1
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Lim JJ, Sequeira-Bisson IR, Yip WCY, Lu LW, Miles-Chan JL, Poppitt SD. Intra-pancreatic fat is associated with high circulating glucagon and GLP-1 concentrations following whey protein ingestion in overweight women with impaired fasting glucose: A randomised controlled trial. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2024; 207:111084. [PMID: 38154534 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2023.111084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM Intra-pancreatic fat deposition (IPFD) while hypothesised to impair beta-cell function, its impact on alpha-cells remains unclear. We evaluated the association between IPFD and markers of pancreatic cells function using whey protein. METHODS Twenty overweight women with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and low or high IPFD (<4.66% vs ≥4.66%) consumed 3 beverage treatments: 0 g (water control), 12.5 g (low-dose) and 50.0 g (high-dose) whey protein, after an overnight fast, in randomised order. Blood glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, gastric-inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and amylin were analysed postprandially over 4 h. Incremental area-under-the-curve (iAUC), incremental maximum concentration (iCmax), and time to maximum concentration (Tmax) for these were compared between IPFD groups using repeated measures linear mixed models, also controlled for age (pcov). RESULTS iAUC and iCmax glucose and insulin while similar between the two IPFD groups, high IPFD and ageing contributed to higher postprandial glucagon (iAUC: p = 0.012; pcov = 0.004; iCmax: p = 0.069; pcov = 0.021) and GLP-1 (iAUC: p = 0.006; pcov = 0.064; iCmax: p = 0.011; pcov = 0.122) concentrations. CONCLUSION In our cohort, there was no evidence that IPFD impaired protein-induced insulin secretion. Conversely, IPFD may be associated with increased protein-induced glucagon secretion, a novel observation which warrants further investigation into its relevance in the pathogenesis of dysglycaemia and type-2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Jiet Lim
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand; High Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Ivana R Sequeira-Bisson
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand; High Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Wilson C Y Yip
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; High Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Louise W Lu
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; High Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer L Miles-Chan
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand; High Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sally D Poppitt
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand; High Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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2
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Smedegaard S, Kampmann U, Ovesen PG, Støvring H, Rittig N. Whey Protein Premeal Lowers Postprandial Glucose Concentrations in Adults Compared with Water-The Effect of Timing, Dose, and Metabolic Status: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 118:391-405. [PMID: 37536867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serving whey protein before a meal in order to lower postprandial blood glucose concentrations is known as a premeal. The underlying mechanisms are only partly understood but may involve stimulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and insulin secretion together with a slower gastric emptying rate. OBJECTIVES The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to review all randomized clinical trials investigating premeals with whey protein in comparison with a nonactive comparator (control) that evaluated plasma glucose, GLP-1, GIP, insulin, and/or gastric emptying rate. Secondary aims included subgroup analyses on the timing and dose of the premeal together with the metabolic state of the participants [lean, obese, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)]. METHODS We searched EMBASE, CENTRAL, PUBMED, and clinicaltrials.gov and found 16 randomized crossover trials with a total of 244 individuals. The last search was performed on 9 August, 2022. RESULTS Whey protein premeals lowered peak glucose concentration by -1.4 mmol/L [-1.9 mmol/L; -0.9 mmol/L], and the area under the curve for glucose was -0.9 standard deviation (SD) [-1.2 SD; -0.6 SD] compared with controls (high certainty). In association with these findings, whey protein premeals elevated GLP-1 (low certainty) and peak insulin (high certainty) concentrations and slowed gastric emptying rate (high certainty) compared with controls. Subgroup analyses showed a more pronounced and prolonged glucose-lowering effect in individuals with T2DM compared with participants without T2DM. The available evidence did not elucidate the role of GIP. The protein dose used varied between 4 and 55 g, and meta-regression analysis showed that the protein dose correlated with the glucose-lowering effects. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, whey protein premeals lower postprandial blood glucose, reduce gastric emptying rate, and increase peak insulin. In addition, whey protein premeals may elevate plasma concentrations of GLP-1. Whey protein premeals may possess clinical potential, but the long-term effects await future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Smedegaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Ulla Kampmann
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Per G Ovesen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henrik Støvring
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj Rittig
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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3
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Pires C. Superfoods for Type 2 Diabetes: A Narrative Review and Proposal for New International Recommendations. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1184. [PMID: 37511996 PMCID: PMC10384771 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59071184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease affecting an estimated 537 million individuals worldwide. 'Superfoods' can be integrated into the diet of T2DM patients due to their health benefits. Study Objectives: (i) To carry out a narrative review of 'superfoods' with the potential to reduce glycaemic levels in T2DM patients (2019 to 2022), (ii) to identify 'superfoods' with the potential to reduce HbA1c and (iii) to propose new guidance on the use of 'superfoods'. Materials and Methods: A narrative review was carried out using the databases PubMed, SciELO, DOAJ and Google Scholar. The keywords were ["type 2 diabetes" and ("food" or "diet" or "nutrition") and ("glycaemia" or "glycemia")]. Only review studies were included. Results: Thirty reviews were selected. The 'superfoods' identified as having a potential impact on glycaemic control were foods with polyphenols (e.g., berries), fermented dairy products, whole cereals/grains, nuts and proteins, among others. The possibility of an extensive reduction in Hb1Ac was reported for fermented dairy products, especially yoghurts enriched with vitamin D or probiotics (HbA1c reduction of around 1%) or by increasing the fibre intake by 15 g (or up to 35 g) (HbA1c reduction of around 2%). Conclusion: It is recommended that the identified 'superfoods' are included in the diet of T2DM patients, although this should not substitute an appropriate diet and exercise plan. In particular, yoghurts and an increased fibre intake (by 15 g or up to 35 g) can be used as nutraceuticals. New recommendations on the introduction of 'superfoods' in the diet of T2DM patients have been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Pires
- CBIOS-Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Universidade Lusófona, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
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4
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Nastaj M, Sołowiej BG, Terpiłowski K, Kucia W, Tomasevic IB, Peréz-Huertas S. The Effect of Erythritol on the Physicochemical Properties of Reformulated, High-Protein, and Sugar-Free Macarons Produced from Whey Protein Isolate Intended for Diabetics, Athletes, and Physically Active People. Foods 2023; 12:foods12071547. [PMID: 37048368 PMCID: PMC10093857 DOI: 10.3390/foods12071547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This study reports the possibility of obtaining sugar-free WPI-based macarons with erythritol addition. The whey protein isolate (WPI) solution (20%, w/v) was whipped, and erythritol was added to the foam at concentrations of 20, 40, and 60 g, with 125 g of almond flour. The rheological properties (τ, G', G″, and tan (δ)) and stability of the macaron batters before baking were evaluated. In order to produce the macarons, the batters were solidified at 147 °C for 12 min. The textural and surface properties (roughness and color), as well as the microstructures and water activities, were determined for the macarons. It was feasible to produce macarons over the entire range of the tested erythritol content. Even the smallest amount of erythritol (20 g) facilitated the preservation of the macaron structure. The medium erythritol concentration (40 g) improved the stability of the batters and their rheology and was the most effective for air pocket stabilization during baking; however, its largest addition (60 g) resulted in an increase in the final macaron volume. The increased erythritol addition improved mechanical properties and shelf life, producing a smoothing effect on the macaron surfaces and having a significant effect on their color co-ordinates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Nastaj
- Department of Dairy Technology and Functional Foods, Faculty of Food Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland
| | - Bartosz G Sołowiej
- Department of Dairy Technology and Functional Foods, Faculty of Food Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland
| | - Konrad Terpiłowski
- Department of Physical Chemistry-Interfacial Phenomena, Maria Curie Skłodowska University, M. Curie Skłodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Wiesław Kucia
- Wiesław Kucia's Artistic School in Lublin, Wojciechowska 3, 20-704 Lublin, Poland
| | - Igor B Tomasevic
- DIL German Institute of Food Technologies, Prof.-v.-Klitzing-Str. 7, 49610 Quakenbrueck, Germany
| | - Salvador Peréz-Huertas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Granada, Avenida de la Fuente Nueva 12 S/N, 18071 Granada, Spain
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5
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Lesgards JF. Benefits of Whey Proteins on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Parameters and Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15051294. [PMID: 36904293 PMCID: PMC10005124 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and it is a major risk factor for the early onset of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). More than genetics, food, physical activity, walkability, and air pollution are lifestyle factors, which have the greatest impact on T2DM. Certain diets have been shown to be associated with lower T2DM and cardiovascular risk. Diminishing added sugar and processed fats and increasing antioxidant-rich vegetable and fruit intake has often been highlighted, as in the Mediterranean diet. However, less is known about the interest of proteins in low-fat dairy and whey in particular, which have great potential to improve T2DM and could be used safely as a part of a multi-target strategy. This review discusses all the biochemical and clinical aspects of the benefits of high-quality whey, which is now considered a functional food, for prevention and improvement of T2DM and CVDs by insulin- and non-insulin-dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Lesgards
- Ingénierie des Peptides Thérapeutiques, Ambrilia-Cellpep, Faculté de Médecine Nord, Aix-Marseille University, Boulevard Pierre Dramard, 13015 Marseille, France
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6
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Giglio BM, Lobo PCB, Pimentel GD. Effects of whey protein supplementation on adiposity, body weight, and glycemic parameters: A synthesis of evidence. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2023; 33:258-274. [PMID: 36543706 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this review was to analyze the evidence of whey protein supplementation on body weight, fat mass, lean mass and glycemic parameters in subjects with overweight or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) undergoing calorie restriction or with ad libitum intake. DATA SYNTHESIS Overweight and obesity are considered risk factors for the development of chronic noncommunicable diseases such as T2DM. Calorie restriction is a dietary therapy that reduces weight and fat mass, promotes the improvement of glycemic parameters, and decreases muscle mass. The maintenance of muscle mass during weight loss is necessary in view of its implication in preventing chronic diseases and improving functional capacity and quality of life. The effects of increased protein consumption on attenuating muscle loss and reducing body fat during calorie restriction or ad libitum intake in overweight individuals are discussed. Some studies have demonstrated the positive effects of whey protein supplementation on improving satiety and postprandial glycemic control in short term; however, it remains unclear whether long-term whey protein supplementation can positively affect glycemic parameters. CONCLUSIONS Although whey protein is considered to have a high nutritional quality, its effects in the treatment of overweight, obese individuals and those with T2DM undergoing calorie restriction or ad libitum intake are still inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna M Giglio
- Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Patrícia C B Lobo
- Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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7
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Oberoi A, Giezenaar C, Rigda RS, Horowitz M, Jones KL, Chapman I, Soenen S. Effects of co-ingesting glucose and whey protein on blood glucose, plasma insulin and glucagon concentrations, and gastric emptying, in older men with and without type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2023; 25:1321-1330. [PMID: 36694303 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether co-ingestion of dietary protein with, or before, carbohydrate may be a useful strategy to reduce postprandial hyperglycaemia in older men with type 2 diabetes (T2D). MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood glucose, plasma insulin and glucagon concentrations were measured for 180 minutes following ingestion of a drink containing 30 g of glucose (G; 120 kcal), 30 g of whey protein (120 kcal), 30 g of glucose plus 30 g of whey protein (GP; 240 kcal), or control (~2 kcal) in older men with T2D (n = 10, 77 ± 1 years; 31 ± 1.7 kg/m2 ) and without T2D (n = 10, 78 ± 2 years; 27 ± 1.4 kg/m2 ). Mixed model analysis was used. RESULTS GP versus G markedly reduced the increase in blood glucose concentrations (P < .001) and had a synergistic effect on the increase in insulin concentrations (P < .001), in men both with and without T2D. Glucose concentrations were higher in men with T2D compared with those without T2D, whereas insulin and glucagon concentrations were largely unaffected by the presence of T2D. Gastric emptying was faster in men with T2D than in those without T2D. CONCLUSIONS The ability of whey protein to reduce carbohydrate-induced, postprandial hyperglycaemia is retained in older men with T2D compared with those without T2D, and whey protein supplementation may be a useful strategy in the prevention and management of T2D in older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avneet Oberoi
