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Girma A. Staphylococcus aureus: Current perspectives on molecular pathogenesis and virulence. Cell Surf 2025; 13:100137. [PMID: 39758277 PMCID: PMC11699754 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2024.100137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2024] [Revised: 12/04/2024] [Accepted: 12/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2025] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus has evolved a sophisticated regulatory system to control its virulence. One of the main roles of this interconnected network is to sense and respond to diverse environmental signals by altering the synthesis of virulence components required for survival in the host, including cell surface adhesins, extracellular enzymes and toxins. The accessory gene regulator (agr), a quorum sensing system that detects the local concentration of a cyclic peptide signaling molecule, is one of the well-studied of these S. aureus regulatory mechanisms. By using this system, S. aureus is able to sense its own population density and translate this information into a specific pattern of gene expression. In addition to Agr, this pathogen senses specific stimuli through various two-component systems and synchronizes responses with alternative sigma factors and cytoplasmic regulators of the SarA protein family. These different regulatory mechanisms combine host and environmental information into a network that guarantees the best possible response of pathogens to changing circumstances. In this article, an overview of the most significant and thoroughly studied regulatory systems of S. aureus is provided, along with a summary of their roles in host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abayeneh Girma
- Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Science, Mekdela Amba University, P.O. Box 32, Tulu Awuliya, Ethiopia
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Wang H, Ma G, Fan Z, Wang H, Xu X. Low temperature storage leads to advanced upregulation of typical virulence regulators, pyk and purR of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus cultured on chicken meat. Food Microbiol 2025; 128:104719. [PMID: 39952763 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2024.104719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2024] [Revised: 12/28/2024] [Accepted: 12/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2025]
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins have long been studied due to the food-borne illness caused and complex intracellular virulence regulation involved. Along with the popularized application of cold chain production of meat products, there is important significance to explore the influence of low temperature on enterotoxin genes expression correlated to regulators under meat cultivation. In this study, SEA and SEB type Staphylococcus aureus strains (designated Sa08 and Sa13 respectively) were cultivated on chicken meat at 8 and 25 °C, typical virulence regulators (agrA, saeS, srrB, rot, codY and icaA), enterotoxins (sea and seb) and metabolic factors (pyk and pyruvate, purR and xanthosine monophosphate) were monitored. As a result, cell density remained stable (104-105 CFU/g) at 8 °C with slight increase in 6 day, and there were drastic pyruvate accumulation along with storing days. Significant upregulation of typical virulence regulators, pyk, purR and seb occurred in post exponential phase at 25 °C (p < 0.001). Nevertheless, phenotypic indexes failed to correspond to transcriptional changes. Expression of seb depended on the upregulation of typical virulence regulators at 8 and 25 °C, and sea had independent expression profile different from typical virulence regulators at 8 °C. Comparing with 25 °C, consistent advanced upregulation of typical virulence regulators (except codY of Sa08), pyk and purR were observed both for Sa08 and Sa13 at 8 °C, and different strains exhibited varied early metabolic response but similar later metabolic status at 8 °C. These phenomena highlighted a concern that, enterotoxigenic S. aureus colonizing on chicken meat exhibited advanced upregulation of typical virulence regulators and close-related virulence at low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Institute of Science, Jinan, 250353, PR China
| | - Guangxia Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Institute of Science, Jinan, 250353, PR China
| | - Zhenzhen Fan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Institute of Science, Jinan, 250353, PR China
| | - Huhu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Meat Products Processing and Quality Control, MOA, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
| | - Xinglian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Meat Products Processing and Quality Control, MOA, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
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Aarslev Jensen H, Hansen LT, Bøknæs N, Mejlholm O, Jacobsen C, Dalgaard P. Northern shrimp ( Pandalus borealis) - a review on biology, catch, processing, quality changes, shelf-life and product safety. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2025:1-34. [PMID: 40411766 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2025.2505241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2025]
Abstract
Pandalus borealis is a commercially important wild-caught shrimp species with more than 250,000 tons/year being processed into a wide range of products. This review discusses the biology of P. borealis in relation to catch, processing and characteristics of seafood products including sensory and safe shelf-life. Biochemical, chemical, physiochemical and microbial spoilage reactions are discussed to establish (i) indices of spoilage for instrumental shelf-life determination, (ii) kinetic models for shelf-life prediction and (iii) preservation procedures for shelf-life extension. Free amino acids in P. borealis confer a unique sweet taste to products and polyunsaturated fatty acids contribute to good nutritional properties. Spoilage of frozen P. borealis products is caused by oxidation of lipids and shelf-life can be markedly extended by glazing with brines containing antioxidants. Spoilage of chilled products is due to high concentrations of bacteria and their formation of volatile amines that can be used as indices of spoilage. Developed predictive growth models facilitate design of new brined shrimp recipes with low salt and high pH to maintain desirable nutritional and flavor properties, while also inhibiting growth of Listeria monocytogenes and Clostridium botulinum during chilled storage. Future research should focus on sustainable processing and optimal use of the entire animal as food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Aarslev Jensen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Royal Greenland Seafood A/S, Svenstrup J, Denmark
| | | | - Niels Bøknæs
- Royal Greenland Seafood A/S, Svenstrup J, Denmark
| | - Ole Mejlholm
- Royal Greenland Seafood A/S, Svenstrup J, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Jacobsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Paw Dalgaard
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Han JA, Hwang S, Son N, Kwak HS, Joo IS, Ryu S, Suh SH. Surveillance of microbial pathogens and development of a predictive model for Staphylococcus aureus in dried fish fillet. Food Sci Biotechnol 2025; 34:2061-2070. [PMID: 40196320 PMCID: PMC11972264 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-025-01828-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2024] [Revised: 01/08/2025] [Accepted: 01/15/2025] [Indexed: 04/09/2025] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to achieve two primary objectives: (1) to evaluate microbial contamination in 580 dried fish fillets for the presence of key foodborne pathogens, including S. aureus, Salmonella spp., L. monocytogenes, C. perfringens, and Vibrio spp.; and (2) to develop predictive survival models for S. aureus in dried squid, Hwangtae-chae (dried pollack) and seasoned dried filefish. Microbial surveillance detected no, Salmonella spp., L. monocytogenes, or Vibrio spp.; however, S. aureus and C. perfringens was identified in one and four samples, respectively. Predictive modeling involved inoculating dried squid, Hwangtae-chae and seasoned dried filefish with S. aureus and storing them at 4 °C, 10 °C, 20 °C and 37 °C. The survival rates, analyzed using the Weibull distribution, exhibited clear temperature-dependent behavior. Secondary models, validated with Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values of 0.39, 0.36 and 0.35 demonstrate their utility as effective tools for microbial risk assessment and enhancing food safety management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong A Han
- Division of Microbiology, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28159 Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Sunyoung Hwang
- Division of Microbiology, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28159 Republic of Korea
| | - Nari Son
- Division of Microbiology, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28159 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Sun Kwak
- Division of Microbiology, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28159 Republic of Korea
| | - In Sun Joo
- Division of Microbiology, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28159 Republic of Korea
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hwan Suh
- Division of Microbiology, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28159 Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-Ro, Seo-Gu, Daejeon, 36365 Republic of Korea
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Elolu S, Oloo BO, Opiyo AM, Huyskens-Keil S. Microbial Food Safety Aspects Along the Supply Chain of African Indigenous Vegetables. A Case Study of Leaf Amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) in Kenya. J Food Prot 2025; 88:100485. [PMID: 40107659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2025] [Accepted: 03/12/2025] [Indexed: 03/22/2025]
Abstract
Microbial food safety aspects along the supply chain of fresh leaf amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) were evaluated from farms to urban supermarkets in Kenya. A total of 150 leaf samples were collected from amaranth farms, transport, wholesale, peri-urban retail markets, and supermarkets. Microbiological indicators of sanitary conditions were analyzed in terms of the prevalence and load of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, total coliforms, yeasts & molds, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus. Foodborne pathogens, E. coli, Salmonella, and S. aureus, were characterized through molecular screening for selected virulence genes. The prevalence of microbial contamination was highest in peri-urban retail markets, followed by wholesale markets, supermarkets, and transportation, and least on farms. Throughout the supply chain, coliforms were the most prevalent, detected in 98.7% of the samples, followed by Enterobacteriaceae (97.3%), aerobic mesophiles (96.7%), and yeasts and molds (92%). However, S. aureus was the most prevalent pathogen (87.3%), followed by Salmonella (79.3%) and E. coli the least (67.3%). Microbial load increased from the farm to peri-urban retail markets and was significantly higher in the peri-urban retail markets, i.e., 5.08-6.22 Log CFU/g (aerobic mesophiles), 5.28-6.32 Log CFU/g (Enterobacteriaceae), 5.56-6.47 Log CFU/g (coliforms), 2.02-3.59 Log CFU/g (E. coli), 3.87-4.64 Log CFU/g (S. aureus), and 3.36-4.23 Log CFU/g (Salmonella), respectively. Shiga toxin-producing E. coli virulence genes (stx1 and stx2), enterotoxin (stn), and plasmid (pCT) Salmonella virulence genes, and S. aureus virulence genes (sea) were detected in isolates from vegetables at different nodes of the supply chain. Microbial contamination levels were above the international and national thresholds, and foodborne microorganisms had pathogenic attributes. Initiatives to improve sanitation measures at each stage of the supply chain are recommended to guarantee food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Elolu
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Division Urban Plant Ecophysiology, Research Group Quality Dynamics/Postharvest Management of Perishable Crops, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Department of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, Gulu University, Uganda; Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Dairy, Food Science and Technology, Egerton University, Kenya.
