The relation of serum thiol levels and thiol/disulphide homeostasis with the severity of coronary artery disease

The impact of dietary supplementation of polysaccharide derived from Polygonatum sibiricum on growth, antioxidant capacity, meat quality, digestive physiology, and gut microbiota in broiler chickens

Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide (PSP) has demonstrated diverse medicinal properties, extensively researched for human applications. Nonetheless, there is a lack of studies investigating the potential advantages of PSP in poultry farming. The present study investigated the impact of incorporating PSP into broiler diets on their growth performance, meat quality, blood metabolites, antioxidative status, and ileal histomorphology. Two hundred and forty-one-day-old male Ross-308 broiler chicks (44.98 ± 0.79 g) were randomly assigned to 3 experimental groups, with 8 replicates of 10 birds each. The birds were fed diets supplemented with PSP at 0, 400, and 800 mg/kg (control, PSP400, and PSP800, respectively). The results revealed a linear (P > 0.05) improvement in body weight gain, European production efficiency index, and feed conversion ratio during the grower (22-35 d) and overall periods (1-35 d). The pH levels in the ingluvies, ileum, and cecum exhibited a linear reduction (P > 0.05) in the PSP800 group at d 21 and d 35, respectively. Villus height and crypt depth were increased in the PSP400 and PSP800 groups compared to the control group. PSP400 and PSP800 groups exhibited decreased hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels and increased total antioxidant capacity (TAC) at 21 d, while at 35 d, TAC and sulfhydryl concentrations were elevated, and H2O2 was reduced only in the PSP800 group compared to the untreated one. No significant variations between the groups at the phylum and genus levels were observed, with Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes being the dominant phyla. However, PSP supplementation notably augmented Firmicutes and Verrucomicrobiota while reducing Euryarchaeota and Proteobacteria. At the genus level, there was an increase in Akkermansia, Alistipes, CHKCI001, Erysipelatoclostridium, and a decrease in Methanobrevibacter. Conclusively, incorporating PSP into broiler diets, particularly at a dosage of 800 mg/kg, improved growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal architecture and resulted in alterations in cecal microbiota without discernible impacts on digestive function and meat quality criteria.

[High performance liquid chromatography combined with the 2,2'-dithiodipyridine derivatization reaction for determination of different types of free thiols in human serum and analysis of their relationship with coronary heart disease]

Oxidative stress, which is characterized by an imbalance between antioxidants and free radicals, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease, a common and serious cardiovascular condition, and contributes significantly to its development and progression. Serum free thiols are crucial components of the body's antioxidant defense system. The accurate determination of serum free thiol levels provides a reference basis for understanding the body's status and monitoring the risk factors associated with the occurrence and progression of coronary heart disease. In this study, a high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method based on the derivatization reaction of 2,2'-dithiodipyridine was developed to simultaneously obtain the concentrations of total free thiols (Total-SH), low-molecular-mass free thiols (LMM-SH), and protein-free thiols (P-SH) in human serum. An Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18 column (150 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) was used for the analysis, and gradient elution was performed at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. A 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution was used as mobile phase A, and a 0.1% formic acid acetonitrile solution was used as mobile phase B. The gradient elution program was as follows: 0-0.1 min, 12%B-30%B; 0.1-2 min, 30%B; 2-2.1 min, 30%B-100%B; 2.1-6 min, 100%B; 6-6.1 min, 100%B-12%B; 6.1-7 min, 12%B. Well-separated peaks appeared after a run time of 5 min. The peak of 2-thiopyridone represented the Total-SH content of the samples, and the peak of the pyridyldithio derivative represented the LMM-SH content. The difference between these two peaks indicated the P-SH content. The derivatization reaction conditions were optimized, and the method was validated. The method demonstrated good linearity, with a correlation coefficient ≥0.9994, over the concentration range of 31.25-1000 μmol/L. The limits of detection for Total-SH and LMM-SH were 2.61 and 0.50 μmol/L, and the limits of quantification for Total-SH and LMM-SH were 8.71 and 1.67 μmol/L, respectively. The recoveries of Total-SH and LMM-SH were in the range of 91.1%-106.0%. The intra- and inter-day precisions ranged from 0.4% to 9.1%. The developed method was used to analyze serum samples from 714 volunteers. The Total-SH concentrations ranged from 376.60 to 781.12 μmol/L, with an average concentration of 555.62 μmol/L. The LMM-SH concentrations varied from 36.37 to 231.65 μmol/L,with an average of 82.34 μmol/L. The P-SH concentrations ranged from 288.36 to 687.74 μmol/L, with an average of 473.27 μmol/L. Spearman's correlation test showed that serum thiol levels were correlated with the severity of coronary artery disease and common clinical biochemical indicators. The proposed study provides a simple and reliable HPLC method for detecting serum free thiols and exploring their relationship with coronary heart disease, offering a new reference for the study of markers related to the risk of coronary heart disease.

Physical frailty is related to oxidative stress through thiol/disulfide homeostasis parameters

AIM

To evaluate relationship between frailty and oxidative stress through thiol/disulfide homeostasis parameters [Native thiol (NT), total thiol (TT), and disulfide levels (D), disulfide-native thiol (D/NT), disulfide-total thiol (D/TT), native thiol-total thiol (NT/TT) ratios, and ischemia-modified albumin levels (IMA)].

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In total, 139 community-dwelling older adults were included. The frailty status, defined by the FRIED frailty index (FFI) and Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS), and comprehensive geriatric assessment results compared with thiol/disulfide homeostasis parameters and ischemia-modified albumin levels.

RESULTS

NT and TT levels were significantly lower in the frail group (respectively; p = 0.014, p = 0.020). The FFI scores were correlated with the levels of NT, TT, D/NT, D/TT, and NT/TT (respectively; r = - 0.25, r = - 0.24, r = 0.17, r = 0.17, r = - 0.17). The significant correlation could not be retained with the CFS scores. In ROC analysis, the AUC for NT was calculated as 0.639 in diagnosing frailty according to the FFI (95% CI 0.542-0.737), AUC was 0.638 for TT (95% CI 0.540-0.735), and AUC was 0.610 for NT/TT (95% CI 0.511-0.780). The AUC was calculated as 0.610 for both D/NT and D/TT in diagnosing physical frailty (95% CI 0.511-0.708).

CONCLUSION

Thiol/disulfide homeostasis parameters can be a potential biomarker in diagnosing physical frailty. However, further studies are needed for diagnosing frailty defined with cumulative deficit models.

Annulated Heterocyclic[g]Coumarin Composites: Synthetic Approaches and Bioactive Profiling

Coumarins, widely abundant natural heterocyclic compounds, are extensively employed in creating various biologically and pharmacologically potent substances. The hybridization of heterocycles presents a key opportunity to craft innovative multicyclic compounds with enhanced biological activity. Fusing different heterocyclic rings with the coumarin structure presents an intriguing method for crafting fresh hybrid compounds possessing remarkable biological effects. In the pursuit of creating heterocyclic-fused coumarins, a wide range of annulated heterocyclic[g]coumarin composites has been introduced, displaying impressive biological potency. The influence of the linear attachment of heterocyclic rings to the coumarin structure on the biological performance of the resulting compounds has been investigated. This review centers on the synthetic methodologies, structural activity relationship investigation, and biological potentials of annulated heterocyclic[g]coumarin composites. We conducted searches across several databases, including Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus. After sieving, we ultimately identified and included 71 pertinent studies published between 2000 and the middle of 2023. This will provide valuable perspectives for medicinal chemists in the prospective design and synthesis of lead compounds with significant therapeutic effects, centered around heterocycle-fused coumarin frameworks.