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Caroline Giezenaar
- Food Experience and Sensory Testing (FEAST) Laboratory, School of Food & Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Rachael S Rigda
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Karen L Jones
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ian Chapman
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Stijn Soenen
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences & Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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8
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Paramalingam N, Keating BL, Chetty T, Fournier PA, Soon WHK, O’Dea JM, Roberts AG, Horowitz M, Jones TW, Davis EA. Protein Ingestion in Reducing the Risk of Late-Onset Post-Exercise Hypoglycemia: A Pilot Study in Adolescents and Youth with Type 1 Diabetes. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030543. [PMID: 36771250 PMCID: PMC9920079 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary protein causes dose-dependent hyperglycemia in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). This study investigated the effect of consuming 50 g of protein on overnight blood glucose levels (BGLs) following late-afternoon moderate-intensity exercise. Six participants (3M:3F) with T1D, HbA1c 7.5 ± 0.8% (58.0 ± 8.7 mmol/mol) and aged 20.2 ± 3.1 years exercised for 45 min at 1600 h and consumed a protein drink or water alone at 2000 h, on two separate days. A basal insulin euglycemic clamp was employed to measure the mean glucose infusion rates (m-GIR) required to maintain euglycemia on both nights. The m-GIR on the protein and water nights during the hypoglycemia risk period and overnight were 0.27 ± 043 vs. 1.60 ± 0.66 mg/kg/min (p = 0.028, r = 0.63) and 0.51 ± 0.16 vs. 1.34 ± 0.71 mg/kg/min (p = 0.028, r = 0.63), respectively. Despite ceasing intravenous glucose infusion on the protein night, the BGLs peaked at 9.6 ± 1.6 mmol/L, with a hypoglycemia risk period mean of 7.8 ± 1.5 mmol/L compared to 5.9 ± 0.4 mmol/L (p = 0.028) on the water night. The mean plasma glucagon levels were 51.5 ± 14.1 and 27.2 ± 10.1 ng/L (p = 0.028) on the protein and water night, respectively. This suggests that an intake of protein is effective at reducing the post-exercise hypoglycemia risk, potentially via a glucagon-mediated stimulation of glucose production. However, 50 g of protein may be excessive for maintaining euglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirubasini Paramalingam
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Perth Children’s Hospital, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Children’s Diabetes Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-64564611
| | - Barbara L. Keating
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Perth Children’s Hospital, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Children’s Diabetes Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Tarini Chetty
- Children’s Diabetes Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Paul A. Fournier
- Department of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Wayne H. K. Soon
- Children’s Diabetes Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Joanne M. O’Dea
- Children’s Diabetes Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Alison G. Roberts
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Perth Children’s Hospital, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Children’s Diabetes Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- CRE in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Timothy W. Jones
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Perth Children’s Hospital, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Children’s Diabetes Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Division of Paediatrics, within the Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A. Davis
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Perth Children’s Hospital, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Children’s Diabetes Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Division of Paediatrics, within the Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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9
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Lopes AM, Rios M, Beleza J, Carvalho DD, Monteiro S, Montanha T, Martins S, Guimarães JT, Fernandes RJ, Magalhães J, Teixeira VH, Ascensão A. Adding protein to a carbohydrate pre-exercise beverage does not influence running performance and metabolism. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:53-59. [PMID: 35415998 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.22.13714-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To analyze whether pre-exercise CHO+PRO vs. CHO intake distinctly influences running performance and metabolic biomarkers along a various of exercise intensities. METHODS In a randomized, double blind, counterbalanced, crossover and placebo control design, 10 middle distance runners were tested in 3 occasions. After 10 h of fasting, participants ingested isovolumic beverages (0.75+0.25g·BW-1 of CHO+PRO, 1.0g·BW-1 of CHO and placebo control) 30 min before a treadmill running incremental protocol of 4 min steps until exhaustion. Venous blood was collected at fasting, 30 min after beverage ingestion and after the 3rd and 7th running steps. Oxygen uptake-related variables, including respiratory exchange ratio, heart rate, plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon, free fatty acids, blood lactate concentrations, gastrointestinal discomfort and rate of perceived exertion were measured. RESULTS The addition of PRO to CHO had no influence on the measured variables, which did not differ between conditions along all incremental protocol intensities. The intake of CHO+PRO (compared to CHO) tended to decrease glycemia (106.5±21.3 vs. 113.6±26.5) and to increase insulinemia (14.4±15.1 vs. 12.7±10.8) at intensities close to maximum oxygen uptake. CONCLUSIONS The addition of PRO to a pre-exercise CHO beverage had no impact on running performance and related metabolic variables at a wide spectrum of exercise intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Lopes
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal - .,Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LaMetEx), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal -
| | - Manoel Rios
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2 D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Beleza
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LaMetEx), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diogo D Carvalho
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2 D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Monteiro
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2 D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago Montanha
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Martins
- Department of Clinical Pathology, São João Hospital Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,EPIUnit - Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João T Guimarães
- Department of Clinical Pathology, São João Hospital Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J Fernandes
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2 D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Magalhães
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LaMetEx), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vitor H Teixeira
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Ascensão
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LaMetEx), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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10
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Effects of Carbohydrate and Fats in Turkish Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.16899/jcm.1033320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to assess the effects of different kinds of diet, which were similar in total energy density but different in carbohydrate and fats, on some blood parameters in type 2 diabetics.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 33 type 2 diabetics, participants were offered two different kinds of lunches within 7 days intervals. Venous blood samples were collected from the participants half an hour before and after the consumption of these meals (0-180 minutes). Blood parameters such as glucose, insulin, low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), and triglyceride were analyzed through blood samples.
Results: There was no significance between the values of the change in blood glucose before and after their consumption of the standard meal and etli ekmek. After the consumption of the etli ekmek difference between the participants’ mean insulin level values at 60 and 90 minutes was lower than the standard meal. The values under the curve (AUC) were found to be significant (p
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Gordon RA, Zumbro EL, Castleberry TJ, Sokoloski ML, Brisebois MF, Irvine CJ, Duplanty AA, Ben-Ezra V. Whey protein improves glycemia during an oral glucose tolerance test compared to vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise in young adult men. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:147. [PMID: 35907903 PMCID: PMC9338680 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00540-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Both aerobic exercise and whey protein can improve glucose regulation. The purpose of this study was to investigate how a single bout of vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise and whey protein, independently, as well as when combined, influence glycemia during an oral glucose tolerance test in sedentary, young men. Methods Healthy males (n = 11) completed four randomized trials: no exercise/no whey protein (R); exercise (EX; walking at 70% VO2max for 60 min); 50 g of whey protein (W); and exercise combined with 50 g of whey protein (EXW). Each trial included a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) that was completed after an overnight fast. Blood samples were collected over a two-hour period during the OGTT. For EX and EXW, the exercise was performed the evening before the OGTT and the 50 g of whey protein was dissolved in 250 mL of water and was consumed as a preload 30 min prior to the OGTT. For R and EX, participants consumed 250 mL of water prior to the OGTT. Plasma samples were analyzed for glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) and glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and postprandial incremental area under the curve (iAUC) was calculated for each. Results Glucose iAUC was reduced during W (− 32.9 ± 22.3 mmol/L) compared to R (122.7 ± 29.8 mmol/L; p < 0.01) and EX (154.3 ± 29.2 mmol/L; p < 0.01). Similarly, glucose iAUC was reduced for EXW (17.4 ± 28.9 mmol/L) compared to R and EX (p < 0.01 for both). There were no differences in iAUC for insulin, C-peptide, GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon between the four trials. Insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, GIP, and GLP-1 were elevated during the whey protein preload period for W and EXW compared to EX and R (p < 0.01). There were no differences for insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, GIP, or GLP-1 between trials for the remaining duration of the OGTT. Conclusions Glucose responses during an oral glucose tolerance test were improved for W compared to EX. There were no additional improvements in glucose responses when vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise was combined with whey protein (EXW).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Gordon
- Department of Biology, Drury University, Springfield, MO, USA.
| | - Emily L Zumbro
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Matthew L Sokoloski
- School of Health Promotion and Kinesiology, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Matthew F Brisebois
- Department of Human Performance and Health, University of South Carolina Upstate, Spartanburg, SC, USA
| | - Christopher J Irvine
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Rocky Mountain College, Billings, MT, USA
| | - Anthony A Duplanty
- School of Health Promotion and Kinesiology, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Vic Ben-Ezra
- School of Health Promotion and Kinesiology, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, USA
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12
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Insights into whey protein-based carriers for targeted delivery and controlled release of bioactive components. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.108002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Nouri M, Pourghassem Gargari B, Tajfar P, Tarighat-Esfanjani A. A systematic review of whey protein supplementation effects on human glycemic control: A mechanistic insight. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2022; 16:102540. [PMID: 35772356 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Some studies showed that dietary factors such as whey protein (WP) are effective on glycemic regulation. Due to the current controversy about WP effects and mechanisms of its action on glycemic control, we conducted this systematic review to shed light on the subject. METHODS Web of Science, Medline (Pubmed), and Scopus online databases were searched from 2012 up to February 2022 using the following keywords: "whey protein" and "glycemic control"/"glycemia"/"glucose"/"insulin". The search included original English articles, human clinical trials with WP supplementation and measurement of glucose or insulin as an outcome, studies on healthy individuals/patients with diabetes mellitus (DM)/impaired fasting glucose (IFG). RESULTS Title/abstract of 1991 studies were reviewed. After excluding studies due to inappropriate full title and duplication, and exercising inclusion criteria, 58 studies were reviewed in detail. Ample evidence showed that WP decreased postprandial glucose incremental area under the curve (iAUC) and increased iAUCs of insulin and incretin hormones. WP affects glycemic control mainly through stimulating insulin and incretins secretion, slowing gastric emptying, and appetite suppression. CONCLUSION Although most of the recent evidence showed beneficial effects of WP supplementation on glycemic response, further long-term clinical trials are required which assess the long-term impact of WP supplementation and its exact mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Nouri
- Student Research Committee, Student Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR, Iran; Department of Nutrition Sciences, Varastegan Institute for Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Bahram Pourghassem Gargari
- Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR, Iran.
| | - Pedram Tajfar
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Varastegan Institute for Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Ali Tarighat-Esfanjani
- Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR, Iran.
