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Wright W, Ransom E, Tanaka K. The “All-American Meal”: Constructing Confidence in the Case of BSE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/105413730501300202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Using content analysis of newspaper coverage of the discovery of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the United States, we analyze the media's portrayal of the “BSE crisis,” from a social constructionist perspective. We identify the salient claims-makers in the dialogue over food safety as it pertains to the discovery of BSE and we examine the content of their claims to reveal their core messages. We find that public definitions and responses to the disease are influenced by claims-makers and claims-making activities. Some actors construct claims of confidence to deny the severity of the disease, while others construct and disseminate claims of risk in the beef commodity chain, while still others diffuse claims of skepticism and uncertainty. These findings offer support for understanding claims-making as shaped by contextual forces. Claims are not made in a vacuum but are given meaning based upon biophysical and socio-cultural contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wynne Wright
- University of Northem Iowa Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminology 356 Baker Hall Cedar Falls, IA 50614-0513
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The diversity of beef safety: A global reason to strengthen our current systems. Meat Sci 2017; 132:59-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Beyi AF, Fite AT, Tora E, Tafese A, Genu T, Kaba T, Beyene TJ, Beyene T, Korsa MG, Tadesse F, De Zutter L, Goddeeris BM, Cox E. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli O157 in beef at butcher shops and restaurants in central Ethiopia. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:49. [PMID: 28253847 PMCID: PMC5335850 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-0964-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethiopia bears the largest burden of foodborne diseases in Africa, and diarrheal diseases are the second leading causes of premature deaths. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 causes an asymptomatic infection to severe diarrhea and/or hemolytic-uremic syndrome in humans. METHODS A total of 440 beef carcass and in-contact surface swabs from 55 butcher shops and 85 minced beef samples from 40 restaurants in central Ethiopia were collected and examined for the presence of E. coli O157. Standard microbiological methods were used to isolate and identify E. coli O157 and to characterize the antimicrobial resistance of the isolates. RESULTS E. coli O157 was detected in 4.5% carcass swabs (n = 5) and 3.6% cutting board swabs (n = 4) samples from butcher shops. E. coli O157 was not detected in any of the minced beef samples obtained from restaurants. All isolates (n = 9) were 100% susceptible to five drugs, but five isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, two isolates to streptomycin and three isolates to chloramphenicol. One isolate was resistant to two drugs and another to three drugs. CONCLUSIONS The present study shows a low prevalence of E. coli O157 in beef sold at butcher shops. Nevertheless, given the low infective dose of this pathogen and the deep-rooted tradition of consuming raw or undercooked beef, the current prevalence should not be considered lightly from a public health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashenafi Feyisa Beyi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia. .,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Akafete Teklu Fite
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Ephrem Tora
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Asdesach Tafese
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Tadele Genu
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Tamirat Kaba
- Holetta Research Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holetta, Ethiopia
| | - Tariku Jibat Beyene
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.,Business Economics Group, Wageningen University, Hollandseweg 1, 6706 KN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Takele Beyene
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Mesula Geloye Korsa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.,The Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Fanos Tadesse
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Lieven De Zutter
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno Maria Goddeeris
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gent, Ghent, Belgium.,Division Animal and Human Health Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eric Cox
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gent, Ghent, Belgium