Evaluation of the dynamic thiol/disulfide homeostasis in patients with chronic venous insufficiency

OBJECTIVE

There is no study in the literature evaluating the dynamic thiol/disulfide homeostasis in patients with chronic venous insufficiency. Thus, we designed this study to evaluate the dynamic thiol/disulfide homeostasis as a novel indicator of oxidative stress in patients with chronic venous insufficiency.

METHODS

This was a prospective case-control study performed at the department of cardiovascular surgery of a tertiary referral hospital in Turkey. A total of 80 (CEAP C3-C6) patients with lower extremity chronic venous insufficiency (as the study group) and 80 healthy subjects (as the control group) were enrolled to the study. The participants' basic demographic and clinical characteristics as well as serum levels of some laboratory parameters including albumin, ferroxidase, myeloperoxidase, native thiol, total thiol, disulphide, native thiol/total thiol, disulphide/native thiol, and disulphide/total thiol were determined, and then compared between the groups.

RESULTS

In terms of basic demographic and clinical characteristics, both groups were statistically similar, and there were no significant differences between the groups. When the laboratory parameters were considered, serum ferroxidase and myeloperoxidase levels were detected to be significantly higher, whereas albumin, native thiol, total thiol, and disulphide levels were detected to be significantly lower in the study group than in the control group.

CONCLUSIONS

Dynamic thiol/disulphide homeostasis could be considered as an indicator reflecting the oxidative stress status in patients with chronic venous insufficiency.

Effects of dietary incorporation of Radix rehmanniae praeparata polysaccharide on growth performance, digestive physiology, blood metabolites, meat quality, and tibia characteristics in broiler chickens

Radix rehmanniae preparata polysaccharide (RRPP) is recognized as the primary bioactive compound in Radix rehmanniae preparata and has been extensively utilized in traditional Chinese medicine and functional food due to its diverse biological activities. However, this study has yet to explore the application of RRPP as a feed additive in broilers. This study investigated the effects of dietary RRPP on growth performance, meat quality, and physiological responses of broiler chickens. Two hundred eighty-eight 1-day-old Cobb 500 male broilers were randomly assigned to the 4 experimental groups with 6 replications and 12 birds/replicate. The 4 groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 4 concentrations of RRPP (0, 300, 600, and 900 mg/kg, respectively). All RRPP levels did not affect the growth performance of broilers during the starter period (1-21 d), while during the grower (22-35 d) and overall (1-35 d) periods, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and European production efficiency index were linearly improved (P < 0.05) by incorporating RRPP at 600 and 900 mg/kg. Carcass characteristics, relative weight and length of intestinal segments, and meat quality and tibia criteria were not affected by dietary incorporation of RRPP. Dietary RRPP led to a linear increase (P < 0.05) in serum alkaline phosphatase, potassium, calcium and sulfhydryl levels, while reducing concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, LDL, triglycerides and total cholesterol. The addition of RRPP decreased (P < 0.05) the pH of the ileum and cecum at 21 and 35 d of age while not changing in the remaining intestinal segments. Dietary RRPP at 600 and 900 mg/kg linearly and quadratically (P < 0.05) increased the tibia ash content in chicken at 21 and 35 d of age. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of RRPP improved broiler chicken's growth, gut physiology, and tibia ash content, particularly at 600 and 900 mg/kg.

Are Thiols Useful Biomarkers for Coronary Collateral Circulation in Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease?

Our aim was to investigate the relationship between thiol, which is the main component of the antioxidant system, and coronary collateral circulation (CCC). Our patients consisted of people with stable coronary artery disease (sCAD) and total occlusion in at least one vessel (n = 249). We divided the patients into two groups, good and poor, according to their CCC degree. We determined that DM, total thiol, and disulfide are independent predictors of poor CCC in multivariate logistic regression analysis (OR: 1.012, 95% CI: 1.008-1.017, p < 0.001; OR: 1.022, 95% CI: 1.000-1.044, p = 0.044; OR: 2.671, 95% CI: 1.238-5.761, p = 0.012, respectively). The ROC analysis showed a cut-off value of 328.7 for native thiol regarding the prediction of poor CCC, with 67.4% specificity and 78% sensitivity. For disulfide, it revealed a cut-off value of 15.1 regarding the prediction of poor CCC, with 57.9% specificity and 69.5% sensitivity. In this study, we detected that the patients with sCAD who developed poor CCC had lower levels of native thiol, total thiol, and disulfide compared to those with good CCC. The most interesting finding of our study is that CCC formation is an effective predictor of the antioxidant cascade rather than the inflammation cascade in sCAD patients.

Dynamic Thiol-Disulfide Homeostasis in Lung Transplant Recipients

OBJECTIVES

In this study, we investigated dynamic thiol-disulfide homeostasis as a new indicator of oxidative stress in lung transplant recipients. In addition, we compared dynamic thiol-disulfide homeostasis parameters according to transplant indication and time after transplant.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study had a single-center, observational, randomized design. In terms of transplant indications, lung transplant recipients were grouped as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, interstitial lung disease, bronchiectasis, and other indications. To make comparisons based on time after transplant, lung transplant recipients were categorized into the following groups: >6 and ≤24 months, >24 and ≤48 months, >48 and ≤72 months, and >72 months. A fully automated spectrophotometric technique was used to measure dynamic thiol-disulfide homeostasis in fasting blood samples.

RESULTS

Our study included 34 lung transplant recipients and 36 healthy volunteers. Native thiol (P = .005) and total thiol levels (P = .06) were lower in lung transplant recipients. Disulfide levels were similar. Disulfide-to-native thiol (P = .027) and disulfide-to-total thiol ratios (P = .027) were significantly higher in lung transplant recipients. Native thiol-to-total thiol ratios were lower in lung transplant recipients (P = .027). When we examined patients according to transplant indication, no statistically significant differences were found in dynamic thiol-disulfide homeostasis parameters, except for total thiol and disulfide levels. We also found no significant differences when we examined dynamic thiol-disulfide homeostasis parameters according to time after transplant.

CONCLUSIONS

Thiol-related antioxidant activity is significantly reduced after lung transplant, regardless of indication and transplant time. Ensuring oxidative balance in lung transplant recipients with an antioxidant supplement regimen can prevent damage from oxidative stress.

Assessment of s-nitrosothiol and thiol/disulfide levels in acute coronary syndrome patients

BACKGROUND

The level of nitric oxide (NO) is important to protect the heart from ischemic damage in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients. S-nitrosothiol (SNO) is a molecule that represents the main form of NO storage in the vascular structure. In addition, dynamic thiol/disulfide homeostasis (TDH) is known to play an important role in maintaining the oxidant-antioxidant balance. In this study, our aim is to evaluate the oxidative/nitrosative stress status according to SNO level and TDH in patients with ACS.

