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Kanmodi KK, Fagbule OF, Ogbeide ME, Ogunniyi KE, Isola TO, Samuel VO, Aliemeke EO, Adewuyi HO. Knowledge of senior secondary school students in Nigeria about Head and Neck Cancer: Implications on prevention strategies. Malawi Med J 2022; 34:162-169. [PMID: 36406094 PMCID: PMC9641603 DOI: 10.4314/mmj.v34i3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The high prevalence of the risk factors of head and neck cancer (HNC) amongst senior secondary (high) school students in Nigeria is an issue of serious public health concern. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the knowledge of HNC among them. Methods This cross-sectional study surveyed 2,530 senior secondary school students in Nigeria, assessed their knowledge of HNC, using a self-administered questionnaire. Data collected were analyzed using the SPSS version 25 software. Results The mean (±SD) age of the respondents was 16.34 (±2.0) years. More than half (1418; 56.6%) of them were males, 530 (20.9%) were schooling in the north-central geopolitical zone of Nigeria, 1,860 (73.5%) were in public schools, 554 (21.9%) were boarding students, and 817 (33.5%) were in Senior Secondary (SS) 3 class. Only 789 (31.2%) respondents were aware of HNC, out of which: 69.2% of them had below-average scores in their overall assessment on HNC; 256 (32.4%) had ever received education on HNC and 81.2% indicated a positive interest in knowing more about HNC. The factors predicting above-average score on knowledge about HNC among the respondents were: being in SS3 class (OR=1.73; 95% CI=1.17 - 2.56), having been educated about HNC (OR=1.69; 95%CI=1.21 - 2.35) and having the interest to know more about HNC (OR=1.88; 95%CI=1.21 - 2.92). Bivariate analysis showed that these factors had statistically significant association (or relationship) with above-average score on knowledge about HNC (pvalues<0.05). Conclusion Majority of the surveyed students were willing to know more about HNC. The use of a properly planned massive school-based HNC education programs may go a long way in educating this population group on HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi
- Campaign for Head and Neck Cancer Education (CHANCE) Program, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, Tobacco Research & Advocacy Group, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom, Mental and Oral Health Development Organization Inc, Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria
| | - Omotayo Francis Fagbule
- Campaign for Head and Neck Cancer Education (CHANCE) Program, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, Tobacco Research & Advocacy Group, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, Mental and Oral Health Development Organization Inc, Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria, Department of Periodontology and Community Dentistry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Mike Eghosa Ogbeide
- Campaign for Head and Neck Cancer Education (CHANCE) Program, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, Tobacco Research & Advocacy Group, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Surgery, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Sokoto State, Nigeria
| | - Kayode Emmanuel Ogunniyi
- Campaign for Head and Neck Cancer Education (CHANCE) Program, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, Tobacco Research & Advocacy Group, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, Department of Internal Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Taiwo Oyebamiji Isola
- Campaign for Head and Neck Cancer Education (CHANCE) Program, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, Tobacco Research & Advocacy Group, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Victor Okpe Samuel
- Campaign for Head and Neck Cancer Education (CHANCE) Program, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, Tobacco Research & Advocacy Group, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Onyemaechi Aliemeke
- Campaign for Head and Neck Cancer Education (CHANCE) Program, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, Tobacco Research & Advocacy Group, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Habeeb Omoponle Adewuyi
- Campaign for Head and Neck Cancer Education (CHANCE) Program, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, Tobacco Research & Advocacy Group, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, Department of Guidance and Counseling, Faculty of Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