| | - Benard Odhiambo Oloo
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Dairy, Food Science and Technology, Egerton University, Kenya
| | - Arnold Mathew Opiyo
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Crops, Horticulture, and Soils, Egerton University, Kenya
| | - Susanne Huyskens-Keil
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Division Urban Plant Ecophysiology, Research Group Quality Dynamics/Postharvest Management of Perishable Crops, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
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Zhong Y, Lai Z, He C, Peng S, Guo T, Yang H, Yang F, Shen Y, Huang Z, Fu Z, Wang K, Song F, Yang J, Negahdary M, Mao H, Zhao H, Wan Y, Yunusov KE, Sarimsakov AA. Real-time microbial growth curve (RMGC) system: an improved microplate reader with a graphical interface for automatic and high-throughput monitoring of microbial growth curves. Analyst 2025; 150:1235-1247. [PMID: 39902620 DOI: 10.1039/d4an01339e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2025]
Abstract
The study of microbial growth curves is essential for comprehending microbial behavior and enhancing related processes. Current monitoring methods face limitations, including low automation, inefficient detection, and insufficient throughput. To address these challenges, we developed the Real-Time Microbial Growth Curve (RMGC) system, which offers fully automated and high-throughput monitoring of microbial growth through an Improved Microplate Reader (IMR) with a user-friendly graphical interface. By optimizing and calibrating the optical pathways, we achieve high-precision and consistent absorbance detection using LED light sources, surpassing traditional xenon lamp microplate readers, which lack continuous operation capabilities. We validated the RMGC system by cultivating 96 samples of Escherichia coli (E. coli) at a concentration of 105 CFU mL-1. After approximately 12 hours of continuous monitoring, the system exhibited a relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 3.25% for optical density (OD) measurements and an RSD of 2.52% for the point of inflection (POI). These results indicate a similar level of precision but a longer monitoring time compared to conventional microplate readers, reflecting the effectiveness of the RMGC system in accurately monitoring microbial growth. The RMGC system showcases its versatility through various applications, such as microorganism gradient cultures, anaerobic microbial cultures, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). Its capabilities have important implications for multiple industries, including pharmaceuticals for antibiotic development, food safety for microbial contamination testing, and microbiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Zhong
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Marine College, School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Zhuoyuan Lai
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Marine College, School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Changhua He
- Department of Public Health, Hainan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 40, Haifu Road, Meilan district, Haikou city, Hainan Province, China
| | - Shengsen Peng
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Marine College, School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Tianci Guo
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Marine College, School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Hui Yang
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Marine College, School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Marine College, School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Yi Shen
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Marine College, School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | | | - Zhaoyong Fu
- Hainan Viewkr Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Kelin Wang
- Hainan Viewkr Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Fengge Song
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Marine College, School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Jinghao Yang
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Masoud Negahdary
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 600 Discovery Drive, College Station, TX, 77840-3006, USA
- Center for Remote Health Technologies & Systems, Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, 600 Discovery Drive, College Station, TX, 77840-3006, USA
| | - Haimei Mao
- Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Evaluation and Research of Degradable Materials for State Market Regulation, Hainan Academy of Inspection and Testing, China
| | - Hongliang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Evaluation and Research of Degradable Materials for State Market Regulation, Hainan Academy of Inspection and Testing, China
| | - Yi Wan
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Marine College, School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Khaydar E Yunusov
- Department of Cellulose and its Derivatives Chemistry and Technology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, str. A. Khodiriy 7b, Tashkent, 100128, Uzbekistan
| | - Abdushkur A Sarimsakov
- Department of Cellulose and its Derivatives Chemistry and Technology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, str. A. Khodiriy 7b, Tashkent, 100128, Uzbekistan
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Eidaroos NH, Algammal AM, Mohamaden WI, Alenzi AM, Alghamdi S, Kabrah A, El-Mahallawy HS, Eid HM, Algwad AA, Asfor SA, Neubauer H, Moawad AA, El-Tarabili RM. Virulence traits, agr typing, multidrug resistance patterns, and biofilm ability of MDR Staphylococcus aureus recovered from clinical and subclinical mastitis in dairy cows. BMC Microbiol 2025; 25:155. [PMID: 40102767 PMCID: PMC11921537 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-025-03870-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2025] [Indexed: 03/20/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus is considered a public health threat globally. Herein, we aimed to investigate the occurrence, agr typing, antimicrobial resistance patterns, biofilm production, and PCR-based detection of the virulence, biofilm, adhesion, and enterotoxins genes of S. aureus strains recovered from clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis. RESULTS The prevalence of S. aureus in the examined milk samples was 44.4%. Besides, 95% of the retrieved S. aureus strains were identified as MRSA. Herein, all the tested isolates were biofilm producers. PCR revealed that 85% of the retrieved S. aureus strains were positive for the agr I gene. Furthermore, the clfB, clfA, fnbB, fnbA, and cna genes were detected with a prevalence of 100%, 80%, 60%, 55%, and 30%, respectively. Also, all the tested S. aureus strains were positive for the coa gene (100%). Besides, 92.5% and 85% of the recovered strains harbored the lukF and spa genes, respectively. In addition, the prevalence of the hla, hlb, and hlg hemolysin genes was 70%, 50%, and 35%, respectively. Among the enterotoxin genes, the seb gene was detected in 30% of the tested strains. The prevalence of eno and icaA biofilm genes was 95% in the tested strains. Moreover, 15% of S. aureus strains were MDR to 8 antimicrobial agents and harbored the mecA, ermC, and ermB genes. As well, 12.5% of S. aureus strains were MDR to 8 antimicrobial agents and carried the mecA, ermC, ermB, tetK, and tetM genes. Also, 5% of S. aureus strains were XDR to 11 antimicrobial agents and carried the mecA, ermC, and ermB genes. CONCLUSIONS The existence of MDR and XDR MRSA strains in bovine milk is a public health hazard. The mecA, ermC, ermB, tetK, and tetM resistance genes and the coa, clfB, eno, icaA, lukF, spa, clfA, and hla virulence genes are commonly associated with the MDR and XDR MRSA strains. Moreover, the seb gene was the predominant enterotoxin gene in the MRSA strains recovered from milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada H Eidaroos
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Abdelazeem M Algammal
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
| | - Walaa Ismail Mohamaden
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Asma Massad Alenzi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, 71491, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
- Biodiversity Genomics Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, 71491, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alghamdi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, 24381, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Kabrah
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, 24381, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba Sayed El-Mahallawy
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Hamza M Eid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alaa Abd Algwad
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Samar Ali Asfor
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Amira A Moawad
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743, Jena, Germany.
| | - Reham M El-Tarabili
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
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Dorjgochoo A, Batbayar A, Tsend-Ayush A, Byambadorj B, Jav S, Yandag M. Identification of Staphylococcus aureus Causing Contamination in Raw Beef and Meat-Processing Environments in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Int J Microbiol 2025; 2025:3806846. [PMID: 39949992 PMCID: PMC11824859 DOI: 10.1155/ijm/3806846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 12/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2025] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a Gram-positive bacterium capable of causing a range of infections and displaying significant antibiotic resistance. S. aureus can exhibit resistance to multi-antibiotics, particularly penicillin, methicillin, linezolid, and daptomycin. The prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) ranges from 10%-50% in China and Russia, neighboring countries of Mongolia. This study aimed to assess S. aureus contamination in raw beef samples and surface swabs from meat-processing areas and markets, while detecting, as well as to detect virulence and resistance genes in the isolates. A total of 156 raw beef samples and 131 surface swabs were collected and analyzed using ISO 6888-1:2021 standards. The nucA gene specific to S. aureus was amplified by PCR, and antibiotic susceptibility was evaluated using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Resistance genes (mecA, mecC, vanA, and vanB) and virulence genes (sea, sed, tsst, eta, and etb) were detected via PCR. The results showed contamination rates of 26.9% in raw beef and 15.3% in surface swabs. The isolates exhibited high resistance to oxacillin, ampicillin, and penicillin in meat samples and to oxacillin, tetracycline, azithromycin, and clindamycin in surface swabs. No resistance genes for vancomycin or methicillin (mecC, vanA, vanB) were detected. Virulence genes, including tsst (14.5%), sea and etb (9.7%), eta (3.2%), and sed (1.6%), were identified. Contamination was more prevalent in centers responsible for both transportation and sales, compared to meat-processing areas. These findings highlight the need for stricter hygiene and handling practices in meat transport and markets to reduce S. aureus contamination and limit the spread of resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amgalanzaya Dorjgochoo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biomedicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
- Department of Biomedicine, Etugen University, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Anujin Batbayar
- Department of Medicine, Global Leadership University, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Altansukh Tsend-Ayush
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biomedicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Bayarlakh Byambadorj
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biomedicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Sarantuya Jav
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biomedicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Munkhdelger Yandag
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biomedicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
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Rafiq K, Sani AA, Hossain MT, Hossain MT, Hadiuzzaman M, Bhuiyan MAS. Assessment of the presence of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Staphylococcus in chicken meat, eggs and faeces in Mymensingh division of Bangladesh. Heliyon 2024; 10:e36690. [PMID: 39281621 PMCID: PMC11401041 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of bacteria that is resistant to several drugs of clinical importance poses a threat to successful treatment, a phenomenon known as multidrug resistance that affects diverse classes of antibiotics. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus in chicken egg, meat and faeces from four districts of Bangladesh. A total of 120 chicken samples were collected from different poultry farms. Conventional culture and molecular detection methods were used for identification of bacterial isolates from the collected samples followed by antibiotic susceptibility test through the disc diffusion method, finally antibiotic resistant genes were detected by PCR. E. coli, Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus were detected in meat, egg and faecal samples. Antimicrobial susceptibility results revealed isolates from faeces were 100 % resistant to amoxicillin, while all S. aureus and Salmonella sp. from faeces were resistant to doxycycline, tetracycline and erythromycin. Salmonella spp. isolates from eggs indicated 100 % resistance to erythromycin, amoxycillin, while E. coli were 100 % resistant to erythromycin. E. coli and S. aureus from meat were 100 % resistant to amoxicillin and erythromycin. However, Salmonella spp. from eggs were 100 % susceptible to doxycycline, gentamicin, levofloxacin and tetracycline. The mecA and aac(3)-IV genes were only found in S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. The Sul1, tetB, and aadA1 were highest in Salmonella spp. and S. aureus, while the sul1, tetA and bla SHV were higher in E. coli. Isolates from all samples were multidrug resistant. These findings indicate a high risk of transmission of resistance genes from microbial contamination to food of animal origin. The study emphasizes the need for effective biosecurity measures, responsible antibiotic use, and strict regulations in poultry production to prevent the spread of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazi Rafiq
- Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Aminatu Abubakar Sani
- Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Muhammad Tofazzal Hossain
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Tarek Hossain
- Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Hadiuzzaman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Abdus Sattar Bhuiyan
- Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
- Department of Cardiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
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10
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Kothe CI, Carøe C, Mazel F, Zilber D, Cruz-Morales P, Mohellibi N, Evans JD. Novel misos shape distinct microbial ecologies: opportunities for flavourful sustainable food innovation. Food Res Int 2024; 189:114490. [PMID: 38876584 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Fermentation is resurgent around the world as people seek healthier, more sustainable, and tasty food options. This study explores the microbial ecology of miso, a traditional Japanese fermented paste, made with novel regional substrates to develop new plant-based foods. Eight novel miso varieties were developed using different protein-rich substrates: yellow peas, Gotland lentils, and fava beans (each with two treatments: standard and nixtamalisation), as well as rye bread and soybeans. The misos were produced at Noma, a restaurant in Copenhagen, Denmark. Samples were analysed with biological and technical triplicates at the beginning and end of fermentation. We also incorporated in this study six samples of novel misos produced following the same recipe at Inua, a former affiliate restaurant of Noma in Tokyo, Japan. To analyse microbial community structure and diversity, metabarcoding (16S and ITS) and shotgun metagenomic analyses were performed. The misos contain a greater range of microbes than is currently described for miso in the literature. The composition of the novel yellow pea misos was notably similar to the traditional soybean ones, suggesting they are a good alternative, which supports our culinary collaborators' sensory conclusions. For bacteria, we found that overall substrate had the strongest effect, followed by time, treatment (nixtamalisation), and geography. For fungi, there was a slightly stronger effect of geography and a mild effect of substrate, and no significant effects for treatment or time. Based on an analysis of metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), strains of Staphylococccus epidermidis differentiated according to substrate. Carotenoid biosynthesis genes in these MAGs appeared in strains from Japan but not from Denmark, suggesting a possible gene-level geographical effect. The benign and possibly functional presence of S. epidermidis in these misos, a species typically associated with the human skin microbiome, suggests possible adaptation to the miso niche, and the flow of microbes between bodies and foods in certain fermentation as more common than is currently recognised. This study improves our understanding of miso ecology, highlights the potential for developing novel misos using diverse local ingredients, and suggests how fermentation innovation can contribute to studies of microbial ecology and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Isabel Kothe
- Sustainable Food Innovation Group, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark.