METHODS

The study included 124 patients who were admitted to the emergency service and 124 consecutive individuals who applied to the cardiology outpatient clinic with cardiac complaints and underwent coronary angiography (CAG). Blood was drawn from all participants included in the study to determine SNO, nitrite, total thiol, native thiol, and disulfide levels after 12 h of fasting.

RESULTS

Serum SNO levels were found to be significantly lower in ACS patients compared to the control group (0.3 ± 0.08 vs. 0.4 ± 0.10 μmol/L, successively, p < 0.001). In addition, while the total thiol, native thiol, and native thiol/total thiol levels were lower in the patient group compared to the control group, nitrite, disulfide/native thiol and disulfide/total thiol levels were higher. As a result of multivariate logistic regression analysis, it was determined that age, gender, smoking, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glycosylated haemoglobin, and SNO levels were independent predictors in predicting ACS patients.

DISCUSSION

S-nitrosothiol and thiol levels were found to be significantly lower in ACS patients. In addition, SNO molecule was independently associated with the presence of ACS diagnosis.

Renoprotective effects of dapagliflozin in an iron overload non-diabetic rat model

PURPOSE

Sodium glucose co-transporter (SGLT) 2 inhibitors are oral anti-diabetic drugs with proven kidney protective effects. Renal protective effects in non-diabetic individuals have also been shown in recent studies. The aim of this study was to determine the renal protective effects of dapagliflozin by evaluating the oxidative stress markers in the kidney tissue and demonstrating it in renal histological sections in an iron-overloaded rat model.

METHODS

A total of 24 Wistar Albino rats were separated into 3 groups of 8 rats. Iron sucrose (60 ​mg/kg/day) was administered intraperitoneally to the first group (Group Fe) (n ​= ​8), iron sucrose and dapagliflozin (0.1 ​mg/kg/day) to the second group (Group Fe ​+ ​D) (n ​= ​8) and intraperitoneal saline as placebo to the control group (Group C) (n ​= ​8) for 4 weeks. The glomerular changes were semi-quantitatively scored with Oxford Classification. Oxidative stress was analyzed from the tissue fluorescent oxidation product (FLOP), malondialdehyde (MDA) and total sulfhydryl (T-SH) levels.

RESULTS

Dapagliflozin prevented glomerular and mesangial damage of iron overload in the non-diabetic rat model. MDA levels were significantly higher in Group Fe compared to the Group C, and there was no significant difference between the Fe ​+ ​D group and Group C. T-SH levels were preserved in the Fe ​+ ​D group and were significantly higher than in the Fe group.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study showed that dapagliflozin helped preserve the glomerular and mesangial structure histologically and reduced oxidative stress markers in a non-diabetic iron overload rat model.

A New Biomarker in The Distinction Between Stable Coronary Artery Disease and Acute Coronary Syndrome:Thiols

Backraund; Thiols are important elements for oxidation reactions and under oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to determine thiole levels, an antioxidative marker in CAD patients with stable and acute coronary syndrome. Methods; 210 of the patients included in the study were diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), 205 consisted of patients with stable angina pectoris (SAP). Thiol groups levels and thiol/disulphide homeostasis was measured by spectrophotometrically. Results: Native thiol and total thiol levels, disulfide/natural thiol and disulfide/total thiol ratios were decreased in the ACS groups compared to the SAP groups Conclusions: Thiol levels and thiol / disulfide ratios can be used as markers to evaluate acute coronary syndrome.

The Evaluation of Thiol/Disulfide Homeostasis and Oxidative DNA Damage in Patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Objective

In this study, we aimed to examine thiol/disulfide homeostasis and oxidative DNA damage in patients with OCD and compare them with healthy controls.

Methods

Thirty-five patients previously diagnosed with OCD in Van Yuzuncu Yil University Department of Psychiatry and thirty-three healthy volunteers were included in the study. The severity of the symptoms was measured using the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. Five μL of blood samples were taken from the patient and control groups. The samples were stored at appropriate conditions until use. Leukocyte DNA was isolated and the levels of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and deoxyguanosine were detected to assess the oxidative DNA damage. The level of oxidative DNA damage was expressed as 8-OHdG/10⁶dG. Total thiol/native thiol levels were measured for thiol/disulfide homeostasis. The level of disulfide was determined by subtracting the native thiol value from the total thiol value and the result was divided by two. Results were given as percentages.

Results

The total and native thiol levels in patients with OCD were significantly lower, and the disulfide levels were significantly higher in patients with OCD than healthy control subjects. In addition, 8-OHdG, an indicator of DNA damage, was significantly lower in the control group compared to the patient group.

Conclusion

Increased levels of disulfide/native thiol and disulfide/total thiol in patients with OCD show that levels of oxidative stress were elevated and therefore, higher 8-OHdG levels in patients with OCD is a marker of oxidative DNA damage.

Thiols and disulfide levels are correlated with TIMI thrombus grade in non-ST elevation myocardial infarction patients

Aim: We investigated the relationship between thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) thrombus grade and thiol/disulfide levels. Materials & methods: 182 non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) patients were divided into two groups; TIMI grade 0 patients who do not have any visible thrombus in their culprit vessels, and TIMI thrombus grade 1-5 patients. Results: Native and total thiol levels and disulfide to thiol ratio were higher in the low thrombus group. In addition, thrombus grade was positively correlated with disulfide to native and total thiol ratio and negatively with native and total thiol levels in NSTEMI patients. Conclusion: We can assert that thiol levels tend to decrease, and the disulfide to thiol ratio increase with increasing thrombus burden in NSTEMI patients.

Dynamic Thiol/Disulfide Homeostasis and Oxidative DNA Damage in Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Objective

Insufficient number of oxidative stress studies have been conducted in patients with adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The objective of the current study is to examine the thiol/disulfide homeostasis as well as oxidative DNA damage levels in adult ADHD patients and to compare them with the results of healthy control subjects.

Methods

The study was inclusive of forty-nine patients who were diagnosed with adult ADHD, as well as thirty-three healthy volunteers to be used as the control group. The diagnosis of the patients was conducted according to the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. Blood were stored under appropriate laboratory conditions. For the purpose of detecting the oxidative DNA damage level, an extraction of genomic DNA from leukocytes was carried out, and furthermore the levels of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), apart from deoxyguanosine, were measured accordingly.

Results

Total thiol and the native thiol levels were observed to be statistically lower in adult ADHD patients as compared to the subjects in the healthy control group (p = 0.001). It was observed that the disulfide levels were higher in adult ADHD patients as compared to the healthy control subjects (p = 0.001). In addition, the levels of 8-OHdG, which are considered as a marker for assessing DNA damage, were found to be significantly lower in the control group as compared to the adult ADHD patients (p = 0.001).

Conclusion

It was observed that the thiol/disulfide homeostasis had shifted towards disulfide, and 8-OHdG levels were increased in adult ADHD patients.