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McGinnis GJ, Ning MS, Bvochora-Nsingo M, Chiyapo S, Balang D, Ralefala T, Lin A, Zetola NM, Grover S. Management of Head and Neck Cancers With or Without Comorbid HIV Infection in Botswana. Laryngoscope 2021; 131:E1558-E1566. [PMID: 33098322 PMCID: PMC8046722 DOI: 10.1002/lary.29206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Head and neck cancer (HNC) is the fifth most common malignancy in sub-Saharan Africa, a region with hyperendemic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infection. HIV patients have higher rates of HNC, yet the effect of HIV-infection on oncologic outcomes and treatment toxicity is poorly characterized. STUDY DESIGN Prospective observational cohort study. METHODS HNC patients attending a government-funded oncology clinic in Botswana were prospectively enrolled in an observational cohort registry from 2015 to 2019. Clinical characteristics were analyzed via Cox proportional hazards and logistic regression followed by secondary analysis by HIV-status. Overall survival (OS) was evaluated via Kaplan-Meier. RESULTS The study enrolled 149 patients with a median follow-up of 23 months. Patients presented with advanced disease (60% with T4-primaries), received limited treatment (19% chemotherapy, 8% surgery, 29% definitive radiation [RT]), and had delayed care (median time from diagnosis to RT of 2.5 months). Median OS was 36.2 months. Anemia was associated with worse survival (HR 2.74, P = .001). Grade ≥ 3 toxicity rate with RT was 30% and associated with mucosal subsite (OR 4.04, P = .03) and BMI < 20 kg/m2 (OR 6.04, P = .012). Forty percent of patients (n = 59) were HIV-infected; most (85%) were on antiretroviral therapy, had suppressed viral loads (90% with ≤400 copies/mL), and had immunocompetent CD4 counts (median 400 cells/mm3 ). HIV-status was not associated with decreased receipt or delays of definitive RT, worse survival, or increased toxicity. CONCLUSIONS Despite access to government-funded care, HNC patients in Botswana present late and have delays in care, which likely contributes to suboptimal survival outcomes. While a disproportionate number has comorbid HIV infection, HIV-status does not adversely affect outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2c Laryngoscope, 131:E1558-E1566, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn J McGinnis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Matthew S Ning
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, U.S.A
| | | | - Sebathu Chiyapo
- Department of Oncology, Gaborone Private Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Dawn Balang
- Department of Oncology, Gaborone Private Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Tlotlo Ralefala
- School of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
- Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Alexander Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Nicola M Zetola
- School of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Surbhi Grover
- School of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
- Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
- Botswana University of Pennsylvania Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
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Adoga AA, Yaro JP, Mugu JG, Mgbachi CJ. Identifying Risk Factors for Morbidity and Mortality in Patients with Primary Head and Neck Cancers in a Nigerian Population. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-ONCOLOGY 2018; 12:1179554918783986. [PMID: 30046260 PMCID: PMC6055237 DOI: 10.1177/1179554918783986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background The risk factors for head and neck cancers (HNC) vary in different parts of the world. Objectives To identify the risk factors for HNC and the correlation between these factors and the involved anatomical sites. Methods We retrieved and analyzed health records of patients that met the inclusion criteria for HNC managed at our facility in a 10-year period using the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) version 10. Results We studied 122 patients with a male to female ratio of 2.1:1 aged 13 years to 85 years (mean = 51 years). Alcohol (P = .02), cigarette smoking (P = .01), and cooking wood smoke (P = .01) were associated with advanced tumor stage. Conclusions The strongest risk factors for HNC are alcohol, tobacco, HIV, agricultural chemicals, and cooking wood fumes in both sexes in their sixth and seventh decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeyi A Adoga
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
| | - John P Yaro
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Joyce G Mugu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Chukwunonso J Mgbachi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