| | | | - Florent Mazel
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Zilber
- Novonesis, Hørsholm, Denmark; Restaurant Noma, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pablo Cruz-Morales
- Yeast Natural Products, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Nacer Mohellibi
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Joshua D Evans
- Sustainable Food Innovation Group, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark.
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11
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Soleimani S, Bruce-Tagoe TA, Ullah N, Rippy MG, Spratt HG, Danquah MK. Development and characterization of a portable electrochemical aptasensor for IsdA protein and Staphylococcus aureus detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:4619-4634. [PMID: 38916796 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05410-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is recognized as one of the most common causes of gastroenteritis worldwide. This pathogen is a major foodborne pathogen that can cause many different types of various infections, from minor skin infections to lethal blood infectious diseases. Iron-regulated surface determinant protein A (IsdA) is an important protein on the S. aureus surface. It is responsible for iron scavenging via interaction with hemoglobin, haptoglobin, and hemoglobin-haptoglobin complexes. This study develops a portable aptasensor for IsdA and S. aureus detection using aptamer-modified gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) integrated into screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs). The electrode system was made of three parts, including a carbon counter electrode, an AuNPs/carbon working electrode, and a silver reference electrode. The aptamer by Au-S bonding was conjugated on the electrode surface to create the aptasensor platform. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were utilized to investigate the binding interactions between the aptasensor and the IsdA protein. CV studies showed a linear correlation between varying S. aureus concentrations within the range of 101 to 106 CFU/mL, resulting in a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.2 CFU/mL. The results demonstrated strong reproducibility, selectivity, and sensitivity of the aptasensor for enhanced detection of IsdA, along with about 93% performance stability after 30 days. The capability of the aptasensor to directly detect S. aureus via the IsdA surface protein binding was further investigated in a food matrix. Overall, the aptasensor device showed the potential for rapid detection of S. aureus, serving as a robust approach to developing real-time aptasensors to identify an extensive range of targets of foodborne pathogens and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokoufeh Soleimani
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Tracy Ann Bruce-Tagoe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Najeeb Ullah
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Meredith G Rippy
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental Science, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, TN, 37403, USA
| | - Henry G Spratt
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental Science, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, TN, 37403, USA
| | - Michael K Danquah
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
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12
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Matenda RT, Rip D, Marais J, Williams PJ. Exploring the potential of hyperspectral imaging for microbial assessment of meat: A review. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 315:124261. [PMID: 38608560 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Food safety is always of paramount importance globally due to the devasting social and economic effects of foodborne disease outbreaks. There is a high consumption rate of meat worldwide, making it an essential protein source in the human diet, hence its microbial safety is of great importance. The food industry stakeholders are always in search of methods that ensure safe food whilst maintaining food quality and excellent sensory attributes. Currently, there are several methods used in microbial food analysis, however, these methods are often time-consuming and do not allow real-time analysis. Considering the recent technological breakthroughs in artificial intelligence and machine learning, it raises the question of whether these advancements could be leveraged within the meat industry to improve turnaround time for microbial assessments. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is a highly prospective technology worth exploring for microbial analysis. The rapid, non-destructive method has the potential to be integrated into food production systems and allows foodborne pathogen detection in food samples, thus saving time. Although there has been a substantial increase in research on the utilisation of HSI in food applications over the past years, its use in the microbial assessment of meat is not yet optimal. This review aims to provide a basic understanding of the visible-near infrared HSI system, recent applications in the microbial assessment of meat products, challenges, and possible future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumbidzai T Matenda
- Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Diane Rip
- Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Jeannine Marais
- Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Paul J Williams
- Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa.
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13
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Kerro Dego O, Vidlund J. Staphylococcal mastitis in dairy cows. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1356259. [PMID: 38863450 PMCID: PMC11165426 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1356259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is one of the most common diseases of dairy cattle. Even though different infectious microorganisms and mechanical injury can cause mastitis, bacteria are the most common cause of mastitis in dairy cows. Staphylococci, streptococci, and coliforms are the most frequently diagnosed etiological agents of mastitis in dairy cows. Staphylococci that cause mastitis are broadly divided into Staphylococcus aureus and non-aureus staphylococci (NAS). NAS is mainly comprised of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (CNS) and some coagulase-positive and coagulase-variable staphylococci. Current staphylococcal mastitis control measures are ineffective, and dependence on antimicrobial drugs is not sustainable because of the low cure rate with antimicrobial treatment and the development of resistance. Non-antimicrobial effective and sustainable control tools are critically needed. This review describes the current status of S. aureus and NAS mastitis in dairy cows and flags areas of knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oudessa Kerro Dego
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Jessica Vidlund
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
- East Tennessee AgResearch and Education Center-Little River Animal and Environmental Unit, University of Tennessee, Walland, TN, United States
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14
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Cardamone C, Castello A, Oliveri G, Costa A, Sciortino S, Nia Y, Hennekinne JA, Romano A, Zuccon F, Decastelli L. Staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks occurred in Sicily (Italy) from 2009 to 2016. Ital J Food Saf 2024; 13:11667. [PMID: 38807740 PMCID: PMC11128976 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2024.11667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Notification of foodborne outbreaks has been mandatory in Europe since 2005, and surveillance is carried out along the entire food chain. Here we report the results obtained from laboratory investigations about four cases of foodborne outbreaks that occurred in Sicily between 2009 and 2016, deemed to be related to staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) and coagulase-positive Staphylococci (CPS) by the Local Public Health Authority. Primosale cheese samples were processed by culture methods for enumeration of CPS and immunoenzymatic assays for detection and differentiation of the SEs possibly contained in food samples. In all cases, the mistrusted foods were found to be contaminated by CPS at bacterial loads between 5 and 8 log CFU/g and contained SE type C (SEC). The reported data confirm the risk of staphylococcal food poisoning associated with the consumption of raw milk cheese. SEC is the most commonly occurring SE in goat milk and dairy products and the most represented enterotoxin in Sicilian dairy products. Our results highlighted the need for improving the current monitoring efficiency and implementing the available laboratory methods to collect more faithful epidemiological data on the current prevalence of staphylococcal toxins in the food chain, including SEs currently not detectable by validated analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Cardamone
- Food Microbiology Area, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Sicily, Palermo, Italy
| | - Annamaria Castello
- Food Microbiology Area, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Sicily, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Oliveri
- Food Microbiology Area, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Sicily, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonella Costa
- Food Microbiology Area, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Sicily, Palermo, Italy
| | - Sonia Sciortino
- Food Microbiology Area, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Sicily, Palermo, Italy
| | - Yacine Nia
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jacques Antoine Hennekinne
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Angelo Romano
- National Reference Laboratory for Coagulase Positive Staphylococci including S. aureus, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Fabio Zuccon
- National Reference Laboratory for Coagulase Positive Staphylococci including S. aureus, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Lucia Decastelli
- National Reference Laboratory for Coagulase Positive Staphylococci including S. aureus, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, Torino, Italy
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15
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Shalaby M, Reboud J, Forde T, Zadoks RN, Busin V. Distribution and prevalence of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcal enterotoxins in raw ruminants' milk: A systematic review. Food Microbiol 2024; 118:104405. [PMID: 38049264 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Enterotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus are a common cause of food poisoning, leading to significant gastrointestinal symptoms and even hospitalization. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we searched three electronic databases for studies on detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins or enterotoxigenic S. aureus in raw ruminant milk. The 128 studies included in this systematic review showed a worldwide distribution of studies on staphylococcal enterotoxins and enterotoxigenic S. aureus, with an increase in the number from 1980 to 2021, a shift in detection methods from enterotoxins to enterotoxin genes, and a preponderance of studies from Europe and South America. Most studies focused on milk from individual animals with mastitis, especially cattle. Based on 24 studies, the within-herd prevalence of enterotoxigenic S. aureus in raw milk samples was 11.6%. Many studies failed to report the health status of sampled animals, or the numerator and denominator data needed for prevalence calculation. Cultural and legislative differences, economic status, diagnostic capabilities, and public awareness are all likely factors contributing to the observed distribution of studies. Our review highlighted a significant gap in quality and completeness of data reporting, which limits full assessment of prevalence and distribution of hazards posed by raw milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Shalaby
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr-El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt.