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Hjorth M, Galigniana NM, Ween O, Ulven SM, Holven KB, Dalen KT, Sæther T. Postprandial Effects of Salmon Fishmeal and Whey on Metabolic Markers in Serum and Gene Expression in Liver Cells. Nutrients 2022; 14:1593. [PMID: 35458155 PMCID: PMC9027870 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish is considered an important part of a healthy diet, in part due to the content of long chain omega-3 fatty acids. However, both lean and fatty fish have beneficial health effects, suggesting that micronutrients and proteins may play a role. In a randomised, controlled, cross-over trial, five healthy male participants consumed 5.2 g of protein from either salmon fishmeal or whey. Blood samples were taken before and 30 and 60 min after intake. The concentration of glucose, lipids, hormones and metabolites, including 28 different amino acids and derivatives, were measured in serum or plasma. Cultured HepG2 cells were incubated with or without serum from the participants, and transcriptomic profiling was performed using RNA sequencing. The ingestion of both salmon fishmeal and whey reduced the glucose and triglyceride levels in serum. Protein intake, independent of the source, increased the concentration of 22 amino acids and derivatives in serum. Fishmeal increased the concentration of arginine, methionine, serine, glycine, cystathionine and 2-aminobutyric acid more than whey did. Incubation with postprandial serum resulted in large transcriptomic alterations in serum-fasted HepG2 cells, with the differential expression of >4500 protein coding genes. However, when comparing cells cultivated in fasting serum to postprandial serum after the ingestion of fishmeal and whey, we did not detect any differentially regulated genes, neither with respect to the protein source nor with respect to the time after the meal. The comparable nutrigenomic effects of fishmeal and whey do not change the relevance of fish by-products as an alternative food source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Hjorth
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, Domus Medica, 0372 Oslo, Norway; (M.H.); (S.M.U.); (K.B.H.); (K.T.D.)
| | - Natalia M. Galigniana
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, Domus Medica, 0372 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Ola Ween
- Møreforskning AS, Borgundvegen 340, 6009 Ålesund, Norway;
| | - Stine M. Ulven
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, Domus Medica, 0372 Oslo, Norway; (M.H.); (S.M.U.); (K.B.H.); (K.T.D.)
| | - Kirsten B. Holven
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, Domus Medica, 0372 Oslo, Norway; (M.H.); (S.M.U.); (K.B.H.); (K.T.D.)
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4959, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Tomas Dalen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, Domus Medica, 0372 Oslo, Norway; (M.H.); (S.M.U.); (K.B.H.); (K.T.D.)
| | - Thomas Sæther
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, Domus Medica, 0372 Oslo, Norway;
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Chiang SW, Liu HW, Loh EW, Tam KW, Wang JY, Huang WL, Kuan YC. Whey protein supplementation improves postprandial glycemia in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Res 2022; 104:44-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Li D, Yang Y, Yang X, Wang Z, Yao X, Guo Y. Enhanced bioavailability and anti-hyperglycemic activity of young apple polyphenols by complexation with whey protein isolates. J Food Sci 2022; 87:1257-1267. [PMID: 35166381 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the effects of complexation of whey protein isolate (WPI) and young apple polyphenols (YAP) on the bioavailability and anti-hyperglycemic activity of YAP. Two types of WPI-YAP complexes were fabricated by mixing WPI with YAP at 25℃ (WPI-YAP) and 90℃ (WPI-YAP-H), respectively. The intermolecular interactions between WPI and YAP were investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy and circular dichroism analyses. The in vitro bioaccessibility and bioavailability of YAP were determined using a simulated gastrointestinal digestion and human Caco-2 cells model. It was found that the total polyphenols transport efficiency was improved from 39.8% (YAP) to 48.2% (WPI-YAP) and 56.1% (WPI-YAP-H), indicating that the bioavailability of YAP was improved by complexation with WPI. Besides, after complexation with WPI, YAP displayed an improved in vivo effect on alleviating the increase in postprandial blood glucose level than the pure YAP, with WPI-YAP-H showing a better effect. This finding indicates that co-complexation of YAP with WPI is an effective way to improve the functionality of YAP, and the WPI-YAP complexes are also expected to have potential application in designing YAP-containing functional foods. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The research provided a method to improve the bioavavibility of polyphenols, and the WPI-YAP complex can be developed in designing polyphenols related functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongli Yang
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Yang
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zichao Wang
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Yao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yurong Guo
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,National Research & Development Center of Apple Processing Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization of Western China Fruit resources, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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Joblin-Mills A, Wu Z, Fraser K, Jones B, Yip W, Lim JJ, Lu L, Sequeira I, Poppitt S. The impact of ethnicity and intra-pancreatic fat on the postprandial metabolome response to whey protein in overweight Asian Chinese and European Caucasian women with prediabetes. FRONTIERS IN CLINICAL DIABETES AND HEALTHCARE 2022; 3:980856. [PMID: 36992769 PMCID: PMC10012149 DOI: 10.3389/fcdhc.2022.980856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The "Thin on the Outside Fat on the Inside" TOFI_Asia study found Asian Chinese to be more susceptible to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) compared to European Caucasians matched for gender and body mass index (BMI). This was influenced by degree of visceral adipose deposition and ectopic fat accumulation in key organs, including liver and pancreas, leading to altered fasting plasma glucose, insulin resistance, and differences in plasma lipid and metabolite profiles. It remains unclear how intra-pancreatic fat deposition (IPFD) impacts TOFI phenotype-related T2D risk factors associated with Asian Chinese. Cow's milk whey protein isolate (WPI) is an insulin secretagogue which can suppress hyperglycemia in prediabetes. In this dietary intervention, we used untargeted metabolomics to characterize the postprandial WPI response in 24 overweight women with prediabetes. Participants were classified by ethnicity (Asian Chinese, n=12; European Caucasian, n=12) and IPFD (low IPFD < 4.66%, n=10; high IPFD ≥ 4.66%, n=10). Using a cross-over design participants were randomized to consume three WPI beverages on separate occasions; 0 g (water control), 12.5 g (low protein, LP) and 50 g (high protein, HP), consumed when fasted. An exclusion pipeline for isolating metabolites with temporal (T0-240mins) WPI responses was implemented, and a support vector machine-recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE) algorithm was used to model relevant metabolites by ethnicity and IPFD classes. Metabolic network analysis identified glycine as a central hub in both ethnicity and IPFD WPI response networks. A depletion of glycine relative to WPI concentration was detected in Chinese and high IPFD participants independent of BMI. Urea cycle metabolites were highly represented among the ethnicity WPI metabolome model, implicating a dysregulation in ammonia and nitrogen metabolism among Chinese participants. Uric acid and purine synthesis pathways were enriched within the high IPFD cohort's WPI metabolome response, implicating adipogenesis and insulin resistance pathways. In conclusion, the discrimination of ethnicity from WPI metabolome profiles was a stronger prediction model than IPFD in overweight women with prediabetes. Each models' discriminatory metabolites enriched different metabolic pathways that help to further characterize prediabetes in Asian Chinese women and women with increased IPFD, independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan Joblin-Mills
- Food Chemistry and Structure Team, Agresearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Aidan Joblin-Mills,
| | - Zhanxuan Wu
- Food Chemistry and Structure Team, Agresearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Food and Nutrition, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Karl Fraser
- Food Chemistry and Structure Team, Agresearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Beatrix Jones
- High-Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Wilson Yip
- High-Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jia Jiet Lim
- High-Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Louise Lu
- High-Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ivana Sequeira
- High-Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sally Poppitt
- High-Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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The effects of baths and wet wraps with a sweet whey solution on the level of hydration and barrier function of the epidermis. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2021; 38:798-803. [PMID: 34849126 PMCID: PMC8610060 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2021.110078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sweet whey is known for its various pharmacological uses as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent. This is because whey proteins accelerate the release of bioactive peptides, increase the level of intracellular glutathione and the production of interleukin IL-8. However, the potential skin care effects of whey, especially in its unprocessed state, are still not clear. Aim To evaluate in vivo the cosmetic features of sweet whey baths and wet wraps on human skin. Material and methods Thirteen healthy Caucasian adult females with no dermatological diseases were examined. We used the Courage-Khazaka MPA-9 device to evaluate the effects of sweet whey baths/wet wraps on skin hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and melanin and erythema index and pH level in human skin. Results It appeared that bathing in the sweet whey solution significantly improved the barrier function of the skin in comparison with tap water treated control area on the face cheek as well as on the forearm by decreasing the value of transepidermal water loss with statistical significance. Skin hydration was enhanced only on the facial skin. No significant differences concerning other parameters were observed. Conclusions We showed that sweet whey may have decreased the TEWL level and fixed the barrier function of epidermis in this way. It seems that a bath solution with sweet whey is well tolerated and may promote local blood circulation without affecting the pH value of the skin.
