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Oliveira D, Lopes KF, de Avelar DM, Cota G, Oliveira E. Accuracy of serological tests in diagnosing mucosal leishmaniasis. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:2001-2010. [PMID: 37391643 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07900-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
In this serum panel-based study, we evaluated the accuracy of serological tests originally developed for visceral leishmaniasis (VL), for diagnosis of mucosal leishmaniasis (ML). A total of five tests were evaluated, four of which are registered at the National Agency of Sanitary Surveillance (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária-ANVISA) (RIDASCREEN® Leishmania Ab from R-Biopharm AG., Leishmania ELISA IgG + IgM from Vircell S.L., IFI Leishmaniose Humana-BioManguinhos, and IT-LEISH® from Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.), and the other a direct agglutination test (DAT-LPC) prototype kit developed at Fiocruz. The panel was composed of 40 serum samples from patients with confirmed ML and 20 from patients with mucosal involvement and negative parasitological/molecular tests for leishmaniasis and confirmation of another etiology. All cases were treated from 2009 to 2016 in a referral center for leishmaniasis in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz). Diagnostic accuracy, based on the cut-off point for VL diagnosis, was 86.2% with RIDASCREEN® Leishmania Ab, 73.3% with Leishmania ELISA IgG + IgM, and 66.7% with IFI Leishmaniose Humana, while IT-LEISH® and DAT-LPC had the lowest accuracy (38.3%), despite high specificity (100% and 95%, respectively). New cut-off points defined with sera from ML patients improved accuracy from 86.2 to 89% (p = 0.64) and 73.3 to 88% (p = 0.04) for RIDASCREEN® Leishmania Ab and Leishmania ELISA IgG + IgM, respectively. Moreover, these tests presented greater sensitivity and immunoreactivity in patients with moderate/severe clinical ML forms. The data of this study suggest that ELISA assays can contribute to laboratory diagnosis, especially for patients with moderate or severe mucosal involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Oliveira
- Clinical Research and Public Politics in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Instituto René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Karine Ferreira Lopes
- Clinical Research and Public Politics in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Instituto René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel Moreira de Avelar
- Clinical Research and Public Politics in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Instituto René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gláucia Cota
- Clinical Research and Public Politics in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Instituto René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Edward Oliveira
- Clinical Research and Public Politics in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Instituto René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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2
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Lopez Y, Arana B, Rizzo N, Duran E, Acosta-Serrano Á, Mendizabal-Cabrera R. A neglected among the neglected: a review of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Guatemala. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2023; 117:609-616. [PMID: 37103337 PMCID: PMC10472881 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trad024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a parasitic vector-borne disease affecting mostly low- and middle-income countries. CL is endemic in Guatemala, where an increase in the number of cases and incidence and a changing disease distribution in the past decade have been reported. Important research was conducted in Guatemala in the 1980s and 1990s to understand the epidemiology of CL and two Leishmania species were identified as the aetiologic agents. Several species of sand flies have been reported, five of which are naturally infected with Leishmania. Clinical trials conducted in the country evaluated different treatments against the disease and provided solid evidence for CL control strategies that are applicable worldwide. More recently, in the 2000s and 2010s, qualitative surveys were conducted to understand community perceptions of the disease and to highlight the challenges and enablers for disease control. However, limited recent data have been generated regarding the current CL situation in Guatemala, and key information necessary for effective disease control, such as incrimination of vectors and reservoirs, is still lacking. This review describes the current state of knowledge of CL in Guatemala, including the main parasite and sand fly species, disease reservoirs, diagnosis and control, as well as the perceptions of communities in endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaimie Lopez
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, 18 Avenida 11–95, Guatemala City 01015, Guatemala
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Byron Arana
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, 18 Avenida 11–95, Guatemala City 01015, Guatemala
| | - Nidia Rizzo
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, 18 Avenida 11–95, Guatemala City 01015, Guatemala
| | - Erick Duran
- Ministry of Health and Social Assistance, 3-45, 6a Avenida 3, Guatemala City 01011, Guatemala
| | | | - Renata Mendizabal-Cabrera
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, 18 Avenida 11–95, Guatemala City 01015, Guatemala
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3
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Kumar P, Kumar P, Singh N, Khajuria S, Patel R, Rajana VK, Mandal D, Velayutham R. Limitations of current chemotherapy and future of nanoformulation-based AmB delivery for visceral leishmaniasis-An updated review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1016925. [PMID: 36588956 PMCID: PMC9794769 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1016925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the most lethal of all leishmaniasis diseasesand the second most common parasiticdisease after malaria and,still, categorized as a neglected tropical disease (NTD). According to the latest WHO study, >20 Leishmania species spread 0.7-1.0 million new cases of leishmaniasis each year. VL is caused by the genus, Leishmania donovani (LD), which affects between 50,000 and 90,000 people worldwide each year. Lack of new drug development, increasing drug resistance, toxicity and high cost even with the first line of treatmentof Amphotericin B (AmB), demands new formulation for treatment of VLFurther the lack of a vaccine, allowedthe researchers to develop nanofomulation-based AmB for improved delivery. The limitation of AmB is its kidney and liver toxicity which forced the development of costly liposomal AmB (AmBisome) nanoformulation. Success of AmBisome have inspired and attracted a wide range of AmB nanoformulations ranging from polymeric, solid lipid, liposomal/micellar, metallic, macrophage receptor-targetednanoparticles (NP) and even with sophisticated carbon/quantum dot-based AmBnano delivery systems. Notably, NP-based AmB delivery has shown increased efficacy due to increased uptake, on-target delivery and synergistic impact of NP and AmB. In this review, we have discussed the different forms of leishmaniasis disease and their current treatment options with limitations. The discovery, mechanism of action of AmB, clinical status of AmB and improvement with AmBisome over fungizone (AmB-deoxycholate)for VL treatment was further discussed. At last, the development of various AmB nanoformulation was discussed along with its adavantages over traditional chemotherapy-based delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India
| | - Nidhi Singh
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Salil Khajuria
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India
| | - Rahul Patel
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India
| | - Vinod Kumar Rajana
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India
| | - Debabrata Mandal
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India,*Correspondence: Ravichandiran Velayutham, ; Debabrata Mandal,
| | - Ravichandiran Velayutham
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India,National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, India,*Correspondence: Ravichandiran Velayutham, ; Debabrata Mandal,
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4
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Lafleur A, Olivier M. Viral endosymbiotic infection of protozoan parasites: How it influences the development of cutaneous leishmaniasis. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010910. [PMID: 36327251 PMCID: PMC9632828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lafleur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, and The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Montréal, Canada
| | - Martin Olivier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, and The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Montréal, Canada
- * E-mail:
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5
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Erber AC, Sandler PJ, de Avelar DM, Swoboda I, Cota G, Walochnik J. Diagnosis of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) protocols: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:34. [PMID: 35073980 PMCID: PMC8785018 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05133-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitive, reliable and fast diagnostic tools that are applicable in low-resource settings, at the point of care (PoC), are seen as crucial in the fight against visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Addressing the need for a PoC test, several diagnostic tests, including serological and molecular methods, have been developed and evaluated in the past. One promising molecular method, already implemented for diagnosis of a range of diseases, is the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) protocol. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, using a comprehensive search strategy, we focus on studies evaluating the performance of LAMP for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis in humans and other mammals such as dogs, compared with microscopy and/or any other molecular diagnostic method. A meta-analysis, pooling sensitivity and specificity rates and calculating areas under the curve (AUCs) in summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) plots, was conducted on datasets extracted from studies, grouped by clinical condition and sample type. We found high sensitivity and specificity for LAMP when compared with microscopy and PCR using blood samples, with pooled estimate values of > 90% for all subgroups, corresponding to calculated AUC values > 0.96, except for LAMP compared to microscopy for diagnosis of CL. However, only a limited number of studies were truly comparable. Most of the observed heterogeneity is likely based on true differences between the studies rather than sampling error only. Due to simple readout methods and low laboratory equipment requirements for sample preparation compared to other molecular methods, LAMP is a promising candidate for a molecular (near-)PoC diagnostic method for VL and CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Christine Erber
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1st floor, 1090, Vienna, Austria. .,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, New Richards Building, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LG, UK.