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Hessain AM, Al-Arfaj AA, Zakri AM, El-Jakee JK, Al-Zogibi OG, Hemeg HA, Ibrahim IM. Molecular characterization of Escherichia coli O157:H7 recovered from meat and meat products relevant to human health in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Biol Sci 2015; 22:725-9. [PMID: 26587000 PMCID: PMC4625360 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Raw meat can harbor pathogenic bacteria, potentially harmful to humans such as Escherichia coli O157:H7 causing diarrhea and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HS). Therefore, the current study was carried out to evaluate the prevalence and the molecular detection characterization of E. coli serotype O157:H7 recovered from raw meat and meat products collected from Saudi Arabia. During the period of 25th January 2013 to 25th March 2014, 370 meat samples were collected from abattoirs and markets located in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia "200 raw meat samples and 170 meat products". Bacteriological analysis of the meat samples and serotyping of the isolated E. coli revealed the isolation of 11 (2.97%) strains of E. coli O157:H7. Isolation of E. coli O157:H7 in raw beef, chicken and mutton were 2%, 2.5%, and 2.5%, respectively, however, there was no occurrence in raw turkey. The incidences of E. coli O157:H7 in ground beef, beef burgers, beef sausage, ground chicken and chicken burgers were 5%, 10%, 0.0%, 5% and 0.0%, respectively. The multiplex PCR assay revealed that 3 (27.27%) out of 11 E. coli O157:H7 isolates from raw beef, chicken and mutton had stx1, stx2, and eae while 5 (45.45%) E. coli O157:H7 isolates from ground beef, ground chicken, and raw beef had both stx1 and stx2. However, from beef burgers, only one E. coli O157:H7 isolate had stx1 while two were positive for hlyA gene. These results call for urgent attention toward appropriate controls and good hygienic practices in dealing with raw meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashgan M. Hessain
- Department of Health Science, College of Applied Studies and Community Service, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22459, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. Box 2446, Cairo 14242, Giza, Egypt
| | - Abdullah A. Al-Arfaj
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel M. Zakri
- Department of Plant Production, College of Food and Agriculture Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2466, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jakeen K. El-Jakee
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. Box 2446, Cairo 14242, Giza, Egypt
| | - Onizan G. Al-Zogibi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A. Hemeg
- Department of Medical Technology/Microbiology, College of Applied Medical Science, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ihab M. Ibrahim
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Kanki M, Seto K, Kumeda Y. Simultaneous Immunomagnetic Separation Method for the Detection of Escherichia coli O26, O111, and O157 from Food Samples. J Food Prot 2014; 77:15-22. [PMID: 24405994 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We performed a simultaneous immunomagnetic separation (IMS) assay on Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serogroups O26, O111, and O157 with immunobeads coated with O26, O111, or O157 antibodies that were simultaneously added to an aliquot of food culture. We also compared the usefulness of CHROMagar STEC medium against various selective isolation agars designed to test for the three serogroups. Samples of sliced beef, ground beef, and radish sprout were artificially contaminated with STEC O26, O111, and O157 strains after incubation in enrichment broth and were subjected to conventional and simultaneous IMS assays. Simultaneous IMS did not affect the sensitivity of target cell detection. For STEC O26, O111, and O157 inoculated into the enriched samples of sliced beef and radish sprout, the detection ability of CHROMagar STEC was similar to or exceeded that of other isolation agars. However for STEC O157 inoculated into ground beef cultures, cefixime tellurite sorbitol MacConkey agar (CT-SMAC) was the superior detection medium. The performance of simultaneous IMS combined with CT-SMAC and CHROMagar STEC detection is similar to that of the Japanese standard method for isolating E. coli O26, O111, and O157. However, the proposed approach involves the same time, materials, and labor costs as the standard E. coli O157 reference procedure but allows detection of three E. coli serotypes rather than a single strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Kanki
- Division of Bacteriology, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Kazuko Seto
- Division of Bacteriology, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Yuko Kumeda
- Division of Bacteriology, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
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Ertas N, Gonulalan Z, Yildirim Y, Karadal F, Abay S, Al S. Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 using immunomagnetic separation and mPCR in Turkish foods of animal origin. Lett Appl Microbiol 2013; 57:373-9. [PMID: 23809061 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The present study was conducted to investigate the presence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in food samples of animal origin and to detect its virulence genes by immunomagnetic separation technique and multiplex PCR (mPCR). A total of 500 samples (consisting of diced meat, minced meat, burger, raw cow's milk and raw cow's milk cheese) were analysed. Escherichia coli O157:H7 was detected in 5 (1%) of 500 analysed samples including two diced meat, one minced meat and two raw-milk cheese. None of the burger samples tested contained E. coli O157:H7. Three isolates obtained from minced and diced meat were found to carry stx1 , stx2 , hlyA and eaeA genes whereas two isolates from raw-milk cheese were found to harbour the stx1 , eaeA and hlyA genes. The results of this study suggest that raw meat and raw-milk cheese tested could pose public health problems in consumers with regard to their virulence factors. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 is an important human pathogen. Escherichia coli 0157:H7 infections have been associated with consumption of uncooked meat and meat products, as well as unpasteurized dairy products. This study demonstrated that without specific tests for E. coli virulence factors raw meat and raw-milk cheese could pose public health problems to Turkish consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ertas