Blood Plasma's Protective Ability against the Degradation of S-Nitrosoglutathione under the Influence of Air-Pollution-Derived Metal Ions in Patients with Exacerbation of Heart Failure and Coronary Artery Disease

One of the consequences of long-term exposure to air pollutants is increased mortality and deterioration of life parameters, especially among people diagnosed with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) or impaired respiratory system. Aqueous soluble inorganic components of airborne particulate matter containing redox-active transition metal ions affect the stability of S-nitrosothiols and disrupt the balance in the homeostasis of nitric oxide. Blood plasma’s protective ability against the decomposition of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) under the influence of aqueous PM extract among patients with exacerbation of heart failure and coronary artery disease was studied and compared with a group of healthy volunteers. In the environment of CVD patients’ plasma, NO release from GSNO was facilitated compared to the plasma of healthy controls, and the addition of ascorbic acid boosted this process. Model studies with albumin revealed that the amount of free thiol groups is one of the crucial factors in GSNO decomposition. The correlation between the concentration of NO released and -SH level in blood plasma supports this conclusion. Complementary studies on gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activity and ICP-MS multielement analysis of CVD patients’ plasma samples in comparison to a healthy control group provide broader insights into the mechanism of cardiovascular risk development induced by air pollution.

Association between Plasma Thiol Parameters and Troponin Levels in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome and Prediction of In-Hospital Ventricular Arrhythmia

Fundamento

As arritmias ventriculares (AVs) são a principal causa de mortalidade e morbidade hospitalar em pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) e sua relação com o tiol é desconhecida.

Objetivo

Investigar a relação entre os níveis plasmáticos de tióis e os níveis de troponina em pacientes com SCA e estimar o desenvolvimento de AV intra-hospitalar durante a internação.

Método

O estudo incluiu 231 pacientes consecutivos com SCA com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (SCA-SDST) e pacientes com SCA sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (SCA-SSDST). Após a aplicação dos critérios de exclusão, 191 pacientes foram incluídos na análise estatística. Os pacientes foram classificados em dois grupos: grupo SCA-SDST (n=94) e grupo SCA-SSDST (n=97). Os níveis plasmáticos de tiol, dissulfeto e troponina foram medidos e a razão de troponina para tiol nativo (RTTN) foi calculada. Considerou-se estatisticamente significativo um valor de p bilateral inferior a 0,05.

Resultados

Tiol nativo plasmático, tiol total, dissulfeto e suas razões foram semelhantes entre os grupos. A RTTN se mostrou significativamente maior no grupo SCA-SDST em comparação com o grupo SCA-SSDST. Houve correlação negativa significativa entre os níveis de troponina e tiol. Verificou-se que o tiol nativo é preditor independente do desenvolvimento de AV em pacientes com SCA-SDST e em todos os pacientes com SCA. Verificou-se que o RTTN é preditor independente do desenvolvimento de AV em pacientes com SCA-SSDST e em todos os pacientes com SCA.

Conclusão

Os níveis plasmáticos de tiol podem ser usados para identificar pacientes com alto risco de desenvolvimento de AV intra-hospitalar em pacientes com SCA. A correlação entre os níveis de troponina e tiol pode sugerir que os tióis possam ser marcadores importantes para o diagnóstico e prognóstico da SCA com a ajuda de estudos futuros.

Serum Thiol Levels and Thiol/Disulfide Homeostasis in Patients with Rheumatic Mitral Valve Disease and Healthy Subjects

Fundamento

A doença valvar mitral reumatismal (DVMR) é a apresentação mais comum das doenças cardíacas reumáticas (DCR). Os processos de inflamação e fibrose também têm papéis significativos em sua patogênese. Estudos recentes demonstram que os tióis e o tiol-dissulfeto são marcadores de stress oxidativo inéditos e promissores.

Objetivos

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar diferenças entre os níveis de tiol sérico e de tiol-dissulfeto em pacientes com DVMR e no grupo de controle.

Métodos

Noventa e dois pacientes com DVMR foram cadastrados no estudo. Cinquenta e quatro sujeitos saudáveis, e com correspondência de sexo e idade em relação ao grupo de estudo, também foram incluídos no estudo como um grupo de controle. Foram investigados os níveis de tiol nos pacientes com DVMR e o grupo de controle. Os p-valores menores que 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.

Resultados

Os pacientes com DVMR apresentaram pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar (PSAP) e níveis de diâmetro do átrio esquerdo (AE) mais altos que os do grupo de controle. Os níveis de tiol nativo (407±83 μmol/L vs. 297±65 μmol/L, p<0,001) e tiol total (442±82 μmol/L vs. 329±65 μmol/L, p<0,001) são mais altos no grupo de controle. Níveis de dissulfeto (16,7±4,9 μmol/L vs. 14,8±3,7 μmol/L, p=0,011) são mais altos no grupo de pacientes com DVMR. Foi identificada uma correlação positiva entre as razões dissulfeto/tiol nativo e dissulfeto/tiol total com PSAP, diâmetro de AE, e gravidade da EMi. A razão dissulfeto/tiol total é significativamente mais alta em pacientes com EMi grave que em pacientes com EMi leve a moderada.

Conclusões

Até onde se sabe, este é o único estudo que avaliou a homeostase tiol/dissulfeto como um preditor inédito, que está relacionado de forma mais próxima à DVMR e à gravidade da EMi.

Berries and Their Polyphenols as a Potential Therapy for Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction: A Mini-Review

Ischemia with no obstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA) is a common diagnosis with a higher prevalence in women compared to men. Despite the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease and no structural heart disease, INOCA is associated with major adverse cardiovascular outcomes as well a significant contributor to angina and related disability. A major feature of INOCA is coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD), which can be detected by non-invasive imaging and invasive coronary physiology assessments in humans. CMD is associated with epicardial endothelial-dependent and -independent dysfunction, diffuse atherosclerosis, and left-ventricular hypertrophy, all of which lead to insufficient blood flow to the myocardium. Inflammatory and oxidative stress signaling, upregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and adrenergic receptor signaling are major drivers of CMD. Treatment of CMD centers around addressing cardiovascular risk factors; however, there are limited treatment options for those who do not respond to traditional anti-anginal therapies. In this review, we highlight the ability of berry-derived polyphenols to modulate those pathways. The evidence supports the need for future clinical trials to investigate the effectiveness of berries and their polyphenols in the treatment of CMD in INOCA patients.

Does plasma thiol and disulphide be a new marker for prostate cancer in prostate-specific antigen level between 10 and 20 ng/ml?

INTRODUCTION

We aimed to evaluate plasma thiol and disulphide levels as an additional marker to prostate specific antigen (PSA) in the diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa).

METHODS

Between March 2017 and January 2018 prospective study was conducted among patients with PSA levels of 2.5-20 ng/mL without suspicion of malignancy in rectal examination and who underwent prostate needle biopsy. Patients were divided into two groups according to PSA level as 2.5-10 ng/mL (Group 1) and 10.01-20 ng/mL (Group 2). Diagnostic efficacy of thiol, disulphide and PSA levels were measured by ROC analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 76 patients were included in the study. There were 49 patients in group 1 and 27 patients in group 2. There was no significant difference between two groups in terms of PSA density and prostate size. In Group 1, area under curve (AUC) was higher in PSA than other parameters with statistically significant difference (p<.05). In group 2, AUC of native and total thiol was higher than PSA but there was no statistically significant difference for AUC in parameters.

