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Wheat WH, Arthun EN, Spencer JS, Regan DP, Titus RG, Dow SW. Immunization against full-length protein and peptides from the Lutzomyia longipalpis sand fly salivary component maxadilan protects against Leishmania major infection in a murine model. Vaccine 2017; 35:6611-6619. [PMID: 29079105 PMCID: PMC5710984 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is an arthropod vectored disease causing considerable human morbidity and mortality. Vaccination remains the most realistic and practical means to interrupt the growing number and diversity of sand fly vectors and reservoirs of Leishmania. Since transmission of Leishmania is achieved exclusively by sand fly vectors via immune-modulating salivary substances, conventional vaccination requiring an unmodified host immune response for success are potentially destined to fail unless immunomodulatory factors are somehow neutralized. Using cationic liposome DNA complexes (CLDC) as an adjuvant system along with Lu. longipalpis sand fly salivary component maxadilan (MAX) as antigen (Ag), we show that mice are protected from the MAX-induced exacerbation of infection with Leishmania major (Lm). The CLDC adjuvant and alum were comparable in terms of lesion induration and decreased parasite burden, however the alum adjuvant imposed more inflammation at the injection site. BALB/c, C3H and C57BL/6 mice vaccinated with MAX-CLDC containing either the full-length MAX or peptides spanning the N- and C-terminal regions of MAX are protected against footpad challenges with Lm co-injected with MAX. When compared to unvaccinated controls, all strains of mice immunized with CLDC containing either peptides encompassing the first 20 N-terminal AA or those spanning the last 15 AA of the C-terminal domain of MAX demonstrated decreased parasite burden after 9 or 18 weeks post challenge with Lm + MAX. MAX-CLDC immunized mice showed increased IFNγ-secreting and decreased IL-4-secreting CD4+ cells in footpad-draining lymph nodes. Antisera from C-terminal peptide (P11) MAX-CLDC-vaccinated animals was capable of recognizing FL-MAX and its C-terminal domain and also blocked MAX-mediated reprogramming of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DC) in vitro. This peptide vaccine targeting sand fly MAX, improves host immunity against MAX-mediated immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Wheat
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States.
| | - Erik N Arthun
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - John S Spencer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Daniel P Regan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Richard G Titus
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Steven W Dow
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
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Souza NA, Brazil RP, Araki AS. The current status of the Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) species complex. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 112:161-174. [PMID: 28225906 PMCID: PMC5319373 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lutzomyia longipalpis s.l. is a complex of sibling species and is
the principal vector of American visceral leishmaniasis. The present review
summarises the diversity of efforts that have been undertaken to elucidate the number
of unnamed species in this species complex and the phylogenetic relationships among
them. A wide variety of evidence, including chemical, behavioral and molecular
traits, suggests very recent speciation events and complex population structure in
this group. Although significant advances have been achieved to date, differential
vector capacity and the correlation between structure of parasite and vector
populations have yet to be elucidated. Furthermore, increased knowledge about recent
epidemiological changes, such as urbanisation, is essential for pursuing effective
strategies for sandfly control in the New World.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataly A Souza
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemiptera, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Reginaldo P Brazil
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Alejandra S Araki
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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3
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Cohnstaedt LW, Caceres AG, Beati L, Munstermann LE. The population structure of Lutzomyia verrucarum (Diptera: Psycodidae), a Bartonella bacilliformis and Leishmania peruviana vector in Peru. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 49:77-84. [PMID: 22308774 DOI: 10.1603/me11013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The population genetic structure of Lutzomyia verrucarum (Townsend), a sand fly disease vector of Carrion's disease and cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Peruvian Andes, was characterized by sequencing 653 bp of cytochrome b and 1,125 bp of the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 genes of its mitochondrial genome. DNA sequence variation within and between valleys was compared in a sample of 220 sand flies from three valleys (Purisima, Huaylas, and Conchucos) and five departments (Amazonas, Cajamarca, Piura, Lima, and Huancavelica). Gene network and phylogenetic analyses indicated a high similarity of haplotypes collected within a single valley (0-0.52% nucleotide divergence). Flies from each valley had unique genotypes not shared with specimens from other valleys or from more distant regions (0.8-3.1% nucleotide divergence). Mountain ranges and geographic distance appear to have impeded migration (N(m) = < 0.18) between valleys and separated populations into discrete genetic units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee W Cohnstaedt
- Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Bello F, Ruiz-García M. Isoenzyme Polymorphism and Genetic Structure of Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Populations from the Colombian Atlantic Coast. Biochem Genet 2009; 47:462-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s10528-009-9243-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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5
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Bauzer LGSR, Souza NA, Maingon RDC, Peixoto AA. Lutzomyia longipalpis in Brazil: a complex or a single species? A mini-review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2007; 102:1-12. [PMID: 17293992 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762007000100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lutzomyia longipalpis is the main vector of Leishmania infantum chagasi, the causative agent of American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL). Although there is strong evidence that Lu. longipalpis is a species complex, not all data concerning populations from Brazil support this hypothesis. The issue is still somewhat controversial for this large part of Lu. longipalpis distribution range even though that it is the Latin American region contributing to most of the cases of AVL. In this mini-review we consider in detail the current data for the Brazilian populations and conclude that Lu. longipalpis is a complex of incipient vector species with a complexity similar to Anopheles gambiae s.s. in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz G S R Bauzer
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
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de Queiroz Balbino V, Coutinho-Abreu IV, Sonoda IV, Melo MA, de Andrade PP, de Castro JAF, Rebêlo JM, Carvalho SMS, Ramalho-Ortigão M. Genetic structure of natural populations of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) from the Brazilian northeastern region. Acta Trop 2006; 98:15-24. [PMID: 16480941 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2006.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Revised: 12/23/2005] [Accepted: 01/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In Latin America, Lutzomyia longipalpis is the principal vector of Leishmania chagasi, and is associated with the majority of active foci of visceral leishmaniasis. In spite of the fact that this sand fly is spread practically throughout the entire Neotropical Region, its distribution is not uniform due to geographic and environmental barriers. Geographic isolation coupled with reduced flight abilities may contribute to the appearance of cryptic species of Lutzomyia longipalpis, which may differ in their capacity to transmit L. chagasi. In this work, we describe the genetic structuring patterns based on polymorphism analysis of 24 RAPD-PCR loci of 7 natural populations of Lutzomyia longipalpis obtained from Brazil's northeastern region. The estimated degree of genetic differentiation between populations, based on the population subdivision index theta(ST) (0.136), suggests a moderate degree of genetic structuring as a result of geographical isolation and restricted gene flow. Genetic distances were found to be compatible with those found between members of a single species, suggesting a taxonomic uniformity of Lutzomyia longipalpis in the region studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdir de Queiroz Balbino
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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Lainson R, Rangel EF. Lutzomyia longipalpis and the eco-epidemiology of American visceral leishmaniasis, with particular reference to Brazil: a review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2005; 100:811-27. [PMID: 16444411 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762005000800001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An historical review is given of American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL), with particular reference to the eco-epidemiology of the disease in Brazil. Following the first records of AVL in this country, in 1934, the sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz and Neiva, 1912) was incriminated as the principal vector. It is now generally accepted, however, that there exist a number of cryptic species under the name of Lu. longipalpis s.l. and that variations in the quantity of the vasodilatory peptide maxadilan in the saliva of flies from different populations of Lu. longipalpis s.l., may account for the variable clinical manifestations of AVL seen in different geographic regions. Distribution of AVL has been shown to extend throughout most of South and Central America, with the domestic dog serving as the principal reservoir of infection for man. However, while one hypothesis suggests that the causative parasite is Leishmania infantum, imported from Europe with the Portuguese and Spanish colonists, the demonstration of a high rate of benign, inapparent infection in foxes in Amazonian Brazil raised an opposing suggestion that the parasite is indigenous to the Americas. Recent reports of similar infections in native marsupials, and possibly rodents, tend to support this view, particularly as Lu. longipalpis is primordially a silvatic sandfly. Although effective control measures in foci of the disease will diminish the number of canine and human infections, the presence of such an enzootic in a variety of native animals will render the total eradication of AVL unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Lainson
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém, PA, Brazil.