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkey
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Prevalence, genetic characterization and virulence genes of sorbitol-fermenting Escherichia coli O157:H- and E. coli O157:H7 isolated from retail beef. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 165:295-301. [PMID: 23803571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sorbitol-fermenting (SF) Escherichia coli O157:H- strains have emerged as important pathogens and have been associated with a higher incidence of progression to hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) than non-sorbitol fermenting (NSF) E. coli O157:H7. The present study was carried out to determine the prevalence of SF E. coli O157:H- and NSF E. coli O157:H7 strains in retail beef products in Mansoura, Egypt. The contamination rates with rfbEO157-positive E. coli O157 strains were 26.7% (8/30), 10% (3/30) and 3.7% (1/27) in ground beef, beef burger, and fresh beef samples, respectively with an overall mean of 13.8% (12/87) among all meat products tested. SF E. coli O157:H- were the most dominant among the isolated O157 strains. Of the fifteen O157 strains isolated, 11 (73.3%) were SF E. coli O157:H-, while the remaining 4 (26.7%) were NSF E. coli O157:H7. The 11 SF O157H- strains were genetically positive for sfpA gene. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis for fliC gene demonstrated a similar pattern for both SF and NSF O157 isolates. PCR assays verified the existence of stx1 gene in 7 (46.7%) and stx2 gene in 13 (86.7%) of the 15 O157 strains isolated. Unexpectedly, two of the 15 O157 strains isolated were negative for Shiga toxin genes. The eae gene was identified in all of the 15 O157 strains except in one NSF O157:H7 strain. EHEC-hlyA gene was detected in 14 (93.3%) of the 15 O157 isolates, nonetheless only 11 strains showed enterohemolytic phenotype on blood agar. A combination of the four virulence genes, stx1, stx2, eae and EHEC-hlyA were detected in 7 (46.7%) strains, while six (40%) strains were positive for stx2, eae and hlyA genes. This is the first record for isolation of E. coli O157: H- in Egypt as well as in the African continent.
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Charimba G, Hugo C, Hugo A. The incidence of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli in minced beef and boerewors. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Kanki M, Seto K, Harada T, Yonogi S, Kumeda Y. Comparison of four enrichment broths for the detection of non-O157 Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli O91, O103, O111, O119, O121, O145 and O165 from pure culture and food samples. Lett Appl Microbiol 2011; 53:167-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2011.03085.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Çadırcı Ö, Sırıken B, Inat G, Kevenk TO. The prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 and O157:H7 in ground beef and raw meatball by immunomagnetic separation and the detection of virulence genes using multiplex PCR. Meat Sci 2010; 84:553-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Presence and characterization of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and other potentially diarrheagenic E. coli strains in retail meats. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:1709-17. [PMID: 20080990 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01968-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the presence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and other potentially diarrheagenic E. coli strains in retail meats, 7,258 E. coli isolates collected by the U.S. National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) retail meat program from 2002 to 2007 were screened for Shiga toxin genes. In addition, 1,275 of the E. coli isolates recovered in 2006 were examined for virulence genes specific for other diarrheagenic E. coli strains. Seventeen isolates (16 from ground beef and 1 from a pork chop) were positive for stx genes, including 5 positive for both stx(1) and stx(2), 2 positive for stx(1), and 10 positive for stx(2). The 17 STEC strains belonged to 10 serotypes: O83:H8, O8:H16, O15:H16, O15:H17, O88:H38, ONT:H51, ONT:H2, ONT:H10, ONT:H7, and ONT:H46. None of the STEC isolates contained eae, whereas seven carried enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) hlyA. All except one STEC isolate exhibited toxic effects on Vero cells. DNA sequence analysis showed that the stx(2) genes from five STEC isolates encoded mucus-activatable Stx2d. Subtyping of the 17 STEC isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) yielded 14 distinct restriction patterns. Among the 1,275 isolates from 2006, 11 atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) isolates were identified in addition to 3 STEC isolates. This study demonstrated that retail meats, mainly ground beef, were contaminated with diverse STEC strains. The presence of atypical EPEC strains in retail meat is also of concern due to their potential to cause human infections.
