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Nurmukanova V, Matsvay A, Gordukova M, Shipulin G. Square the Circle: Diversity of Viral Pathogens Causing Neuro-Infectious Diseases. Viruses 2024; 16:787. [PMID: 38793668 PMCID: PMC11126052 DOI: 10.3390/v16050787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroinfections rank among the top ten leading causes of child mortality globally, even in high-income countries. The crucial determinants for successful treatment lie in the timing and swiftness of diagnosis. Although viruses constitute the majority of infectious neuropathologies, diagnosing and treating viral neuroinfections remains challenging. Despite technological advancements, the etiology of the disease remains undetermined in over half of cases. The identification of the pathogen becomes more difficult when the infection is caused by atypical pathogens or multiple pathogens simultaneously. Furthermore, the modern surge in global passenger traffic has led to an increase in cases of infections caused by pathogens not endemic to local areas. This review aims to systematize and summarize information on neuroinvasive viral pathogens, encompassing their geographic distribution and transmission routes. Emphasis is placed on rare pathogens and cases involving atypical pathogens, aiming to offer a comprehensive and structured catalog of viral agents with neurovirulence potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Nurmukanova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks” of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alina Matsvay
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks” of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Gordukova
- G. Speransky Children’s Hospital No. 9, 123317 Moscow, Russia
| | - German Shipulin
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks” of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119121 Moscow, Russia
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Shakya R, Tryland M, Vikse R, Romano JS, Åsbakk K, Nymo IH, Mehl R, Evander M, Ahlm C, Vapalahti O, Lwande OW, Putkuri N, Johansen W, Soleng A, Edgar KS, Andreassen ÅK. Inkoo and Sindbis viruses in blood sucking insects, and a serological study for Inkoo virus in semi-domesticated Eurasian tundra reindeer in Norway. Virol J 2022; 19:99. [PMID: 35659694 PMCID: PMC9166600 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01815-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquito-borne viruses pose a serious threat to humans worldwide. There has been an upsurge in the number of mosquito-borne viruses in Europe, mostly belonging to the families Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus (Sindbis, Chikungunya), Flaviviridae (West Nile, Usutu, Dengue), and Peribunyaviridae, genus Orthobunyavirus, California serogroup (Inkoo, Batai, Tahyna). The principal focus of this study was Inkoo (INKV) and Sindbis (SINV) virus circulating in Norway, Sweden, Finland, and some parts of Russia. These viruses are associated with morbidity in humans. However, there is a knowledge gap regarding reservoirs and transmission. Therefore, we aimed to determine the prevalence of INKV and SINV in blood sucking insects and seroprevalence for INKV in semi-domesticated Eurasian tundra reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Norway. MATERIALS AND METHODS In total, 213 pools containing about 25 blood sucking insects (BSI) each and 480 reindeer sera were collected in eight Norwegian reindeer summer pasture districts during 2013-2015. The pools were analysed by RT-PCR to detect INKV and by RT-real-time PCR for SINV. Reindeer sera were analysed for INKV-specific IgG by an Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (n = 480, IIFA) and a Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test (n = 60, PRNT). RESULTS Aedes spp. were the most dominant species among the collected BSI. Two of the pools were positive for INKV-RNA by RT-PCR and were confirmed by pyrosequencing. The overall estimated pool prevalence (EPP) of INKV in Norway was 0.04%. None of the analysed pools were positive for SINV. Overall IgG seroprevalence in reindeer was 62% positive for INKV by IIFA. Of the 60 reindeer sera- analysed by PRNT for INKV, 80% were confirmed positive, and there was no cross-reactivity with the closely related Tahyna virus (TAHV) and Snowshoe hare virus (SSHV). CONCLUSION The occurrence and prevalence of INKV in BSI and the high seroprevalence against the virus among semi-domesticated reindeer in Norway indicate that further studies are required for monitoring this virus. SINV was not detected in the BSI in this study, however, human cases of SINV infection are yearly reported from other regions such as Rjukan in south-central Norway. It is therefore essential to monitor both viruses in the human population. Our findings are important to raise awareness regarding the geographical distribution of these mosquito-borne viruses in Northern Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika Shakya
- Virology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Department of Virology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Hamar, Norway
| | - Morten Tryland
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Evenstad, Norway
| | - Rose Vikse
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Department of Virology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Javier Sánchez Romano
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kjetil Åsbakk
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ingebjørg H Nymo
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Section for Food Safety and Animal Health, The Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Reidar Mehl
- Section of Pest Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Magnus Evander
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Clas Ahlm
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Niina Putkuri
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wenche Johansen
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Hamar, Norway
| | - Arnulf Soleng
- Section of Pest Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin S Edgar
- Section of Pest Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Åshild K Andreassen
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Department of Virology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and Maritime Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Norway.