| | - Julien Reboud
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Taya Forde
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth N Zadoks
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Valentina Busin
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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16
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Suzuki Y, Ishitsuka T, Takagi M, Sasaki Y, Kakuda T, Kobayashi K, Kubota H, Ono HK, Kabeya H, Irie T, Andoh M, Asakura H, Takai S. Isolation and genetic characterization of Staphylococcus aureus from wild animal feces and game meats. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024; 69:347-360. [PMID: 37405631 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-023-01071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
The populations of Japanese deer and boar have increased dramatically and have a serious impact on farming and mountain villages. Although the Japanese government promotes the use of captured wild animals, game meat is not subject to sanitary control considering that it is not subject to meat inspection or quality control. Here, we have attempted to isolate Staphylococcus aureus, a typical foodborne pathogen, as a part of an investigation of contamination in the meats of wild animals and their processing stages. We examined 390 samples of deer feces, 117 samples of wild boar feces, and 75 samples of disemboweled deer meat for isolation of S. aureus; ultimately, 30 (positive rate: 7.7%), 2 (1.7%), and 21 (28.0%) strains were isolated, respectively, from the samples. The genome sequences of these isolates were analyzed and were subjected to multilocus sequence typing. We identified 12 new sequence types (STs) and a dominant population of S. aureus with a characteristic genetic background in wild animals, namely, the ST groups derived from CC121 (number of strains = 39). These strains did not harbor the enterotoxin gene or only harbored egc-related enterotoxin, which is of low involvement in Staphylococcal food poisoning. However, one ST2449 strain, which produces causative enterotoxins, was isolated from a deer's feces. Since there are several common STs isolated from feces and dismembered meat and because fecal contamination during dismemberment is suspected, continuous monitoring and guidance for improving sanitary management conditions during processing and handling of the meat are highly warranted with immediate effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Suzuki
- Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Higashi 23-35-1, Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan.
| | - Toko Ishitsuka
- Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Higashi 23-35-1, Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Miu Takagi
- Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Higashi 23-35-1, Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Yukako Sasaki
- Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Higashi 23-35-1, Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kakuda
- Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Higashi 23-35-1, Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Kai Kobayashi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunin-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kubota
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunin-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Hisaya K Ono
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Higashi 23-35-1, Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Hidenori Kabeya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Food Hygiene, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Takao Irie
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Masako Andoh
- Department of Pathogenetic and Preventive Veterinary Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Asakura
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Shinji Takai
- Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Higashi 23-35-1, Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan
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17
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Berihu T, Gebremariam G, Weldu Y, Kahsay A, Asmelash T, Gebreyesus A. Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility test and associated factors of Salmonella and Shigella in ready-to-eat fruit juices and salads in Mekelle, northern Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:191. [PMID: 38350855 PMCID: PMC10863215 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09066-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food borne diseases is a challenging problem nowadays. Salmonella and Shigella species are great concern of food-born outbreaks. Thus, this study was aimed to assess the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility test and associated factors of Salmonella and Shigella species in fruit juices and salads. METHODS A community based cross sectional study design was carried out on 50 juice houses from December to March 2020 in Mekelle. One hundred fifty samples were collected aseptically from the juice houses for laboratory analysis. Information related to risk factors was obtained using a structured questionnaire. In the laboratory, samples were homogenized using peptone water and incubated overnight for enrichment. Then, Salmonella and Shigella species were isolated on Salmonella-Shigella agar and Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar. Disc diffusion method was used to perform antimicrobial susceptibility test. Using SPSS (version 22) package, descriptive statistics and Chi square test (χ2) were used to analyze the data, and p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULT The overall prevalence of Salmonella and Shigella species was 41/150 (27.33%; 95% CI: 20.20 - 34.46) with 33 (22%) Salmonella spp. and 8(5.33%) Shigella spp. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests of both Salmonella and Shigella spp.showed high resistance against ampicillin (100%), tetracycline (63.6 and 62.5%, respectively) and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (100%). Accessibility of fruits to flies and dust had statistical association (p = 0.021) with occurrence of Salmonell a and/or Shigella spp. CONCLUSION The overall prevalence of Salmonella and Shigella spp. was found to be significant. The resistant rate of isolates against ampicillin, tetracycline and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid was high. Storage sites for fruits should be inaccessible to flies and dust. Therefore, routine monitoring of juice houses should be promoted and regular evaluation of bacterial resistance pattern should be done for selective antimicrobial therapy. Furthermore, consistent training of juice makers on food safety and hygiene should be implemented by the concerned body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfay Berihu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science and Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Aksum University, Axum, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Guesh Gebremariam
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science and Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Aksum University, Axum, Tigray, Ethiopia.
| | - Yemane Weldu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Health Science and Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Amlsha Kahsay
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Health Science and Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Tsehaye Asmelash
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Health Science and Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Araya Gebreyesus
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Health Science and Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
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18
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Restivo E, Peluso E, Bloise N, Bello GL, Bruni G, Giannaccari M, Raiteri R, Fassina L, Visai L. Surface Properties of a Biocompatible Thermoplastic Polyurethane and Its Anti-Adhesive Effect against E. coli and S. aureus. J Funct Biomater 2024; 15:24. [PMID: 38248691 PMCID: PMC10816734 DOI: 10.3390/jfb15010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is a polymer used in a variety of fields, including medical applications. Here, we aimed to verify if the brush and bar coater deposition techniques did not alter TPU properties. The topography of the TPU-modified surfaces was studied via AFM demonstrating no significant differences between brush and bar coater-modified surfaces, compared to the un-modified TPU (TPU Film). The effect of the surfaces on planktonic bacteria, evaluated by MTT assay, demonstrated their anti-adhesive effect on E. coli, while the bar coater significantly reduced staphylococcal planktonic adhesion and both bacterial biofilms compared to other samples. Interestingly, Pearson's R coefficient analysis showed that Ra roughness and Haralick's correlation feature were trend predictors for planktonic bacterial cells adhesion. The surface adhesion property was evaluated against NIH-3T3 murine fibroblasts by MTT and against human fibrinogen and human platelet-rich plasma by ELISA and LDH assay, respectively. An indirect cytotoxicity experiment against NIH-3T3 confirmed the biocompatibility of the TPUs. Overall, the results indicated that the deposition techniques did not alter the antibacterial and anti-adhesive surface properties of modified TPU compared to un-modified TPU, nor its bio- and hemocompatibility, confirming the suitability of TPU brush and bar coater films in the biomedical and pharmaceutical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Restivo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Centre for Health Technologies (CHT), Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Research Unit (UdR) Pavia, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.R.); (E.P.); (M.G.); (L.V.)
- . Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research (Centro 3R), University of Pavia Unit, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Peluso
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Centre for Health Technologies (CHT), Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Research Unit (UdR) Pavia, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.R.); (E.P.); (M.G.); (L.V.)
- . Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research (Centro 3R), University of Pavia Unit, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Nora Bloise
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Centre for Health Technologies (CHT), Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Research Unit (UdR) Pavia, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.R.); (E.P.); (M.G.); (L.V.)
- . Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research (Centro 3R), University of Pavia Unit, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Medicina Clinica-Specialistica, UOR5 Laboratorio di Nanotecnologie, ICS Maugeri, IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lo Bello
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and System Engineering—DIBRIS, University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy; (G.L.B.); (R.R.)
| | - Giovanna Bruni
- Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry Section, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Marialaura Giannaccari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Centre for Health Technologies (CHT), Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Research Unit (UdR) Pavia, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.R.); (E.P.); (M.G.); (L.V.)
- . Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research (Centro 3R), University of Pavia Unit, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberto Raiteri
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and System Engineering—DIBRIS, University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy; (G.L.B.); (R.R.)
| | - Lorenzo Fassina
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, Centre for Health Technologies (CHT), University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Livia Visai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Centre for Health Technologies (CHT), Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Research Unit (UdR) Pavia, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.R.); (E.P.); (M.G.); (L.V.)
- . Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research (Centro 3R), University of Pavia Unit, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Medicina Clinica-Specialistica, UOR5 Laboratorio di Nanotecnologie, ICS Maugeri, IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Dorjgochoo A, Batbayar A, Tsend-Ayush A, Erdenebayar O, Byambadorj B, Jav S, Yandag M. Detection of virulence genes of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw beef for retail sale in the markets of Ulaanbaatar city, Mongolia. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:372. [PMID: 38031000 PMCID: PMC10685515 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03122-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a highly virulent pathogen that causes food-borne illness, food poisoning, skin and soft tissue infections, abscesses, mastitis, and bacteremia. It is common for meat and meat products to become contaminated with S. aureus due to dirty hands, food storage conditions, food production processes, and unhygienic conditions, causing food poisoning. Therefore, we aimed to isolate S. aureus strain from the raw beef and reveal virulence genes and antibiotic resistance profile from isolated S. aureus strains. METHODS In this study, 100 samples of raw beef were collected from 4 major market stalls in Ulaanbaatar city, Mongolia. S. aureus was detected according to the ISO 6888-1:2021 standard, and the nucA gene encoding the species-specific thermonuclease was amplified and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the strains of S. aureus isolated from the samples, the genes encoding the virulence factors including sea, sed, tsst, eta, etb, and mecA were amplified by multiplex PCR. These genes are encoded staphylococcal enterotoxin A, enterotoxin D, toxic shock syndrome toxin, exotoxin A, exotoxin B and penicillin-binding protein PBP 2A, respectively. Antibiotic sensitivity test was performed by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines as CLSI M100-S27 was used for analysis of the data. RESULTS Thirty-five percent of our samples were detected contaminated with of the S. aureus strains. Subsequently, antibiotic resistance was observed in the S. aureus contaminated samples. Among our samples, the highest rates of resistance were determined against ampicillin (97.1%), oxacillin (88.6%), and penicillin (88.6%), respectively. Three genes including mecA, sea, and tsst from six virulence genes were detected in 17% of S. aureus strain-contaminated samples by multiplex PCR. The sed, etb and eta genes were detected in the 2.9%, 11.4% and 5.7% of our samples, respectively. CONCLUSION The results show that S. aureus related contamination is high in the raw beef for retail sale and prevalent S. aureus strains are resistant to all antibiotics used. Also, our results have demonstrated that there is a high risk for food poisoning caused by antibiotic resistant S. aureus in the raw beef and it may establish public health issues. Genes encoding for both heat-resistant and nonresistant toxicity factors were detected in the antibiotic resistant S. aureus strains and shown the highly pathogenic. Finally, our study is ensuring to need proper hygienic conditions during beef's preparation and sale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amgalanzaya Dorjgochoo
- Department of Biomedicine, Etugen University, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biomedicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | - Altansukh Tsend-Ayush
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biomedicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Otgontsetseg Erdenebayar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biomedicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Bayarlakh Byambadorj
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biomedicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Sarantuya Jav
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biomedicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
| | - Munkhdelger Yandag
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biomedicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
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Salamandane A, Malfeito-Ferreira M, Brito L. The Socioeconomic Factors of Street Food Vending in Developing Countries and Its Implications for Public Health: A Systematic Review. Foods 2023; 12:3774. [PMID: 37893667 PMCID: PMC10606777 DOI: 10.3390/foods12203774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The sale of ready-to-eat (RTE) street food represents an important source of income in many developing countries. However, these foods are frequently implicated in outbreaks of gastrointestinal diseases. Street food vendors face several constraints that hamper improvement in the microbiological quality of their products. The aim of this review was to update knowledge about the main causes of foodborne illnesses in developing countries, including the growing concern with the microbial transmission of antibiotic resistance. Following PRISMA guidelines, this systematic review was conducted on original articles published from January 2010 to July 2023. The search was carried out using Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Food Science and Technology Abstracts (FSTA), the International Information System for Agricultural Sciences and Technology (AGRIS), as well as isolated searches of relevant articles from Google Scholar. The initial search identified 915 articles, 50 of which were included in this systematic review. The results indicate that, in the majority of the 15 countries examined, women constitute the predominant segment of street food vendors, representing more than 55% of the total number of these vendors. In 11 countries, street food vendors under the age of 18 were identified. Most vendors had a low level of education and, consequently, were unaware of good hygiene practices when handling food. The combination of factors such as poor hygiene practices on the part of food handlers and the lack of facilities, namely, the absence of available potable water, were frequently listed as the main causes of food contamination. Enterobacteriaceae such as Escherichia coli (61.9%), Salmonella (30.1%), and Shigella spp. (9.5%), as well as Staphylococcus aureus (30.1%) and Listeria monocytogenes (14.3%), were the most common pathogens found in RTE street foods. In 22 studies from 13 developing countries, 59% (13/22) reported high multidrug resistance in Enterobacteriaceae (40% to 86.4% in E. coli, 16.7 to 70% in Salmonella, and 31 to 76.4% in S. aureus). To address the challenges faced by street vendors and improve their economic activities, it is necessary for government entities, consumers, and vendors to work together collaboratively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Acácio Salamandane
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF) Research Centre, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.M.-F.); (L.B.)