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13
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Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground beef using immunomagnetic separation and multiplex PCR. Food Control 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Serotypes, virulence genes and intimin types of Shiga toxin (verocytotoxin)-producing Escherichia coli isolates from minced beef in Lugo (Spain) from 1995 through 2003. BMC Microbiol 2007; 7:13. [PMID: 17331254 PMCID: PMC1810539 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-7-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) have emerged as pathogens that can cause food-borne infections and severe and potentially fatal illnesses in humans, such as haemorrhagic colitis (HC) and haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). In Spain, like in many other countries, STEC strains have been frequently isolated from ruminants, and represent a significant cause of sporadic cases of human infection. In view of the lack of data on STEC isolated from food in Spain, the objectives of this study were to determine the level of microbiological contamination and the prevalence of STEC O157:H7 and non-O157 in a large sampling of minced beef collected from 30 local stores in Lugo city between 1995 and 2003. Also to establish if those STEC isolated from food possessed the same virulence profiles as STEC strains causing human infections. Results STEC were detected in 95 (12%) of the 785 minced beef samples tested. STEC O157:H7 was isolated from eight (1.0%) samples and non-O157 STEC from 90 (11%) samples. Ninety-six STEC isolates were further characterized by PCR and serotyping. PCR showed that 28 (29%) isolates carried stx1 genes, 49 (51%) possessed stx2 genes, and 19 (20%) both stx1 and stx2. Enterohemolysin (ehxA) and intimin (eae) virulence genes were detected in 43 (45%) and in 25 (26%) of the isolates, respectively. Typing of the eae variants detected four types: γ1 (nine isolates), β1 (eight isolates), ε1 (three isolates), and θ (two isolates). The majority (68%) of STEC isolates belonged to serotypes previously detected in human STEC and 38% to serotypes associated with STEC isolated from patients with HUS. Ten new serotypes not previously described in raw beef products were also detected. The highly virulent seropathotypes O26:H11 stx1 eae-β1, O157:H7 stx1stx2 eae-γ1 and O157:H7 stx2eae-γ1, which are the most frequently observed among STEC causing human infections in Spain, were detected in 10 of the 96 STEC isolates. Furthermore, phage typing of STEC O157:H7 isolates showed that the majority (seven of eight isolates) belonged to the main phage types previously detected in STEC O157:H7 strains associated with severe human illnesses. Conclusion The results of this study do not differ greatly from those reported in other countries with regard to prevalence of O157 and non-O157 STEC in minced beef. As we suspected, serotypes different from O157:H7 also play an important role in food contamination in Spain, including the highly virulent seropathotype O26:H11 stx1 eae-β1. Thus, our data confirm minced beef in the city of Lugo as vehicles of highly pathogenic STEC. This requires that control measures to be introduced and implemented to increase the safety of minced beef.
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Stampi S, Caprioli A, De Luca G, Quaglio P, Sacchetti R, Zanetti F. Detection of Escherichia coli O157 in bovine meat products in northern Italy. Int J Food Microbiol 2004; 90:257-62. [PMID: 14751680 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(03)00308-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Tests for Escherichia coli and E. coli O157 were carried out on meat samples collected from randomly chosen stores throughout the city of Bologna and suburban areas. The samples consisted of 25 g of loose minced beef, sometimes already shaped into meatballs or hamburgers, some of which were mixed with vegetables. The meat was purchased from retail outlets, open market stalls, and supermarket chains during 25 sampling visits from October 2000 to December 2001. For E. coli detection, Tryptone soya broth (TSB) supplemented with novobiocin and C-EC agar were used. Immunomagnetic separation with SMAC-BCIG-CT agar and chromogenic E. coli O 157 agar, API 20E system and agglutination latex test were used to detect E. coli O157; Vero cell assay and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to assess toxin production and the presence of virulence genes.E. coli were detected in 45 (30.2%) of the 149 samples examined, mainly in the hamburger samples mixed with vegetables and in the loose minced beef. E. coli O157 was found in one sample of hamburger and two samples of hamburger mixed with vegetables (2%) collected from three different butcher's stores between July and October. All the strains of E. coli O157 and most cases of E. coli were found in meat from small retailers. The three strains of E. coli O157 were positive for verocytotoxin production. PCR analysis revealed genes coding for vt2 and one strain possessed the gene for eae A. Chromogenic E. coli O157 agar was found to be more selective and differential, allowing easier identification of suspected colonies with mixed flora and producing less false-positive colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Stampi