| | - Peter Julian Sandler
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, FH Campus Wien University of Applied Sciences, Helmut-Qualtinger Gasse 2, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Moreira de Avelar
- Pesquisa Clínica e Políticas Públicas em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Instituto René Rachou-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ines Swoboda
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, FH Campus Wien University of Applied Sciences, Helmut-Qualtinger Gasse 2, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gláucia Cota
- Pesquisa Clínica e Políticas Públicas em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Instituto René Rachou-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Julia Walochnik
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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Aramayo LV, Copa GN, Hoyos CL, Almazán MC, Juarez M, Cajal SP, Krolewiecki AJ, Nasser JR, Gil JF. [Tegumentary leishmaniasis and sandflies in Colonia Santa Rosa locality in northern Argentina]. Rev Argent Microbiol 2021; 54:143-151. [PMID: 34503860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) is caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania and transmitted by the sandfly species, insects belonging to the order Diptera, family Psychodidae. Historically, the most endemic area of TL in Argentina has been the northern region. The aim of this work was to analyze the presence and temporal variation of TL cases reported between 1985 and 2019 in Colonia Santa Rosa locality, northern Argentina. Furthermore, its clinical forms were characterized and sandflies were captured. Patients were diagnosed by smear and the Montenegro skin test. For sampling, CDC light traps were placed at 14 sites from 7pm to 7am. The correlation between vegetation cover and sandfly abundance was also studied. One hundred and twenty TL cases were diagnosed and the overall prevalence was 0.75% (≈16 000 inhabitants). Patients presented simple and multiple cutaneous leishmaniasis (88.79%) and the mucocutaneous form (10.83%). Skin lesions were more frequent on the lower extremities (46.73%). Of the total number of sandflies, Nyssomyia neivai (95%) was the predominant species followed by Migonemyia migonei (1.9%), cortelezzii complex (1.3%) and Evandromyia sallesi (0.09%). The persistent occurrence of cases and the presence of sandflies in the locality suggest the existence of endemic transmission in the area. This highlights the need to design prevention and control measures for TL in northern Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena V Aramayo
- Cátedra de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
| | - Griselda N Copa
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional (INENCO-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina; Cátedra de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
| | - Carlos L Hoyos
- Instituto de Patología Experimental (IPE-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
| | - María C Almazán
- Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales, Sede Orán, Universidad Nacional de Salta, San Ramón de la Nueva Orán, Salta, Argentina
| | - Marisa Juarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales, Sede Orán, Universidad Nacional de Salta, San Ramón de la Nueva Orán, Salta, Argentina
| | - Silvana P Cajal
- Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales, Sede Orán, Universidad Nacional de Salta, San Ramón de la Nueva Orán, Salta, Argentina
| | - Alejandro J Krolewiecki
- Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales, Sede Orán, Universidad Nacional de Salta, San Ramón de la Nueva Orán, Salta, Argentina
| | - Julio R Nasser
- Cátedra de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
| | - José F Gil
- Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales, Sede Orán, Universidad Nacional de Salta, San Ramón de la Nueva Orán, Salta, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional (INENCO-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina; Cátedra de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina.
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7
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Unoarumhi Y, Batra D, Sheth M, Narayanan V, Lin W, Zheng Y, Rowe LA, Pohl J, de Almeida M. Chromosome-Level Genome Sequence of Leishmania ( Leishmania) tropica Strain CDC216-162, Isolated from an Afghanistan Clinical Case. Microbiol Resour Announc 2021; 10:e00842-20. [PMID: 34016685 PMCID: PMC8188350 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00842-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PacBio and Illumina MiSeq platforms were used for genomic sequencing of a Leishmania (Leishmania) tropica strain isolated from a patient infected in Pakistan. PacBio assemblies were generated using Flye v2.4 and polished with MiSeq data. The results represent a considerable improvement of the currently available genome sequences in the GenBank database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Unoarumhi
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
- Association of Public Health Laboratories (APHL), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Dhwani Batra
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mili Sheth
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Vidhya Narayanan
- Reference Diagnostic Laboratory, Center for Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Wuling Lin
- Reference Diagnostic Laboratory, Center for Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yueli Zheng
- Reference Diagnostic Laboratory, Center for Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Eagle Global Scientific, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Lori A Rowe
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jan Pohl
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Marcos de Almeida
- Reference Diagnostic Laboratory, Center for Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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The Maze Pathway of Coevolution: A Critical Review over the Leishmania and Its Endosymbiotic History. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050657. [PMID: 33925663 PMCID: PMC8146029 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The description of the genus Leishmania as the causative agent of leishmaniasis occurred in the modern age. However, evolutionary studies suggest that the origin of Leishmania can be traced back to the Mesozoic era. Subsequently, during its evolutionary process, it achieved worldwide dispersion predating the breakup of the Gondwana supercontinent. It is assumed that this parasite evolved from monoxenic Trypanosomatidae. Phylogenetic studies locate dixenous Leishmania in a well-supported clade, in the recently named subfamily Leishmaniinae, which also includes monoxenous trypanosomatids. Virus-like particles have been reported in many species of this family. To date, several Leishmania species have been reported to be infected by Leishmania RNA virus (LRV) and Leishbunyavirus (LBV). Since the first descriptions of LRVs decades ago, differences in their genomic structures have been highlighted, leading to the designation of LRV1 in L. (Viannia) species and LRV2 in L. (Leishmania) species. There are strong indications that viruses that infect Leishmania spp. have the ability to enhance parasitic survival in humans as well as in experimental infections, through highly complex and specialized mechanisms. Phylogenetic analyses of these viruses have shown that their genomic differences correlate with the parasite species infected, suggesting a coevolutionary process. Herein, we will explore what has been described in the literature regarding the relationship between Leishmania and endosymbiotic Leishmania viruses and what is known about this association that could contribute to discussions about the worldwide dispersion of Leishmania.