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Okwor VC, Fagbamigbe AF, Fawole OI. Survivorship of patients with head and neck cancer receiving care in a tertiary health facility in Nigeria. Cancer Manag Res 2017; 9:331-338. [PMID: 28790865 PMCID: PMC5531721 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s133108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Head and neck cancer (HNC) is a major clinical and public health concern worldwide which impairs the vital functions of life. The treatment of metastatic HNCs is mainly palliative. This study examined the survival patterns and treatment outcomes in patients with HNCs in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. Materials and methods A review of the case files and treatment cards of patients with histological diagnosis of HNCs seen between January 2002 and December 2011 at the Radiotherapy Department, University College Hospital, Ibadan, was conducted. A total of 494 cases were identified, of which 481 had valid records. Analyses were done using Kaplan–Meier survival function and Cox proportional hazard regression techniques at 5% significance level. Results The median age of patients was 42 years with a male-to-female ratio of 2:1. Most patients presented at stages 3 (50.7%) and 4 (36.8%). Nasopharyngeal carcinoma was the most common (42.6%) HNC, followed by paranasal sinus (17.7%) and laryngeal cancer (11.6%). The lung was the most common site of metastasis (25.5%). Patients who presented at stages 1 and 4 disease had a median survival of 7.8 years and 1.9 years, respectively. Patients treated with a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy had a median survival of 8.0 years compared with those who had a single modality of treatment (~6.3 years). Conclusion Patient survival was inversely proportional to the stage of the disease. To encourage the early presentation of HNC cases, health education of the population on routine medical check-ups and on the symptoms suggestive of HNC is recommended. Health care providers should be trained to refer suspected cases promptly to tertiary health facilities for management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalis C Okwor
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.,Department of Radiation Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Adeniyi F Fagbamigbe
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Olufunmilayo I Fawole
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
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Nema R, Vishwakarma S, Agarwal R, Panday RK, Kumar A. Emerging role of sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:3269-80. [PMID: 27330306 PMCID: PMC4898435 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s99989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most frequent cancer type, with an annual incidence of approximately half a million people worldwide. It has a high recurrence rate and an extremely low survival rate. This is due to limited availability of effective therapies to reduce the rate of recurrence, resulting in high morbidity and mortality of patients with advanced stages of the disease. HNSCC often develops resistance to chemotherapy and targeted drug therapy. Thus, to overcome the problem of drug resistance, there is a need to explore novel drug targets. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid involved in inflammation, tumor progression, and angiogenesis. S1P is synthesized intracellularly by two sphingosine kinases (SphKs). It can be exported to the extracellular space, where it can activate a family of G-protein-coupled receptors. Alternatively, S1P can act as an intracellular second messenger. SphK1 regulates tumor progression, invasion, metastasis, and chemoresistance in HNSCC. SphK1 expression is highly elevated in advanced stage HNSCC tumors and correlates with poor survival. In this article, we review current knowledge regarding the role of S1P receptors and enzymes of S1P metabolism in HNSCC carcinogenesis. Furthermore, we summarize the current perspectives on therapeutic approaches for targeting S1P pathway for treating HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Nema
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Supriya Vishwakarma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Rahul Agarwal
- Jawaharlal Nehru Cancer Hospital & Research Centre, Indrapuri, Bhopal, India
| | | | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal, Bhopal, India
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Abstract