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Amare H, Olsen MF, Friis H, Kæstel P, Andersen ÅB, Abdissa A, Yilma D, Girma T, Faurholt-Jepsen D. Effects of nutritional supplementation on glucose metabolism and insulin function among people with HIV initiating ART. BMC Nutr 2021; 7:60. [PMID: 34657634 PMCID: PMC8521983 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-021-00462-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Without high-quality nutritional support, there is a risk that people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) will replace lost muscle mass with fat mass when initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART). We have shown that lipid-based nutrient supplements (LNS) with whey or soy considerably increases lean mass among Ethiopian people with HIV starting ART. Here, we aim to assess the effects of LNS on insulin function and glucose metabolism. Methods This is a secondary analysis of a randomized trial testing the effect of three-month supplementation with LNS containing whey (LNS/whey) or soy (LNS/soy) among people with HIV. LNS/whey and LNS/soy groups were combined and then were compared against the non-supplemented group. The outcomes were change in fasting plasma-glucose (FPG), and 30-min glucose and 120-min glucose after oral glucose tolerance test. We further assessed effect on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting insulin, homeostatic model assessment index for beta-cell function (HOMA-B) and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Results Of the 318 patients enrolled, 268 (84.3%) had available FPG and HbA1c and included. After 3 months of ART, HbA1c tended to be 2 mmol/mol higher in the LNS supplemented group, most pronounced among those receiving whey as the protein source. LNS led to higher 30-min glucose (0.5 mmol/L, 95% CI 0.2, 0.8) and 120-min glucose (0.4 mmol/L, 95% CI 0.03, 0.8) and a > 50% increase in fasting insulin, HOMA-B and HOMA-IR compared to the non-supplemented. Conclusion Among Ethiopian people with HIV initiating ART, short-term LNS intake increased glucose and insulin levels, and tended to increase HbA1c, potentially leading to more insulin resistance. Higher intake of carbohydrates with LNS could influence glycemic status. Whether these metabolic changes in early HIV treatment are beneficial or increase long-term risk of metabolic disorders needs to be explored. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40795-021-00462-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiwot Amare
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.,JUCAN Research Centre, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Mette F Olsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Friis
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pernille Kæstel
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Åse B Andersen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alemseged Abdissa
- JUCAN Research Centre, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.,Department of Laboratory Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Yilma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.,JUCAN Research Centre, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Tsinuel Girma
- JUCAN Research Centre, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.,Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Faurholt-Jepsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Infectious Diseases, Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Rao M, Zumbro EL, Broughton KS, LeMieux MJ. RETRACTED: Whey protein preload enhances the active GLP-1 response and reduces circulating glucose in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Nutr Res 2021; 92:84-98. [PMID: 34284269 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief. The article is a duplicate of a paper that has already been published in Nutrients: (Nutrients 2021, 13(7), 2451. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072451. Redundant publications overweigh the relative importance of published findings and distort the academic record of the authors. One of the conditions of submission of a paper for publication is therefore that authors declare explicitly that the paper has not been previously published and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. As such this article represents a misuse of the scientific publishing system. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter and apologies are offered to readers of the journal that this was not detected during the submission process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Rao
- School of Health Promotion and Kinesiology, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Emily L Zumbro
- School of Health Promotion and Kinesiology, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, USA
| | | | - Monique J LeMieux
- Nutrition and Food Sciences Department, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, USA.
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Effects of Quality and Quantity of Protein Intake for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Prevention and Metabolic Control. Curr Nutr Rep 2021; 9:329-337. [PMID: 32572702 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-020-00324-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to evaluate the ideal protein quality and quantity and the dietary composition for the prevention and metabolic control of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). INTRODUCTION Although some reviews demonstrate the advantages of a diet with a higher protein intake, other reviews have observed that a diet high in carbohydrates, with low-glycaemic index carbohydrates and good fibre intake, is equally effective in improving insulin sensitivity. METHODS Over 2831 articles were screened, and 24 from the last 5 years were analysed and summarised for this review, using the protein, diabetes and insulin glucose metabolic keywords in Pubmed in June 2019. RESULTS Eleven studies demonstrate that a higher consumption of proteins has a positive effect on insulin sensitivity. A higher intake of animal protein seems to be related to an increased risk of T2DM. Four studies show that consumption of meat has a deleterious effect. Higher intake of plant protein and dairy products is associated with a modestly reduced risk. DISCUSSION Based on the results obtained, for the prevention of T2DM and all disorders related to metabolic syndrome, no ideal dietary composition has yet been found. The advantage of plant protein sources may be related to the foods' low-glycaemic index due to the high fibre content. However, the right protein quality (animal and plant) and the quantity for T2DM prevention and metabolic control are unclear and need to be investigated with further long-term studies.
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Whey Protein Supplementation Improves the Glycemic Response and May Reduce Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Related Biomarkers in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072451. [PMID: 34371959 PMCID: PMC8308637 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) increases type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with insulin resistance. We hypothesized that a 35 g whey preload would improve insulin sensitivity and glucose handling while reducing biomarkers associated with NAFLD. Twenty-nine age-matched women (CON = 15, PCOS = 14) completed oral glycemic tolerance tests following baseline (Day 0) as well as an acute (Day 1) and short-term whey supplementation (Day 7). Whey had an interaction effect on glucose (p = 0.02) and insulin (p = 0.03), with glucose remaining stable and insulin increasing with whey supplementation. Insulin sensitivity (p < 0.01) improved with whey associated with increased glucagon secretion (p < 0.01). Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) remained unchanged, but “day” had an effect on the AST:ALT ratio (p = 0.04), whereas triglycerides and sex hormone binding globulin overall were greater in the PCOS group (p < 0.05). Total cholesterol decreased in PCOS (by 13%) and CON (by 8%) (NS). HepG2 cells treated with plasma from participants before and after whey decreased lipid accumulation in the PCOS group after whey (p < 0.05). Whey provided an insulinogenic and glycemic homeostatic effect in women with PCOS with the potential to combat NAFLD-consequences.
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Postprandial effects of a whey protein-based multi-ingredient nutritional drink compared with a normal breakfast on glucose, insulin, and active GLP-1 response among type 2 diabetic subjects: a crossover randomised controlled trial. J Nutr Sci 2021; 10:e49. [PMID: 34290863 PMCID: PMC8278161 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2021.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Postprandial hyperglycaemia is recognised as an important target in type 2 diabetes management. Dietary pattern, meal composition, and amount of food intake are major factors for maintaining postprandial blood glucose levels. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of consuming a whey protein-based multi-ingredient nutritional drink (WD) on postprandial glycaemic, insulinaemic, and active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) responses in comparison to a typical breakfast, which is boiled white rice with chicken (BC) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Fifteen subjects with T2DM participated in a randomised, controlled, cross-over study. Two isocaloric diets with similar nutrient composition were randomly tested with at least 7 d in between. Glucose, insulin, and active GLP-1 were measured by standard methods with blood samples collected with a venous catheter for 240 min during a kinetic test. The incremental area under the curve (iAUC0–240 min) for plasma glucose was significantly lower after the consumption of WD (WD: 3551 ± 546; BC: 9610 ± 848 mg min/dl; P < 0⋅01), while insulinaemic response tended to be lesser (iAUC0–240 min) than those of BC. In addition, higher iAUC0–240 min for active GLP-1 was obtained with WD diet (WD: 2230 ± 441; BC: 925 ± 183 pM min/ml; P < 0⋅01). This study showed that WD can be used to replace a regular breakfast for improving postprandial glucose response and active GLP-1 levels in people with T2DM. Further studies are required to elucidate the clinical efficacy of WD on long-term glycaemic control in people with T2DM.
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Martini M, Altomonte I, Tricò D, Lapenta R, Salari F. Current Knowledge on Functionality and Potential Therapeutic Uses of Donkey Milk. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051382. [PMID: 34067986 PMCID: PMC8152225 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This paper examines scientific evidence on the positive effects of donkey milk consumption on human health and its possible therapeutic applications. The most investigated clinical use of donkey milk is in feeding infants with food allergies, in whom donkey milk is well tolerated in the 82.6–98.5% of cases. Donkey milk has shown several beneficial properties, including immunomodulatory activity, antioxidant and detoxifying effects, modulation of the intestinal microbiota, and lowering of blood sugar and triglycerides, which have been tested almost exclusively in experimental animals. Inhibitory actions on microorganisms have been also observed in vitro studies. This literature review highlights the need for new clinical trials to collect stronger evidence about the positive effects observed in experimental models which could lead to new therapeutic applications of donkey milk in humans. Abstract The increase of knowledge on the composition of donkey milk has revealed marked similarities to human milk, which led to a growing number of investigations focused on testing the potential effects of donkey milk in vitro and in vivo. This paper examines the scientific evidence regarding the beneficial effects of donkey milk on human health. Most clinical studies report a tolerability of donkey milk in 82.6–98.5% of infants with cow milk protein allergies. The average protein content of donkey milk is about 18 g/L. Caseins, which are main allergenic components of milk, are less represented compared to cow milk (56% of the total protein in donkey vs. 80% in cow milk). Donkey milk is well accepted by children due to its high concentration of lactose (about 60 g/L). Immunomodulatory properties have been reported in one study in humans and in several animal models. Donkey milk also seems to modulate the intestinal microbiota, enhance antioxidant defense mechanisms and detoxifying enzymes activities, reduce hyperglycemia and normalize dyslipidemia. Donkey milk has lower calorie and fat content compared with other milks used in human nutrition (fat ranges from 0.20% to 1.7%) and a more favourable fatty acid profile, being low in saturated fatty acids (3.02 g/L) and high in alpha-linolenic acid (about 7.25 g/100 g of fat). Until now, the beneficial properties of donkey milk have been mostly related to whey proteins, among which β-lactoglobulin is the most represented (6.06 g/L), followed by α-lactalbumin (about 2 g/L) and lysozyme (1.07 g/L). So far, the health functionality of donkey milk has been tested almost exclusively on animal models. Furthermore, in vitro studies have described inhibitory action against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. From the literature review emerges the need for new randomized clinical trials on humans to provide stronger evidence of the potential beneficial health effects of donkey milk, which could lead to new applications as an adjuvant in the treatment of cardiometabolic diseases, malnutrition, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Martini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.M.); (R.L.); (F.S.)
- Interdepartmental Center for Agricultural and Environmental Research “E. Avanzi,”, University of Pisa, San Piero a Gardo (PI), 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Iolanda Altomonte
- Interdepartmental Center for Agricultural and Environmental Research “E. Avanzi,”, University of Pisa, San Piero a Gardo (PI), 56122 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Domenico Tricò
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Riccardo Lapenta
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.M.); (R.L.); (F.S.)
| | - Federica Salari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.M.); (R.L.); (F.S.)