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21
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Pineda APA, Cueva CLR, Chacón RD, Ramírez M, de Almeida OGG, de Oliveira DP, Franco BDGM, Lacorte G, Landgraf M, Silva NCC, Pinto UM. Genomic characterization of Staphylococcus aureus from Canastra Minas Artisanal Cheeses. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:2103-2116. [PMID: 37594655 PMCID: PMC10485191 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01099-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Canastra Minas Artisanal Cheese is produced in the Brazilian State of Minas Gerais using raw milk, rennet, and pingo, a natural endogenous starter culture (fermented whey) collected from the previous day's production. Due to the use of raw milk, the product can carry microorganisms that may cause foodborne diseases (FBD), including Staphylococcus aureus. Genomic characterization of S. aureus is an important tool to assess diversity, virulence, antimicrobial resistance, and the potential for causing food poisoning due to enterotoxin production. This study is aimed at exploring the genomic features of S. aureus strains isolated from Canastra Minas Artisanal Cheeses. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) classified these strains as ST1, ST5, and a new profile ST7849 (assigned to the clonal complex CC97). These strains belonged to four spa types: t008, t127, t359, and t992. We identified antimicrobial resistance genes with phenotypic correlation against methicillin (MRSA) and tetracycline. Virulome analysis revealed genes associated with iron uptake, immune evasion, and potential capacity for adherence and biofilm formation. The toxigenic potential included cyto- and exotoxins genes, and all strains presented the genes that encode for Panton-Valentine toxin and hemolysin, and two strains encoded 4 and 8 Staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes. The results revealed the pathogenic potential of the evaluated S. aureus strains circulating in the Canastra region, representing a potential risk to public health. This study also provides useful information to monitor and guide the application of control measures to the artisanal dairy food production chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Arellano Pineda
- Food Research Center, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Carmen L Rodríguez Cueva
- Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, 15021, Peru
| | - Ruy D Chacón
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Manuel Ramírez
- Faculty of Science and Health, Peruvian University of Applied Sciences-UPC, Prolongación Primavera 2390, Santiago de Surco, Lima, 15023, Peru
| | - Otávio G G de Almeida
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida Do Café, S/N, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Débora P de Oliveira
- Food Research Center, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Bernadette D G M Franco
- Food Research Center, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Lacorte
- Federal Institute of Minas Gerais - Campus Bambuí, Bambuí, MG, 30575-180, Brazil
| | - Mariza Landgraf
- Food Research Center, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Cristina Cirone Silva
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Uelinton Manoel Pinto
- Food Research Center, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
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22
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Ramadan HA, El-Baz AM, Goda RM, El-Sokkary MMA, El-Morsi RM. Molecular characterization of enterotoxin genes in methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolated from food poisoning outbreaks in Egypt. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2023; 42:86. [PMID: 37641155 PMCID: PMC10463939 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-023-00416-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), especially methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), is a known disease-causing bacteria with many associated health hazards. Staphylococcal food poisoning can result from staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs). METHODS In this study, 50 S. aureus isolates were isolated from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) clinical samples of patients with food poisoning in clinical laboratories at Mansoura University Hospital, Egypt. For determination their antibiogram, these isolates were tested for antimicrobial sensitivity against 12 antimicrobial agents using the agar disk diffusion test. After DNA extraction from the isolates, conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect mecA and SEs genes. RESULTS As a result, all isolates were ampicillin and cefoxitin-resistant, while 86% (43 of 50) of the tested isolates exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR). In contrast, the highest sensitivity was confirmed against vancomycin, linezolid and quinolones, namely ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. Although 100% of the isolates were mecA positive, staphylococcal enterotoxin genes set-A, set-B, set-C, set-G, set-M, and set-O genes were detected in 56%, 20%, 8%, 32%, 16%, and 24%, of the tested isolates, respectively. Finally, isolates encompassing SEs genes were used to validate a microarray chip, indicating its potential for a better methodological approach for detecting and identifying SEs in human samples. CONCLUSION The genotypic findings of this study may help explain the enterotoxigenic patterns in S. aureus among Egyptian patients with food poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba A Ramadan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, 11152, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M El-Baz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, 11152, Egypt
| | - Reham M Goda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, 11152, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M A El-Sokkary
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Rasha M El-Morsi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, 11152, Egypt
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23
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Ramadan HA, El-Baz AM, Goda RM, El-Sokkary MMA, El-Morsi RM. Molecular characterization of enterotoxin genes in methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolated from food poisoning outbreaks in Egypt. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION AND NUTRITION 2023; 42:86. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1186/s41043-023-00416-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2025] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), especially methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), is a known disease-causing bacteria with many associated health hazards. Staphylococcal food poisoning can result from staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs).
Methods
In this study, 50 S. aureus isolates were isolated from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) clinical samples of patients with food poisoning in clinical laboratories at Mansoura University Hospital, Egypt. For determination their antibiogram, these isolates were tested for antimicrobial sensitivity against 12 antimicrobial agents using the agar disk diffusion test. After DNA extraction from the isolates, conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect mecA and SEs genes.
Results
As a result, all isolates were ampicillin and cefoxitin-resistant, while 86% (43 of 50) of the tested isolates exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR). In contrast, the highest sensitivity was confirmed against vancomycin, linezolid and quinolones, namely ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. Although 100% of the isolates were mecA positive, staphylococcal enterotoxin genes set-A, set-B, set-C, set-G, set-M, and set-O genes were detected in 56%, 20%, 8%, 32%, 16%, and 24%, of the tested isolates, respectively. Finally, isolates encompassing SEs genes were used to validate a microarray chip, indicating its potential for a better methodological approach for detecting and identifying SEs in human samples.
Conclusion
The genotypic findings of this study may help explain the enterotoxigenic patterns in S. aureus among Egyptian patients with food poisoning.
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24
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Andrade AA, Paiva AD, Machado ABF. Microbiology of street food: understanding risks to improve safety. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad167. [PMID: 37516449 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Street foods play important socioeconomic and cultural roles and are popular worldwide. In addition to providing convenient and low-cost meals for urban populations, street food offers an essential source of income for vendors, especially women, and it can reflect traditional local culture, which is an important attraction for tourists. Despite these benefits, the microbiological safety of street food has become a worldwide concern because it is often prepared and sold under inadequate safety conditions, without legal control and sanitary surveillance. Consequently, high counts of fecal indicator bacteria and several foodborne pathogens have been detected in street foods. This review provides insight into the microbiology of street food, focus on the associated microbiological safety aspects and main pathogens, and the global status of this important economic activity. Furthermore, the need to apply molecular detection rather than traditional culture-based methods is discussed to better understand the actual risks of microbial infection associated with street foods. Recognition is always the first step toward addressing a problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Assunção Andrade
- Microbiology Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais 38025-015, Brazil
| | - Aline Dias Paiva
- Microbiology Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais 38025-015, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Barbosa Ferreira Machado
- Laboratory of Bacterial Physiology and Molecular Genetics, Center for Studies in Microbiology, Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora 36036-330, Brazil
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Cai H, Pei S, Zhang Y, Liu R, Lu S, Li B, Dong J, Wang Q, Zhu X, Ji H. Construction of a dynamic model to predict the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and the formation of enterotoxins during Kazak cheese maturation. Food Microbiol 2023; 112:104234. [PMID: 36906305 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common pathogen found in cheese whose Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) are the main pathogenic factors that cause food poisoning. The objective of this study was to construct two models to evaluate the safety of Kazak cheese products in terms of composition, changes in S. aureus inoculation amount, Aw, fermentation temperature during processing, and growth of S. aureus in the fermentation stage. A total of 66 experiments comprised of five levels of inoculation amount (2.7-4 log CFU/g), five levels of Aw (0.878-0.961), and six levels of fermentation temperature (32-44 °C) were performed to confirm the growth of S. aureus and the presence of SE limit conditions. Two artificial neural networks (ANN) successfully described the relationship between the assayed conditions and the growth kinetic parameters (maximum growth rates and lag times) of the strain. The good fitting accuracy (R2 values were 0.918 and 0.976, respectively) showed that the ANN was appropriate. Experimental results showed fermentation temperature had the greatest influence on the maximum growth rate and lag time, followed by the Aw and inoculation amount. Furthermore, a probability model was built to predict the production of SE by logistic regression and neural network under the assayed conditions, which proved to be concordant in 80.8-83.8% of the cases with the observed probabilities. The maximum total number of colonies predicted by the growth model in all combinations detected with SE exceeded 5 log CFU/g. Within the range of variables, the minimum Aw for predicting SE production was 0.938, and the minimum inoculation amount for predicting SE production was 3.22 log CFU/g. Additionally, as competition between S. aureus and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) occurs in the fermentation stage, higher fermentation temperatures are conducive to the growth of LAB, which can reduce the risk of S. aureus producing SE. This study can help manufacturers to make decisions on the most appropriate production parameters for Kazak cheese products and to prevent S. aureus growth and SE production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixue Cai
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832003, China
| | - Sijie Pei
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832003, China; Zhoukou Vocational College of Arts and Science, Zhoukou, Henan, 466000, China
| | - Rongrong Liu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832003, China
| | - Shiling Lu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832003, China
| | - Baokun Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832003, China
| | - Juan Dong
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832003, China
| | - Qingling Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832003, China
| | - Xinrong Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832003, China
| | - Hua Ji
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, 832003, China.