Background: The occurrence and distribution of malignant jaw tumours differs across the globe because of differences in geographical, cultural, racial, and socioeconomic factors. The aim of this study was to determine the types and pattern of malignant jaw tumours in Calabar, located in South-South Nigeria. Materials and Methods: The histopathologic results, as well as demographic and clinical information of all consecutive patients diagnosed of having a malignant jaw tumour at the Oral and Maxillofacial Unit of University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria from January 2000 to December 2013 was retrospectively collected and analyzed. Results: A total of 46 (25.1%) out of the 180 cases of jaw neoplasms seen over the 14 year period were malignant. There was a slight male predominance with a ratio of 1.7:1 and the age ranged from 4 to 70 years, mean (standard deviation) 34.6 (4.56) years. The most common malignant lesion was squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (n = 20; 43.5%), followed by Burkitt lymphoma (n = 8; 17.4%). The gender distributions of the lesions were significant, with more SCC seen in females in a ratio of 1.5:1 in relation to males. Osteosarcoma (n = 6; 13%) and rhabdomyosarcoma (n = 4; 8.7%) were observed only in males and females, respectively. About half of the lesions occurred in the mandible (47.8%). The age distribution of lesions was significant (P < 0.001), with SCC frequently seen in the sixth and seventh decades while Burkitt's lymphoma and rhabdomyosarcoma were seen around the first decade. Clinical presentations ranged from swelling (n = 31), pain (n = 26), loosed teeth (n = 15), toothache (n = 11) to missing teeth (n = 9) among others and occurring either singly or in two or more combinations. The duration of symptoms on presentation ranged from 1 to 46 months, mean 21.7 (13.12) months and this was not different for male or female (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Oral cancer awareness campaign and advocacy is necessary to steer the awareness of the population on the need for regular dental visits, early recognition, and the dangers associated with late presentation of orofacial malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Obi Bassey
- Department of Dental Surgery, Maxillofacial Unit, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Otasowie Daniel Osunde
- Department of Dental Surgery, Maxillofacial Unit, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria
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Erinoso OA, Okoturo E, Gbotolorun OM, Effiom OA, Awolola NA, Soyemi SS, Oluwakuyide RT. Emerging Trends in the Epidemiological Pattern of Head and Neck Cancers in Lagos, Nigeria. Ann Med Health Sci Res 2016; 6:301-307. [PMID: 28503348 PMCID: PMC5414443 DOI: 10.4103/amhsr.amhsr_30_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Unfortunately, despite an increase in medical knowledge, survival rates of head and neck cancers (HNCs) have not been observed to improve greatly. This is true, especially in tumors located in obscure primary sites or late presentation. Aim: The purpose of this study is to assess the epidemiologic pattern of HNCs and to evaluate its emerging trends and patterns in Lagos state. Subjects and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted from 2003 to 2013 that analyzed histologically diagnosed cases of HNC at the Pathology Departments of the two tertiary teaching hospitals in Lagos. Data analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (version 20) statistical software. Results: One thousand and eighty-three cases of head and neck malignancies were recorded. A female: male ratio of 1.01:1 was reported with mean age of 39.6 (standard deviation 21.1) years. The oral cavity was the most affected anatomic site (21.2%, 230/1083) in the period under review. Malignant epithelial tumors accounted for 72% (779/1083) of cases seen. Carcinomas were the most common histological variant seen (67%, 726/1083) and squamous cell carcinoma accounted for 58% (421/726) of carcinomas recorded. Oral cavity malignancies (21.8%, 118/540) were the most common in males while thyroid malignancies (28.5%, 155/543) were the most seen in females. In children (≤15 years), the most common histologic findings were carcinomas (42.3%; 77/182) and retinoblastomas (23.6%; 43/182). Conclusion: Epithelial malignancies were the most common malignancy in the study, and the oral cavity appears to be the increasingly predominant site for HNCs. A changing pattern in gender predominance, age distribution, and frequency with histological variants and anatomical sites was also observed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Erinoso
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Lagos university teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - E Okoturo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery College of Medicine, Lagos State University/Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - O M Gbotolorun
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Lagos/Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - O A Effiom
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos/Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - N A Awolola
- Department of Anatomic and Molecular Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos/Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - S S Soyemi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Lagos State University/Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - R T Oluwakuyide