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Keswani T, Delcroix-Genete D, Herbert F, Leleu I, Lambert C, Draheim M, Salome-Desnoulez S, Saliou JM, Cazenave PA, Silvie O, Roland J, Pied S. Plasmodium yoelii Uses a TLR3-Dependent Pathway to Achieve Mammalian Host Parasitism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:3071-3082. [PMID: 33148715 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is associated with complicated immunopathogenesis. In this study, we provide evidence for an unexpected role of TLR3 in promoting the establishment of Plasmodium yoelii infection through delayed clearance of parasitemia in wild type C57BL/6jRj (B6) compared with TLR3 knockout mice. In this study, we confirmed an increased expression of Tlr3, Trif, Tbk1, and Irf7/Irf3 in the liver 42 h postinfection and the initiation of an early burst of proinflammatory response such as Ifng, NF-kB, and Tnfa in B6 mice that may promote parasite fitness. Interestingly, in the absence of TLR3, we showed the involvement of high IFN-γ and lower type I IFN response in the early clearance of parasitemia. In parallel, we observed an increase in splenic NK and NKT cells expressing TLR3 in infected B6 mice, suggesting a role for TLR sensing in the innate immune response. Finally, we find evidence that the increase in the frequency of CD19+TLR3+ B cells along with reduced levels of total IgG in B6 mice possibly suggests the initiation of TLR3-dependent pathway early during P. yoelii infection. Our results thus reveal a new mechanism in which a parasite-activated TLR3 pathway promotes blood stage infection along with quantitative and qualitative differences in Ab responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Keswani
- Team 10: Tropical Biomes & Immunopathophysiology, Université de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Delphine Delcroix-Genete
- Team 10: Tropical Biomes & Immunopathophysiology, Université de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Fabien Herbert
- Team 10: Tropical Biomes & Immunopathophysiology, Université de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ines Leleu
- Team 10: Tropical Biomes & Immunopathophysiology, Université de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Claire Lambert
- Team 10: Tropical Biomes & Immunopathophysiology, Université de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Marion Draheim
- Team 10: Tropical Biomes & Immunopathophysiology, Université de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Jean Michel Saliou
- Team 10: Tropical Biomes & Immunopathophysiology, Université de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Pierre-André Cazenave
- Team 10: Tropical Biomes & Immunopathophysiology, Université de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Olivier Silvie
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI-Paris, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jacques Roland
- Team 10: Tropical Biomes & Immunopathophysiology, Université de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sylviane Pied
- Team 10: Tropical Biomes & Immunopathophysiology, Université de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France;
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10
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Kariyawasam R, Lau R, Valencia BM, Llanos-Cuentas A, Boggild AK. Leishmania RNA Virus 1 (LRV-1) in Leishmania ( Viannia) braziliensis Isolates from Peru: A Description of Demographic and Clinical Correlates. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 102:280-285. [PMID: 31837129 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA virus 1-1 (LRV-1-1) is a dsRNA virus identified in isolates of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and thought to advance localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) to mucocutaneous or mucosal leishmaniasis (MCL/ML). We examined the prevalence of LRV-1 and its correlation to phenotypes of American tegumentary leishmaniasis caused by L. (V.) braziliensis from Peru to better understand its epidemiology. Clinical isolates of L. (V.) braziliensis were screened for LRV-1 by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and stratified according to the phenotype: LCL (< 4 ulcers in number) MCL/ML; inflammatory ulcers (erythematous, purulent, painful ulcers with or without lymphatic involvement) or multifocal ulcers (≥ 4 in ≥ 2 anatomic sites). Proportionate LRV-1 positivity was compared across phenotypes. Of 78 L. (V.) braziliensis isolates, 26 (54.2%) had an inflammatory phenotype, 22 (28%) had the MCL/ML phenotype, whereas 30 (38.5%) had LCL. Mucocutaneous or mucosal leishmaniasis was found exclusively in adult male enrollees. Leishmania RNA virus 1 positivity by phenotype was as follows: 9/22 (41%) with MCL/ML; 5/26 (19%) with an inflammatory/multifocal cutaneous leishmaniasis phenotype; and 7/30 (23%) with LCL (P = 0.19). Leishmania RNA virus 1 positivity was not associated with age (P = 0.55) or gender (P = 0.49). Relative LRV-1 copy number was greater in those with MCL/ML than those with inflammatory/multifocal CL (P = 0.02). A direct association between LRV-1 status and clinical phenotype was not demonstrated; however, relative LRV-1 copy number was highest in those with MCL/ML. Future analyses to understand the relationship between viral burden and pathogenesis are required to determine if LRV-1 is truly a contributor to the MCL/ML phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Lau
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Toronto, Canada
| | - Braulio M Valencia
- Viral Immunology Systems Program, Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Andrea K Boggild
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Tropical Disease Unit, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
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Sabzevari S, Mohebali M, Hashemi SA. Mucosal and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran from 1968 to 2018: a narrative review of clinical features, treatments, and outcomes. Int J Dermatol 2020; 59:606-612. [PMID: 31943166 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.14762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniases are worldwide zoonotic infectious diseases caused by different types of intracellular protozoan species of the genus Leishmania. Leishmaniasis as an important vector-borne parasitic disease is transmitted between mammalian hosts by female sandflies. There are three main clinical forms of disease with varied severity: visceral leishmaniasis (VL), cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL). MCL is the most uncommon form of this syndrome in the Old World. Accordingly, the reports have characterized that patients with the involvement of mucous membranes are rare even in endemic areas. It is well-known that MCL is a rare clinical manifestation in Iran, but there have been several different cases of patients with mucosal (ML) or MCL in some parts of Iran during the past 50 years. Therefore, we aimed to report and present clinical and epidemiological features of ML or MCL in different regions of the country. Also, we demonstrated specified Leishmania species causing the ML in some cases. The present narrative review indicates that ML or MCL is not unexpected in Iran. Based on the findings of the recent studies, it is concluded that diagnosis of ML should be considered by physicians in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Sabzevari
- Vector-Borne Diseases Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohebali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Ahmad Hashemi
- Vector-Borne Diseases Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
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12
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de Carvalho RVH, Lima-Junior DS, da Silva MVG, Dilucca M, Rodrigues TS, Horta CV, Silva ALN, da Silva PF, Frantz FG, Lorenzon LB, Souza MM, Almeida F, Cantanhêde LM, Ferreira RDGM, Cruz AK, Zamboni DS. Leishmania RNA virus exacerbates Leishmaniasis by subverting innate immunity via TLR3-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5273. [PMID: 31754185 PMCID: PMC6872735 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13356-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania RNA virus (LRV) is an important virulence factor associated with the development of mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis, a severe form of the disease. LRV-mediated disease exacerbation relies on TLR3 activation, but downstream mechanisms remain largely unexplored. Here, we combine human and mouse data to demonstrate that LRV triggers TLR3 and TRIF to induce type I IFN production, which induces autophagy. This process results in ATG5-mediated degradation of NLRP3 and ASC, thereby limiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages. Consistent with the known restricting role of NLRP3 for Leishmania replication, the signaling pathway triggered by LRV results in increased parasite survival and disease progression. In support of this data, we find that lesions in patients infected with LRV+ Leishmania are associated with reduced inflammasome activation and the development of mucocutaneous disease. Our findings reveal the mechanisms triggered by LRV that contribute to the development of the debilitating mucocutaneous form of Leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan V H de Carvalho
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Djalma S Lima-Junior
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinícius G da Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marisa Dilucca
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tamara S Rodrigues
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Catarina V Horta
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre L N Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrick F da Silva
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Epigenética, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatologia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiani G Frantz
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Epigenética, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatologia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas B Lorenzon
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Michel Souza
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fausto Almeida
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Angela K Cruz
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dario S Zamboni
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Kazemirad E, Reisi Nafchi H, Latifi A, Raoofian R, Mohebali M, Hajjaran H. Comparison of Cysteine Protease B Gene Expression between Clinical Isolates of Leishmania tropica, Leishmania major and Leishmania infantum. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019. [DOI: 10.29252/jommid.7.3.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Nalçacı M, Karakuş M, Yılmaz B, Demir S, Özbilgin A, Özbel Y, Töz S. Detection of Leishmania RNA virus 2 in Leishmania species from Turkey. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2019; 113:410-417. [DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trz023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Nalçacı
- Ege University, Institute of Science, Division of Biology, Department of Zoology, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Karakuş
- University of Health Sciences, Health Sciences Institute, Biotechnology Department, Üsküdar, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Bahtiyar Yılmaz
- Ege University, Institute of Science, Division of Biology, Department of Microbiology, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Samiye Demir
- Ege University, Institute of Science, Division of Biology, Department of Zoology, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Özbilgin
- Manisa Celal Bayar University, Medical Faculty, Department of Parasitology, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Özbel
- Ege University, Medical Faculty, Department of Parasitology, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Seray Töz
- Ege University, Medical Faculty, Department of Parasitology, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
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Kariyawasam R, Mukkala AN, Lau R, Valencia BM, Llanos-Cuentas A, Boggild AK. Virulence factor RNA transcript expression in the Leishmania Viannia subgenus: influence of species, isolate source, and Leishmania RNA virus-1. Trop Med Health 2019; 47:25. [PMID: 31007536 PMCID: PMC6458769 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-019-0153-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmania RNA virus-1 (LRV1) is a double-stranded RNA virus identified in 20-25% of Viannia-species endemic to Latin America, and is believed to accelerate cutaneous to mucosal leishmaniasis over time. Our objective was to quantify known virulence factor (VF) RNA transcript expression according to LRV1 status, causative species, and isolate source. METHODS Eight cultured isolates of Leishmania were used, four of which were LRV1-positive (Leishmania Viannia braziliensis [n = 1], L. (V.) guyanensis [n = 1], L. (V.) panamensis [n = 2]), and four were LRV1-negative (L. (V.) panamensis [n = 3], L. (V.) braziliensis [n = 1]). Promastigotes were inoculated into macrophage cultures, and harvested at 24 and 48 h. RNA transcript expression of hsp23, hsp70, hsp90, hsp100, mpi, cpb, and gp63 were quantified by qPCR. RESULTS RNA transcript expression of hsp100 (p = 0.012), cpb (p = 0.016), and mpi (p = 0.022) showed significant increases from baseline pure culture expression to 24- and 48-h post-macrophage infection, whereas hsp70 (p = 0.004) was significantly decreased. A trend toward increased transcript expression of hsp100 at baseline in isolates of L. (V.) panamensis was noted. Pooled VF RNA transcript expression by L. (V.) panamensis isolates was lower than that of L. (V.) braziliensis and L. (V.) guyananesis at 24 h (p = 0.03). VF RNA transcript expression did not differ by LRV1 status, or source of cultured isolate at baseline, 24, or 48 h; however, a trend toward increased VF RNA transcript expression of 2.71- and 1.93-fold change of mpi (p = 0.11) and hsp90 (p = 0.11), respectively, in LRV1 negative isolates was noted. Similarly, a trend toward lower levels of overall VF RNA transcript expression in clinical isolates (1.15-fold change) compared to ATCC® strains at 24 h was noted (p = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that known VF RNA transcript expression may be affected by the process of macrophage infection. We were unable to demonstrate definitively that LRV-1 presence affected VF RNA transcript expression in the species and isolates studied. L. (V.) guyanensis and L. (V.) braziliensis demonstrated higher pooled VF RNA transcript expression than L. (V.) panamensis; however, further analyses of protein expression to corroborate this finding are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Avinash N. Mukkala
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Rachel Lau
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Braulio M. Valencia
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alejandro von Humboldt”, Lima, Peru
- Viral Immunology Systems Program, Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alejandro Llanos-Cuentas
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alejandro von Humboldt”, Lima, Peru
- Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Andrea K. Boggild
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Toronto, ON Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
- Tropical Disease Unit, Toronto General Hospital, 200 Elizabeth Street, 13EN-218, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4 Canada
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Draft Genome Sequence of French Guiana Leishmania ( Viannia) guyanensis Strain 204-365, Assembled Using Long Reads. Microbiol Resour Announc 2018; 7:MRA01421-18. [PMID: 30574587 PMCID: PMC6298554 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01421-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We present here the draft genome sequence for Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis. The isolate was obtained from a clinical case of cutaneous leishmaniasis in French Guiana. We present here the draft genome sequence for Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis. The isolate was obtained from a clinical case of cutaneous leishmaniasis in French Guiana. Genomic DNA was sequenced using PacBio and MiSeq platforms.
