expression of AUX1 and PIN2 genes. These results indicate that Al(3+)-induced reduction of root growth could be associated with the inhibitions of IAA synthesis in apical buds and IAA transportation in roots, as well as the imbalance of IAA distribution in root tips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyin Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Ren
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Bingru Huang
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Ge Wang
- Instrumental Analysis Centre of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhou
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yuan An
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 201101, China
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17
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Livanos P, Galatis B, Apostolakos P. Deliberate ROS production and auxin synergistically trigger the asymmetrical division generating the subsidiary cells in Zea mays stomatal complexes. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:1081-99. [PMID: 26250135 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0866-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Subsidiary cell generation in Poaceae is an outstanding example of local intercellular stimulation. An inductive stimulus emanates from the guard cell mother cells (GMCs) towards their laterally adjacent subsidiary cell mother cells (SMCs) and triggers the asymmetrical division of the latter. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) immunolocalization in Zea mays protoderm confirmed that the GMCs function as local sources of auxin and revealed that auxin is polarly accumulated between GMCs and SMCs in a timely-dependent manner. Besides, staining techniques showed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) exhibit a closely similar, also time-dependent, pattern of appearance suggesting ROS implication in subsidiary cell formation. This phenomenon was further investigated by using the specific NADPH-oxidase inhibitor diphenylene iodonium, the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-cysteine, menadione which leads to ROS overproduction, and H2O2. Treatments with diphenylene iodonium, N-acetyl-cysteine, and menadione specifically blocked SMC polarization and asymmetrical division. In contrast, H2O2 promoted the establishment of SMC polarity and subsequently subsidiary cell formation in "younger" protodermal areas. Surprisingly, H2O2 favored the asymmetrical division of the intervening cells of the stomatal rows leading to the creation of extra apical subsidiary cells. Moreover, H2O2 altered IAA localization, whereas synthetic auxin analogue 1-napthaleneacetic acid enhanced ROS accumulation. Combined treatments with ROS modulators along with 1-napthaleneacetic acid or 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid, an auxin efflux inhibitor, confirmed the crosstalk between ROS and auxin functioning during subsidiary cell generation. Collectively, our results demonstrate that ROS are critical partners of auxin during development of Z. mays stomatal complexes. The interplay between auxin and ROS seems to be spatially and temporarily regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pantelis Livanos
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Athens, 15781, Greece
| | - Basil Galatis
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Athens, 15781, Greece
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18
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Kutschera U, Wang ZY. Growth-limiting proteins in maize coleoptiles and the auxin-brassinosteroid hypothesis of mesocotyl elongation. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:3-14. [PMID: 25772679 PMCID: PMC6609159 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0787-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The shoot of grass coleoptiles consists of the mesocotyl, the node, and the coleoptile (with enclosed primary leaf). Since the 1930s, it is known that auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA), produced in the tip of the coleoptile, is the central regulator of turgor-driven organ growth. Fifty years ago, it was discovered that antibiotics that suppress protein biosynthesis, such as cycloheximide, inhibit auxin (IAA)-induced cell elongation in excised sections of coleoptiles and stems. Based on such inhibitor studies, the concept of "growth-limiting proteins (GLPs)" emerged that was subsequently elaborated and modified. Here, we summarize the history of this idea with reference to IAA-mediated shoot elongation in maize (Zea mays) seedlings and recent studies on the molecular mechanism underlying auxin action in Arabidopsis thaliana. In addition, the analysis of light-induced inhibition of shoot elongation in intact corn seedlings is discussed. We propose a concept to account for the GLP-mediated epidermal wall-loosening process in coleoptile segments and present a more general model of growth regulation in intact maize seedlings. Quantitative proteomic and genomic studies led to a refinement of the classic "GLP concept" to explain phytohormone-mediated cell elongation at the molecular level (i.e., the recently proposed theory of a "central growth regulation network," CGRN). Novel data show that mesocotyl elongation not only depends on auxin but also on brassinosteroids (BRs). However, the biochemical key processes that regulate the IAA/BR-mediated loosening of the expansion-limiting epidermal wall(s) have not yet been elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Kutschera
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Zhi-Yong Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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19
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Rodríguez-Sanz H, Solís MT, López MF, Gómez-Cadenas A, Risueño MC, Testillano PS. Auxin Biosynthesis, Accumulation, Action and Transport are Involved in Stress-Induced Microspore Embryogenesis Initiation and Progression in Brassica napus. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:1401-17. [PMID: 25907568 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Isolated microspores are reprogrammed in vitro by stress, becoming totipotent cells and producing embryos and plants via a process known as microspore embryogenesis. Despite the abundance of data on auxin involvement in plant development and embryogenesis, no data are available regarding the dynamics of auxin concentration, cellular localization and the expression of biosynthesis genes during microspore embryogenesis. This work involved the analysis of auxin concentration and cellular accumulation; expression of TAA1 and NIT2 encoding enzymes of two auxin biosynthetic pathways; expression of the PIN1-like efflux carrier; and the effects of inhibition of auxin transport and action by N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) and α-(p-chlorophenoxy) isobutyric acid (PCIB) during Brassica napus microspore embryogenesis. The results indicated de novo auxin synthesis after stress-induced microspore reprogramming and embryogenesis initiation, accompanying the first cell divisions. The progressive increase of auxin concentration during progression of embryogenesis correlated with the expression patterns of TAA1 and NIT2 genes of auxin biosynthetic pathways. Auxin was evenly distributed in early embryos, whereas in heart/torpedo embryos auxin was accumulated in apical and basal embryo regions. Auxin efflux carrier PIN1-like gene expression was induced in early multicellular embryos and increased at the globular/torpedo embryo stages. Inhibition of polar auxin transport (PAT) and action, by NPA and PCIB, impaired embryo development, indicating that PAT and auxin action are required for microspore embryo progression. NPA also modified auxin embryo accumulation patterns. These findings indicate that endogenous auxin biosynthesis, action and polar transport are required in stress-induced microspore reprogramming, embryogenesis initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Rodríguez-Sanz
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB) CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Teresa Solís
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB) CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Fernanda López
- Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universidad Jaume I, Campus Riu Sec, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas
- Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universidad Jaume I, Campus Riu Sec, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - María C Risueño
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB) CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar S Testillano
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB) CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Suzuki H, Okamoto A, Kojima A, Nishimura T, Takano M, Kagawa T, Kadota A, Kanegae T, Koshiba T. Blue-light regulation of ZmPHOT1 and ZmPHOT2 gene expression and the possible involvement of Zmphot1 in phototropism in maize coleoptiles. PLANTA 2014; 240:251-61. [PMID: 24817587 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2082-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
ZmPHOT1 and ZmPHOT2 are expressed differentially in maize coleoptiles and leaves, with Zmphot1 possibly involved in first-positive phototropic curvature of red-light-adapted maize coleoptiles exposed to pulsed low-fluence blue light. Unilateral blue-light perception by phototropin(s) is the first event of phototropism, with the subsequent signal causing lateral transport of auxin at the coleoptile tip region of monocots. In this study, we analyzed the behavior of two maize phototropin genes: ZmPHOT1 and ZmPHOT2, the latter identified from the maize genome database and newly characterized. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that ZmPHOT1 was abundantly expressed in etiolated coleoptiles, while lower expressions of both ZmPHOT1 and ZmPHOT2 were observed in young leaves. Interestingly, these genes were not specifically expressed in the coleoptile tip region, a key position for photoperception in phototropism. Exposure to pulsed low-fluence blue light (LBL) (0.33 µmol m(-2) s(-1) × 8 s) and continuous high-fluence blue light (HBL) (10 µmol m(-2) s(-1)) rapidly decreased ZmPHOT1 gene expression in coleoptiles, with levels of ZmPHOT2 not significantly altered in that tissue. In young leaves, no drastic expression changes were induced in either ZmPHOT1 or ZmPHOT2 by LBL or HBL irradiation. The Zmphot1 protein was investigated by Western blot analysis with anti-Osphot1 antibodies. Zmphot1 was detected in microsomal fractions, with higher levels in coleoptiles than in leaves. HBL caused rapid phosphorylation of the protein, whereas no phot1 phosphorylation was induced by LBL. The involvement of Zmphot1 in LBL-induced phototropic curvature of maize coleoptiles is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Suzuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
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21
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Nishimura T, Hayashi KI, Suzuki H, Gyohda A, Takaoka C, Sakaguchi Y, Matsumoto S, Kasahara H, Sakai T, Kato JI, Kamiya Y, Koshiba T. Yucasin is a potent inhibitor of YUCCA, a key enzyme in auxin biosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 77:352-66. [PMID: 24299123 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), an auxin plant hormone, is biosynthesized from tryptophan. The indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPyA) pathway, involving the tryptophan aminotransferase TAA1 and YUCCA (YUC) enzymes, was recently found to be a major IAA biosynthetic pathway in Arabidopsis. TAA1 catalyzes the conversion of tryptophan to IPyA, and YUC produces IAA from IPyA. Using a chemical biology approach with maize coleoptiles, we identified 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (yucasin) as a potent inhibitor of IAA biosynthesis in YUC-expressing coleoptile tips. Enzymatic analysis of recombinant AtYUC1-His suggested that yucasin strongly inhibited YUC1-His activity against the substrate IPyA in a competitive manner. Phenotypic analysis of Arabidopsis YUC1 over-expression lines (35S::YUC1) demonstrated that yucasin acts in IAA biosynthesis catalyzed by YUC. In addition, 35S::YUC1 seedlings showed resistance to yucasin in terms of root growth. A loss-of-function mutant of TAA1, sav3-2, was hypersensitive to yucasin in terms of root growth and hypocotyl elongation of etiolated seedlings. Yucasin combined with the TAA1 inhibitor l-kynurenine acted additively in Arabidopsis seedlings, producing a phenotype similar to yucasin-treated sav3-2 seedlings, indicating the importance of IAA biosynthesis via the IPyA pathway in root growth and leaf vascular development. The present study showed that yucasin is a potent inhibitor of YUC enzymes that offers an effective tool for analyzing the contribution of IAA biosynthesis via the IPyA pathway to plant development and physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nishimura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
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22
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Nishimura T, Matano N, Morishima T, Kakinuma C, Hayashi KI, Komano T, Kubo M, Hasebe M, Kasahara H, Kamiya Y, Koshiba T. Identification of IAA Transport Inhibitors Including Compounds Affecting Cellular PIN Trafficking by Two Chemical Screening Approaches Using Maize Coleoptile Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 53:1671-82. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcs112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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