- Department of Medicine and Public Health, University of Bologna, Via S Giacomo, 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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Abdulmawjood A, Bülte M, Cook N, Roth S, Schönenbrücher H, Hoorfar J. Toward an international standard for PCR-based detection of Escherichia coli O157. J Microbiol Methods 2003; 55:775-86. [PMID: 14607420 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2003.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As part of a major European research project, a diagnostic PCR assay, including an internal amplification control, was developed and validated in a collaborative trial for the detection of Escherichia coli O157. The assay is based on amplification of sequences of the rfbE O157 gene. The collaborative trial, including 12 international laboratories, was carried out in two phases: phase (a) was performed with identical PCR reagents, including the internal control, provided by the sending laboratory; phase (b) was performed on the same samples and internal control but using in-house PCR reagents of own choice. Phase (a) showed an inclusivity (detection of target strains) of 96.8% and the exclusivity (negative response from nontarget strains) was 100%. The overall performance resulted of phase (a) in an accordance of 98.8, concordance of 98.6, and a concordance odds ratio of 1.11. Phase (b) results showed an accuracy of 100% with all partners and by using different polymerase types and thermocycler models. This indicates that the assay, under consideration as an international standard, was just as reproducible between laboratories, as repeatable within a laboratory. The assay is taken further for validation on carcass-rinse samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Abdulmawjood
- Institute of Veterinary Food Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter strasse 92, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Blanco J, Blanco M, Blanco JE, Mora A, González EA, Bernárdez MI, Alonso MP, Coira A, Rodriguez A, Rey J, Alonso JM, Usera MA. Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli in Spain: prevalence, serotypes, and virulence genes of O157:H7 and non-O157 VTEC in ruminants, raw beef products, and humans. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2003; 228:345-51. [PMID: 12671177 DOI: 10.1177/153537020322800403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In Spain, as in many other countries, verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) strains have been frequently isolated from cattle, sheep, and foods. VTEC strains have caused seven outbreaks in Spain (six caused by E. coli O157:H7 and one by E. coli O111:H- [nonmotile]) in recent years. An analysis of the serotypes indicated serological diversity. Among the strains isolated from humans, serotypes O26:H11, O111:H-, and O157:H7 were found to be more prevalent. The most frequently detected serotypes in cattle were O20:H19, O22:H8, O26:H11, O77:H41, O105:H18, O113:H21, O157:H7, O171:H2, and OUT (O untypeable):H19. Different VTEC serotypes (e.g., O5:H-, O6:H10, O91:H-, O117:H-, O128:H-, O128:H2, O146:H8, O146:H21, O156:H-, and OUT:H21) were found more frequently in sheep. These observations suggest a host serotype specificity for some VTEC. Numerous bovine and ovine VTEC serotypes detected in Spain were associated with human illnesses, confirming that ruminants are important reservoirs of pathogenic VTEC. VTEC can produce one or two toxins (VT1 and VT2) that cause human illnesses. These toxins are different proteins encoded by different genes. Another virulence factor expressed by VTEC is the protein intimin that is responsible for intimate attachment of VTEC and effacing lesions in the intestinal mucosa. This virulence factor is encoded by the chromosomal gene eae. The eae gene was found at a much less frequency in bovine (17%) and ovine (5%) than in human (45%) non-O157 VTEC strains. This may support the evidence that the eae gene contributes significantly to the virulence of human VTEC strains and that many animal non-O157 VTEC strains are less pathogenic to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Blanco
- Laboratorio de Referencia de E. coli, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
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Vernozy-Rozand C, Ray-Gueniot S, Ragot C, Bavai C, Mazuy C, Montet MP, Bouvet J, Richard Y. Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in industrial minced beef. Lett Appl Microbiol 2002; 35:7-11. [PMID: 12081541 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2002.01116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The lack of baseline data on the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in retail minced beef in France prompted this survey of industrial minced beef production. METHODS AND RESULTS An automated enzyme-linked fluorescence immunoassay (ELFA), the VIDAS E. coli O157 method, was used to detect E. coli O157 in industrial minced beef samples. Confirmation of samples positive according to the ELFA was performed using an automated immunoconcentration (ICE) system, VIDAS ICE, which allows the selective capture and release of target organisms. The ICE was followed by culture on cefixime tellurite sorbitol MacConkey agar and a chromogenic medium, O157:H7 ID. Of the 3450 minced beef samples tested, 175 samples were positive with the ELFA method and, of these, four were confirmed by the ICE method. They were identified as sorbitol-negative, O157-positive, H7-positive, mobile, verotoxin-producing E. coli. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in industrial French minced beef was 0.12%, consistent with many other reports. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The low infective dose of E. coli O157:H7 presents a major threat. The main means of combating this organism are thermal destruction and good food hygiene covering activities on-farm, in the abattoir and in minced beef industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vernozy-Rozand
- Unité de Microbiologie Alimentaire et Prévisionnelle, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy I'Etoile, France.