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Arboviruses in the Astrakhan region of Russia for 2018 season: The development of multiplex PCR assays and analysis of mosquitoes, ticks, and human blood sera. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 88:104711. [PMID: 33421655 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Astrakhan region of Russia is endemic for the number of arboviruses. In this paper, we describe the results of the detection of the list of neglected arboviruses in the Astrakhan region for the 2018 season. For the purpose of the study in-house PCR assays for detection of 18 arboviruses have been developed and validated using arboviruses obtained from Russian State Collection of Viruses. Pools of ticks (n = 463) and mosquitoes (n = 312) as well as 420 samples of human patients sera have been collected and analyzed. Using developed multiplex real-time PCR assays we were able to detect RNA of eight arboviruses (Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Dhori (Batken strain) virus, Batai virus, Tahyna virus, Uukuniemi virus, Inkoo virus, Sindbis virus and West Nile fever virus). All discovered viruses are capable of infecting humans causing fever and in some cases severe forms with hemorrhagic or neurologic symptoms. From PCR-positive samples, we were able to recover one isolate each of Dhori (Batken strain) virus and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus which were further characterized by next-generation sequencing. The genomic sequences of identified Dhori (Batken strain) virus strain represent the most complete genome of Batken virus strain among previously reported.
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Putkuri N, Kantele A, Levanov L, Kivistö I, Brummer-Korvenkontio M, Vaheri A, Vapalahti O. Acute Human Inkoo and Chatanga Virus Infections, Finland. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22:810-7. [PMID: 27088268 PMCID: PMC4861510 DOI: 10.3201/eid2205.151015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cases appeared to be subclinical, but a few patients, usually children, required hospitalization. Inkoo virus (INKV) and Chatanga virus (CHATV), which are circulating in Finland, are mosquitoborne California serogroup orthobunyaviruses that have a high seroprevalence among humans. Worldwide, INKV infection has been poorly described, and CHATV infection has been unknown. Using serum samples collected in Finland from 7,961 patients suspected of having viral neurologic disease or Puumala virus infection during the summers of 2001–2013, we analyzed the samples to detect California serogroup infections. IgM seropositivity revealed 17 acute infections, and cross-neutralization tests confirmed presence of INKV or CHATV infections. All children (<16 years of age) with INKV infection were hospitalized; adults were outpatients with mild disease, except for 1 who was hospitalized with CHATV infection. Symptoms included fever, influenza-like illness, nausea or vomiting, disorientation, nuchal rigidity, headache, drowsiness, and seizures. Although many INKV and CHATV infections appear to be subclinical, these viruses can cause more severe disease, especially in children.
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Barakat AM, Smura T, Kuivanen S, Huhtamo E, Kurkela S, Putkuri N, Hasony HJ, Al-Hello H, Vapalahti O. The Presence and Seroprevalence of Arthropod-Borne Viruses in Nasiriyah Governorate, Southern Iraq: A Cross-Sectional Study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 94:794-9. [PMID: 26880770 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The knowledge on the presence and seroprevalence of arboviruses in Iraq is fragmental. To assess the exposure of the population to arbovirus infections in southern Iraq, we conducted a serological screening of the most common arbovirus groups using immunofluorescence, hemagglutination inhibition and neutralization tests. Serum samples of 399 adult volunteers were collected in Nasiriyah, Iraq. Antibodies were detected against West Nile virus (WNV) (11.6%), sandfly-borne Sicilian virus serocomplex (18.2%), sandfly-borne Naples virus serocomplex (7.8%), Sindbis virus (1.5%), chikungunya virus (0.5%), and Tahyna virus (2.0%). The results suggest that WNV and sandfly-borne phlebovirus infections are common in southern Iraq, and these viruses should be considered as potential causative agents in patients with febrile disease and/or neurological manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mohammed Barakat
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical College, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq; Departments of Virology, Virology and Immunology, and Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Viral Infections Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Smura
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical College, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq; Departments of Virology, Virology and Immunology, and Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Viral Infections Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Kuivanen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical College, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq; Departments of Virology, Virology and Immunology, and Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Viral Infections Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eili Huhtamo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical College, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq; Departments of Virology, Virology and Immunology, and Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Viral Infections Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Kurkela
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical College, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq; Departments of Virology, Virology and Immunology, and Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Viral Infections Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Niina Putkuri
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical College, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq; Departments of Virology, Virology and Immunology, and Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Viral Infections Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hassan J Hasony
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical College, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq; Departments of Virology, Virology and Immunology, and Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Viral Infections Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Haider Al-Hello