CONCLUSIONS

We think that plasma thiol test may be used in diagnosis of prostate cancer while PSA levels between 10 to 20 ng/mL. However, further studies are required.

Lower thiol, glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase levels in prostate cancer: a meta-analysis study

PURPOSE

Lowered thiol (-SH) groups and glutathione (GSH) metabolism may be associated with prostate cancer (PCa) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The objectives of this study were to systematically review and meta-analyze the associations among -SH groups, GSH, GSH peroxidase (GPx), GSH reductase (GR), and GSH transferase (GST) and PCa/BPH.

METHODS

Four electronic databases were searched for studies that reported -SH and GSH variables in PCa/BPH and healthy controls (HC) and the data were meta-analyzed by calculating Hedges's g with 95% confidence intervals.

RESULTS

Twenty studies were included in this meta-analysis. Total -SH (g = -1.750, -2.341/-1.159), GPx (g = -0.789, -1.234/-0.344), GSH (g = -2.219, -4.132/-0.305), and the combination of -SH, GPx, and GSH (g = -1.271, -1.271/-0.800) were significantly lower in PCa patients than in HC. -SH (g = -1.752, -3.123/-0.381) and the combination of -SH, GPx, and GSH (g = -0.813, -1.298/-0.327) were significantly lower in BPH patients than in HC. GPx was significantly lower in PCa than in BPH patients (g = -0.455, -0.896/-0.014). Heterogeneity levels were very high, but Egger's test showed that none of the biomarkers showed significant publication bias.

CONCLUSION

Thiol/GPx antioxidant defenses are significantly attenuated in patients with PCa while patients with BPH occupy an intermediate risk group position between PCa patients and HC.

Thiol-disulfide homeostasis: an integrated approach with biochemical and clinical aspects

Dynamic thiol-disulfide homeostasis (TDH) is a new area has begun to attract more scrutiny. Dynamic TDH is reversal of thiol oxidation in proteins and represents the status of thiols (-SH) and disulfides (-S-S-). Organic compounds containing the sulfhydryl group is called thiol, composed of sulfur and hydrogen atoms. Disulfides are the most important class of dynamic, redox responsive covalent bonds build in between two thiol groups. For many years, thiol levels were analyzed by several methods. During last years, measurements of disulfide levels have been analyzed by a novel automated method, developed by Erel and Neselioglu. In this method, addition to thiol (termed as native thiol) levels, disulfide levels were also measured and sum of native thiol and disulfide levels were termed as total thiol. Therefore, TDH was begun to be understood in organism. In healthy humans, TDH is maintained within a certain range. Dysregulated dynamic TDH has been implicated several disorders with unknown etiology. A growing body of evidence has demonstrated that the thiol-disulfide homeostasis is involved in variety diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, nonsmall cell lung cancer, familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), inflammatory bowel diseases, occupational diseases, gestational diabetes mellitus and preeclampsia. These results may elucidate some pathogenic mechanism or may be a predictor indicating diagnostic clue, prognostic marker or therapeutic sign. In conclusion, protection of the thiol-disulfide homeostasis is of great importance for the human being. Evidence achieved so far has proposed that thiol-disulfide homeostasis is an important issue needs to elucidate wholly.

Dynamic thiol/disulphide homeostasis metrics as a risk factor for peripheral arterial disease

OBJECTIVE

To examine dynamic thiol/disulphide homeostasis metrics as a novel risk factor of oxidative stress in patients with peripheral arterial disease.

METHODS

One hundred patients with lower extremity peripheral arterial disease (a study group) and 100 control subjects were included in this prospective case-control study. Participants' baseline clinical characteristics and laboratory data including some oxidant/antioxidant status parameters such as albumin, ferroxidase and myeloperoxidase, and thiol/disulphide homeostasis parameters such as native thiol, total thiol and disulphide, as well as native thiol/total thiol, disulphide/native thiol and disulphide/total thiol ratios were all recorded and then compared between the groups.

RESULTS

Mean albumin and ferroxidase, and median myeloperoxidase levels were found to be significantly higher in patients with the peripheral arterial disease than in control group (p = 0.045, p = 0.000 and p = 0.000, respectively). Mean native thiol and total thiol, and median disulphide levels were found to be significantly lower in the study group as compared with the control group (p = 0.000, p = 0.000 and p = 0.037, respectively). According to the results of logistic regression analysis, systolic blood pressure, ferroxidase and myeloperoxidase levels were detected to be the independent predictors of peripheral arterial disease.

CONCLUSION

Our report is the first one in the literature investigating dynamic thiol/disulphide homeostasis metrics as a novel risk factor of oxidative stress in peripheral arterial disease. Dynamic thiol/disulphide homeostasis metrics may be used as a valuable risk factor of oxidative stress in patients with the peripheral arterial disease since it is readily available, easily calculated and relatively cheap.

Oxidative Stress in Children with Cutaneous Mastocytosis

Background: Thiols and ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) are novel biomarkers for the evaluation of the oxidative stress (OS) that has been associated with the pathogenesis of various neoplastic and inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was to find out the dynamic thiol-disulfide homeostasis and IMA levels in patients with cutaneous mastocytosis (CM) to demonstrate the presence of the OS. Methods: A total of 36 patients with CM and 27 age- and sex-matched healthy participants were included in this study. Serum thiols and IMA levels were measured and compared between the 2 groups. Results: Levels of native thiol, total thiol, disulfide, disulfide/native thiol, disulfide/total thiol, native thiol/total thiol, and IMA were similar in both patients with CM and the control group. No significant difference was found with regard to mediator-releasing symptoms, clinical types, and remission status between the OS markers (thiol/disulfide variables and IMA levels) of the patients (P > 0.05). Conclusions: To our knowledge, this study is the first study in the literature that investigated thiol-disulfide homeostasis and IMA levels in pediatric patients with CM. Our study indicated that OS plays no role in the course of the pediatric CM.

Thiol-disulfide as a novel indicator of obstructive sleep apnea

INTRODUCTION

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is an oxidative stress disease, which has been considered to be a notable risk and associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Thiol-disulfide homeostasis is as a novel indicator of oxidative stress.

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to evaluate thiol-disulfide homeostasis in a large patient population with OSA.

METHODS

A total of 230 with OSA and 40 healthy controls were included in the study. Inclusion criteria for OSA patients are having apnoea-hypopnoea index of ≥5/hour, being more than 18 years of age and having no previous treatment for OSA. Thiol-disulfide analysis was done for the patients and control group. Blood thiol-disulfide homeostasis was analysed using the new automatic method, developed by Erel and Neşelioğlu.