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Hamilton JGC, Maingon RDC, Alexander B, Ward RD, Brazil RP. Analysis of the sex pheromone extract of individual male Lutzomyia longipalpis sandflies from six regions in Brazil. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2005; 19:480-8. [PMID: 16336313 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2005.00594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Although the phlebotomine sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) (Diptera: Psychodidae) is generally accepted to be a species complex, it is unclear how many members there are, how they are related and which are the main vectors of leishmaniasis. The vectorial capacity of each sibling species is likely to differ, thus a means of identifying the most important vector species is of critical importance to the epidemiology and control of this debilitating disease in South and Central America. In Brazil four chemotypes have been distinguished by sex pheromone analysis. In this study the sex pheromone extracts of L. longipalpis from six regions of Brazil were analysed in detail. Samples included the sympatric 1-spot, 2-spot and intermediate spot morphotypes from Sobral, Ceará State. The results strongly suggest that members of the complex that produce different sex pheromones are reproductively isolated, thus strengthening the argument that the different chemotypes represent true sibling species. The study also found significant differences in morphology and the amounts of sex pheromone produced by members of each chemotype from different parts of Brazil, which suggests population substructuring that has not previously been recognized. Evidence of a fifth chemotype in Brazil is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G C Hamilton
- Chemical Ecology/Medical Entomology Group, Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK.
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Bottecchia M, Oliveira SG, Bauzer LGSR, Souza NA, Ward RD, Garner KJ, Kyriacou CP, Peixoto AA. Genetic divergence in the cacophony IVS6 intron among five Brazilian populations of Lutzomyia longipalpis. J Mol Evol 2004; 58:754-61. [PMID: 15461432 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-004-2586-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Genes involved in the reproductive isolation are particularly useful as molecular markers in speciation studies. Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae), a putative species complex, is a vector of visceral leishmaniasis in Latin America. We isolated from this species a fragment homologous to cacophony, a Drosophila gene that encodes features of the lovesong, an acoustic signal that is important in the sexual isolation of closely related species and known to vary considerably among L. longipalpis putative siblings species. Using an intron of the sandfly cacophony as a marker, we analyzed the molecular variation and sequence divergence among five populations of L. longipalpis from Brazil, three allopatric (Jacobina, Lapinha and Natal) and two putative sympatric sibling species from the locality of Sobral. A high level of polymorphism was found and analysis of the data indicates that very little gene flow is occurring among the populations of Jacobina, Lapinha, and Natal. A high level of differentiation was also observed between the two putative sympatric species of Sobral, one of which seems to be the same sibling species found in Natal, while the other is somewhat more related to Jacobina and Lapinha. However, the amount of estimated gene flow among the Sobral siblings is about seven times higher than the previously estimated for period, another lovesong gene, perhaps indicating that introgression might be affecting cacophony more than period. The results suggest that L. longipalpis is not a single species in Brazil, but it is yet not clear whether the different populations studied deserve species status rather than representing an incipient speciation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bottecchia
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Fundacão Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Hamilton JGC, Brazil RP, Maingon R. A fourth chemotype of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) from Jaibas, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2004; 41:1021-1026. [PMID: 15605640 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585-41.6.1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz and Neiva) is a species complex of Lutzomyia pseudolongipalpis (Arrivillaga and Feliciangeli) and at least three other as yet undefined siblings. Isozyme and mitochondrial studies of allopatric populations across Central and South America have suggested the presence of four "clades" that have been hypothesized to have arisen mainly because of geographical isolation mechanisms. Parallel studies of sexual behavior as well as cross-mating and genetic analysis, of both allopatric and sympatric populations, suggest at least four sibling species that do not seem to correspond to the defined four "clades." In an effort to understand this apparent discrepancy, sympatric populations of L. longipalpis from a single South American country, Brazil, are being studied. In Brazil, three putative species can be identified by their male-produced sex pheromones: (S)-9-methylgermacrene-B, 3-methyl-a-himachalene, and a cembrene. We report here that analysis by coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry shows that L. longipalpis from Jaibas, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, occurs as two sympatric sex pheromone chemotypes. One chemotype is the cembrene type previously recorded in a L. longipalpis population from Sobral, Ceará State, Brazil, and the other is a new cembrene isomer not previously observed in L. longipalpis. The finding of this new chemotype strongly suggests that the L. longipalpis species complex in Brazil consists of four members rather than the three previously recognized and confirms previous analysis of genetic variation that had suggested the presence of a complex in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G C Hamilton
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom.