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical College, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq; Departments of Virology, Virology and Immunology, and Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Viral Infections Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical College, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq; Departments of Virology, Virology and Immunology, and Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Viral Infections Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
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Nucleotide sequencing and serologic analysis of Cache Valley virus isolates from the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. Virus Genes 2012; 45:176-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-012-0741-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Hubálek Z. Mosquito-borne viruses in Europe. Parasitol Res 2008; 103 Suppl 1:S29-43. [PMID: 19030884 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-1064-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 05/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The number of mosquito-borne viruses ('moboviruses') occurring in Europe since the twentieth century now stands at ten; they belong to three families-Togaviridae (Sindbis, Chikungunya), Flaviviridae (West Nile, Usutu, Dengue), and Bunyaviridae (Batai, Tahyna, Snowshoe hare, Inkoo, Lednice). Several of them play a definite role in human or animal pathology (Sindbis, Chikungunya, Dengue, West Nile, Tahyna). Mobovirus outbreaks are strictly determined by the presence and/or import of particular competent vectors of the disease. Ecological variables affect moboviruses considerably; the main factors are population density of mosquito vectors and their vertebrate hosts, intense summer precipitations or floods, summer temperatures and drought, and presence of appropriate habitats, e.g., wetlands, small water pools, or intravillan sewage systems. A surveillance for moboviruses and the diseases they cause in Europe is recommendable, because the cases may often pass unnoticed or misdiagnosed not only in free-living vertebrates but also in domestic animals and even in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenek Hubálek
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences, Kvetná 8, 60365, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Prevalence and protein specificity of human antibodies to Inkoo virus infection. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2007; 14:1555-62. [PMID: 17942611 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00288-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Inkoo virus (INKV), a member of the California serogroup orthobunyaviruses, is circulating widely in northern Europe. Although the virus was discovered over 40 years ago, the disease associations and immune responses in human infection are poorly characterized. We first developed an immunofluorescence assay (IFA) for the detection of INKV antibodies in humans, and then we studied a panel of 1,292 sera in patients with a febrile illness in Finland. We found four acute (immunoglobulin M [IgM] positive) INKV infections and an IgG seroprevalence of 51.3%. The data indicate that the infection has become more common than it was in the 1960s, especially in southern Finland. Two distinct IgG IFA fluorescence patterns were observed: a granular pattern in sera from patients with acute INKV infection and a diffuse pattern in those with long-standing immunity. Further analysis with a panel of INKV-positive sera (n = 18; verified by neutralization assay) of protein-specific responses, using immunoprecipitation and IFA based on baculovirus-expressed INK N, Gn, and Gc proteins, demonstrated a strong IgG response predominantly towards N protein in the acute phase. In contrast, in patients with long-standing immunity, the Gc response was more prominent and the N response was weaker. In conclusion, a diagnostic IgG IFA pattern distinguishing between acute infection and long-standing immunity was observed. N protein seems to be the optimal antigen for the serodiagnosis of acute infection, and the Gc protein could be appropriate for the serosurveillance of INKV.
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Abstract
The California serogroup viruses are mosquito viruses that cause human infections on five continents. They are maintained and amplified in nature by a wide variety of mosquito vectors and mammalian hosts; they thrive in a remarkably wide variety of microclimates (eg, tropical, coastal temperate marshland, lowland river valleys, alpine valleys and highlands, high boreal deserts, and arctic steppes). In 1993, California serogroup viruses caused 71% of all cases of arboviral illness in the United States, principally La Crosse encephalitis. The 30 to 180 annual cases of La Crosse encephalitis represent 8% to 30% of all cases of encephalitis, rendering this illness the most common and important endemic mosquito-borne illness in the USA. Subclinical or mild infections are much more common. Methods and results acquired from intense study of California serogroup viruses have been applied, with benefit, to the study of the ecology and pathogenesis of many more serious human arboviral illnesses. The evolutionary potential of viruses, with particular reference to the development of more virulent strains, has been studied more closely in the California serogroup viruses than in almost any other agent of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Rust
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA 02114, USA
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Kuno G, Mitchell CJ, Chang GJ, Smith GC. Detecting bunyaviruses of the Bunyamwera and California serogroups by a PCR technique. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34:1184-8. [PMID: 8727900 PMCID: PMC228979 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.34.5.1184-1188.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Many bunyaviruses of the Bunyamwera and California serogroups are medically important human pathogens. The development of an effective technique to detect the viruses by using molecular biologic tools, such as PCR, improves not only clinical diagnosis but also virologic surveillance of mosquito vectors in the field. In this study, we evaluated eight pairs of primers for reactivity with 44 viruses of the genus Bunyavirus, using a reverse transcriptase PCR technique. With a pair of serogroup-specific primers we designed, all viruses of the serogroups tested could be detected. Further, virus-specific primer pairs were identified for California encephalitis virus, Jamestown Canyon virus, La Crosse virus, and snowshoe hare virus for use in North America. Using this technique, we could detect one La Crosse virus-infected mosquito in a pool of 100 mosquitoes with undetectable plaque titers.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kuno
- Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado 80522-2087, USA
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