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos/Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
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Gilyoma JM, Rambau PF, Masalu N, Kayange NM, Chalya PL. Head and neck cancers: a clinico-pathological profile and management challenges in a resource-limited setting. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:772. [PMID: 26654449 PMCID: PMC4676813 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1773-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Head and neck cancer (HNC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide and its incidence is reported to be increasing in resource-limited countries. There is a paucity of published data regarding head and neck cancers in Tanzania, and Bugando Medical Centre in particular. This study describes the clinicopathological profile of HNC in our local setting and highlights the challenges in the management of this disease. METHODS This was a retrospective study of histopathologically confirmed cases of head and neck cancers treated at Bugando Medical Center between January 2009 and December 2013. RESULTS A total of 346 patients (M:F = 2.1:1) were studied representing 9.5 % of all malignancies. The median age of patients was 42 years. Cigarette smoking (76.6 %) and heavy alcohol consumption (69.9 %) were the most frequently identified risk factors for head and neck cancer. The majority of patients (95.9 %) presented late with advanced stages. Twenty-five (7.2 %) patients were HIV positive with a median CD4+ count of 244 cells/μl. The oral cavity (37.3 %) was the most frequent anatomical site affected. The most common histopathological type was carcinomas (59.6 %) of which 75.7 % were squamous cell carcinoma. A total of 196 (56.6 %) patients underwent surgical procedures for HNC. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy was reported in 9.5 and 16.8 % of patients, respectively. Only 2 (0.6 %) patients received chemo-radiation therapy. The mortality rate was 24.4 %. The overall 5-year survival rate (5-YSR) was 20.6 %. The predictors of overall 5-YSR were age of patient at diagnosis, stage of disease, extent of lymph node involvement, HIV seropositivity and CD4+ count <200 cells/μl (P < 0.001). Local recurrence was reported in 22 (23.4 %) patients and this was significantly associated with positive resection margins, stage of the tumor and presence of metastasis at diagnosis and non-adherence to adjuvant therapy (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Head and neck cancers are not uncommon at Bugando Medical Centre and show a trend towards a relative young age at diagnosis and the majority of patients present late with advanced stage cancer. Therefore, public enlightenment, early diagnosis, and effective cost-effective treatment and follow-up are urgently needed to improve outcomes of these patients in our environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Japhet M Gilyoma
- Department of Surgery, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences-Bugando, Mwanza, Tanzania.
| | - Peter F Rambau
- Department of Pathology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences-Bugando, Mwanza, Tanzania.
| | - Nestory Masalu
- Department of Oncology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences-Bugando, Mwanza, Tanzania.
| | - Neema M Kayange
- Department of Paediatrics, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences-Bugando, Mwanza, Tanzania.
| | - Phillipo L Chalya
- Department of Surgery, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences-Bugando, Mwanza, Tanzania.
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Faggons CE, Mabedi C, Shores CG, Gopal S. Review: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in sub-Saharan Africa. Malawi Med J 2015; 27:79-87. [PMID: 26715951 PMCID: PMC4688867 DOI: 10.4314/mmj.v27i3.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Review the literature from 1990 to 2013 to determine known anatomic sites, risk factors, treatments, and outcomes of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS Using a systematic search strategy, literature pertaining to HNSCC in sub-Saharan Africa was reviewed and patient demographics, anatomic sites, histology, stage, treatment, and outcomes were abstracted. The contributions of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human papillomavirus (HPV) and behavioural risk factors to HNSCC in the region were assessed. RESULTS Of the 342 papers identified, 46 were utilized for review, including 8611 patients. In sub-Saharan Africa, the oropharyngeal/oral cavity was found to be the most common site, with 7750 cases (90% of all cases). Few papers distinguished oropharyngeal from oral cavity, making identification of possible HPV-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) difficult. SCC of the nasopharynx, nasal