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Souza NA, Vigoder FM, Araki AS, Ward RD, Kyriacou CP, Peixoto AA. Analysis of the copulatory courtship songs of Lutzomyia longipalpis in six populations from Brazil. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2004; 41:906-913. [PMID: 15535620 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585-41.5.906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis Lutz & Neiva (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae), the main vector of Leishmania infantum in the Americas, is believed to be a species complex, although the status of different Brazilian populations is still somewhat unclear. Preliminary analysis of the acoustic signals that are produced during copulation by L. longipalpis males has suggested the existence of three sibling species in Brazil. In the current report, we analyze in more detail a number of parameters of the copulatory courtship songs of L. longipalpis males from four allopatric populations from different parts of the country (Marajó Island, Natal, Jacobina, and Lapinha Cave) and from two sympatric populations from the locality of Sobral, where two types of males can be differentiated by the number of pale spots (one or two pairs) found on the abdomen. We show that males from the localities of Natal, Marajó, and Sobral (two-spot morph) have very similar songs composed of successive bursts, which are modulated in frequency and amplitude. No significant differences were found in the song parameters of these three populations. In contrast, one-spot males from Sobral and males from Jacobina and Lapinha produce songs that are made of pulses but with distinct patterns for each population and significant differences in all song parameters studied. The results suggest that the L. longipalpis complex in Brazil is composed of four sibling species and that the differences in song patterns between the populations are consistent with the level of divergence found in the period gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataly A Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21045-900, Brazil
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Arrivillaga J, Mutebi JP, Piñango H, Norris D, Alexander B, Feliciangeli MD, Lanzaro GC. The taxonomic status of genetically divergent populations of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) based on the distribution of mitochondrial and isozyme variation. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2003; 40:615-627. [PMID: 14596274 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585-40.5.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The sand fly, Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva) reputedly is a complex of cryptic species; however, there is currently no consensus as to the number of species in the complex or their geographic distributions. We conducted phylogenetic analyses of 31 populations from throughout the species range, using seven isozyme loci and genes in the mitochondrial genome. Analyses of these two independent sets of markers were largely concordant and revealed four distinct clades that support the existence of four species. The four clades have distinct geographic ranges: (1) Brazil (Species A = Lu. longipalpis sensu stricto), (2) Laran (Species B = Lu. pseudolongipalpis), (3) cis-Andean (Species C), and (4) trans-Andean (Species D). The cis-Andean clade may be subdivided further into two groups, one in Colombia and one in northwestern Venezuela, but their taxonomic status remains unresolved. Knowledge that Lu. longipalpis is a complex of species may ultimately shed light on anomalies in the epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in the New World.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazzmin Arrivillaga
- Universidad de Carabobo, BIOMED, Centro Nacional de Referencia de Flebotomos, La Morita, Maracay, Venezuela, Apdo. 4873
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Abstract
Lutzomyia longipalpis is the most important vector of AmericanVisceral Leishmaniasis (AVL) due to Leishmania chagasi in the New World. Despite its importance, AVL, a disease primarily of rural areas, has increased its prevalence and became urbanized in some large cities in Brazil and other countries in Latin America. Although the disease is treatable, other control measures include elimination of infected dogs and the use of insecticides to kill the sand flies. A better understanding of vector biology could also account as one more tool for AVL control. A wide variety of papers about L. longipalpis have been published in the recent past years. This review summarizes our current information of this particular sand fly regarding its importance, biology, morphology, pheromones genetics, saliva, gut physiology and parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo P P Soares
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
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Maingon RDC, Ward RD, Hamilton JGC, Noyes HA, Souza N, Kemp SJ, Watts PC. Genetic identification of two sibling species of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) that produce distinct male sex pheromones in Sobral, Ceará State, Brazil. Mol Ecol 2003; 12:1879-94. [PMID: 12803639 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01871.