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Chapman PA. Sources of Escherichia coli O157 and experiences over the past 15 years in Sheffield, UK. SYMPOSIUM SERIES (SOCIETY FOR APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY) 2002:51S-60S. [PMID: 10880179 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2000.tb05332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the first documented outbreak of HC caused by Escherichia coli O157, which occurred in the North-west USA in 1982, there was a strong association between infection and prior consumption of ground beef from a chain of fast food restaurants. Foods of bovine origin, including beef, milk and dairy products, have since been implicated in many outbreaks of infection world-wide. Investigations during the course of outbreaks, or at random, have shown that cattle are a major reservoir of E. coli O157. E. coli O157 was isolated from cattle at slaughter in Sheffield in 1987, this being the first isolation from cattle in the UK. Following a cluster of cases in May/June 1992, an abattoir study showed the organism to be present in 4% of cattle at slaughter and on up to a third of carcasses from rectal swab-positive animals. E. coli O157 was isolated from a food source (unpasteurized milk), for the first time in the UK, in Sheffield in May 1993. During surveillance in 1995-6, E. coli O157 was isolated from 15.7% of cattle, with a monthly prevalence which varied from 5 to 37%. E. coli O157 was also isolated from 2.2% of sheep. During surveillance in 1996, E. coli O157 was isolated from 5.9% of samples of lamb products and from 1.5% of samples of beef products, despite the prevalence in cattle being much higher than in sheep. Work is in progress to try to explain this higher prevalence in lamb products. During 1997 in Sheffield, the only cases of E. coli O157 for which a confirmed source was established were associated with direct animal contact on farm visits. During on-farm investigations of these cases, E. coli O157 was isolated from faecal samples from adult cattle, calves, three different breeds of sheep, two different breeds of pigs, goats and a pony.
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Smith D, Blackford M, Younts S, Moxley R, Gray J, Hungerford L, Milton T, Klopfenstein T. Ecological relationships between the prevalence of cattle shedding Escherichia coli O157:H7 and characteristics of the cattle or conditions of the feedlot pen. J Food Prot 2001; 64:1899-903. [PMID: 11770614 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-64.12.1899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to describe the percentage of cattle shedding Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Midwestern U.S. feedlots and to discover relationships between the point prevalence of cattle shedding the organism and the characteristics of those cattle or the conditions of their pens. Cattle from 29 pens of five Midwestern feedlots were each sampled once between June and September 1999. Feces were collected from the rectum of each animal in each pen. Concurrently, samples of water were collected from the water tank, and partially consumed feed was collected from the feedbunk of each pen. Characteristics of the cattle and conditions of each pen that might have affected the prevalence of cattle shedding E. coli O157:H7 were recorded. These factors included the number of cattle; the number of days on feed; and the average body weight, class, and sex of the cattle. In addition, the temperature and pH of the tank water were determined, and the cleanliness of the tank water and the condition of the pen floor were subjectively assessed. The samples of feces, feed, and water were tested for the presence of E. coli O157:H7. E. coli O157:H7 was isolated from the feces of 719 of 3,162 cattle tested (23%), including at least one animal from each of the 29 pens. The percentage of cattle in a pen shedding E. coli O157:H7 did not differ between feedyards, but it did vary widely within feedyards. A higher prevalence of cattle shed E. coli O157:H7 from muddy pen conditions than cattle from pens in normal condition. The results of this study suggest that E. coli O157:H7 should be considered common to groups of feedlot cattle housed together in pens and that the condition of the pen floor may influence the prevalence of cattle shedding the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Smith
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 68583-0905, USA.