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Role of High Energy Breakfast "Big Breakfast Diet" in Clock Gene Regulation of Postprandial Hyperglycemia and Weight Loss in Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051558. [PMID: 34063109 PMCID: PMC8148179 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Postprandial hyperglycemia (PPHG) is strongly linked with the future development of cardiovascular complications in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Hence, reducing postprandial glycemic excursions is essential in T2D treatment to slow progressive deficiency of β-cell function and prevent cardiovascular complications. Most of the metabolic processes involved in PPHG, i.e., β-cell secretory function, GLP-1 secretion, insulin sensitivity, muscular glucose uptake, and hepatic glucose production, are controlled by the circadian clock and display daily oscillation. Consequently, postprandial glycemia displays diurnal variation with a higher glycemic response after meals with the same carbohydrate content, consumed at dusk compared to the morning. T2D and meal timing schedule not synchronized with the circadian clock (i.e., skipping breakfast) are associated with disrupted clock gene expression and is linked to PPHG. In contrast, greater intake in the morning (i.e., high energy breakfast) than in the evening has a resetting effect on clock gene oscillations and beneficial effects on weight loss, appetite, and reduction of PPHG, independently of total energy intake. Therefore, resetting clock gene expression through a diet intervention consisting of meal timing aligned to the circadian clock, i.e., shifting most calories and carbohydrates to the early hours of the day, is a promising therapeutic approach to improve PPHG in T2D. This review will focus on recent studies, showing how a high-energy breakfast diet (Bdiet) has resetting and synchronizing actions on circadian clock genes expression, improving glucose metabolism, postprandial glycemic excursions along with weight loss in T2D.
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Protective effects of whey protein concentrate admixtured of curcumin on metabolic control, inflammation and oxidative stress in Wistar rats submitted to exhaustive exercise. Br J Nutr 2021; 127:526-539. [PMID: 33902765 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521001355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed to evaluate the effects of whey protein concentrate (WPC) admixtured of curcumin on metabolic control, inflammation and oxidative stress in Wistar rats submitted to exhaustive exercise. A total of forty-eight male rats were divided into six experimental groups (n 8): standard diet group (AIN-93M), standard diet submitted to exhaustion test group (AIN-93M ET), WPC admixtured of curcumin group (WPC + CCM), WPC + CCM submitted to exhaustion test group (WPC + CCM ET), CCM group and CCM subjected to exhaustion test group (CCM ET). The swimming exhaustion test was performed after 4 weeks of experiment. The consumption of WPC + CCM as well as isolated CCM did not alter the biometric measurements, the animals' food consumption and the hepatic and kidney function, as well as the protein balance of the animals (P > 0·05), but reduced the glycaemia and the gene expression of TNF-α and IL-6 and increased the expression of IL-10 (P < 0·05). The animals that were submitted to the exhaustion test (AIN-93M ET) showed higher aspartate aminotransferase values when compared to the animals that did not perform the exercise (AIN-93 M) (P < 0·05). WPC + CCM reduced the concentration of nitric oxide, carbonylated protein and increased the concentration of catalase (P < 0·05). Both (WPC + CCM and CCM) were able to increase the concentrations of superoxide dismutase (P < 0·05). We concluded that the WPC admixtured of CCM represents a strategy capable of decreasing blood glucose and oxidative and inflammatory damage caused by exhaustive physical exercise in swimming.
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Kroeger J, Siegmund T, Schubert O, Keuthage W, Lettmann M, Richert K, Pfeiffer A. AGP und Ernährung – Mit CGM postprandiale Glukoseverläufe analysieren. DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1310-2736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungErnährungstherapien zählen zu den Grundlagen eines effektiven Diabetesmanagements bei Menschen sowohl mit Typ-1-, als auch mit Typ-2-Diabetes. Auch für Menschen mit Prädiabetes oder Adipositas sind Lebensstilinterventionen, einschließlich Ernährungsempfehlungen, Bestandteil der grundlegenden Therapie. Es wird empfohlen, die Ernährung individuell an die persönlichen Umstände, Präferenzen und metabolischen Ziele anzupassen. Im Zeitalter der Digitalisierung finden mHealth-Interventionen, beispielsweise in Form von kontinuierlich Glukose messenden Systemen (CGM), vermehrt Einzug in die Ernährungstherapie. Das ambulante Glukoseprofil (AGP) zeigt eine strukturierte und grafische Zusammenstellung der durch CGM gewonnenen Daten. Nach einer Bewertung der glykämischen Situation (Hypoglykämien, Variabilität und Stabilität der Glukosewerte) kann das AGP auch als Unterstützung bezüglich einer Ernährungsanpassung dienen. Ziel dieser Publikation ist es, eine allgemeine Übersicht über die Ernährungsempfehlungen, speziell in Deutschland, zu ermöglichen und den Nutzen kontinuierlicher Glukosemessungen in Bezug auf Ernährung zu beschreiben.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Kroeger
- Diabetologie, Zentrum für Diabetologie Hamburg-Bergedorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Siegmund
- Diabetes-, Hormon- und Stoffwechselzentrum, Diabetes-, Hormon- und Stoffwechselzentrum, Privatpraxis am Isar Klinikum, München, Germany
| | - Oliver Schubert
- Ärztehaus am ZOB, Diabetes Schwerpunktpraxis, Buxtehude, Germany
| | - Winfried Keuthage
- Diabetes und Ernährungsmedizin, Schwerpunktpraxis für Diabetes und Ernährungsmedizin, Münster, Germany
| | - Melanie Lettmann
- Diabetes und Ernährungsmedizin, ehemals Schwerpunktpraxis für Diabetes und Ernährungsmedizin, Münster, Germany
| | - Katja Richert
- Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Angiologie, Klinik für Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Angiologie, München, Klinik Bogenhausen, München, Germany
| | - Andreas Pfeiffer
- Endokrinologie, Stoffwechsel- und Ernährungsmedizin, Klinik für Endokrinologie, Stoffwechsel- und Ernährungsmedizin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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Kröger J, Siegmund T, Schubert-Olesen O, Keuthage W, Lettmann M, Richert K, Pfeiffer AFH. AGP and Nutrition - Analysing postprandial glucose courses with CGM. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2021; 174:108738. [PMID: 33711395 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.108738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Nutritional therapies are one of the fundamentals of effective management of diabetes type 1 and type 2. Lifestyle interventions, including nutritional recommendations, are also part of the basic therapy for people with prediabetes or obesity. It is recommended that the diet should be individually adapted to personal circumstances, preferences and metabolic goals. In the age of digitalisation, mHealth interventions, like continuous glucose monitoring systems (CGM), are increasingly finding their way into nutrition therapy. The ambulatory glucose profile (AGP), a structured and graphical compilation of the obtained CGM data, can also be used as a support for dietary adjustment. After assessment of the glycaemic situation (hypoglycaemia, variability and stability of glucose levels). This publication aims to provide a general overview of nutritional recommendations, especially in Germany, and to describe the benefits of CGM measurements with regard to nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Kröger
- Centre for Diabetology Hamburg Bergedorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Thorsten Siegmund
- Diabetes, Hormones and Metabolism Centre, Private Practice at the Isar Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Winfried Keuthage
- Medical Practise Specialised on Diabetes and Nutritional Medicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Melanie Lettmann
- Formerly Medical Practise Specialised on Diabetes and Nutritional Medicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Katja Richert
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetology and Angiology, Munich Bogenhausen Clinic, Germany
| | - Andreas F H Pfeiffer
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Germany
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Poppitt SD. Cow's Milk and Dairy Consumption: Is There Now Consensus for Cardiometabolic Health? Front Nutr 2020; 7:574725. [PMID: 33364249 PMCID: PMC7753100 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.574725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cow's milk and dairy products derived from this complex food source have long been proposed as beneficial to human health, yet underlying clinical evidence of direct benefit continues to raise controversy. Limited evidence supports positive cardiometabolic effects of a number of dairy macro- and micronutrient components including whey protein and casein, unsaturated fats, milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) and polar phospholipids, vitamin D and calcium, in addition to non-bovine components including bacterial and yeast probiotics. More controversial remain lipid components trans fats, including trans vaccenic acid, trans palmitoleic acid, and conjugated cis trans linoleic acid (CLA), plus medium-chain and odd-chain dairy fats. New evidence is rapidly identifying multiple pathways by which these dairy nutrients may effect health. Processing, including fermentation and homogenization, may also have positive effects. Conversely, the high saturated fat content of dairy has long raised concern, aligned with international guidelines to minimize dietary intake of animal-origin saturated fatty acids (SFA) to achieve better cardiometabolic health. However, led in part by observational studies and meta-analyses showing dairy to have no or even an inverse association with cardiometabolic health, evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) has been scrutinized over the last 5 years, and focus on low-fat dairy has been challenged. Recent evidence supports the hypothesis that adverse effects of SFAs on metabolic health may be ameliorated when these fats are consumed within a complex matrix such as milk, cheese or yogurt, and that dairy food categories may influence outcomes as much as total fat content. For example, yogurt and high-fat, high-SFA cheese have a negative association with risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in many, not all, published trials. However, large sample dairy RCTs of long duration with CVD or T2D incidence as primary endpoints are lacking. This is a clear research gap, with these clinical studies required if a causative link between dairy and improved cardiometabolic health is to be confirmed and in turn promoted through dietary guidelines. Current advisories from national guidance groups such as American Heart Association (AHA) and European Society of Cardiology (ESC) continue to promote consumption of low-fat dairy products, whilst liquid milk and yogurt remain part of nutrition guidelines from joint American Diabetes Association (ADA)/European Association for Study of Diabetes (EASD) reports, and as part of a “no-one-size-fits-all” answer to diet and T2D by the ADA in their most recent 2019 Consensus Report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally D Poppitt
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Diet and Healthy Lifestyle in the Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103050. [PMID: 33036170 PMCID: PMC7599681 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) among pregnant women increases the risk of both short-term and long-term complications, such as birth complications, babies large for gestational age (LGA), and type 2 diabetes in both mother and offspring. Lifestyle changes are essential in the management of GDM. In this review, we seek to provide an overview of the lifestyle changes which can be recommended in the management of GDM. The diet recommended for women with GDM should contain sufficient macronutrients and micronutrients to support the growth of the foetus and, at the same time, limit postprandial glucose excursions and encourage appropriate maternal gestational weight gain. Blood glucose excursions and hyperglycaemic episodes depend on carbohydrate-intake. Therefore, nutritional counselling should focus on the type, amount, and distribution of carbohydrates in the diet. Further, physical activity has beneficial effects on glucose and insulin levels and it can contribute to a better glycaemic control.