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Viral discovery and diversity in trypanosomatid protozoa with a focus on relatives of the human parasite Leishmania. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 115:E506-E515. [PMID: 29284754 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1717806115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of viral diversity is expanding greatly, but many lineages remain underexplored. We surveyed RNA viruses in 52 cultured monoxenous relatives of the human parasite Leishmania (Crithidia and Leptomonas), as well as plant-infecting PhytomonasLeptomonas pyrrhocoris was a hotbed for viral discovery, carrying a virus (Leptomonas pyrrhocoris ostravirus 1) with a highly divergent RNA-dependent RNA polymerase missed by conventional BLAST searches, an emergent clade of tombus-like viruses, and an example of viral endogenization. A deep-branching clade of trypanosomatid narnaviruses was found, notable as Leptomonas seymouri bearing Narna-like virus 1 (LepseyNLV1) have been reported in cultures recovered from patients with visceral leishmaniasis. A deep-branching trypanosomatid viral lineage showing strong affinities to bunyaviruses was termed "Leishbunyavirus" (LBV) and judged sufficiently distinct to warrant assignment within a proposed family termed "Leishbunyaviridae" Numerous relatives of trypanosomatid viruses were found in insect metatranscriptomic surveys, which likely arise from trypanosomatid microbiota. Despite extensive sampling we found no relatives of the totivirus Leishmaniavirus (LRV1/2), implying that it was acquired at about the same time the Leishmania became able to parasitize vertebrates. As viruses were found in over a quarter of isolates tested, many more are likely to be found in the >600 unsurveyed trypanosomatid species. Viral loss was occasionally observed in culture, providing potentially isogenic virus-free lines enabling studies probing the biological role of trypanosomatid viruses. These data shed important insights on the emergence of viruses within an important trypanosomatid clade relevant to human disease.
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18
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De Silva G, Somaratne V, Senaratne S, Vipuladasa M, Wickremasinghe R, Wickremasinghe R, Ranasinghe S. Efficacy of a new rapid diagnostic test kit to diagnose Sri Lankan cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187024. [PMID: 29135995 PMCID: PMC5685575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Sri Lanka is caused by Leishmania donovani. This study assessed the diagnostic value of a new rapid diagnostic immunochromatographic strip (CL-Detect™ IC-RDT), that captures the peroxidoxin antigen of Leishmania amastigotes. Methodology/Principal findings We sampled 74 clinically suspected CL lesions, of which 59 (79.7%) were positive by PCR, 43 (58.1%) by Giemsa stained slit skin smear (SSS) and 21 (28.4%) by the new IC-RDT. All samples which were positive either by SSS or IC-RDT or both were positive by PCR. The sensitivities of the IC-RDT and SSS compared to PCR were 36% and 73%, respectively. Fifteen patients from this endemic region were negative by all three tests. Twenty two clinically non-CL skin lesions from a CL non-endemic region were also negative by all three methods. Specificity and PPV of both IC-RDT and SSS compared to PCR were 100%; the NPVs of IC-RDT and SSS were 37% and 58%, respectively. The median parasite grading of the 59 PCR positive samples was 2+ (1–10 parasites/100 HPFs) and IC-RDT positive lesions was 3+ (1–10 parasites /10HPFs). The duration of the lesion was not associated with IC-RDT positivity. Conclusions/Significance The median parasite grade of Sri Lankan CL lesions is low. The low sensitivities of SSS and CL Detect™ IC-RDT may be due to low parasite counts or low expression of peroxidoxin antigen in amastigotes of the Sri Lankan L. donovani strain. Our results indicate that negative SSS has to be combined with PCR for confirmation of CL in Sri Lanka. The current commercially available IC-RDT is not suitable to diagnose CL in Sri Lanka; an IC-RDT with improved sensitivity to detect L. donovani would be a valuable addition in the diagnostic tool kit for Sri Lanka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayani De Silva
- Department of Parasitology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Sujai Senaratne
- Department of Parasitology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | - Renu Wickremasinghe
- Department of Parasitology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Shalindra Ranasinghe
- Department of Parasitology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
- * E-mail:
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Kariyawasam R, Grewal J, Lau R, Purssell A, Valencia BM, Llanos-Cuentas A, Boggild AK. Influence of Leishmania RNA Virus 1 on Proinflammatory Biomarker Expression in a Human Macrophage Model of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:877-886. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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20
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Paniz-Mondolfi AE, Talhari C, García Bustos MF, Rosales T, Villamil-Gomez WE, Marquez M, Pérez Alvarez AM, Tálamo Sánchez AI, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. American cutaneous leishmaniasis in infancy and childhood. Int J Dermatol 2017; 56:1328-1341. [PMID: 28741648 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Infant and young child skin diseases are among the most common features of morbidity throughout the tropics. Because the skin is directly exposed to the environment, it is considerably affected by climatic and local conditions such as vectors and microorganisms, as in the case of leishmaniasis. In America the observed magnitude of cutaneous leishmaniasis in children has led to the study of increased risk of exposure of this group due to the possibility of peri- and intradomiciliary transmission. The present review pretends to make a concrete approach all through the broad and main figures of this parasitic disease, including the clinical, physiopathological, epidemiological, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects, in order to be used as a practical source of reference for pediatricians leading with tropical cutaneous pathology in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto E Paniz-Mondolfi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine/Infectious Diseases Pathology Laboratory, Hospital Internacional, Barquisimeto, Venezuela.,Laboratory of Biochemistry, Instituto de Biomedicina/IVSS, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Carolina Talhari
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Universidade Nilton Lins, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil
| | - María F García Bustos
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | | | - Wilmer E Villamil-Gomez
- Infectious Diseases and Infection Control Reserch Group, Hospital Universitario de Sincelejo, Sincelejo, Sucre, Colombia
| | - Marilianna Marquez
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine/Infectious Diseases Pathology Laboratory, Hospital Internacional, Barquisimeto, Venezuela.,Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado (UCLA), Barquisimeto, Venezuela
| | - Alexandra M Pérez Alvarez
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine/Infectious Diseases Pathology Laboratory, Hospital Internacional, Barquisimeto, Venezuela
| | - Alejandra I Tálamo Sánchez
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine/Infectious Diseases Pathology Laboratory, Hospital Internacional, Barquisimeto, Venezuela.,Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado (UCLA), Barquisimeto, Venezuela
| | - Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
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Castiglioni P, Hartley MA, Rossi M, Prevel F, Desponds C, Utzschneider DT, Eren RO, Zangger H, Brunner L, Collin N, Zehn D, Kuhlmann FM, Beverley SM, Fasel N, Ronet C. Exacerbated Leishmaniasis Caused by a Viral Endosymbiont can be Prevented by Immunization with Its Viral Capsid. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005240. [PMID: 28099431 PMCID: PMC5242429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that a cytoplasmic virus called Leishmaniavirus (LRV) is present in some Leishmania species and acts as a potent innate immunogen, aggravating lesional inflammation and development in mice. In humans, the presence of LRV in Leishmania guyanensis and in L. braziliensis was significantly correlated with poor treatment response and symptomatic relapse. So far, no clinical effort has used LRV for prophylactic purposes. In this context, we designed an original vaccine strategy that targeted LRV nested in Leishmania parasites to prevent virus-related complications. To this end, C57BL/6 mice were immunized with a recombinant LRV1 Leishmania guyanensis viral capsid polypeptide formulated with a T helper 1-polarizing adjuvant. LRV1-vaccinated mice had significant reduction in lesion size and parasite load when subsequently challenged with LRV1+ Leishmania guyanensis parasites. The protection conferred by this immunization could be reproduced in naïve mice via T-cell transfer from vaccinated mice but not by serum transfer. The induction of LRV1 specific T cells secreting IFN-γ was confirmed in vaccinated mice and provided strong evidence that LRV1-specific protection arose via a cell mediated immune response against the LRV1 capsid. Our studies suggest that immunization with LRV1 capsid could be of a preventive benefit in mitigating the elevated pathology associated with LRV1 bearing Leishmania infections and possibly avoiding symptomatic relapses after an initial treatment. This novel anti-endosymbiotic vaccine strategy could be exploited to control other infectious diseases, as similar viral infections are largely prevalent across pathogenic pathogens and could consequently open new vaccine opportunities. About 80% of leishmaniasis infections result in cutaneous manifestations with a broad symptomatic spectrum, ranging from self-healing localized to disseminated lesions. The mechanism behind these latter aggravated forms of leishmaniasis is still poorly understood. One possible factor is an endosymbiotic RNA virus identified in the cytoplasm of several Leishmania species (Leishmania RNA virus 1). LRV1 acts as a virulence factor, causing a destructive hyper-inflammatory response. In this study, we tested the prophylactic potential of a vaccine formulated with a recombinant LRV1 capsid and a T helper 1-polarizing adjuvant. Our approach conferred significant protection against LRV1+ Leishmania guyanensis infection, decreasing lesional inflammation and parasite burden. Further analysis demonstrated that this vaccine induced a potent T helper 1 response. Consequently, we propose that the LRV1-capsid is a promising vaccine component in order to reduce clinical complications (e.g. symptomatic relapses) in areas endemic to LRV1 co-infected Leishmania species. Taken together, we present an original strategy, whereby targeting the pervasive intracellular viruses within pathogens may reduce pathologic inflammation and offer an extra-genetic candidate that may circumvent escape mutations or poor response to drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Castiglioni