cavity, or paranasal sinuses was identified in 410 patients (4.8% of all cases). Laryngeal SCC was found in 385 patients (4.5% of all cases), and only 66 patients (0.8% of all cases) with hypopharyngeal SCC were identified. In 862 patients with data available, 43% used tobacco and 42% used alcohol, and reported use varied widely and was more common in laryngeal SCC than that of the oropharyngeal/oral cavity. Toombak and kola nut use was reported to be higher in patients with HNSCC. Several papers reported HIV-positive patients with HNSCC, but it was not possible to determine HNSCC prevalence in HIV-positive compared to negative patients. Reports of treatment and outcomes were rare. CONCLUSIONS The oropharyngeal/oral cavity was by far the most commonly reported site of HNSCC reported in sub-Saharan Africa. The roles of risk factors in HNSCC incidence in sub-Saharan Africa were difficult to delineate from the available studies, but a majority of patients did not use tobacco and alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Faggons
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - C Mabedi
- Department of Surgery, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - C G Shores
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - S Gopal
- UNC Project-Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
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Fattahi S, Vosoughhosseini S, Moradzadeh Khiavi M, Mahmoudi SM, Emamverdizadeh P, Noorazar SG, Yasamineh N, Lotfi R. Prevalence of Head and Neck Tumors in Children under 12 Years of Age Referred to the Pathology Department of Children's Hospital in Tabriz during a 10-year Period. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2015; 9:96-100. [PMID: 26236435 PMCID: PMC4517312 DOI: 10.15171/joddd.2015.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims. Head and neck tumors are the most common complaints of people referring to different medical sections, especially in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of these tumors in children less than 12 years of age to provide a better perspective for future studies. Materials and methods. All the files in Department of Pathology at Tabriz Pediatric Hospital from 2001 to 2011 were screened for head and neck tumors in children under 12 years of age. Data including age and gender as well as the type, the location, and benign/malignant characteristic of the tumor were recorded. Data were analyzed by SPSS 15 statistical software, using descriptive statistics and chi-square test. Results. A total of 160 cases were identified. Most of the tumors were benign (68%) and most of the tumors occurred in the neck region (41%). The most frequent benign and malignant tumors were lymphangioma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, respectively. The majority of benign tumors were found in children younger than 2 years old (P=0.007), but there was no age predilection for malignant tumors. Conclusion. According to our results, benign tumors were more prevalent than malignant ones. Although a low rate of benign tumors in males shows that more attention should be paid to the early diagnosis of head and neck tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Fattahi
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sepideh Vosoughhosseini
- Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Monir Moradzadeh Khiavi
- Associate Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences(International Cam-pus), Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mostafa Mahmoudi
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Parya Emamverdizadeh
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyed Gholamreza Noorazar
- Assistant Professor, Clinical Psychiatry Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Neda Yasamineh
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rana Lotfi
- Life science student, Arts & Science Faculty, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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11
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Burkitt lymphoma of thyroid gland in an adolescent. Case Rep Pediatr 2014; 2014:187467. [PMID: 24868478 PMCID: PMC4020368 DOI: 10.1155/2014/187467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkitt Lymphoma is a highly aggressive form of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that in nonendemic areas has abdominal primary sites. We report a very rare case of Burkitt lymphoma of the thyroid gland presenting as a rapidly growing thyroid swelling in a 14-year-old white Caucasian British male with no preexisting thyroid or medical problems. The diagnosis was confirmed by an open wedge biopsy following a fine needle aspiration. The patient was treated according to the Children's Cancer and Leukaemia Group guidelines for BL—Group B protocol and currently is in remission.