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Impact of Protein Intake in Older Adults with Sarcopenia and Obesity: A Gut Microbiota Perspective. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082285. [PMID: 32751533 PMCID: PMC7468805 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuous population increase of older adults with metabolic diseases may contribute to increased prevalence of sarcopenia and obesity and requires advocacy of optimal nutrition treatments to combat their deleterious outcomes. Sarcopenic obesity, characterized by age-induced skeletal-muscle atrophy and increased adiposity, may accelerate functional decline and increase the risk of disability and mortality. In this review, we explore the influence of dietary protein on the gut microbiome and its impact on sarcopenia and obesity. Given the associations between red meat proteins and altered gut microbiota, a combination of plant and animal-based proteins are deemed favorable for gut microbiota eubiosis and muscle-protein synthesis. Additionally, high-protein diets with elevated essential amino-acid concentrations, alongside increased dietary fiber intake, may promote gut microbiota eubiosis, given the metabolic effects derived from short-chain fatty-acid and branched-chain fatty-acid production. In conclusion, a greater abundance of specific gut bacteria associated with increased satiation, protein synthesis, and overall metabolic health may be driven by protein and fiber consumption. This could counteract the development of sarcopenia and obesity and, therefore, represent a novel approach for dietary recommendations based on the gut microbiota profile. However, more human trials utilizing advanced metabolomic techniques to investigate the microbiome and its relationship with macronutrient intake, especially protein, are warranted.
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Zare F, Parvizi MM, Saki N, Jaladat AM. Applications of Ma'aljobon, a natural remedy from traditional Persian medicine, in dermatology: A journey from past to modernity. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33:e13931. [PMID: 32662602 DOI: 10.1111/dth.13931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ma'aljobon, a handmade substance, is the liquid portion of coagulated milk after adding vinegar to the heated milk. In traditional Persian medicine (TPM) it has been known as a useful remedy for the treatment of some skin disorders. The aim of this study was to review the applications of Ma'aljobon for skin diseases according to the sages of TPM and modern medicine. Main TPM sources were reviewed with the keyword of "Ma'aljobon." Furthermore, electronic databases including Scopus, PubMed, SID, and Google Scholar were searched with the keyword "Whey protein" during 2000 to 2018. According to TPM sources, Ma'aljobon was used by Iranian sages as a safe and effective remedy to treat a wide range of skin diseases, such as pimples, and ulcers. Meantime, recent evidence has also shown the effectiveness of whey protein in treating some skin disorders such as atopic dermatitis. Gastrointestinal discomfort was the most adverse effect of Ma'aljobon mentioned in TPM sources. In conclusion, there were several applications for Ma'aljobon in treatment of dermatologic disease according to TPM, as well as modern medicine. These finding could be the basis of future clinical trials on the effects of Ma'aljobon in the treatment of skin problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Zare
- Department of History of Medicine, School of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Parvizi
- Molecular Dermatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nasrin Saki
- Molecular Dermatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Mohammad Jaladat
- Department of Traditional Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Allerton DM, West DJ, Stevenson EJ. Whey protein consumption following fasted exercise reduces early postprandial glycaemia in centrally obese males: a randomised controlled trial. Eur J Nutr 2020; 60:999-1011. [PMID: 32572617 PMCID: PMC7900064 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02304-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Acute submaximal exercise and whey protein supplementation have been reported to improve postprandial metabolic and appetite responses to a subsequent meal independently. We aimed to examine the combination of these strategies on postprandial responses to a carbohydrate-rich breakfast. Methods Twelve centrally obese males (age 41 ± 3 years, waist circumference 123.4 ± 2.9 cm), completed three trials in a single-blind, crossover design. Participants rested for 30 min (CON) or completed 30 min low–moderate-intensity treadmill walking (51 ± 1% \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\dot{V}O}}_{\text{2peak}}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak) followed immediately by ingestion of 20 g whey protein (EX + PRO) or placebo (EX). After 15 min, a standardised breakfast was consumed and blood, expired gas and subjective appetite were sampled postprandially. After 240 min, an ad libitum lunch meal was provided to assess energy intake. Results During EX + PRO, post-breakfast peak blood glucose was reduced when compared with EX and CON (EX + PRO: 7.6 ± 0.4 vs EX: 8.4 ± 0.3; CON: 8.3 ± 0.3 mmol l−1, p ≤ 0.04). Early postprandial glucose AUC0–60 min was significantly lower under EX + PRO than EX (p = 0.011), but not CON (p = 0.12). Over the full postprandial period, AUC0–240 min during EX + PRO did not differ from other trials (p > 0.05). Peak plasma insulin concentrations and AUC0–240 min were higher during EX + PRO than CON, but similar to EX. Plasma triglyceride concentrations, substrate oxidation and subjective appetite responses were similar across trials and ad libitum energy intake was not influenced by prior fasted exercise, nor its combination with whey protein supplementation (p > 0.05). Conclusion Following fasted low–moderate-intensity exercise, consuming whey protein before breakfast may improve postprandial glucose excursions, without influencing appetite or subsequent energy intake, in centrally obese males. Trial registration number NCT02714309.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean M Allerton
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Daniel J West
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Emma J Stevenson
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Astawan M, Wresdiyati T, Yoshari RM, Rachmawati NA, Fadilla R. The Physicochemical Properties of Tempe Protein Isolated from Germinated and Non-Germinated Soybeans. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2020; 66:S215-S221. [PMID: 33612598 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.66.s215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tempe is an indigenous Indonesian source of protein. In this study, the tempe was produced from Grobogan soybeans with two types of treatment, germinated and non- germinated. The two types of tempe produced were then processed into protein isolates, tempe protein isolate from non-germinated soybeans (NGTI) and tempe protein isolate from germinated soybeans (GTI). This study was aimed to compare the physicochemical properties of NGTI, GTI, and CSI (commercial soy protein isolate). Seen from the physical characteristics, the NGTI and GTI were superior to CSI in their bulk density which was very significantly higher (p<0.01) at 0.54, 0.57 and 0.39 g/mL, respectively, and the aw value which was very significantly lower (p<0.01) at 0.05, 0.04 and 0.34, respectively. As for the chemical characteristics, the NGTI and GTI were superior to CSI in their protein content which was very significantly higher (p<0.01) at 79.16, 82.89 and 74.90%, respectively, the in vitro protein digestibility which was also significantly higher (p<0.05) at 76.95, 77.82 and 76.68%, respectively, and the fat content which was very significantly lower (p<0.01) at 1.45, 1.28, and 2.74%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Made Astawan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University
| | - Tutik Wresdiyati
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University
| | - Rachel M Yoshari
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University
| | - Nikita Arsy Rachmawati
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University
| | - Rahma Fadilla
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University
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The Metabolic Concept of Meal Sequence vs. Satiety: Glycemic and Oxidative Responses with Reference to Inflammation Risk, Protective Principles and Mediterranean Diet. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102373. [PMID: 31590352 PMCID: PMC6835480 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With increasing exposure to eating opportunities and postprandial conditions becoming dominant states, acute effects of meals are garnering interest. In this narrative review, meal components, combinations and course sequence were questioned vis-à-vis resultant postprandial responses, including satiety, glycemic, oxidative and inflammatory risks/outcomes vs. protective principles, with reference to the Mediterranean diet. Representative scientific literature was reviewed and explained, and corresponding recommendations discussed and illustrated. Starting meals with foods, courses and/or preloads high in innate/added/incorporated water and/or fibre, followed by protein-based courses, delaying carbohydrates and fatty foods and minimizing highly-processed/sweetened hedonic foods, would increase satiety-per-calorie vs. obesogenic passive overconsumption. Similarly, starting with high-water/fibre dishes, followed by high-protein foods, oils/fats, and delayed/reduced slowly-digested whole/complex carbohydrate sources, optionally closing with simpler carbohydrates/sugars, would reduce glycaemic response. Likewise, starting with foods high in innate/added/incorporated water/fibre/antioxidants, high monounsaturated fatty acid foods/oils, light proteins and whole/complex carbohydrate foods, with foods/oils low in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios, and minimal-to-no red meat and highly/ultra-processed foods/lipids, would reduce oxidative/inflammatory response. Pyramids illustrating representative meal sequences, from most-to-least protective foods, visually communicate similarities between axes, suggesting potential unification for optimal meal sequence, consistent with anti-inflammatory nutrition and Mediterranean diet/meal principles, warranting application and outcome evaluation.
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Moro T, Brightwell CR, Velarde B, Fry CS, Nakayama K, Sanbongi C, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. Whey Protein Hydrolysate Increases Amino Acid Uptake, mTORC1 Signaling, and Protein Synthesis in Skeletal Muscle of Healthy Young Men in a Randomized Crossover Trial. J Nutr 2019; 149:1149-1158. [PMID: 31095313 PMCID: PMC7443767 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle protein synthesis (MPS) can be stimulated by ingestion of protein sources, such as whey, casein, or soy. Protein supplementation can enhance muscle protein synthesis after exercise and may preserve skeletal muscle mass and function in aging adults. Therefore, identifying protein sources with higher anabolic potency is of high significance. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the anabolic potency and efficacy of a novel whey protein hydrolysate mixture (WPH) on mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling and skeletal MPS in healthy young subjects. METHODS Ten young men (aged 28.7 ± 3.6 y, 25.2 ± 2.9 kg/m2 body mass index [BMI]) were recruited into a double-blind two-way crossover trial. Subjects were randomized to receive either 0.08 g/kg of body weight (BW) of WPH or an intact whey protein (WHEY) mixture during stable isotope infusion experiments. Fractional synthetic rate, leucine and phenylalanine kinetics, and markers of amino acid sensing were assessed as primary outcomes before and 1-3 h after protein ingestion using a repeated measures mixed model. RESULTS Blood leucine concentration, delivery of leucine to muscle, transport of leucine from blood into muscle and intracellular muscle leucine concentration significantly increased to a similar extent 1 h after ingestion of both mixtures (P < 0.05). Phosphorylation of S6K1 (i.e. a marker of mTORC1 activation) increased equally by ∼20% 1-h postingestion (P < 0.05). Ingestion of WPH and WHEY increased mixed MPS similarly in both groups by ∼43% (P < 0.05); however, phenylalanine utilization for synthesis increased in both treatments 1-h postingestion but remained elevated 3-h postingestion only in the WPH group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that a small dose of WPH effectively increases leucine transport into muscle, activating mTORC1 and stimulating MPS in young men. WPH anabolic potency and efficacy for promoting overall muscle protein anabolism is similar to WHEY, an intact protein source. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03313830.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Moro
- Department of Nutrition & Metabolism,Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | | | | | - Christopher S Fry
- Department of Nutrition & Metabolism,Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Kyosuke Nakayama
- Food Science & Technology Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiaki Sanbongi
- Food Science & Technology Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Elena Volpi
- Department of Internal Medicine/Geriatrics,Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Department of Nutrition & Metabolism,Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX,Address correspondence to BBR (e-mail: )
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Ch'ng LZ, Barakatun-Nisak MY, Wan Zukiman WZH, Abas F, Wahab NA. Nutritional strategies in managing postmeal glucose for type 2 diabetes: A narrative review. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:2339-2345. [PMID: 31405640 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT) plays an essential role in overall glycemic management. Less focus is given on managing postmeal hyperglycemia despite the facts that, it is a common feature of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). The purpose of this narrative review is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the existing literature on the nutritional approaches to improve postmeal hyperglycemia in patients with T2D. We searched multiple databases for the studies examining the nutritional approaches to manage postmeal glucose in patients with T2D. We included studies that involve human trials that were published in English for the past 10 years. Our review of the current literature indicates that the postmeal hyperglycemia can be improved with four nutritional approaches. These approaches include (i) utilizing the appropriate amount and selecting the right type of carbohydrates, (ii) using specific types of dietary protein, (iii) manipulating the meal timing and orders and (iv) others (promoting postmeal physical activity, incorporating diabetes-specific formula and certain functional foods). The potential mechanisms underlying these approaches are discussed and the identified gaps warranted further research. This array of nutritional strategies provide a set of options for healthcare professionals to facilitate patients with T2D in achieving the optimal level of postmeal glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lau Zhi Ch'ng
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Yusof Barakatun-Nisak
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra, Malaysia; Research Centre of Excellent for Nutrition and Noncommunicable Diseases (NNCD), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra, Malaysia.