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lutzomyia longipalpis, the main sandfly vector for New World visceral leishmaniasis is a complex of an as yet undefined number of sibling species. At present, there is no consensus on the status (single species vs. species complex) of Brazilian populations. We applied five microsatellite loci to test the hypothesis that L. longipalpis occurs as two sympatric cryptic species in Sobral, Ceará State, Brazil as predicted by male sex pheromone chemotypes described previously for field specimens from this site [S-9-methyl-germacrene-B (9MGB) and a cembrene compound]. Abdominal spot morphology corresponds with pheromone type at this locality (9MGB in '1 spot' males and cembrene in '2 spot' males). Genotype data from 190 wild-caught L. longipalpis specimens collected in October 1999 and April 2001 were used to estimate genetic differentiation between the two sex pheromone populations and sampling dates. No significant (P > 0.05) genetic differences were found between the 1999 and 2001 9MGB samples (theta = 0.018; RST = -0.005), and genetic differentiation was low between the cembrene collections (theta = 0.037, P < 0.05; RST = -0.043, P > 0.05). By contrast, highly divergent allelic frequencies (largely at two microsatellite loci) corresponded to significant (P > 0.05) genetic differentiation (theta = 0.221; RST = 0.215) for all comparisons between samples with different pheromones. When pheromone samples were pooled across sample date, genetic differentiation was high (theta = 0.229; P < 0.001; Nem = 0.84). The allele frequency distribution at each of the five microsatellite loci was similar for males and females from the two collection years. Two of these loci showed highly divergent allele frequencies in the two sex pheromone populations. This was reflected in the highly significant genetic differentiation obtained from the male genotypes, between populations producing different pheromones (theta = 0.229-0.268; P < 0.0001 for the 2001 and theta = 0.254-0.558; P < 0.0001 for the 1999 collections, respectively). Similar results were obtained when the females, assigned to a pheromone type, were included in the analysis. Both a Bayesian analysis of the data set and a population assignment test provided strong evidence for two distinct populations corresponding to pheromone type. Given its genotype, the probability of assigning a 9MGB male to the original 9MGB population was 100% once the two years' collections were pooled. For cembrene-producing '2 spot' males this probability although still high, was lower than for 9MGB males, at 86%. This microsatellite data together with previously reported reproductive isolation between the two Sobral populations confirm that premating barriers are important in speciation of L. longipalpis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D C Maingon
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, ST5 5BG, UK.
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Arrivillaga JC, Norris DE, Feliciangeli MD, Lanzaro GC. Phylogeography of the neotropical sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2002; 2:83-95. [PMID: 12797984 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-1348(02)00087-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sand flies in the Lutzomyia longipalpis species complex include the primary vector of Leishmania chagasi, the etiologic agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the Neotropics. Twelve L. longipalpis populations from South and Central America were compared using the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene from the mitochondrial genome. The haplotype profiles for each population revealed that the majority of sequence variation was inter-population (98%) rather than intra-population, suggesting that sequence polymorphisms at the COI locus should provide excellent characters for the study of phylogenetic relationships among populations. Phylogenetic reconstruction using distance (neighbor-joining) and maximum parsimony analysis revealed the existence of four clades among the L. longipalpis populations studied: (1) Laran, (2) Brazilian, (3) cis-Andean and (4) trans-Andean. We suggest that these clades represent species. A biogeographical interpretation of the molecular phylogeny suggests that the process of speciation in the L. longipalpis complex began in the Pliocene, from a sub-Andean-Amazonian gene pool resulting from the Andean orogeny (formation of the East Andean Cordillera). The four clades probably diverged as a result of vicariance events that occurred throughout the late Pliocene and Pleistocene. We propose and discuss several historical scenarios, based on the biogeography and historical geology of Central and South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Arrivillaga
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
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Bauzer LGSR, Gesto JSM, Souza NA, Ward RD, Hamilton JGC, Kyriacou CP, Peixoto AA. Molecular divergence in the period gene between two putative sympatric species of the Lutzomyia longipalpis complex. Mol Biol Evol 2002; 19:1624-7. [PMID: 12200489 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Bauzer LGSR, Souza NA, Ward RD, Kyriacou CP, Peixoto AA. The period gene and genetic differentiation between three Brazilian populations of Lutzomyia longipalpis. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2002; 11:315-323. [PMID: 12144696 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2583.2002.00340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae), the main vector of visceral leishmaniasis in the Americas, is a putative species complex. Molecular polymorphism was characterized in a 266 bp fragment of L. longipalpis homologous to period, a 'speciation gene' from Drosophila. Samples from the Brazilian localities of Jacobina (BA), Lapinha (MG) and Natal (RN) were analysed and the data indicate that the three populations are highly differentiated, with a very low level of gene flow between them. These results are in agreement with published pheromone and copulation song studies that suggest the existence of a sibling species complex in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G S R Bauzer
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Entomologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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de Souza NA, Ward RD, Hamilton JGC, Kyriacou CP, Peixoto AA. Copulation songs in three siblings of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2002; 96:102-3. [PMID: 11925981 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(02)90258-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the results of recording male courtship songs of the sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis. The striking differences in the songs from 3 Brazilian populations of this sandfly with 3 distinct male pheromones support the 3 sibling species previously proposed based on this characteristic.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A de Souza