RESULTS

Among all OSA subjects, 149 (64.8%) were males and the mean ages of the patients were 53.38 ± 10.22. Total thiol, native thiol (SH) and disulfide (SS) levels were significantly lower in OSA group compared to the control group (P < .001, P < .001 and P = .039 respectively). Also, total thiol and native thiol (SH) were significantly different between the groups according to OSA severity (mild-moderate to severe OSA) (P < .001 and P < .001 respectively). Thiol-disulfide redox parameters were correlated with apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI) scores.

CONCLUSION

The present prospective study showed that thiol/disulfide homeostasis was unbalanced in OSA patients. Especially, in OSA patients have low level of thiol/disulfide redox parameters when compared to healthy subjects. Evaluating thiol-disulfide homeostasis in OSA may be a contributing aspect to assessment and monitoring of the patient.

The Significance of Thiol/Disulfide Homeostasis and Ischemia-modified Albumin Levels in Assessing Oxidative Stress in Obese Children and Adolescents

OBJECTIVE

There is an association between obesity and several inflammatory and oxidative markers in children. In this study, we analyzed thiol/disulfide homeostasis and serum ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) levels for the first time in order to clarify and determine the oxidant/antioxidant balance in metabolically healthy and unhealthy children.

METHODS

This study included obese children and healthy volunteers between 4-18 years of age. The obese patients were divided into two groups: metabolically healthy obese (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO). Biochemical parameters including thiol/disulfide homeostasis, and IMA concentrations were analyzed.

RESULTS

There were 301 recruits of whom 168 (55.8%) were females. The obese children numbered 196 (MHO n=58 and MUO n=138) and healthy controls numbered 105. No statistically significant difference could be found in ages and genders of the patients among all groups (p>0.05, for all). Native thiol (SH), total thiol (SH+SS), and native thiol/total thiol (SH/SH+SS) ratio were statistically significantly lower in the MUO group than the control group (p<0.001, p=0.005, and p=0.005; respectively). Disulfide (SS), disulfide/native thiol (SS/SH), disulfide/total thiol (SS/SH+SS) and IMA levels were statistically significantly higher in the MUO group than the control group (p=0.002, p<0.001, p<0.001, and p=0.001, respectively).

CONCLUSION

Chronic inflammation due to oxidative stress induced by impaired metabolic parameters in MUO children caused impairment in thiol redox homeostasis. Our data suggested that the degree of oxidant imbalance in obese children worsened as obesity and metabolic abnormalities increased. It is hypothesized that thiol/disulfide homeostasis and high serum IMA levels may be reliable indicators of oxidant-antioxidant status in MUO children.

Dynamic thiol/disulphide homeostasis in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

BACKGROUND

In addition to the genetic complexity of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), there must be other disease-modifying factors that contribute to its highly variable clinical and phenotypic expression. The authors aimed to investigate serum thiol/disulphide homeostasis as a proxy for oxidative stress using a novel automated assay in patients with HCM.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 119 patients with HCM and 52 without HCM. The methods used to measure dynamic thiol/disulphide homeostasis as calorimetric and duplex quantities were developed in 2014.

RESULTS

Median serum native thiol levels were significantly lower in patients with HCM than in those without (312.5 μmol/L [285-370 μmol/L] vs 421 μmol/L [349-469.5 μmol/L]; p < 0.001). Serum total thiol levels and disulphide levels were considerably lower than those in the control group ([844.68 ± 195.99 μmol/L vs 1158.92 ± 243.97 μmol/L; p < 0.001], [259.13 ± 65.66 μmol/L vs 375.02 ± 79.99 μmol/L; p < 0.001], respectively). Serum disulphide/native thiol ratios and disulphide/total thiol ratios were significantly lower in HCM patients than in controls (0.80 ± 0.09 vs 0.92 ± 0.05; p < 0.001 and 0.31 [0.30-0.32] vs 0.32 [0.32-0.33]; p < 0.001). Finally, reduced thiol ratios were higher and oxidized thiol ratios were significantly lower in patients with HCM than in controls.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite the fact that antioxidant capacity was impaired, the extracellular environment remained in a reducing state by keeping serum disulphide/native thiol ratios low. Therefore, the authors speculate that HCM may behave similarly to tumours with respect to serum thiol-disulphide levels.

The role of thiol levels in predicting contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention

OBJECTIVE:

Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is a common complication of diagnostic or interventional procedures that may arise from administration of intravascular contrast media. Recent studies have reported the thiol-disulfide ratio as a novel oxidative stress marker. Therefore, we investigated the role of thiol levels in predicting CIN in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) who had undergone primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

METHODS:

A total of 302 patients were enrolled in the study. CIN was defined as an increase in serum creatinine concentration ≥0.5 mg/dL compared with the admission value or a >25% relative rise during the first 48–72 hours after the procedure. To evaluate the relationship between thiol levels and CIN, the patients were divided into a CIN group and a non-CIN group.

RESULTS:

CIN occurred in 44 (15%) patients. Native thiol (274.8±84.7 μmol/L vs. 220.8±97.1 μmol/L, p=0.001) and total thiol (305.4±89.7 μmol/L vs. 260.1±102.1 μmol/L, p=0.009) levels were higher in patients within the non-CIN group. Disulfide (15.8±6.6 μmol/L vs. 19.6±8.4 μmol/L, p=0.002) levels, and mean disulfide/total thiol ratios (8.4±3.7 vs. 5.9±3.1, p=0.001) were higher in patients with CIN (+) group. In univariate analysis, the initial native thiol, total thiol, disulfide levels, and disulfide/total thiol ratio were found to have prognostic significance in the development of CIN. In the multivariate regression analysis, only the disulfide/total thiol ratio (OR=1.190; 95% CI: 1.090–1.300; p=0.001) was significantly and independently associated with CIN. The cutoff value of the disulfide/total thiol ratio to predict CIN on admission in patients with STEMI who underwent primary PCI was 7, with a sensitivity of 68.2% and a specificity of 79.8%.

CONCLUSION:

Our results suggest that thiol/disulfide homeostasis could be a good biochemical risk marker for CIN in STEMI patients who underwent primary PCI.

The effect of thiol-disulfide homeostasis in patients undergoing on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting

Background

In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of thiol-disulfide homeostasis in patients undergoing on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting.

Methods

Between January 2018 and October 2018, a total of 51 patients (43 males, 8 females; mean age 61.8±8.7 years; range, 38 to 78 years) who underwent isolated on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting were included. Thiol-disulfide homeostasis parameters were studied in the preoperative period (T1), 30 min after the removal of cross-clamp (T2), and postoperative sixth h (T3). Hemodynamic parameters such as atrial fibrillation and inotropic support requirement of the patients were evaluated in the postoperative period.

Results

There were significant differences in the measured thiol-disulfide homeostasis parameters at different time points of surgery (p<0.001). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that T2-disulfide/native thiol ratio was an independent predictor of the development of postoperative atrial fibrillation (p=0.042). There were positive and significant correlations between the T2-disulfide levels and cross-clamp time (r:0.307, p=0.029).

Conclusion

Thiol-disulfide homeostasis in patients undergoing on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting changes toward to disulfide. Disulfide levels increase in parallel with prolonged ischemia time. Decreased native thiol and increased disulfide levels during ischemic period may be predictive of postoperative atrial fibrillation.