| | | | - Faridah Abas
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra, Malaysia
| | - Norasyikin A Wahab
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan, Malaysia
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Khan MU, Pirzadeh M, Förster CY, Shityakov S, Shariati MA. Role of Milk-Derived Antibacterial Peptides in Modern Food Biotechnology: Their Synthesis, Applications and Future Perspectives. Biomolecules 2018; 8:biom8040110. [PMID: 30301185 PMCID: PMC6316258 DOI: 10.3390/biom8040110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk-derived antibacterial peptides (ABPs) are protein fragments with a positive influence on the functions and conditions of a living organism. Milk-derived ABPs have several useful properties important for human health, comprising a significant antibacterial effect against various pathogens, but contain toxic side-effects. These compounds are mainly produced from milk proteins via fermentation and protein hydrolysis. However, they can also be produced using recombinant DNA techniques or organic synthesis. This review describes the role of milk-derived ABPs in modern food biotechnology with an emphasis on their synthesis and applications. Additionally, we also discuss the mechanisms of action and the main bioproperties of ABPs. Finally, we explore future perspectives for improving ABP physicochemical properties and diminishing their toxic side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usman Khan
- Bioproducts Sciences and Engineering Laboratory (BSEL), Washington State University, Richland, 99354 WA, USA.
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Agriculture, 38000 Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Maryam Pirzadeh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sarvestan Branch, Islamic Azad University, 73451-173 Sarvestan, Iran.
| | - Carola Yvette Förster
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Sergey Shityakov
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Mohammad Ali Shariati
- Laboratory of Biocontrol and Antimicrobial Resistance, Orel state University Named After I.S. Turgenev, 302026 Orel, Russia.
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Bae JH, Kim LK, Min SH, Ahn CH, Cho YM. Postprandial glucose-lowering effect of premeal consumption of protein-enriched, dietary fiber-fortified bar in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus or normal glucose tolerance. J Diabetes Investig 2018; 9:1110-1118. [PMID: 29502350 PMCID: PMC6123026 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Protein preload improves postprandial glycemia by stimulating secretion of insulin and incretin hormones. However, it requires a large dose of protein to produce a significant effect. The present study was carried out to investigate the postprandial glucose-lowering effect of a premeal protein-enriched, dietary fiber-fortified bar (PFB), which contains moderate amounts of protein, in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus or normal glucose tolerance (NGT). MATERIALS AND METHODS The participants (15 type 2 diabetes mellitus and 15 NGT) were randomly assigned to either a premeal or postmeal PFB group and underwent two mixed meal tolerance tests, 1 week apart in reverse order. Plasma levels of glucose, insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide were measured. RESULTS During the mixed meal tolerance tests, the incremental area under the curve from 0 to 180 min of plasma glucose levels was lower with premeal PFB than with postmeal PFB in the type 2 diabetes mellitus (14,723 ± 1,310 mg min/dL vs 19,642 ± 1,367 mg min/dL; P = 0.0002) and NGT participants (3,943 ± 416 mg min/dL vs 4,827 ± 520 mg min/dL, P = 0.0296). In the type 2 diabetes mellitus participants, insulinogenic index and the incremental area under the curve from 0 to 180 min of plasma total glucagon-like peptide-1 levels were higher with premeal PFB than with postmeal PFB, but not in the NGT participants. There was no difference in postprandial glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide levels between premeal and postmeal PFB in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Acute administration of premeal PFB decreased postprandial glucose excursion in both type 2 diabetes mellitus and NGT participants. In the type 2 diabetes mellitus participants, premeal PFB augmented the early-phase insulin secretion, possibly through enhancing glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyun Bae
- Department of Internal MedicineSeoul National University HospitalSeoulKorea
| | - Lee Kyung Kim
- Department of Internal MedicineCheju Halla General HospitalJejuKorea
| | - Se Hee Min
- Department of Internal MedicineSeoul National University HospitalSeoulKorea
| | - Chang Ho Ahn
- Department of Internal MedicineSeoul National University HospitalSeoulKorea
| | - Young Min Cho
- Department of Internal MedicineSeoul National University HospitalSeoulKorea
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Markova M, Hornemann S, Sucher S, Wegner K, Pivovarova O, Rudovich N, Thomann R, Schneeweiss R, Rohn S, Pfeiffer AFH. Rate of appearance of amino acids after a meal regulates insulin and glucagon secretion in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 108:279-291. [PMID: 29982277 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Meal composition regulates the postprandial response of pancreatic and gastrointestinal hormones and plays an important role in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Proteins have glucagon and insulinotropic effects, which may differ depending on amino acid composition, form of intake, and rate of digestibility and absorption. Objective The aim of this study was to test effects of isolated pea protein-based (PP) compared with casein protein-based (CP) meals differing in amino acid compositions on endocrine responses to meal tolerance tests (MTTs) in patients with T2D. Design Thirty-seven individuals with T2D [mean ± SD age: 64 ± 6 y; mean ± SD body mass index (kg/m2): 30.2 ± 3.6; mean ± SD glycated hemoglobin: 7.0% ± 0.6%] were randomly assigned to receive either high-animal-protein (∼80% of total protein) or high-plant-protein (∼72% of total protein) diets (30% of energy from protein, 40% of energy from carbohydrate, 30% of energy from fat) for 6 wk. MTTs were performed at study onset and after 6 wk. Participants received standardized high-protein (30% of energy) meals 2 times/d containing either CP-rich (∼85% wt:wt) or PP-rich (∼95% wt:wt) foods. Results The CP and PP meals produced differences in insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) release. Total areas under the curve after CP were significantly lower than after the PP lunch by 40% for insulin and 23% for glucagon. Indexes of insulin sensitivity and secretion were significantly improved for the second CP MTT. This was accompanied by differential rates of appearance of amino acids. The ingestion of PP resulted in significant increases in amino acids after both meals, with a decline between meals. By contrast, CP intake resulted in increases in most amino acids after breakfast, which remained elevated but did not increase further after lunch. Conclusions PP elicits greater postprandial increases in glucagon than does CP and consequently requires higher insulin to control glucose metabolism, which appears to be related to the rate of amino acid appearance. The metabolic impact of protein quality could be used as a strategy to lower insulin needs in patients with T2D. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02402985.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Markova
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Muenchen-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Silke Hornemann
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Muenchen-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Sucher
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Muenchen-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Katrin Wegner
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Olga Pivovarova
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Muenchen-Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalia Rudovich
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Muenchen-Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Clinic of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Buelach, Buelach, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Thomann
- Institut für Getreideverarbeitung GmbH, Nuthetal, Germany
| | | | - Sascha Rohn
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Food and Environmental Research, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Andreas F H Pfeiffer
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Muenchen-Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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Al-Gebaly AS. Ameliorating role of whey syrup against ageing-related damage of myocardial muscle of Wistar Albino rats. Saudi J Biol Sci 2018; 26:950-956. [PMID: 31303824 PMCID: PMC6600591 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-ing is involved in gradual breakdown of biological structure and function of body organs. The heart represents the main organ responsible for pumping the main issues of life which involving oxygen, nutrients and bioactive molecules necessary for maintaining the body functions. The present study has been conducted to assess the anti-aging properties of whey syrup collected from fermented milk in 4, 18 and 30-months-old rats. The histopathological and histochemical changes of carbohydrates and proteins were investigated. Immunohistochemical expression of smooth muscle actin and P53 was performed to assess the function of cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, Annexin v and biochemical changes of different cardio-biomarkers were carried out to evaluate the effects of aging. The present result of 30 months-old rats revealed myocardial infarction assessed by widening of myocardial fibers, diffused with numerous blood capillaries and dense leukocytic infiltration. The assessed biochemical markers confirmed myocardial damage. Whey supplementation improved the myocardial structure, but less improvement was observed for the 30-months-old rats. The author recommended supplementation with whey is beneficial in giving a body the demand for amino acids and minerals essential for supporting the myocardium and also provides protection against age-ing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma S Al-Gebaly
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman, University, 11474 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Harnedy PA, Parthsarathy V, McLaughlin CM, O'Keeffe MB, Allsopp PJ, McSorley EM, O'Harte FPM, FitzGerald RJ. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) co-product-derived protein hydrolysates: A source of antidiabetic peptides. Food Res Int 2018; 106:598-606. [PMID: 29579965 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Large quantities of low-value protein rich co-products, such as salmon skin and trimmings, are generated annually. These co-products can be upgraded to high-value functional ingredients. The aim of this study was to assess the antidiabetic potential of salmon skin gelatin and trimmings-derived protein hydrolysates in vitro. The gelatin hydrolysate generated with Alcalase 2.4L and Flavourzyme 500L exhibited significantly higher (p < 0.001) insulin and GLP-1 secretory activity from pancreatic BRIN-BD11 and enteroendocrine GLUTag cells, respectively, when tested at 2.5 mg/mL compared to hydrolysates generated with Alcalase 2.4L or Promod 144MG. The gelatin hydrolysate generated with Alcalase 2.4L and Flavourzyme 500L showed significantly more potent (p < 0.01) DPP-IV inhibitory activity than those generated with Alcalase 2.4L or Promod 144MG. No significant difference was observed in the insulinotropic activity mediated by any of the trimmings-derived hydrolysates when tested at 2.5 mg/mL. However, the trimmings hydrolysate generated with Alcalase 2.4L and Flavourzyme 500L exhibited significantly higher DPP-IV inhibitory (p < 0.05:Alcalase 2.4L and p < 0.01:Promod 144MG) and GLP-1 (p < 0.001, 2.5 mg/mL) secretory activity than those generated with Alcalase 2.4L or Promod 144MG. The salmon trimmings hydrolysate generated with Alcalase 2.4L and Flavourzyme 500L when subjected to simulated gastrointestinal digestion (SGID) was shown to retain its GLP-1 secretory and DPP-IV inhibitory activities, in addition to improving its insulin secretory activity. However, the gelatin hydrolysate generated with Alcalase 2.4L and Flavourzyme 500L was shown to lose GLP-1 secretory activity following SGID. A significant increase in membrane potential (p < 0.001) and intracellular calcium (p < 0.001) by both co-product hydrolysates generated with Alcalase 2.4L and Flavourzyme 500L suggest that both hydrolysates mediate their insulinotropic activity through the KATP channel-dependent pathway. Additionally, by stimulating a significant increase in intracellular cAMP release (p < 0.05) it is likely that the trimmings-derived hydrolysate may also mediate insulin secretion through the protein kinase A pathway. The results presented herein demonstrate that salmon co-product hydrolysates exhibit promising in vitro antidiabetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pádraigín A Harnedy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Vadivel Parthsarathy
- The SAAD Centre for Pharmacy & Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Co. Derry BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland.