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CHAPMAN P, CUDJOE K. EVALUATION OF BEADRETRIEVERTM, AN AUTOMATED SYSTEM FOR CONCENTRATION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI O157 FROM ENRICHMENT CULTURES BY IMMUNOMAGNETIC SEPARATION. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4581.2001.tb00243.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kang DH, Barkocy-Gallagher GA, Koohmaraie M, Siragusa GR. Screening bovine carcass sponge samples for Escherichia coli O157 using a short enrichment coupled with immunomagnetic separation and a polymerase chain reaction-based (BAX) detection stept. J Food Prot 2001; 64:1610-2. [PMID: 11601714 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-64.10.1610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A bovine carcass sponge sample screening protocol for detecting Escherichia coli O157:H7 was composed of a short selective enrichment followed by an immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and target detection using the BAX E. coli O157 polymerase chain reaction assay. This screening protocol was compared to a culture-based method for detection of the organism in carcass sponge samples. Enriched samples were subjected to IMS; the bead suspension was divided and plated on selected media or stored at -20 degrees C, then subjected to BAX analysis. The results showed a high degree of agreement between the plating method and the BAX system. Fifty-two of the 59 culture-positive samples were also positive using the BAX system (88.1% sensitivity). Of the 76 samples that appeared negative for the presence of E. coli O157:H7 by the culture method, 66 were determined as negative using the BAX system (86.8% specificity). Four of the 10 samples found negative by the initial culture method and positive by the BAX method were subsequently found to be culture positive upon reanalysis. Based on these data, the BAX system combined with a short, selective enrichment and IMS may be a rapid, reliable, and simple method to screen for E. coli O157:H7 in carcass sponge samples. Our data indicate that optimization and subsequent testing of this protocol for use as a carcass screening tool are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Kang
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska US Meat Animal Research Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
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Evaluation of a novel enrichment procedure for the isolation of Escherichia coli O157 from naturally contaminated raw beef, lamb and mixed meat products. Food Microbiol 2001. [DOI: 10.1006/fmic.2001.0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
E. coli O157:H7 can cause potentially lethal illness in hosts of all ages. These patients often are evaluated and treated by gastroenterologists. The treating physician should administer adequate hydration, usually parenterally, and avoid the use of antibiotics and antimotility agents. The physician needs to notify immediately the appropriate public health authorities of the diagnosis and to ensure that the isolate is recovered by the microbiologist and forwarded for molecular linkage analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- P I Tarr
- Division of Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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Chapman PA, Ellin M, Ashton R, Shafique W. Comparison of culture, PCR and immunoassays for detecting Escherichia coli O157 following enrichment culture and immunomagnetic separation performed on naturally contaminated raw meat products. Int J Food Microbiol 2001; 68:11-20. [PMID: 11545210 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(01)00464-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were (i) to evaluate the specificity and sensitivity of three previously described PCR assays for the detection of Escherichia coli O157 and, (ii) to compare PCR, culture, and two visual immunoassays (VIAs), BioSign and Path-Stik, for detecting E. coli O157 after enrichment culture and immunomagnetic separation (IMS) performed on various naturally contaminated raw beef, lamb and mixed meat products. Twelve sorbitol nonfermenting (SNF) verocytotoxin-producing (VT +) E. coli O157, 6 SNF VT - E. coli O157, 4 sorbitol fermenting (SF) VT + E. coli O157, 3 SF VT - E. coli O157, 23 E. coli belonging to 17 other serogroups and 12 organisms of other species were used to check the specificity of PCR reactions. Only one primer pair generated amplimers only with E. coli O157 and was used for all subsequent work. After enrichment culture and on inoculated minced beef samples, PCR was as sensitive as culture for detecting 9 of the 12 strains of E. coli O157, but up to 4 log10 more sensitive than culture for detecting three strains. Of the 120 samples of naturally contaminated meat products examined, 80 (67%) were positive by PCR, 70 (58%) were positive by BioSign, 69 (58%) were positive by culture and 67 (56%) were positive by Path-Stik. Although both VIAs lacked sensitivity when compared to PCR, both compared favourably with culture and both were extremely rapid and easy to perform, giving a result in less than 15 min. Eleven samples were positive by PCR and both VIAs, but negative by culture because culture plates were heavily overgrown with SF organisms, making detection of any E. coli O157 present impossible.