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Mary-Anne Hartley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Rossi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Florence Prevel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Desponds
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Daniel T. Utzschneider
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Remzi-Onur Eren
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Haroun Zangger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Livia Brunner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Collin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Dietmar Zehn
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F. Matthew Kuhlmann
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Stephen M. Beverley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Fasel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Catherine Ronet
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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Detection and molecular identification of leishmania RNA virus (LRV) in Iranian Leishmania species. Arch Virol 2016; 161:3385-3390. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3044-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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23
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Higa LH, Arnal L, Vermeulen M, Perez AP, Schilrreff P, Mundiña-Weilenmann C, Yantorno O, Vela ME, Morilla MJ, Romero EL. Ultradeformable Archaeosomes for Needle Free Nanovaccination with Leishmania braziliensis Antigens. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150185. [PMID: 26934726 PMCID: PMC4774928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Total antigens from Leishmania braziliensis promastigotes, solubilized with sodium cholate (dsLp), were formulated within ultradeformable nanovesicles (dsLp-ultradeformable archaeosomes, (dsLp-UDA), and dsLp-ultradeformable liposomes (dsLp-UDL)) and topically administered to Balb/c mice. Ultradeformable nanovesicles can penetrate the intact stratum corneum up to the viable epidermis, with no aid of classical permeation enhancers that can damage the barrier function of the skin. Briefly, 100 nm unilamellar dsLp-UDA (soybean phosphatidylcholine: Halorubrum tebenquichense total polar lipids (TPL): sodium cholate, 3:3:1 w:w) of -31.45 mV Z potential, containing 4.84 ± 0.53% w/w protein/lipid dsLp, 235 KPa Young modulus were prepared. In vitro, dsLp-UDA was extensively taken up by J774A1 and bone marrow derive cells, and the only that induced an immediate secretion of IL-6, IL-12p40 and TNF-α, followed by IL-1β, by J774A1 cells. Such extensive uptake is a key feature of UDA ascribed to the highly negatively charged archaeolipids of the TPL, which are recognized by a receptor specialized in uptake and not involved in downstream signaling. Despite dsLp alone was also immunostimulatory on J774A1 cells, applied twice a week on consecutive days along 7 weeks on Balb/c mice, it raised no measurable response unless associated to UDL or UDA. The highest systemic response, IgGa2 mediated, 1 log lower than im dsLp Al2O3, was elicited by dsLp-UDA. Such findings suggest that in vivo, UDL and UDA acted as penetration enhancers for dsLp, but only dsLp-UDA, owed to its pronounced uptake by APC, succeeded as topical adjuvants. The actual TPL composition, fully made of sn2,3 ether linked saturated archaeolipids, gives the UDA bilayer resistance against chemical, physical and enzymatic attacks that destroy ordinary phospholipids bilayers. Together, these properties make UDA a promising platform for topical drug targeted delivery and vaccination, that may be of help for countries with a deficient healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia H. Higa
- Nanomedicine Research Program, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal, Argentina B1876BXD
| | - Laura Arnal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CONICET, Sucursal 4 Casilla de Correo 16, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Mónica Vermeulen
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), CONICET-UBA, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Junin 956, 4° piso, 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Paula Perez
- Nanomedicine Research Program, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal, Argentina B1876BXD
| | - Priscila Schilrreff
- Nanomedicine Research Program, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal, Argentina B1876BXD
| | | | - Osvaldo Yantorno
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de Fermentaciones Industriales (CINDEFI), UNLP. 50 No. 227, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Elena Vela
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CONICET, Sucursal 4 Casilla de Correo 16, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - María José Morilla
- Nanomedicine Research Program, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal, Argentina B1876BXD
| | - Eder Lilia Romero
- Nanomedicine Research Program, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal, Argentina B1876BXD
- * E-mail:
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24
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Ginouvès M, Simon S, Bourreau E, Lacoste V, Ronet C, Couppié P, Nacher M, Demar M, Prévot G. Prevalence and Distribution of Leishmania RNA Virus 1 in Leishmania Parasites from French Guiana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 94:102-6. [PMID: 26598572 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In South America, the presence of the Leishmania RNA virus type 1 (LRV1) was described in Leishmania guyanensis and Leishmania braziliensis strains. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence distribution of LRV1 in Leishmania isolates in French Guiana given that, in this French overseas department, most Leishmania infections are due to these parasite species. The presence of the virus was observed in 74% of Leishmania spp. isolates, with a highest presence in the internal areas of the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Ginouvès
- Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale-EA 3593-Labex CEBA-Medicine Department, University of French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana; Laboratoire Associé-Centre National de Référence Leishmania, Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana; Immunology Laboratory of Leishmaniasis, Pasteur Institute of French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana; Laboratory of Virus-Host Interactions, Pasteur Institute of French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana; Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland; Guianan Institute of Tropical Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana; Centre d'Investigation Clinique Epidémiologie Clinique Antilles Guyane, Cayenne General Hospital, Cayenne, French Guiana; Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Stéphane Simon
- Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale-EA 3593-Labex CEBA-Medicine Department, University of French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana; Laboratoire Associé-Centre National de Référence Leishmania, Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana; Immunology Laboratory of Leishmaniasis, Pasteur Institute of French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana; Laboratory of Virus-Host Interactions, Pasteur Institute of French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana; Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland; Guianan Institute of Tropical Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana; Centre d'Investigation Clinique Epidémiologie Clinique Antilles Guyane, Cayenne General Hospital, Cayenne, French Guiana; Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Eliane Bourreau
- Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale-EA 3593-Labex CEBA-Medicine Department, University of French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana; Laboratoire Associé-Centre National de Référence Leishmania, Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana; Immunology Laboratory of Leishmaniasis, Pasteur Institute of French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana; Laboratory of Virus-Host Interactions, Pasteur Institute of French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana; Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland; Guianan Institute of Tropical Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana; Centre d'Investigation Clinique Epidémiologie Clinique Antilles Guyane, Cayenne General Hospital, Cayenne, French Guiana; Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Vincent Lacoste
- Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale-EA 3593-Labex CEBA-Medicine Department, University of French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana; Laboratoire Associé-Centre National de Référence Leishmania, Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana; Immunology Laboratory of Leishmaniasis, Pasteur Institute of French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana; Laboratory of Virus-Host Interactions, Pasteur Institute of French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana; Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland; Guianan Institute of Tropical Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana; Centre d'Investigation Clinique Epidémiologie Clinique Antilles Guyane, Cayenne General Hospital, Cayenne, French Guiana; Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Catherine Ronet
- Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale-EA 3593-Labex CEBA-Medicine Department, University of French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana; Laboratoire Associé-Centre National de Référence Leishmania, Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana; Immunology Laboratory of Leishmaniasis, Pasteur Institute of French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana; Laboratory of Virus-Host Interactions, Pasteur Institute of French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana; Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland; Guianan Institute of Tropical Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana; Centre d'Investigation Clinique Epidémiologie Clinique Antilles Guyane, Cayenne General Hospital, Cayenne, French Guiana; Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Pierre Couppié
- Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale-EA 3593-Labex CEBA-Medicine Department, University of French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana; Laboratoire Associé-Centre National de Référence Leishmania, Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana; Immunology Laboratory of Leishmaniasis, Pasteur Institute of French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana; Laboratory of Virus-Host Interactions, Pasteur Institute of French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana; Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland; Guianan Institute of Tropical Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana; Centre d'Investigation Clinique Epidémiologie Clinique Antilles Guyane, Cayenne General Hospital, Cayenne, French Guiana; Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Mathieu Nacher
- Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale-EA 3593-Labex CEBA-Medicine Department, University of French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana; Laboratoire Associé-Centre National de Référence Leishmania, Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana; Immunology Laboratory of Leishmaniasis, Pasteur Institute of French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana; Laboratory of Virus-Host Interactions, Pasteur Institute of French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana; Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland; Guianan Institute of Tropical Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana; Centre d'Investigation Clinique Epidémiologie Clinique Antilles Guyane, Cayenne General Hospital, Cayenne, French Guiana; Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Magalie Demar
- Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale-EA 3593-Labex CEBA-Medicine Department, University of French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana; Laboratoire Associé-Centre National de Référence Leishmania, Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana; Immunology Laboratory of Leishmaniasis, Pasteur Institute of French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana; Laboratory of Virus-Host Interactions, Pasteur Institute of French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana; Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland; Guianan Institute of Tropical Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana; Centre d'Investigation Clinique Epidémiologie Clinique Antilles Guyane, Cayenne General Hospital, Cayenne, French Guiana; Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Ghislaine Prévot
- Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale-EA 3593-Labex CEBA-Medicine Department, University of French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana; Laboratoire Associé-Centre National de Référence Leishmania, Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana; Immunology Laboratory of Leishmaniasis, Pasteur Institute of French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana; Laboratory of Virus-Host Interactions, Pasteur Institute of French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana; Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland; Guianan Institute of Tropical Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana; Centre d'Investigation Clinique Epidémiologie Clinique Antilles Guyane, Cayenne General Hospital, Cayenne, French Guiana; Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
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Kraeva N, Butenko A, Hlaváčová J, Kostygov A, Myškova J, Grybchuk D, Leštinová T, Votýpka J, Volf P, Opperdoes F, Flegontov P, Lukeš J, Yurchenko V. Leptomonas seymouri: Adaptations to the Dixenous Life Cycle Analyzed by Genome Sequencing, Transcriptome Profiling and Co-infection with Leishmania donovani. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005127. [PMID: 26317207 PMCID: PMC4552786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The co-infection cases involving dixenous Leishmania spp. (mostly of the L. donovani complex) and presumably monoxenous trypanosomatids in immunocompromised mammalian hosts including humans are well documented. The main opportunistic parasite has been identified as Leptomonas seymouri of the sub-family Leishmaniinae. The molecular mechanisms allowing a parasite of insects to withstand elevated temperature and substantially different conditions of vertebrate tissues are not understood. Here we demonstrate that L. seymouri is well adapted for the environment of the warm-blooded host. We sequenced the genome and compared the whole transcriptome profiles of this species cultivated at low and high temperatures (mimicking the vector and the vertebrate host, respectively) and identified genes and pathways differentially expressed under these experimental conditions. Moreover, Leptomonas seymouri was found to persist for several days in two species of Phlebotomus spp. implicated in Leishmania donovani transmission. Despite of all these adaptations, L. seymouri remains a predominantly monoxenous species not capable of infecting vertebrate cells under normal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Kraeva
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Anzhelika Butenko
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hlaváčová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alexei Kostygov
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Jitka Myškova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Danyil Grybchuk
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Leštinová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Votýpka
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Fred Opperdoes
- de Duve Institute and Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pavel Flegontov
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Ito MM, Catanhêde LM, Katsuragawa TH, Silva Junior CFD, Camargo LMA, Mattos RDG, Vilallobos-Salcedo JM. Correlation between presence of Leishmania RNA virus 1 and clinical characteristics of nasal mucosal leishmaniosis. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 81:533-40. [PMID: 26277588 PMCID: PMC9449032 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mucosal leishmaniosis (ML) is a severe clinical form of leishmaniosis. Complex factors related to the parasite and the host are attributed to the development of mucosal lesions. Leishmania RNA virus 1 (LRV1) can disrupt immune response, and may be the main determinant of severity of the disease; it should be investigated. Objective To study the existence of clinical differences between patients with ML with endosymbiosis by LRV1 and. those without it. Methods A cross-sectional cohort study with clinical evaluation, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of Leishmania, species classification, and search of LRV1 was performed. Only patients with confirmed diagnosis of ML by positive PCR and with nasal mucosa injuries were included in this analysis. Results Out of 37 patients, 30 (81.1%) were diagnosed with Leishmania braziliensis, five (13.5%) with Leishmania guyanensis, and two (5.4%) with mixed infection of L. braziliensis and L. guyanensis. LVR1 virus was present in 26 (70.3%) of the cases. Conclusion Correlation between clinical phenotype and presence of LRV1 was not observed, although the frequency of the virus is two-fold higher in mucosal lesions than that found in the literature on skin lesions in the same geographical area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Massayuki Ito
- Health Science, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Juan Miguel Vilallobos-Salcedo
- Fundação Osvaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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27
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Bourreau E, Ginouves M, Prévot G, Hartley MA, Gangneux JP, Robert-Gangneux F, Dufour J, Sainte-Marie D, Bertolotti A, Pratlong F, Martin R, Schütz F, Couppié P, Fasel N, Ronet C. Presence ofLeishmaniaRNA Virus 1 inLeishmania guyanensisIncreases the Risk of First-Line Treatment Failure and Symptomatic Relapse. J Infect Dis 2015; 213:105-11. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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28