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Igbinosa EO, Beshiru A, Igbinosa IH, Ogofure AG, Ekundayo TC, Okoh AI. Prevalence, multiple antibiotic resistance and virulence profile of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in retail poultry meat from Edo, Nigeria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1122059. [PMID: 36936767 PMCID: PMC10017849 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1122059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Staphylococcus aureus causes staphylococcal food poisoning and several difficult-to-treat infections. The occurrence and dissemination of methicillin-resistance S. aureus (MRSA) in Nigeria is crucial and well documented in hospitals. However, findings on MRSA from meat in the country are yet to be adequately reported. The current study determined the prevalence, virulence profile and antibiogram characteristics of MRSA from a raw chicken product from retail outlets within Edo. Methods A total of 368 poultry meat samples were assessed for MRSA using a standard culture-based approach and characterized further using a molecular method. The antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the isolates was determined using the disc diffusion method. The biofilm profile of the isolates was assayed via the crystal violet microtitre-plate method. Virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes were screened using polymerase chain reaction via specific primers. Results Of the samples tested, 110 (29.9%) were positive for MRSA. All the isolates were positive for deoxyribonuclease (DNase), coagulase and beta-hemolysis production. Biofilm profile revealed 27 (24.55%) weak biofilm formers, 18 (16.36%) moderate biofilm formers, and 39 (35.45%) strong biofilm formers. The isolates harboured 2 and ≤17 virulence genes. Enterotoxin gene profiling revealed that 100 (90.9%) isolates harboured one or more genes. Resistance against the tested antibiotics followed the order: tetracycline 64(58.2%), ciprofloxacin 71(64.6%), trimethoprim 71(64.6%) and rifampin 103(93.6%). A total of 89 isolates were multidrug-resistant, while 3 isolates were resistant to all 22 antibiotics tested. The isolates harboured antimicrobial-resistant determinants such as methicillin-resistant gene (mecA), tetracycline resistance genes (tetK, tetL), erythromycin resistance genes (ermA, ermC), trimethoprim resistance gene (dfrK). All the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) IVa and SCCmec V positive isolates harboured the Panton-Valentine Leukocidin Gene (PVL). Conclusion In conclusion, S. aureus was resistant to commonly used antibiotics; a concern to public health concerning the transmission of these pathogens after consuming these highlight the significance of antimicrobial and enterotoxigenic monitoring of S. aureus in food chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etinosa O. Igbinosa
- Applied Microbial Processes and Environmental Health Research Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
- Stellenosch Institute for Advanced Study (STIAS), Wallenberg Research Centre at Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Etinosa O. Igbinosa,
| | - Abeni Beshiru
- Applied Microbial Processes and Environmental Health Research Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
- Stellenosch Institute for Advanced Study (STIAS), Wallenberg Research Centre at Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Western Delta University, Oghara, Nigeria
| | - Isoken H. Igbinosa
- Applied Microbial Processes and Environmental Health Research Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
- Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Abraham G. Ogofure
- Applied Microbial Processes and Environmental Health Research Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Temitope C. Ekundayo
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo City, Ondo, Nigeria
| | - Anthony I. Okoh
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Cesaro C, Mannozzi C, Lepre A, Ferrocino I, Belleggia L, Corsi L, Ruschioni S, Isidoro N, Riolo P, Petruzzelli A, Savelli D, Milanović V, Cardinali F, Garofalo C, Cocolin L, Aquilanti L, Osimani A. Staphylococcus aureus artificially inoculated in mealworm larvae rearing chain for human consumption: Long-term investigation into survival and toxin production. Food Res Int 2022; 162:112083. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Badawy B, Elafify M, Farag AMM, Moustafa SM, Sayed-Ahmed MZ, Moawad AA, Algammal AM, Ramadan H, Eltholth M. Ecological Distribution of Virulent Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Livestock, Environment, and Dairy Products. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11111651. [PMID: 36421295 PMCID: PMC9686664 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common causes of mastitis, leading to severe economic losses in the dairy industry. It is also zoonotic, with potential risks to public health. This study aimed to detect the occurrence of S. aureus-resistant strains isolated from cattle, buffalo, their environment, milk and dairy products; and to investigate the extent of animal, ecological, and food contamination by methicillin-resistant (MRSA) or enterotoxigenic S. aureus. Samples (n = 350) were collected from four animal (two cattle and two buffalo) farms, i.e., their environment. Thirty Karish cheese samples were collected from 10 markets in Mansoura, Egypt. S. aureus was detected in 17.9%, 17.6%, and 16.7% of samples collected from cattle, buffalo and Karish cheese, respectively. About 19% of isolated S. aureus strains carried the mecA gene. The distribution of the mecA gene was high in isolates from Karish cheese (60%), followed by samples collected from buffalo (16.2%) and cattle (16%). More than 34% of isolated S. aureus strains were enterotoxigenic, and the presence of enterotoxin genes was higher in isolates from Karish cheese (80%) than those from cattle (48%) and buffalo (18.9%). The most predominant enterotoxin gene among isolated S. aureus strains was the sea gene (26.9%), followed by sec (4.5%) and sed (3%) genes. Isolated strains were resistant to clindamycin (100%), kanamycin (97%), nalidixic acid (86.6%), cefotaxime (73.1%) sulphamethazole—trimethoprim (65.6%). Meanwhile, 95.5%, 94%, 86.6% and 77.7% of S. aureus strains were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, amikacin, imipenem and both cefoxitin and gentamycin, respectively. In conclusion, the presence of enterotoxigenic- and methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains in animals, their environment, and dairy products represents a public health concern, particularly in small-scale dairy farms in Egypt. To reduce the risk of infection of livestock and humans with resistant strains, strict regulations and guidelines for antimicrobial use in such a system are urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma Badawy
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Correspondence: (B.B.); (H.R.)
| | - Mahmoud Elafify
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Alshimaa M. M. Farag
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Samar M. Moustafa
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Z. Sayed-Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 82722, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amira A. Moawad
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Abdelazeem M. Algammal
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Hazem Ramadan
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Correspondence: (B.B.); (H.R.)
| | - Mahmoud Eltholth
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Systems, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
- Department of Health Studies, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
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Quantitative risk assessment of staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) in pork in metropolitan Bangkok, Thailand. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Rodríguez-Sánchez S, Ramos IM, Rodríguez-Pérez M, Poveda JM, Seseña S, Palop ML. Lactic acid bacteria as biocontrol agents to reduce Staphylococcus aureus growth, enterotoxin production and virulence gene expression. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Florianova M, Korena K, Juricova H. Whole-genome analysis of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus in dry-fermented salami. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Crizotinib Shows Antibacterial Activity against Gram-Positive Bacteria by Reducing ATP Production and Targeting the CTP Synthase PyrG. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0088422. [PMID: 35674439 PMCID: PMC9241945 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00884-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by drug-resistant bacteria are a serious threat to public health worldwide, and the discovery of novel antibacterial compounds is urgently needed. Here, we screened an FDA-approved small-molecule library and found that crizotinib possesses good antimicrobial efficacy against Gram-positive bacteria. Crizotinib was found to increase the survival rate of mice infected with bacteria and decrease pulmonary inflammation activity in an animal model. Furthermore, it showed synergy with clindamycin and gentamicin. Importantly, the Gram-positive bacteria showed a low tendency to develop resistance to crizotinib. Mechanistically, quantitative proteomics and biochemical validation experiments indicated that crizotinib exerted its antibacterial effects by reducing ATP production and pyrimidine metabolism. A drug affinity responsive target stability study suggested crizotinib targets the CTP synthase PyrG, which subsequently disturbs pyrimidine metabolism and eventually reduces DNA synthesis. Subsequent molecular dynamics analysis showed that crizotinib binding occurs in close proximity to the ATP binding pocket of PyrG and causes loss of function of this CTP synthase. Crizotinib is a promising antimicrobial agent and provides a novel choice for the development of treatment for Gram-positive infections. IMPORTANCE Infections caused by drug-resistant bacteria are a serious problem worldwide. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find novel drugs with good antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria. In this study, we found that a repurposed drug, crizotinib, exhibits excellent antibacterial activity against drug-resistant bacteria both in vivo and in vitro via suppressing ATP production and pyrimidine metabolism. Crizotinib was found to disturb pyrimidine metabolism by targeting the CTP synthase PyrG, thus reducing DNA synthesis. This unique mechanism of action may explain the decreased development of resistance by Staphylococcus aureus to crizotinib. This study provides a potential option for the treatment of drug-resistant bacterial infections in the future.