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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De la Riva J, Le Pont F, Ali V, Matias A, Mollinedo S, Dujardin JP. Wing geometry as a tool for studying the Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) complex. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2001; 96:1089-94. [PMID: 11784928 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762001000800011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Toro Toro (T) and Yungas (Y) have been described as genetically well differentiated populations of the Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) complex in Bolivia. Here we use geometric morphometrics to compare samples from these populations and new populations (Bolivia and Nicaragua), representing distant geographical origins, qualitative morphological variation ("one-spot" or "two-spots" phenotypes), ecologically distinct traits (peridomestic and silvatic populations), and possibly different epidemiological roles (transmitting or nor transmitting Leishmania chagasi). The Nicaragua (N) (Somotillo) sample was "one-spot" phenotype and a possible peridomestic vector. The Bolivian sample of the Y was also "one-spot" phenotype and a demonstrated peridomestic vector of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The three remaining samples were silvatic, "two-spots" phenotypes. Two of them (Uyuni and T) were collected in the highlands of Bolivian where VL never has been reported. The last one (Robore, R) came from the lowlands of Bolivia, where human cases of VL are sporadically reported. The decomposition of metric variation into size and shape by geometric morphometric techniques suggests the existence of two groups (N/Y/R, and U/T). Several arguments indicate that such subdivision of Lu. longipalpis could correspond to different evolutionary units.
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Torgerson D, Lampo M, Wo PT. Ability of cellulose acetate and polyacrylamide enzyme electrophoresis to separate 13 species of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) from Venezuela. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2001; 38:501-509. [PMID: 11476329 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585-38.4.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The detection of cryptic species by biochemical methods indicates that within the phlebotomine fauna morphological data are not always adequate for species diagnosis. Cellulose acetate and polyacrylamide enzyme electrophoresis methods were compared for their effectiveness in identifying 13 species of Venezuelan phlebotomine sand flies and resolving alleles. Eight diagnostic loci unambiguously separated these 13 species of sand flies. Although acrylamide was as effective as cellulose acetate in species separation, differences were detected in the resolution of some alleles. Cellulose acetate identified more alleles at Ak and Fum, and resolved better at Pgm, whereas acrylamide identified more alleles at Gpi, Mdh, and Me. Therefore, erroneous species diagnoses may occur, if diagnostic loci detected by one technique are used by a second technique without adequate reference standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Torgerson
- Centro de Ecología, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas
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Oliveira S, Bottecchia M, Bauzer L, Souza N, Ward R, Kyriacou C, Peixoto A. Courtship song genes and speciation in sand flies. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2001; 96:403-5. [PMID: 11313653 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762001000300022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) is a vector of visceral leishmaniasis in the Americas and it might represent a complex of sibling species. Reproductive isolation between closely related species often involves differences in courtship behaviour. cacophony (cac) and period (per) are two Drosophila genes that control features of the "lovesong" males produce during courtship that has been implicated in the sexual isolation between closely related species. We are using gene fragments from L. longipalpis' homologues of these two genes to study the speciation process in this putative species complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Animal e Vegetal, Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Cárdenas E, Munstermann LE, Martínez O, Corredor D, Ferro C. Genetic variability among populations of Lutzomyia (Psathyromyia) shannoni (Dyar 1929) (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) in Colombia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2001; 96:189-96. [PMID: 11285496 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762001000200010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to elucidate genetic variation at 13 isozyme loci among forest populations of Lutzomyia shannoni from three widely separated locations in Colombia: Palambí (Nariño Department), Cimitarra (Santander Department) and Chinácota (Norte de Santander Department). These samples were compared with a laboratory colony originating from the Magdalena Valley in Central Colombia. The mean heterozygosity ranged from 16 to 22%, with 2.1 to 2.6 alleles detected per locus. Nei's genetic distances among populations were low, ranging from 0.011 to 0.049. The estimated number of migrants (Nm=3.8) based on Wright's F-Statistic, F ST, indicated low levels of gene flow among Lu. shannoni forest populations. This low level of migration indicates that the spread of stomatitis virus occurs via infected host, not by infected insect. In the colony sample of 79 individuals, the Gpi locus was homozygotic (0.62/0.62) in all females and heterozygotic (0.62/0.72) in all males. Although this phenomenon is probably a consequence of colonization, it indicates that Gpi is linked to a sex determining locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cárdenas
- Laboratorio de Entomología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia.