| | - Chris M McLaughlin
- The SAAD Centre for Pharmacy & Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Co. Derry BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland.
| | - Martina B O'Keeffe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Philip J Allsopp
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Co. Derry BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland.
| | - Emeir M McSorley
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Co. Derry BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland.
| | - Finbarr P M O'Harte
- The SAAD Centre for Pharmacy & Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Co. Derry BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland.
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Mihai BM, Mihai C, Cijevschi-Prelipcean C, Grigorescu ED, Dranga M, Drug V, Sporea I, Lăcătușu CM. Bidirectional Relationship between Gastric Emptying and Plasma Glucose Control in Normoglycemic Individuals and Diabetic Patients. J Diabetes Res 2018; 2018:1736959. [PMID: 30402500 PMCID: PMC6192082 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1736959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric emptying and glycemic control pathways are closely interrelated processes. Gastric chyme is transferred into the duodenum with velocities depending on its solid or liquid state, as well as on its caloric and nutritional composition. Once nutrients enter the intestine, the secretion of incretins (hormonal products of intestinal cells) is stimulated. Among incretins, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has multiple glycemic-regulatory effects that include delayed gastric emptying, thus triggering a feedback loop lowering postprandial serum glucose levels. Glycemic values also influence gastric emptying; hyperglycemia slows it down, and hypoglycemia accelerates it, both limiting glycemic fluctuations. Disordered gastric emptying in diabetes mellitus is understood today as a complex pathophysiological condition, with both irreversible and reversible components and high intra- and interindividual variability of time span and clinical features. While limited delays may be useful for reducing postprandial hyperglycemias, severely hindered gastric emptying may be associated with higher glycemic variability and worsened long-term glycemic control. Therapeutic approaches for both gastric emptying and glycemic control include dietary modifications of meal structure or content and drugs acting as GLP-1 receptor agonists. In the foreseeable future, we will probably witness a wider range of dietary interventions and more incretin-based medications used for restoring both gastric emptying and glycemic levels to nearly physiological levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Mircea Mihai
- “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Clinical Centre of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, “Sf. Spiridon” Clinical Hospital, Iași, Romania
| | - Cătălina Mihai
- “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, “Sf. Spiridon” Clinical Hospital, Iași, Romania
| | - Cristina Cijevschi-Prelipcean
- “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, “Sf. Spiridon” Clinical Hospital, Iași, Romania
| | - Elena-Daniela Grigorescu
- “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Clinical Centre of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, “Sf. Spiridon” Clinical Hospital, Iași, Romania
| | - Mihaela Dranga
- “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, “Sf. Spiridon” Clinical Hospital, Iași, Romania
| | - Vasile Drug
- “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, “Sf. Spiridon” Clinical Hospital, Iași, Romania
| | - Ioan Sporea
- Gastroenterology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Romania
| | - Cristina Mihaela Lăcătușu
- “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Clinical Centre of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, “Sf. Spiridon” Clinical Hospital, Iași, Romania
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Ogiwara M, Ota W, Mizushige T, Kanamoto R, Ohinata K. Enzymatic digest of whey protein and wheylin-1, a dipeptide released in the digest, increase insulin sensitivity in an Akt phosphorylation-dependent manner. Food Funct 2018; 9:4635-4641. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00919h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Wheylin-1 is the first whey-derived peptide that increases insulin sensitivity in an Akt phosphorylation-dependent manner and lowers blood glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Ogiwara
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology
- Graduate School of Agriculture
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 611-0011
- Japan
| | - Wakana Ota
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology
- Graduate School of Agriculture
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 611-0011
- Japan
| | - Takafumi Mizushige
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology
- Graduate School of Agriculture
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 611-0011
- Japan
| | - Ryuhei Kanamoto
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology
- Graduate School of Agriculture
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 611-0011
- Japan
| | - Kousaku Ohinata
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology
- Graduate School of Agriculture
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 611-0011
- Japan
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Abstract
Epidemiological studies demonstrate that poor glycaemic control is an independent risk factor for CVD. Postprandial glycaemia has been demonstrated as a better predictor of glycated Hb, the gold standard of glycaemic control, when compared with fasting blood glucose. There is a need for more refined strategies to tightly control postprandial glycaemia, particularly in those with type 2 diabetes, and nutritional strategies around meal consumption may be effective in enhancing subsequent glycaemic control. Whey protein administration around meal times has been demonstrated to reduce postprandial glycaemia, mediated through various mechanisms including an enhancement of insulin secretion. Whey protein ingestion has also been shown to elicit an incretin effect, enhancing the secretion of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide and glucagon-like peptide-1, which may also influence appetite regulation. Acute intervention studies have shown some promising results however many have used large dosages (50-55 g) of whey protein alongside high-glycaemic index test meals, such as instant powdered potato mixed with glucose, which does not reflect realistic dietary strategies. Long-term intervention studies using realistic strategies around timing, format and amount of whey protein in relevant population groups are required.
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Da Silva MS, Chartrand D, Vohl MC, Barbier O, Rudkowska I. Dairy Product Consumption Interacts with Glucokinase (GCK) Gene Polymorphisms Associated with Insulin Resistance. J Pers Med 2017; 7:jpm7030008. [PMID: 28867816 PMCID: PMC5618154 DOI: 10.3390/jpm7030008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dairy product intake and a person's genetic background have been reported to be associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The objective of this study was to examine the interaction between dairy products and genes related to T2D on glucose-insulin homeostasis parameters. A validated food frequency questionnaire, fasting blood samples, and glucokinase (GCK) genotypes were analyzed in 210 healthy participants. An interaction between rs1799884 in GCK and dairy intake on the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance was identified. Secondly, human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) were grown in a high-glucose medium and incubated with either 1-dairy proteins: whey, caseins, and a mixture of whey and casein; and 2-four amino acids (AA) or mixtures of AA. The expression of GCK-related genes insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and fatty acid synthase (FASN) was increased with whey protein isolate or hydrolysate. Individually, leucine increased IRS-1 expression, whereas isoleucine and valine decreased FASN expression. A branched-chain AA mixture decreased IRS-1 and FASN expression. In conclusion, carriers of the A allele for rs1799884 in the GCK gene may benefit from a higher intake of dairy products to maintain optimal insulin sensitivity. Moreover, the results show that whey proteins affect the expression of genes related to glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine S Da Silva
- Endocrinology and Nephrology, CHU de Québec Research Center and the Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada.
| | - Dominic Chartrand
- Endocrinology and Nephrology, CHU de Québec Research Center and the Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada.
| | - Marie-Claude Vohl
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), and the School of Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Laval University, Québec, Canada.
| | - Olivier Barbier
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU de Québec Research Centre and the Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Canada.
| | - Iwona Rudkowska
- Endocrinology and Nephrology, CHU de Québec Research Center and the Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada.
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50
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Reimer RA, Willis HJ, Tunnicliffe JM, Park H, Madsen KL, Soto-Vaca A. Inulin-type fructans and whey protein both modulate appetite but only fructans alter gut microbiota in adults with overweight/obesity: A randomized controlled trial. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28730743 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Independently, prebiotics and dietary protein have been shown to improve weight loss and/or alter appetite. Our objective was to determine the effect of combined prebiotic and whey protein on appetite, body composition and gut microbiota in adults with overweight/obesity. METHODS AND RESULTS In a 12 week, placebo-controlled, double-blind study, 125 adults with overweight/obesity were randomly assigned to receive isocaloric snack bars of: (1) Control; (2) Inulin-type fructans (ITF); (3) Whey protein; (4) ITF + Whey protein. Appetite, body composition and gut microbiota composition/genetic potential were assessed. Compared to Control, body fat was significantly reduced in the Whey protein group at 12 wks. Hunger, desire to eat and prospective food consumption were all lower with ITF, Whey protein and ITF + Whey protein compared to Control at 12 wks. Microbial community structure differed from 0 to 12 wks in the ITF and ITF +Whey Protein groups (i.e. increased Bifidobacterium) but not Whey Protein or Control. Changes in microbial genetic potential were seen between Control and ITF-containing treatments. CONCLUSION Adding ITF, whey protein or both to snack bars improved several aspects of appetite control. Changes in gut microbiota may explain in part the effects of ITF but likely not whey protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raylene A Reimer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Holly J Willis
- General Mills Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition, Golden Valley, MN, USA
| | | | - Heekuk Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Centre of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Karen L Madsen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Centre of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Adriana Soto-Vaca
- General Mills Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition, Golden Valley, MN, USA
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