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Akinyele AO, Israel AT, Akang EEU. Paediatric head and neck cancers in Nigeria: Implications for treatment planning in resource limited settings. Niger Med J 2013; 53:245-8. [PMID: 23661887 PMCID: PMC3640248 DOI: 10.4103/0300-1652.107604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The head and neck (H/N) is a common site for childhood cancers. This study examined all cases of H/N childhood cancers diagnosed in a major teaching hospital in Nigeria over 18 years to determine patterns of broad lineage cancer groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary pediatric childhood malignancies diagnosed between 1990 and 2008 were analysed. Logistic regression models were fitted to determine significant clinical correlates of childhood cancer. RESULTS Lymphomas were the commonest cancers (49.5%). After controlling for site and age, there was no significant difference in the incidence of Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) by sex (P=0.423). The jaw bones (mandible and maxilla) were the commonest sites in the H/N for involvement of BL, with over 20 times the odds of occurrence when compared to other non-jaw sites of the H/N region (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]=21.41, P<0.001). Among the jaw bones, there was no significant difference in the occurrence of BL (P=0.860). CONCLUSION Lymphomas are the commonest cancer group among children in Nigeria. In resource limited settings where diagnoses depend majorly on clinical intuition, an awareness of predictors of a disease can shorten the time spent on arriving at a working diagnosis and guide the immediate choice of investigations and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adisa O Akinyele
- Department of Oral Pathology, University College Hospital Ibadan, Nigeria
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Lasisi TJ, Adisa AO, Olusanya AA. Appraisal of jaw swellings in a Nigerian tertiary healthcare facility. J Clin Exp Dent 2013; 5:e42-7. [PMID: 24455050 PMCID: PMC3892236 DOI: 10.4317/jced.51011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The mandible and maxilla can be the site of myriads of lesions that may be categorized as neoplastic, cystic, reactive and infective or inflammatory. Literature reviewing jaw swellings in an amalgamated fashion are uncommon, probably because aetiologies for these swellings are varied. However, to appreciate their relative relationship, it is essential to evaluate the clinico-pathologic profile of jaw swellings. The aim of this appraisal is to describe the array of jaw swellings seen at our hospital from 1990 to 2011, to serve as a reference database.
Material and Methods: Biopsy records of all histologically diagnosed cases of jaw swellings seen at the department of Oral Pathology, University College Hospital between January 1990 and December 2011 were retrieved, coded and inputted into SPSS version 20. Data on prevalence, age, sex, site and histological diagnosis were analysed descriptively for each category of jaw swellings. All patients below 16 years were regarded as children.
Results: A total of 638 jaw swellings were recorded in the 22-year study period. The Non Odontogenic Tumours (NOT) were the commonest, accounting for 46.2% of all jaw swellings. Odontogenic Tumours (OT) formed 45% of all adult jaw swelling while it formed 25.2% in children and adolescents. Ameloblastoma was the commonest while the most common NOT was ossifying fibroma (OF). Chronic osteomyelitis of the jaws was about 6 times commoner in adult females than males and mostly involved the mandible. The most common malignant jaw swelling was Burkitts’ lymphoma (BL) that was about 7 times more in children than adults. Osteogenic sarcoma was the most common malignancy in adults.
Conclusion: Jaw swellings are extensively varied in types and pattern of occurrence. This study has categorized jaw swellings in a simple but comprehensive fashion to allow for easy referencing in local and international data acquisition and epidemiological comparison.
Key words:Jaw swellings, odontogenic, Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taye J Lasisi
- Lecturer/Consultant. Department of Oral Pathology, University of Ibadan/University College Hospital. Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Akinyele O Adisa
- Lecturer/Consultant. Department of Oral Pathology, University of Ibadan/University College Hospital. Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adeola A Olusanya
- Lecturer/Consultant. Department of Oral and maxillofacial surgery, University of Ibadan/University College Hospital. Ibadan, Nigeria