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de Morais CGV, Castro Lima AK, Terra R, dos Santos RF, Da-Silva SAG, Dutra PML. The Dialogue of the Host-Parasite Relationship: Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi Infection. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:324915. [PMID: 26090399 PMCID: PMC4450238 DOI: 10.1155/2015/324915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular protozoa Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi and the causative agents of Leishmaniasis and Chagas disease, respectively, belong to the Trypanosomatidae family. Together, these two neglected tropical diseases affect approximately 25 million people worldwide. Whether the host can control the infection or develops disease depends on the complex interaction between parasite and host. Parasite surface and secreted molecules are involved in triggering specific signaling pathways essential for parasite entry and intracellular survival. The recognition of the parasite antigens by host immune cells generates a specific immune response. Leishmania spp. and T. cruzi have a multifaceted repertoire of strategies to evade or subvert the immune system by interfering with a range of signal transduction pathways in host cells, which causes the inhibition of the protective response and contributes to their persistence in the host. The current therapeutic strategies in leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis are very limited. Efficacy is variable, toxicity is high, and the emergence of resistance is increasingly common. In this review, we discuss the molecular basis of the host-parasite interaction of Leishmania and Trypanosoma cruzi infection and their mechanisms of subverting the immune response and how this knowledge can be used as a tool for the development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gustavo Vieira de Morais
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Protozoários e Imunofisiologia do Exercício, Disciplina de Parasitologia, DMIP, FCM, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Professor Manuel de Abreu 444, Pavilhão Américo Piquet Carneiro, 5° andar, Vila Isabel, 20550-170 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Microbiologia/FCM/UERJ, Avenida Professor Manuel de Abreu 444, Pavilhão Américo Piquet Carneiro, 3° andar, Vila Isabel, 20550-170 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Karina Castro Lima
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Protozoários e Imunofisiologia do Exercício, Disciplina de Parasitologia, DMIP, FCM, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Professor Manuel de Abreu 444, Pavilhão Américo Piquet Carneiro, 5° andar, Vila Isabel, 20550-170 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Terra
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Protozoários e Imunofisiologia do Exercício, Disciplina de Parasitologia, DMIP, FCM, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Professor Manuel de Abreu 444, Pavilhão Américo Piquet Carneiro, 5° andar, Vila Isabel, 20550-170 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Fisiopatologia Clínica e Experimental/FCM/UERJ, Avenida Professor Manuel de Abreu 444, Pavilhão Américo Piquet Carneiro, 5° andar, Vila Isabel, 20550-170 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rosiane Freire dos Santos
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Microbiologia/FCM/UERJ, Avenida Professor Manuel de Abreu 444, Pavilhão Américo Piquet Carneiro, 3° andar, Vila Isabel, 20550-170 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia Parasitária, Disciplina de Parasitologia, DMIP, FCM, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Professor Manuel de Abreu 444, Pavilhão Américo Piquet Carneiro, 5° andar, Vila Isabel, 20550-170 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Silvia Amaral Gonçalves Da-Silva
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia Parasitária, Disciplina de Parasitologia, DMIP, FCM, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Professor Manuel de Abreu 444, Pavilhão Américo Piquet Carneiro, 5° andar, Vila Isabel, 20550-170 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Maria Lourenço Dutra
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Protozoários e Imunofisiologia do Exercício, Disciplina de Parasitologia, DMIP, FCM, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Professor Manuel de Abreu 444, Pavilhão Américo Piquet Carneiro, 5° andar, Vila Isabel, 20550-170 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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29
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Mansueto P, Seidita A, Vitale G, Cascio A. Leishmaniasis in travelers: a literature review. Travel Med Infect Dis 2014; 12:563-81. [PMID: 25287721 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne protozoan infection whose clinical spectrum ranges from asymptomatic infection to fatal visceral leishmaniasis. Over the last decades, an increase in imported leishmaniasis cases in developed, non-endemic countries, have been pointed-out from a review of the international literature. Among the possible causes are increasing international tourism, influx of immigrants from endemic regions and military operations. The main area for the acquisition of cutaneous leishmaniasis, especially for adventure travelers on long-term trips in highly-endemic forested areas, is represented from South America, whereas popular Mediterranean destinations are emerging as the main areas to acquire visceral variant. Leishmaniasis should be considered in the diagnostic assessment of patients presenting with a compatible clinical syndrome and a history of travel to an endemic area, even if this occurred several months or years before. Adventure travelers, researchers, military personnel, and other groups of travelers likely to be exposed to sand flies in endemic areas, should receive counseling regarding leishmaniasis and appropriate protective measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Mansueto
- Department of Internal Medicine and Biomedicine, University of Palermo, Italy.
| | - Aurelio Seidita
- Department of Internal Medicine and Biomedicine, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Giustina Vitale
- Department of Internal Medicine and Biomedicine, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Cascio
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Italy
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Leishmania aethiopica Field Isolates Bearing an Endosymbiontic dsRNA Virus Induce Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Response. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002836#s5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Leishmania aethiopica field isolates bearing an endosymbiontic dsRNA virus induce pro-inflammatory cytokine response. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2836. [PMID: 24762979 PMCID: PMC3998932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with Leishmania parasites causes mainly cutaneous lesions at the site of the sand fly bite. Inflammatory metastatic forms have been reported with Leishmania species such as L. braziliensis, guyanensis and aethiopica. Little is known about the factors underlying such exacerbated clinical presentations. Leishmania RNA virus (LRV) is mainly found within South American Leishmania braziliensis and guyanensis. In a mouse model of L. guyanensis infection, its presence is responsible for an hyper-inflammatory response driven by the recognition of the viral dsRNA genome by the host Toll-like Receptor 3 leading to an exacerbation of the disease. In one instance, LRV was reported outside of South America, namely in the L. major ASKH strain from Turkmenistan, suggesting that LRV appeared before the divergence of Leishmania subgenera. LRV presence inside Leishmania parasites could be one of the factors implicated in disease severity, providing rationale for LRV screening in L. aethiopica. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A new LRV member was identified in four L. aethiopica strains (LRV-Lae). Three LRV-Lae genomes were sequenced and compared to L. guyanensis LRV1 and L. major LRV2. LRV-Lae more closely resembled LRV2. Despite their similar genomic organization, a notable difference was observed in the region where the capsid protein and viral polymerase open reading frames overlap, with a unique -1 situation in LRV-Lae. In vitro infection of murine macrophages showed that LRV-Lae induced a TLR3-dependent inflammatory response as previously observed for LRV1. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE In this study, we report the presence of an immunogenic dsRNA virus in L. aethiopica human isolates. This is the first observation of LRV in Africa, and together with the unique description of LRV2 in Turkmenistan, it confirmed that LRV was present before the divergence of the L. (Leishmania) and (Viannia) subgenera. The potential implication of LRV-Lae on disease severity due to L. aethiopica infections is discussed.
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Lezama-Dávila CM, Isaac-Márquez AP, Kapadia G, Owens K, Oghumu S, Beverley S, Satoskar AR. Leishmanicidal activity of two naphthoquinones against Leishmania donovani. Biol Pharm Bull 2013; 35:1761-4. [PMID: 23037165 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b12-00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Here we studied ability of two naphthoquinones to inhibit Leishmania growth (2,3-dichloro-5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (TR 001) and 2,3-dibromo-1,4-naphthoquinone (TR 002). TR 001 was more efficient than TR 002 in inducing killing of promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes. These values compare well to those obtained with the standard first-line antileishmanial agent sodium stibogluconate (SSG). TR 001 also induced significantly more nitric oxide (NO) production than TR 002 or SSG. Taken together, these data show that TR 001 and TR 002 could be promising new drugs for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis.