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Huma ZI, Sharma N, Kour S, Lee SJ. Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of Bovine Mastitis Milk Origin Bacteria and Linkage of Intramammary Infection With Milk Quality. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:885134. [PMID: 35720844 PMCID: PMC9202522 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.885134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is a multi-etiological complex disease of dairy cows and negatively affects the quality and quantity of milk. Milk is a nutritious food for human being; milk quality is negatively affected by intramammary infection of dairy cows. A total of 300 milk samples were collected from mastitis dairy cows irrespective of parity and stage of lactation, 235 (78.33%) samples were culturally positive and yielded 1,100 bacterial isolates. Staphylococcus aureus was found to be the prime etiological agent involved in the mastitis of dairy cows, followed by Escherichia coli and other environmental pathogens. On the molecular characterization of isolates obtained from the milk culture, various toxic genes such as nuc, seb, hla, stx1, stx2, hly, and Sagl were found on different isolated bacteria. Milk somatic cell counts (SCC) were found to be directly related to the severity of mastitis. On drawing the SCC correlation with milk components, it was found that SCC had a significant negative correlation with fat, lactose, solid not fat (SNF), and ash. It was concluded that mastitis-affected milk contains numerous pathogenic bacteria, toxins, and reduced milk quality, which is unfit for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zul I. Huma
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, Jammu, India
| | - Neelesh Sharma
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, Jammu, India
- *Correspondence: Neelesh Sharma
| | - Savleen Kour
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, Jammu, India
| | - Sung Jin Lee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, South Korea
- Sung Jin Lee
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Nero LA, Botelho CV, Sovinski ÂI, Grossi JL, Call DR, Dos Santos Bersot L. Occurrence and Distribution of Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Brazilian Pork Production Chain. J Food Prot 2022; 85:973-979. [PMID: 35358316 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Here we characterized the distribution and the antibiotic resistance of staphylococci from a Brazilian pork production chain. Samples (n = 1,114) from pig farms, pig lots, and slaughterhouses, located in two Brazilian states (Minas Gerais and Paraná), were subjected to coagulase-positive Staphylococcus enumeration. S. aureus isolates (n = 251) from this collection were further characterized for their resistance to oxacillin, cefoxitin, vancomycin, and tetracycline through phenotypic and molecular assays. Coagulase-positive Staphylococcus counts from pig farms were higher compared with other samples (P < 0.05). Other counts were relatively low but were present in all production stages. S. aureus isolates were commonly resistant to oxacillin and cefoxitin (54 of 73, 74.0%), qualifying them as methicillin-resistant S. aureus, but PCR assays indicated that few harbored the expected antimicrobial resistance genes (femB, mecA, and mecC). Lower frequencies of vancomycin and tetracycline resistance were found (6.8 to 37.0%). PCR sensitivity (34.5 to 86.7%) and specificity (26.6 to 85.0%) for detection of antibiotic resistance genes varied based on the assessed antibiotic. Antibiotic-resistant staphylococci are widely distributed in the Brazilian pork production chain, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus can become a potential health and economic impediment for the Brazilian pork industry. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Augusto Nero
- Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal (InsPOA), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Veterinária, Avenida PH Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Clarisse Vieira Botelho
- Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal (InsPOA), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Veterinária, Avenida PH Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ângela Idalia Sovinski
- Laboratório de Inspeção e Controle de Qualidade de Alimentos e Água (LACOMA), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Rua Pioneiro, 2153, Jardim Dallas, 85950-000, Palotina, Paraná, Brazil; and
| | - Juliana Líbero Grossi
- Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal (InsPOA), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Veterinária, Avenida PH Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Douglas Ruben Call
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, 240 S.E. Ott Road, P.O. Box 647090, Pullman, Washington 99164-7090, USA
| | - Luciano Dos Santos Bersot
- Laboratório de Inspeção e Controle de Qualidade de Alimentos e Água (LACOMA), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Rua Pioneiro, 2153, Jardim Dallas, 85950-000, Palotina, Paraná, Brazil; and
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35
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Chen WT, Wu HT, Chang IC, Chen HW, Fang WP. Preparation of curcumin-loaded liposome with high bioavailability by a novel method of high pressure processing. Chem Phys Lipids 2022; 244:105191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2022.105191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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de Aguiar e Câmara SP, Maduro Dias C, Rocha L, Dapkevicius A, Duarte Rosa HJ, de Borba AES, Silveira MDG, Malcata FX, de Lurdes Enes Dapkevicius M. Assessment of autochthonous lactic acid bacteria as starter cultures for improved manufacture of Pico cheese using a cheese model. Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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37
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Golić B, Nedić D, Šmitran A. Detection and enterotoxin production of Staphylococcus aureus isolates in artisanal cheese made from raw milk. ACTA ALIMENTARIA 2022. [DOI: 10.1556/066.2021.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine whether the physicochemical factors of the matrix and the traditional acid-set cheese-making conditions allow the growth of coagulase-positive staphylococci (CoPS) and the synthesis of enterotoxins, which should contribute to an objective risk assessment in cheese production related to CoPS. CoPS were isolated from 72% of acid-set cheeses ranging from 1.70 to 5.15 log10 CFU g−1. CoPS in a number ≥ 4 log10 CFU g−1 were determined in 5.56% of the acid-set cheese samples. Out of the total number of CoPS isolated from cheese, 37.62% of the isolates have been shown to produce enterotoxins. All isolated strains that produced enterotoxins were identified as Staphylococcus aureus based on the detection of spa gene by PCR. For cheese-derived isolates with CoPS number ≥ 4 log10 CFU g−1, it has been proven that they possess sec gene encoding staphylococcal enterotoxin C. According to our results, during the proper fermentation process of artisanal acid-set cheese, the conditions do not support the growth of a critical level of staphylococci or the production of enterotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Golić
- Public Institution Veterinary Institute of Republic of Srpska “Dr. Vaso Butozan”, Branka Radičevića 18, 78 000 Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - D. Nedić
- Public Institution Veterinary Institute of Republic of Srpska “Dr. Vaso Butozan”, Branka Radičevića 18, 78 000 Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - A. Šmitran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Save Mrkalja 14, 78 000 Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Kwiatkowski P, Masiuk H, Pruss A, Łopusiewicz Ł, Sienkiewicz M, Wojciechowska-Koszko I, Roszkowska P, Bania J, Guenther S, Dołęgowska B. Clonal Diversity, Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Presence of Genes Encoding Virulence Factors in Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Cut Wound Infections. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:144. [PMID: 35325311 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02835-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the clonal relatedness and antimicrobial susceptibility in 52 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from cut wound infections in non-related community patients and to determine the presence of selected virulence genes. To analyse the clonal relatedness of investigated strains, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of macrorestricted DNA fragments was conducted. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the AST-P644 card in the VITEK 2 Compact system. All strains were tested for the presence of selected virulence genes using Single and Multiplex PCR. All isolates were classified into 15 PFGE genotypes and seven unique patterns. The vast majority of investigated S. aureus strains were susceptible to all tested antimicrobial agents. Among examined S. aureus strains, 24 combinations of virulence factors were identified. 62.5% of S. aureus strains contained various egc types, alone or together with other staphylococcal enterotoxin genes. A high percentage (86.5%) of isolates harboured superantigen genes. The most frequent enterotoxin gene identified was encoding for sep. All S. aureus strains were classified as agr-positive, and the most frequent agr gene was agr-1. Our results indicate that all examined strains isolated from cut wound infections demonstrated high clonal diversity, diversified gene distribution and good susceptibility to antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Kwiatkowski
- Department of Diagnostic Immunology, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Helena Masiuk
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agata Pruss
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Łukasz Łopusiewicz
- Center of Bioimmobilisation and Innovative Packaging Materials, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Klemensa Janickiego 35, 71-270, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Monika Sienkiewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostic, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland
| | - Iwona Wojciechowska-Koszko
- Department of Diagnostic Immunology, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Paulina Roszkowska
- Department of Diagnostic Immunology, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jacek Bania
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 31, 50-375, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Sebastian Guenther
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße 17, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Barbara Dołęgowska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
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Liu C, Shen Y, Yang M, Chi K, Guo N. Hazard of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins in Food and Promising Strategies for Natural Products against Virulence. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:2450-2465. [PMID: 35170308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) secreted by Staphylococcus aureus frequently contaminate food and cause serious foodborne diseases but are ignored during food processing and even cold-chain storage. Notably, SEs are stable and resistant to harsh sterilization environments, which can induce more serious hazards to public health than the bacterium itself. Therefore, it is necessary to develop promising strategies to control SE contamination in food and improve food safety. Natural products not only have various pharmaceutical properties, such as antimicrobial and antitoxin activities, but they are also eco-friendly, safe, nutritive, and barely drug-resistant. Here, the hazards of SEs and the promising natural compounds with different inhibitory mechanisms are summarized and classified. The key points of future research and applications for natural products against bacterial toxin contamination in food are also prospected. Overall, this review may provide enlightening insights for screening effective natural compounds to prevent foodborne diseases caused by bacterial toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Shen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunmei Chi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, People's Republic of China
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Microbial Quality and Safety of Raw Vegetables of Fiche Town, Oromia, Ethiopia. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2022:2556858. [PMID: 35222651 PMCID: PMC8872687 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2556858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Vegetables contain vital ingredients such as minerals, phytochemicals, vitamins, and fibers, which play significant roles in human health. Consumption of fresh vegetables causes human infections and outbreaks while serving as a reservoir of several pathogens. The study evaluated the microbiological quality of raw vegetables consumed in and around Fiche town, Central Ethiopia. For the experimental study, a total of 100 samples of 5 different raw vegetables from two local markets were selected based on their commonalities for overall microbial quality in terms of aerobic mesophilic count, total coliform count, Enterobacteriaceae count, Staphylococci count, and yeast and mold levels. The highest count was aerobic mesophilic bacteria (5.7 log CFU/g) followed by Enterobacteriaceae (4.7 log CFU/g), while yeasts and molds count the least. The maximal count for aerobic mesophilic bacteria was enumerated in cabbage (6.4 log CFU/g) while the minimum was in green pepper samples (4.7 log CFU/g). Among 100 vegetable samples analyzed, 11% were contaminated by S. aureus which is highly prevalent in cabbage (20%), followed by lettuce (15%). In the present study, 15.0% of vegetable samples were positive for Salmonella and detected in all vegetable types.