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Sengupta S, Pal R, Saha S, Bera SP, Pal I, Tuli IP. Spectrum of head and neck cancer in children. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg 2011; 14:200-3. [PMID: 20419020 PMCID: PMC2858881 DOI: 10.4103/0971-9261.59601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To assess the incidence of different head and neck cancers in pediatric age group in a referral hospital. Methods: In this prospective study, children below the age of 12 years underwent a thorough clinical, ENT examination and the diagnosis was conformed histologically in all the cases. Results: Fifty-three were diagnosed to be suffering from different head and neck neoplasms among 21,216 children (0.25%). Male-to-female sex distribution was 1.78:1. The lymphomas were the most common (43.39%) followed by the rhabdomyosarcoma (20.75%) and the nasopharyngeal carcinoma (15.09%). Of the lymphomas, the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was predominant (26.41%). Other lesions were thyroid carcinomas and mucoepidermoid carcinoma of parotid. Conclusions: Malignancy should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of masses in the head and neck region in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhabrata Sengupta
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Sikkim-Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences (SMIMS) and Central Referral Hospital (CRH), 5th Mile Tadong, Gangtok, Sikkim-737 102, India
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Clinico-pathological profile of head and neck malignancies at University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Head Face Med 2011; 7:9. [PMID: 21569492 PMCID: PMC3115889 DOI: 10.1186/1746-160x-7-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This retrospective study analysed head and neck malignancies seen over a 19-year period at the University College Hospital, Ibadan. METHODOLOGY One thousand, one hundred and ninety two patients with head and neck malignancies were analysed according to age, gender, topography and histology. RESULTS There was an annual hospital frequency of 62 cases per year. The overall mean age for these malignancies was 43.9 (SD ± 19.3) years. The lesions from the respiratory tract were the most frequent (43.2%) of all cases. The palate was the most frequent intra-oral site (13.8%). Epithelial malignancies constituted 73.4% of all cases with a male: female ratio of 2:1, a mean age of 48.1 (SD ± 17.5) years and were mostly located in the larynx (19.7%). Lymphomas constituted 17.5% of all head and neck cancers with a male: female ratio of 1.6:1, a mean age of 35.1 (SD ± 20.6) years and nodal involvement (39.7%) was most common. Sarcomas constituted 8.9% of all malignancies with a male: female ratio of 1.5:1, mean age of 27.1 (SD ± 16.7) years and the maxillofacial bones (42.5%) were most commonly involved. Neuroendocrine malignancies accounted for 0.2% of head and neck malignancies with a male: female ratio of 1:1, a mean age of 28.5 (SD ± 6.4) years and both cases involved the nose. CONCLUSION This study has further confirmed that carcinomas remain the most frequent cancers of the head and neck region in south-western Nigeria.
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da Lilly-Tariah OB, Somefun AO, Adeyemo WL. Current evidence on the burden of head and neck cancers in Nigeria. HEAD & NECK ONCOLOGY 2009; 1:14. [PMID: 19476614 PMCID: PMC2694192 DOI: 10.1186/1758-3284-1-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Head and neck cancers (HNC) constitute 5–8% of total body cancers in Europe and America. It is difficult to appreciate the problem of cancers in Nigeria because most studies available are hospital-based studies. The aim of this study is to highlight current evidence on the burden of head and neck cancers in Nigeria based on literature review and to discuss potential health care actions to improve management. Methods A literature search using Medline was conducted for publications on head and neck cancer in Nigeria. Identified publications were manually searched for additional relevant non-Medline articles or abstracts. The full-texts of these articles were thoroughly examined for the occurrence, distribution, identified risks factors, presentations, diagnostic method, treatment, prognosis and challenges associated with the management of HNC. Results A total of twenty-seven relevant published articles on Head and neck cancers from 1968 to 2008 were reviewed. The age of patients with HNC ranged from nine months to over 80 years with peak between 3–6th decade of life. The male to female ratio ranged from 1:1 to 2.3:1. Identified risks factors were scanty, namely kola nuts and tobacco chewing, tobacco smoking, farming, viral infections, alcohol and smoking. Reports on the overall pattern of Head and neck cancers from different regions of the country cited nasopharynx as the commonest site for HNC, the sino-nasal is the second commonest while larynx, is the third commonly affected site. The majority of HNC was epithelial in origin and was mostly squamous cell carcinoma. Late presentation with advanced disease is common and treatment in most cases is palliative either with surgery or chemotherapy, and radiotherapy when available. There are few reports on the outcome of HNC treatment in Nigeria. Conclusion The burden of managing HNC in Nigeria is enormous and the government should set up the National Cancer Institute with a view of educating the public on cancer prevention, detection and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Opubo B da Lilly-Tariah
- Department of Surgery, College of Health Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
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