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Heredia N, García S, Rojas G, Salazar L. Microbiological condition of ground meat retailed in Monterrey, Mexico. J Food Prot 2001; 64:1249-51. [PMID: 11510670 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-64.8.1249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Eighty-eight samples of ground meat were randomly collected from retail stores in the metropolitan area of Monterrey, Mexico, and were analyzed for microbial contamination. Methods were those recommended by the Mexican regulation and/or the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Over 75% of the samples contained > 10(5) total mesophilic microorganisms per g, and over 40% had >10(6) total coliforms per g. Fecal coliforms were present in most samples. Staphylococcus aureus was detected in 2.3% of the samples, Salmonella spp. in 11.4%, Listeria spp. in 62%, and L. monocytogenes in 16%. Escherichia coli was detected in 76% of samples, but none was serotype O157:H7. Shigella spp. was not found in any sample. Fusarium spp. and Mucor spp. were detected in 3.4% of the samples, and low levels of yeast in 93%. The microbiological quality of the ground meat analyzed was unsatisfactory, and the product could be an important cause of food poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Heredia
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás, México
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Chapman PA, Ellin M, Ashton R. A comparison of immunomagnetic separation and culture, Reveal and VIP for the detection of E. coli O157 in enrichment cultures of naturally-contaminated raw beef, lamb and mixed meat products. Lett Appl Microbiol 2001; 32:171-5. [PMID: 11264747 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2001.00883.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aims of this study were (i) to evaluate the specificity and sensitivity of three previously described PCR assays for the detection of E. coli O157 and, (ii) to compare PCR, culture, and two visual immunoassays (VIAs), BioSign and Path-Stik, for detecting E. coli O157 after enrichment culture and immunomagnetic separation (IMS) performed on various naturally contaminated raw beef, lamb and mixed meat products. METHODS AND RESULTS Twelve sorbitol non fermenting (SNF) verocytotoxin-producing (VT+) E. coli O157, 6 SNF VT- E. coli O157, 4 sorbitol fermenting (SF) VT+ E. coli O157, 3 SF VT- E. coli O157, 23 E. coli belonging to 17 other serogroups and 12 organisms of other species were used to check the specificity of PCR reactions. Only one primer pair generated amplimers only with E. coli O157 and was used for all subsequent work. After enrichment culture and on inoculated minced beef samples, PCR was as sensitive as culture for detecting 9 of the 12 strains of E. coli O157, but up to 4 log10 more sensitive than culture for detecting three strains. Of the 120 samples of naturally contaminated meat products examined, 80 (67%) were positive by PCR, 70 (58%) were positive by BioSign, 69 (58%) were positive by culture and 67 (56%) were positive by Path-Stik. Eleven samples were positive by PCR and both VIAs, but negative by culture because culture plates were heavily overgrown with SF organisms making detection of any E. coli O157 present impossible. CONCLUSIONS PCR and both VIAs compared well with culture of beads to CT-SMAC for detecting E. coli O157 after enrichment culture and IMS. PCR appeared to be the most sensitive method, but needed specialised equipment and was also the most expensive, laborious and technically demanding technique. Although lacking the sensitivity of PCR, the VIAs were of comparable sensitivity to culture and were extremely quick and easy to perform giving a result in less than 15 minutes. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Culture techniques may fail to detect E. coli O157 retrieved by IMS due to overgrowth with other organisms.
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Chapman PA, Cerdán Malo AT, Ellin M, Ashton R. Escherichia coli O157 in cattle and sheep at slaughter, on beef and lamb carcasses and in raw beef and lamb products in South Yorkshire, UK. Int J Food Microbiol 2001; 64:139-50. [PMID: 11252496 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(00)00453-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A 1 year study of Escherichia coli O157 in cattle and sheep at slaughter, on beef and lamb carcasses and in raw beef and lamb products from retail butchers' shops was performed in the Sheffield area. Each month, samples of rectal faeces were collected immediately after slaughter from 400 cattle and 600 sheep, and 400-430 samples of raw meat products were purchased from butchers' shops. Meat samples were also obtained from 1500 beef and 1500 lamb carcasses. All samples were examined for E. coli O157 by enrichment culture, immunomagnetic separation and culture of magnetic particles onto cefixime tellurite sorbitol MacConkey agar. Raw meat products were also examined for numbers of generic E. coli by a standard membrane culture method. E. coli O157 was isolated from 620 (12.9%) of 4800 cattle, 100 (7.4%) of 7200 sheep, 21 (1.4%) of 1500 beef carcasses, 10 (0.7%) of 1500 lamb carcasses and from 22 (0.44%) of 4983 raw meat products. E. coli O157 was isolated more frequently from lamb products (0.8%) than from beef products (0.4%). Numbers of generic E. coli in meat products reached seasonal peaks in July and August with counts of > 10(4)/g occurring more frequently in lamb products (50.8 and 42.4%, respectively) than in beef products (19.3 and 23.8%, respectively). The majority of E. coli O157 strains, from animals, carcasses and meat samples, were isolated during the summer. Most were verocytotoxigenic as determined by Vero cell assay and DNA hybridisation, eaeA gene positive and contained a 92 kb plasmid. The isolates were compared with 66 isolates from human cases over the same period. A combination of phage type, toxin genotype and plasmid analysis allowed subdivision of all the E. coli O157 isolates into 96 subtypes. Of these subtypes, 53 (55%) were isolated only from bovine faecal samples. However, 61 (92%) of the 66 isolates from humans belonged to 13 subtypes which were also found in the animal population.
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