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Hartley MA, Kohl K, Ronet C, Fasel N. The therapeutic potential of immune cross-talk in leishmaniasis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013; 19:119-30. [DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zangger H, Ronet C, Desponds C, Kuhlmann FM, Robinson J, Hartley MA, Prevel F, Castiglioni P, Pratlong F, Bastien P, Müller N, Parmentier L, Saravia NG, Beverley SM, Fasel N. Detection of Leishmania RNA virus in Leishmania parasites. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2006. [PMID: 23326619 PMCID: PMC3542153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients suffering from cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by New World Leishmania (Viannia) species are at high risk of developing mucosal (ML) or disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL). After the formation of a primary skin lesion at the site of the bite by a Leishmania-infected sand fly, the infection can disseminate to form secondary lesions. This metastatic phenotype causes significant morbidity and is often associated with a hyper-inflammatory immune response leading to the destruction of nasopharyngeal tissues in ML, and appearance of nodules or numerous ulcerated skin lesions in DCL. Recently, we connected this aggressive phenotype to the presence of Leishmania RNA virus (LRV) in strains of L. guyanensis, showing that LRV is responsible for elevated parasitaemia, destructive hyper-inflammation and an overall exacerbation of the disease. Further studies of this relationship and the distribution of LRVs in other Leishmania strains and species would benefit from improved methods of viral detection and quantitation, especially ones not dependent on prior knowledge of the viral sequence as LRVs show significant evolutionary divergence. Methodology/Principal Findings This study reports various techniques, among which, the use of an anti-dsRNA monoclonal antibody (J2) stands out for its specific and quantitative recognition of dsRNA in a sequence-independent fashion. Applications of J2 include immunofluorescence, ELISA and dot blot: techniques complementing an arsenal of other detection tools, such as nucleic acid purification and quantitative real-time-PCR. We evaluate each method as well as demonstrate a successful LRV detection by the J2 antibody in several parasite strains, a freshly isolated patient sample and lesion biopsies of infected mice. Conclusions/Significance We propose that refinements of these methods could be transferred to the field for use as a diagnostic tool in detecting the presence of LRV, and potentially assessing the LRV-related risk of complications in cutaneous leishmaniasis. The endosymbiosis of viruses in microbes is a well-described and prevalent environmental partnership, where viruses offer their cellular host incentives of fitness in exchange for the use of their metabolic machinery. We have recently exposed this as an important factor in certain metastatic leishmaniases of South America, where the nucleic acid of a virus residing within some Leishmania parasites acts as a potent innate immunogen causing a destructive inflammatory response, which worsens disease. Leishmania RNA Virus (LRV) exists within many species of Leishmania as a stable infection; these LRV positive strains have been found throughout South America in cutaneous leishmaniases that are often complicated by the occurrence of infectious metastasis with an underlying hyperinflammatory response. In this report, we describe the use of an anti-dsRNA monoclonal antibody (J2), which specifically recognizes dsRNA in a quantitative and sequence-independent fashion. Refined versions of these methods could be transferred to the field as diagnostic tools for detecting the presence of LRV (or other dsRNA viruses), and potentially assessing the LRV-related risk of complicated cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroun Zangger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Ronet
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Desponds
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - F. Matthew Kuhlmann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - John Robinson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mary-Anne Hartley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Florence Prevel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Castiglioni
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Francine Pratlong
- French National Reference Centre for Leishmaniases, Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHRU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- University Montpellier 1, Faculty of Medicine, UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224/UM1/UM2 “MIVEGEC”, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Bastien
- French National Reference Centre for Leishmaniases, Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHRU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- University Montpellier 1, Faculty of Medicine, UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224/UM1/UM2 “MIVEGEC”, Montpellier, France
| | - Norbert Müller
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty Berne, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Parmentier
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpitaux du Valais, Sierre, Valais, Switzerland
| | - Nancy Gore Saravia
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
| | - Stephen M. Beverley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Fasel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Vaud, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Paniz Mondolfi AE, Duffey GB, Horton LE, Tirado M, Reyes Jaimes O, Perez-Alvarez A, Zerpa O. Intermediate/borderline disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis. Int J Dermatol 2012; 52:446-55. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2012.05709.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lucy E. Horton
- Department of Dermatology; Tufts Medical Center and Miraca Life Sciences; Boston; MA; USA
| | | | - Oscar Reyes Jaimes
- Departmento de Dermatopatologia; Instituto de Biomedicina; UCV/MSDS; Caracas; Venezuela
| | | | - Olga Zerpa
- Seccion de Leishmaniasis; Instituto de Biomedicina; UCV/MSDS; Caracas; Venezuela
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Hartley MA, Ronet C, Fasel N. Backseat drivers: the hidden influence of microbial viruses on disease. Curr Opin Microbiol 2012; 15:538-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Hartley MA, Ronet C, Zangger H, Beverley SM, Fasel N. Leishmania RNA virus: when the host pays the toll. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:99. [PMID: 22919688 PMCID: PMC3417650 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of an RNA virus in a South American subgenus of the Leishmania parasite, L. (Viannia), was detected several decades ago but its role in leishmanial virulence and metastasis was only recently described. In Leishmania guyanensis, the nucleic acid of Leishmania RNA virus (LRV1) acts as a potent innate immunogen, eliciting a hyper-inflammatory immune response through toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3). The resultant inflammatory cascade has been shown to increase disease severity, parasite persistence, and perhaps even resistance to anti-leishmanial drugs. Curiously, LRVs were found mostly in clinical isolates prone to infectious metastasis in both their human source and experimental animal model, suggesting an association between the viral hyperpathogen and metastatic complications such as mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL). MCL presents as chronic secondary lesions in the mucosa of the mouth and nose, debilitatingly inflamed and notoriously refractory to treatment. Immunologically, this outcome has many of the same hallmarks associated with the reaction to LRV: production of type 1 interferons, bias toward a chronic Th1 inflammatory state and an impaired ability of host cells to eliminate parasites through oxidative stress. More intriguing, is that the risk of developing MCL is found almost exclusively in infections of the L. (Viannia) subtype, further indication that leishmanial metastasis is caused, at least in part, by a parasitic component. LRV present in this subgenus may contribute to the destructive inflammation of metastatic disease either by acting in concert with other intrinsic "metastatic factors" or by independently preying on host TLR3 hypersensitivity. Because LRV amplifies parasite virulence, its presence may provide a unique target for diagnostic and clinical intervention of metastatic leishmaniasis. Taking examples from other members of the Totiviridae virus family, this paper reviews the benefits and costs of endosymbiosis, specifically for the maintenance of LRV infection in Leishmania parasites, which is often at the expense of its human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Anne Hartley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne Epalinges, Switzerland
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Gannavaram S, Debrabant A. Programmed cell death in Leishmania: biochemical evidence and role in parasite infectivity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:95. [PMID: 22919685 PMCID: PMC3417670 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Demonstration of features of a programmed cell death (PCD) pathway in protozoan parasites initiated a great deal of interest and debate in the field of molecular parasitology. Several of the markers typical of mammalian apoptosis have been shown in Leishmania which suggested the existence of an apoptosis like death in these organisms. However, studies to elucidate the downstream events associated with phosphotidyl serine exposure, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release, and caspase-like activities in cells undergoing such cell death remain an ongoing challenge. Recent advances in genome sequencing, chemical biology should help to solve some of these challenges. Leishmania genetic mutants that lack putative regulators/effectors of PCD pathway should not only help to demonstrate the mechanisms of PCD but also provide tools to better understand the putative role for this pathway in population control and in the establishment of a successful infection of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreenivas Gannavaram
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration Bethesda, MD, USA
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Singh RK, Srivastava A, Singh N. Toll-like receptor signaling: a perspective to develop vaccine against leishmaniasis. Microbiol Res 2012; 167:445-51. [PMID: 22326459 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the sentinel factor of the innate immunity, which are essential for host defense. These receptors detect the presence of conserved molecular patterns of potentially pathogenic microorganisms and contribute in both, cellular as well as humoral immune responses. Leishmania is an intracellular pathogen that silently invades host immune system. After phagocytosis, it divides and proliferates in the harmful environment of host macrophages by down-regulating its vital effector functions. In leishmaniasis, the outcome of the infection basically relies on the skewed balance between Th1/Th2 immune responses. Lots of work have been done and on progress but still characterization of either preventive or prophylactic candidate antigen/s is far from satisfactory. How does Leishmania regulate host innate immune system? Still it is unanswered. TLRs play very important role during inflammatory process of various diseases such as cancer, bacterial and viral infections but TLR signaling is comparatively less explained in leishmanial infection. In the context to Th1/Th2 dichotomy, identification of leishmanial antigens that modulate toll-like receptor signaling will certainly help in the development of future vaccine. This review will initially describe global properties of TLRs, and later will discuss their role in the pathogenesis of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K Singh
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
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