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de Azevedo AC, Monteiro FA, Cabello PH, Souza NA, Rosa-Freitas MG, Rangel EF. Studies on populations of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2000; 95:305-22. [PMID: 10800188 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762000000300005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies were performed on five Brazilian populations of Lutzomyia longipalpis: Salvaterra (PA), São José do Ribamar (MA), Canindé (CE), Natal (RN) and Gruta da Lapinha, Lagoa Santa (MG). No morphological differences were observed that could distinguish between these populations. Homogeneity tests showed that the allopatric populations display a certain heterogeneity and that the sympatric populations, with different patterns of spots, are homogeneous. The Student-Newman-Keuls test, represented by Euler-Venn diagrams, showed a disjunction between the populations from the north/northeast and the one from Gruta da Lapinha. Genetic distances between the four populations (excluding the Canindé population) were within the range of intrapopulational differences. The Gruta da Lapinha population displayed a heterozygotic deficiency that could be a consequence of high levels of inbreeding due to cryptic habits of living in a small cave. These results do not favor the hypothesis of a L. longipalpis species complex in Brazil, and the species should be considered high polymorphic.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C de Azevedo
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brasil.
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Arrivillaga J, Rangel Y, Oviedo M, Feliciangeli MD. Genetic divergence among Venezuelan populations of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2000; 37:325-330. [PMID: 15535572 DOI: 10.1093/jmedent/37.3.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva) is the primary vector of visceral leishmaniasis in Venezuela. An analysis of alleles at seven enzyme-encoding loci among four populations from different geographic and epidemiological regions revealed strong genetic substructuring. Isozyme analysis indicated that L. longipalpis in Venezuela is a complex of at least two subspecies. Possible differences in population size during their evolutionary histories, varying colonization histories and geological events may explain discrepancies in the patterns of variation observed at genetic markers between these four populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Arrivillaga
- Universidad de Carabobo, Fac de Ciencias de la Salud, BIOMED, Centro de Referencia Nacional de Flebotomos, La Morita, Apdo 4873.Maracay, Edo. Aragua Venezuela
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Luitgards-Moura JF, Castellón Bermúdez EG, Rosa-Freitas MG. Aspects related to productivity for four generations of a Lutzomyia longipalpis laboratory colony. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2000; 95:251-7. [PMID: 10733749 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762000000200021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A closed colony of Lutzomyia longipalpis was established with specimens collected in the Raposa - Serra do Sol indian reservoir, one of the main foci of visceral leishmaniasis in the State of Roraima, Brazil. Biological observations were made on four generations of a L. longipalpis colony with emphasis on productivity. Aspects studied were the number of laid and retained eggs, and the number of adults (male and female) per generation. During the four generations the percentage of engorged females that laid eggs varied from 64.2% (third generation-F3) to 90.3% (second generation-F2). The mean number of eggs laid per female varied from 23.6 (F3) to 39. 9 (first generation-F1). The maximum number of eggs laid per female varied from 84 (F3) to 124 (F1). The mean number of retained eggs per female was 12.7 (parental generation-P and F1) to 22.1 (F2). The number of females exceeded the number of males in all generations. However, significant difference for male/female ratio was found only for F3. Fecundity rates were between 42.1 (F3) and 58.3 (F2). From a total of 439 blood-fed females, 355 females laid 12,257 eggs that yield 5,354 adults (2,525 males and 2,829 females) in four generations. F2 presented maximum productivity and fecundity rates.
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