Impaired thiol/disulfide homeostasis in patients with mild acute pancreatitis

BACKGROUND/AIMS

The aim of this study was to compare the dynamic thiol/disulfide (SS) homeostasis and ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) concentration between healthy subjects and patients with mild acute pancreatitis (AP).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 28 patients with AP (AP group) and 35 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals (control group) were included in this study. Serum thiols/SS and IMA concentrations were measured and compared between the two groups.

RESULTS

The mean serum native thiol (SH) and total thiol (TT) levels were significantly lower in the AP group than in the control group (224.7±80.3 μmol/L vs. 314.66±87.5 μmol/L, p<0.001 and 273.3±76.8 vs. 346.9±79 μmol/L, p<0.001, respectively). SS levels were significantly higher in the AP group than in the control group (24.2±11.1 μmol/L vs. 16.1±9.9 μmol/L, p<0.054). There were no differences in the IMA concentration and the mean IMA/albumin ratio (IMAR) between both the groups.

CONCLUSION

We found that mild AP may affect serum thiol and SS levels, and cause impaired thiol/SS homeostasis.

Dynamic thiol/disulphide homeostasis and pathogenesis of Kawasaki disease

BACKGROUND

Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute, self-limited, systemic vasculitis of unknown etiology. In the present study, we investigated whether there is a relationship between KD and dynamic thiol/disulphide homeostasis.

METHODS

This case-control study involved KD patients and healthy controls. Plasma total, native and disulphide thiol and the disulphide/native, disulphide/total and native thiol/total thiol ratios of all patients and the control group were analyzed simultaneously.

RESULTS

A total of 20 patients with KD (male/female, 12/8) and 25 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (male/female, 12/13) were evaluated. Native, total thiol and native thiol/total thiol ratio were significantly lower in KD patients than in the control group (P < 0.001). In contrast, disulphide thiol, disulphide/native thiol and disulphide/total thiol ratios were significantly higher in KD patients than control subjects (P < 0.001). In KD patients with coronary artery lesion (CAL), the native thiol and total thiol were significantly lower than in KD patients without CAL. In KD patients with CAL, the ratios of disulphide/total thiol and disulphide/native thiol were significantly higher than in those without CAL (P = 0.02 and P = 0.02, respectively), whereas the ratio of native/total thiol was significantly lower (P = 0.02).

CONCLUSION

The KD patients had lower plasma thiol (native and total) and higher disulphide thiol than controls, indicating that dynamic thiol/disulphide homeostasis might be an important indicator of inflammation in KD. Alteration and shifting of thiol/disulphide homeostasis to the oxidized side are correlated with the pathogenesis of KD and CAL.

The Effect of Continuous Ventilation on Thiol-Disulphide Homeostasis and Albumin-Adjusted Ischemia-Modified Albumin During Cardiopulmonary Bypass

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effect of continuous lung ventilation with low tidal volume on oxidation parameters, such as thiol/disulphide homeostasis and albumin-adjusted ischemia-modified albumin (AAIMA), during cardiopulmonary bypass (CBP) in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).

METHODS

Seventy-four patients who underwent elective CABG with CPB were included in the study. Blood samples were taken in the preoperative period, 10 minutes after CPB, and six and 24 hours postoperatively. Patients were assigned to the continuous ventilation group (Group 1, n=37) and the non-ventilated group (Group 2, n=37). The clinical characteristics, thiol/disulphide homeostasis, ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), and AAIMA levels of the patients were compared.

RESULTS

A significant difference was found between the groups regarding native thiol, total thiol, and IMA levels at the postoperative 24th hour (P=0.030, P=0.031, and P=0.004, respectively). There was no difference between the groups in terms of AAIMA. AAIMA levels returned to preoperative levels in Groups 1 and 2, at the 6th and 24th postoperative hours, respectively. Length of hospital stay was significantly shorter in Group 1 (P<0.001) than in Group 2.

CONCLUSION

Continuous ventilation during CPB caused an increase in native and total thiol levels, an earlier return of AAIMA levels, and shorter hospital stay. Continuous ventilation may reduce the negative effects of CPB on myocardium (Table 2, Figure 1, and Reference 31).

Dynamic thiol/disulphide homeostasis in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a disorder that alter the expression of the dystrophin protein. Dystrophin deficiency alters the structural integrity of the contractile apparatus/sarcolemmal integrity, leading to dystrophic changes. Dystrophin deficiency results in an increase in oxidative stress. We aimed to investigate the thiol/disulfide balance as an oxidative stress marker in children with DMD. We included 24 DMD, and 22 healthy control group subjects in the study. The total thiol, native thiol, and disulphide levels were measured and the disulphide/native thiol, disulphide/total thiol and native thiol/total thiol ratios were calculated in DMD patients and healthy subjects. The mean age distribution of the patients and the healthy control group subjects was similar. The total thiol, native thiol, and disulfide levels were lower in DMD group than the healthy controls. In conclusion, the markers and ratios were measured and calculated in the blood, and we detected that the total thiol, and native thiol levels were lower in DMD group than the healthy controls. These results indicate that dynamic thiol-disulphide homeostasis can be used as a marker of oxidative stress in clinical trials with DMD.

Dynamic thiol/disulfide homeostasis as a novel indicator of oxidative stress in patients with urolithiasis

Purpose

A dynamic thiol/disulfide balance is pivotal in organizing anti-oxidant defense, detoxification, apoptosis, and enzyme activities, as well as transcription and cellular signal-transfer mechanisms. The connection between urolithiasis and oxidant/antioxidant status, which can be assessed through thiol-disulfide homeostasis (TDH), has not yet been examined. In this study, we evaluated the effects of TDH on the formation, size, and location of stones by examining the associations between TDH parameters and urolithiasis.

Materials and Methods

Patients with urolithiasis and healthy controls were recruited. The patients were divided into subgroups in terms of stone size (>15 mm or ≤15 mm) and stone location (nephrolithiasis or ureterolithiasis). TDH parameters were measured using a novel automatic and spectrophotometric method and compared statistically.

Results

TDH parameters were different between the urolithiasis and control groups. TDH tended towards the disulfide side in the urolithiasis group. Stone size increased an average 0.14 mm with a 1 µmol/L increase in disulfide level and decreased an average 0.058 mm with a 1 µmol/L increase in native thiol level. Disulfide and native thiol levels were found to be different across patients with stone size >15 mm, ≤15 mm, and controls (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). However, the nephrolithiasis and ureterolithiasis groups were similar in respect of TDH parameters.

Conclusions

In this study, it was found that patients with urolithiasis displayed oxidative stress characterized by a TDH tendency towards the disulfide side, and an inadequate antioxidant response identified by a lower level of native thiol as compared with healthy controls.

The evaluation of thiol/disulphide homeostasis in diabetic nephropathy

AIMS

Thiol/disulphide homeostasis plays a critical role in antioxidant defense, and detoxification in body. Although alteration of thiol/disulfide homeostasis had been shown in patients with diabetes, the thiol/disulfide balance in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy is not yet known.