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Yassin MT, Mostafa AAF, Al-Askar AA, Sayed SR. In vitro antimicrobial activity of Thymus vulgaris extracts against some nosocomial and food poisoning bacterial strains. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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42
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Characterization of Virulence Factors in Enterotoxin-Producing Staphylococcus aureus from Bulk Tank Milk. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030301. [PMID: 35158625 PMCID: PMC8833733 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Staphylococcus aureus, apathogen that causes bovine mastitis, produces various virulence factors, and human consumption of milk contaminated with the S. aureus enterotoxin may pose a public health risk. This study analyzed the genetic characteristics of bovine-mastitis-related virulence factors to evaluate the potential pathogenesis of S. aureus isolated from bulk tank milk. The results show that S. aureus isolated from bulk tank milk, not from mastitis, had a high prevalence of virulence factors and that the high presence of enterotoxins may be due to poor hygiene. Therefore, developing a strong monitoring and sanitation program for dairy factories is important to ensure hygienic milk production. Abstract Staphylococcus aureus, a persistent mastitis-causing pathogen, produces various virulence factors, including enterotoxins. This study analyzed the genetic characteristics of bovine-mastitis-related virulence factors to evaluate the potential pathogenesis of S. aureus isolated from bulk tank milk. Among 93 S. aureus isolates from 396 dairy farms operated by 3 dairy companies in Korea, 40 (43.0%) isolates carried one or more enterotoxin genes. Moreover, S. aureus carrying enterotoxin genes showed a higher prevalence in all virulence genes tested in this study except for pvl and lukM, which were not detected in any isolate, than in the isolates without enterotoxin genes. In particular, the prevalence of six genes (hla, hlb, lukED, fnbA, clfA, and clfB) was significantly higher in S. aureus carrying the enterotoxin genes than in the isolates without the enterotoxin genes (p < 0.05). The most common multilocus sequence type of enterotoxin-producing isolates was ST188, and all isolates of ST188 harbored the see gene. S. aureus isolated from bulk tank milk, not from mastitis, had a high prevalence of virulence factors, posing a public health threat. Moreover, a high presence of enterotoxins in bulk tank milk is probably because of poor hygiene; therefore, it is important to develop strong monitoring and sanitation programs for dairy factories.
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Radwan MH, Alaidaroos BA, Jastaniah SD, Abu el-naga MN, El-Gohary EGE, Barakat EM, ElShafie AM, Abdou MA, Mostafa NG, El-Saadony MT, Momen SA. Evaluation of antibacterial activity induced by Staphylococcus aureus and Ent A in the hemolymph of Spodoptera littoralis. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:2892-2903. [PMID: 35531219 PMCID: PMC9073143 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The problem of antibiotic resistance considers one of the most dangerous challenges facing the medical field. So, it is necessary to find substitutions to conventional antibiotics. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a bio-functional derivative that have been observed as one of the important solutions to such upcoming crisis. Owing to their role as the first line of defense against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This study was conducted to induce the immune response of Spodoptera littoralis larvae by inoculation of sub lethal doses of Staphylococcus aureus and its enterotoxin. Since Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) considers the major causative agents of Staphylococcal food poisoning, our study oriented to purify and characterize this toxin to provoke its role in yielding AMPs with broad spectrum antimicrobial activity. A great fluctuation was recorded in the biochemical properties of immunized hemolymph not only in the total protein content but also protein banding pattern. Protein bands of ∼22 kDa (attacin-like) and ∼15 kDa (lysozyme-like) were found to be common between the AMPs induced as a result of both treatments. While protein bands of molecular weight ∼70 kDa (phenoloxidase-like) and ∼14 kDa (gloverin-like) were found specific for SEA treatment. Chromatographic analysis using HPLC for the induced AMPs showed different types of amino acids appeared with differences in their quantities and velocities. These peptides exhibited noticeable antimicrobial activity against certain Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In conclusion, the antimicrobial potential of the antimicrobial peptides (AMP) induced in the larval hemolymph of S. littoralis will be a promising molecule for the development of new therapeutic alternatives.
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Bencardino D, Amagliani G, Brandi G. Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus among food handlers: An ongoing challenge in public health. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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45
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Prevalence and Characterization of Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Recovered from Pasteurized Cheese Commercialized in Panama City Markets. J FOOD QUALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/9923855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne bacteria, with a high degree of antibiotic resistance, play an important role in the morbidity and mortality of gastrointestinal diseases worldwide. Among 250 disease-causing bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major causes of food poisoning, and its resistance to multiple antimicrobials remains of crucial concern. Cheese is often contaminated when proper sanitary procedures are not followed during its production and marketing. This work aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality of pasteurized white cheese commercialized in Panama City. Cheese from five different brands sold in local supermarkets were selected to determine the presence of S. aureus as well as its antibiotic resistance profile. The results showed significant contamination of S. aureus with a geometric median sample of 104–107 CFU/g. Four out of five (4/5) cheese brands analyzed presented risk of food poisoning by exceeding the allowed range of consumption with a geometric median sample of 1,8 × 106–1,4 × 107 CFU/g. Fourteen different resistance phenotypes were found. Fifty-five percent (55%) of the analyzed strains were resistant to erythromycin. The data confirm a relatively high prevalence and high levels of S. aureus, most likely originated during handling in Panama City retail markets. Further studies are needed to reduce bacterial contamination and to decrease the risk of food poisoning in the consumption of pasteurized cheese.
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46
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Silva MP, Carvalho AF, Andretta M, Nero LA. Presence and growth prediction of Staphylococcus spp. and Staphylococcus aureus in Minas Frescal cheese, a soft fresh cheese produced in Brazil. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:12312-12320. [PMID: 34593231 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Physical-chemical characteristics of Minas Frescal cheese (MFC) favor the growth of Staphylococcus spp. and allow the production of enterotoxins by specific strains. Here, we aimed to characterize the physical-chemical aspects (pH, storage temperature, and salt content) and the presence of Staphylococcus spp. in MFC samples (n = 50) to support a modeling study for the growth by this microorganism. Coagulase-positive staphylococci isolates were obtained and subjected to PCR assays to identify them as Staphylococcus aureus (nuc) and to detect staphylococcal enterotoxin-related genes (sea, seb, sec, sed, see). Staphylococcus aureus growth kinetics (maximum growth rate, Grmax, and lag time) were predicted based on ComBase model and MFC physical-chemical aspects. Mean counts of Staphylococcus spp. ranged from 3.3 to 6.7 log cfu/g, indicating poor hygiene practices during production. Selected isolates (n = 10) were identified as S. aureus, but none presented classical enterotoxin-related genes. pH, temperature, and salt content ranged from 5.80 to 6.62, 5°C to 12°C, and 0.85% to 1.70%, respectively. The Grmax values ranged from 0.012 to 0.419 log cfu/g per h. Independent of the storage temperature, the lowest Grmax values (0.012 to 0.372 log cfu/h) were obtained at pH 5.80 associated with salt content of 1.7%; independent of the pH and salt content, the best temperature to avoid staphylococcal growth was 7.5°C. Hygienic conditions during MFC production must be adopted to avoid staphylococcal contamination, and storage at temperatures lower than 7.5°C can prevent staphylococcal growth and the potential production of enterotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirian P Silva
- Departamento de Veterinária, InsPOA-Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Centro, Viçosa MG 36570 900, Brazil; Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Inovaleite-Laboratório de Ciência e Tecnologia do Leite e Derivados, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Centro, Viçosa MG 36570 900, Brazil
| | - Antonio F Carvalho
- Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Inovaleite-Laboratório de Ciência e Tecnologia do Leite e Derivados, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Centro, Viçosa MG 36570 900, Brazil
| | - Milimani Andretta
- Departamento de Veterinária, InsPOA-Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Centro, Viçosa MG 36570 900, Brazil
| | - Luís A Nero
- Departamento de Veterinária, InsPOA-Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Centro, Viçosa MG 36570 900, Brazil.
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47
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Effect of lysozyme and Chinese liquor on Staphylococcus aureus growth, microbiome, flavor profile, and the quality of dry fermented sausage. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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48
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Effect of Temperature on the Expression of Classical Enterotoxin Genes among Staphylococci Associated with Bovine Mastitis. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10080975. [PMID: 34451439 PMCID: PMC8398761 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP), caused by the contamination of staphylococcal enterotoxins, is a common foodborne disease worldwide. The aims of this study were: (1) to investigate classical staphylococcal enterotoxin genes, sea, seb, sec, sed, and see, among Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) associated with bovine mastitis; (2) to determine the effect of temperature on the expression of classical staphylococcal enterotoxin genes in staphylococci in milk. The detection of classical staphylococcal enterotoxin genes was performed using S. aureus (n = 51) and CNS (n = 47). The expression of classical enterotoxin genes, including sea, seb, sec, and see, was determined during the growth of staphylococci in milk subjected to ultra-high-temperature processing at two different temperatures: 8 °C and room temperature. Classical staphylococcal enterotoxin genes were expressed more frequently in S. aureus (35.30%) than in CNS (12.77%). The sec gene was most frequently detected in S. aureus (29.41%) and CNS (6.38%). Moreover, the expression of sea and sec was significantly higher at room temperature than at 8 °C after 16 h of incubation (p < 0.05). These results emphasize the importance of maintaining the storage temperature of milk below 8 °C to reduce the risk of SFP.
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Phiri BS, Sakumona M, Hang'ombe BM, Fetsch A, Schaarschmidt S. The traditional dairy value chain in Zambia and potential risk factors to microbiological food safety. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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50
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Schaarschmidt S, Leeser-Boek D, Drache K, Nia Y, Krause G, Fetsch A. Interlaboratory proficiency tests for the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin type A in food. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 73:318-325. [PMID: 34021928 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) are among the leading causes of food intoxications, affecting consumer health even in nanogram (ng) amounts. In the European Union, certain food safety criteria are specified, including the absence of SEs in cheeses, milk powder and whey powder. Until 2019, the analytical reference method used was the European Screening Method, which was replaced by EN ISO 19020. For the official laboratories involved in food control, the German Reference Laboratory for coagulase-positive staphylococci including Staphylococcus aureus organized three interlaboratory proficiency tests (ILPTs) to detect SE type A in food during the years 2013-2018. The selected food products (cream cheese and vanilla pudding) were successfully tested beforehand with regard to easy handling, homogeneity and stability of the added toxin. In 2013, ILPT participants overall were not competent in detecting SE type A in food. The following factors were identified to improve the performance: (i) concentration of sample extract using dialysis; (ii) selection of a sensitive detection kit; and (iii) proper sample handling. By taking these factors into account and instructing and training the laboratories, their competence greatly improved. In 2018, all performance criteria (specificity, sensitivity and accuracy) were >90%, even at very low concentrations of SE type A of approximately 0·01 ng g-1 food.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schaarschmidt
- National Reference Laboratory for coagulase-positive staphylococci including Staphylococcus aureus, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - D Leeser-Boek
- National Reference Laboratory for coagulase-positive staphylococci including Staphylococcus aureus, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - K Drache
- National Reference Laboratory for coagulase-positive staphylococci including Staphylococcus aureus, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Y Nia
- European Union Reference Laboratory for coagulase-positive staphylococci, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - G Krause
- National Reference Laboratory for coagulase-positive staphylococci including Staphylococcus aureus, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - A Fetsch
- National Reference Laboratory for coagulase-positive staphylococci including Staphylococcus aureus, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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