METHODS

Twenty-six healthy volunteers (group 1), and 17 normal albuminuric (group 2), 24 middle albuminuric (group 3), 20 severe proteinuric (group 4) patients with type 2 diabetes were included. Proteinuria was tested by measuring microalbumin/creatinine ratio in spot urine. Thiol/disulphide homeostasis concentrations were measured using method developed by Erel et al. RESULTS: Mean blood urea and creatinine levels were found to be significantly higher and GFR level was found to be significantly lower in group 4 than in the other groups. Native thiol levels are significantly lower in groups with diabetes than in healthy group and in groups 3 and 4, compared to group 2. Total thiol level was significantly lower in groups 3 and 4 than group 1 and 2. Disulphide/native thiol and disulfide/total thiol ratios were significantly higher in the groups with diabetes than in group 1 and in the group 4 than in the group 2.

CONCLUSION

The level of native and total thiols were found to be decreased significantly with the grade of nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes and the balance had been disrupted in favor of disulphide. We suggest that deteriorated thiol/disulphide balance may be one of the important factors in the development or progression of diabetes induced nephropathy.

Assessment of Serum Ischemia-modified albumin, Prolidase and Thiol-Disulphide Levels in Subjects With Breast Cancer

Background: Oxidative damage is of great importance for patients with breast cancer. Thus, studies were performed to identify the relationship between breast cancer and oxidative stress biomarkers.

Objectives: In this study, our aim was to find out the oxidative and antioxidant status, serum thiol-disulphide levels in subjects with breast cancer.

Methods: This study was conducted between March and June 2018 with 82 control subjects (aged between 32-67 years) and 127 breast cancer patients (aged between 27-66 years) (p=0.058) in Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey. Serum myeloperoxidase (MPO), catalase, prolidase were analyzed with kinetic spectrophotometric and thiol-disulphide, ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), ceruloplasmin were detected by colorimetric methods.

Results: Serum levels of catalase [199.3 (16.4-489.9) vs 81.6 (18.2-322.9) (kU/L)], MPO [124±28 vs 101±31 U/L], disulphide [25 (11-61) vs 18 (2-41) µmol/L], IMA [0.66 (0.31-3.30) vs 0.62 (0.19-1.31) absorbance unit (ABSU)] and prolidase levels [2217±538 vs 1456±401 U/L] were higher in patients than control subjects (For all p<0.001 except for IMA p=0.031). Native thiol [342±60 vs 391±52 µmol/L] and total thiol levels [396±56 vs 430±52 µmol/L] were lower in patients compared with the control group (For all p<0.001).

Conclusions: Levels of serum thiol/disulphide and prolidase might be reliable indicators for determining oxidative status in certain patient populations.

Thiol-disulfide homeostasis as an oxidative stress marker in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy

Purpose: To evaluate thiol-disulfide homeostasis (TDH) and its relationship with clinical findings in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO). Methods: This study included 52 patients with GO and 34 healthy controls. Tests of TDH were conducted using the novel automated spectrophotometric method. Clinical activity score (CAS) and ophthalmopathy index were evaluated and relationships with native thiol, disulfide levels and disulfide/native thiol % ratios were analyzed. Results: The mean plasma native thiol levels in GO patients were significantly lower than that of normal controls (p = 0.013) . The mean plasma disulfide levels and disulfide/native thiol % ratio were found to be significantly higher in GO patients than in controls (p = 0.041, p = 0.022; respectively). The mean native thiol levels of active GO patients (n = 24) were significantly lower than that of patients with inactive GO (n = 28) (p = 0.044). The mean disulfide levels and disulfide/native thiol % ratios of active GO patients were significantly higher than that of patients with inactive GO (p = 0.034, p = 0.001; respectively). There was a negative correlation between native thiol and CAS (r = -0.532, p = 0.001) and a positive correlation between disulfide/native thiol % ratio and CAS (r = 0.601, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The impairment of TDH indicates the presence of oxidative stress in moderate-to-severe GO, particularly in active GO and smokers.

Is oxidative stress measured by thiol/disulphide homeostasis status associated with prostate adenocarcinoma?

Aim of the study

We aim to examine the relation between thiol/disulphide homeostasis and transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy (TRUS-Bx) results and evaluate whether it was effective on the distinction of benign and malign prostate disease.

Material and methods

The study included 29 men histopathologically diagnosed as prostate adenocancer (Pca) (group 1), 30 men having benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) (group 2) and age match 30 healthy individuals in the control group (group 3). Thiol/disulphide homeostasis was measured using a novel automatic and spectrophotometric method.

Results

Among the three groups, a statistically significant difference was detected among native thiol, total thiol levels and disulphide/total thiol, disulphide/native thiol and native thiol/total thiol ratios which are thiol/disulphide homeostasis parameters apart from disulphide (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001 respectively). Additionally, no significant difference was detected in albumin and total protein levels among the groups (p = 0.223, p = 0.316 respectively). Serum native and total thiol levels were high and disulphide level was low in group 1 when compared to the group 2 (p = 0.003, p = 0.007, p = 0.265 respectively). In addition, serum native thiol, total thiol and disulphide levels were low in group 1 when compared to the group 3, but while low native and total thiol levels were significant, low disulphide levels were not found significant (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.331, respectively).

Conclusions

Thiol/disulphide homeostasis was found to be disturbed in Pca patients detected with TRUS-Bx. This is suggesting serum native thiol, total thiol level and ratios provides a novel biomarker for the role for oxidative stress in disease etiopathogenesis.

Thiol/Disulfide Balance in Patients with Familial Hypercholesterolemia

OBJECTIVE

Herein, we investigated the balance of thiol/disulfide, with the hypothesis that the balance between disulfides and thiols, which are natural antioxidants, might be disrupted in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia, which eventually leads to endothelial damage.

METHODS

In this study, we evaluated 51 patients diagnosed with familial hypercholesterolemia and 81 healthy subjects. Blood samples were taken from the patients after a minimum of 12 hours of fasting; samples were immediately centrifuged, stored in Eppendorf tubes, and preserved at -80°C.

RESULTS

This study found that thiol levels are significantly lower in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia, whereas disulfide levels are higher (independent of age, gender, and body mass index). This means that in such patients, the thiol/disulfide balance changes in favour of disulfide.

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, we found that the thiol/disulfide balance in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia is disrupted in favour of disulfide.

Serum ischemia modified albumin level and its relationship with the thiol/disulfide balance in placenta percreta patients

The pathogenesis of placenta percreta (PP) is not very well known. This study was designed to analyse the oxidative stress (OS), the thiol/disulphide balance, and ischaemia-modified albumin (IMA) the women with PP. The study included 38 pregnant women with PP and 40 similarly aged healthy pregnant women in their third trimester of gestation. We measured the IMA, native and total thiols, and disulphide concentrations in the maternal sera of all of the participating women. The IMA levels were higher and the native and total thiols were lower in the PP group than in the control group. However, there was no statistical significance with respect to the thiol/disulphide balance between the two groups. The results of this study suggest that an increase in the ischaemia and OS and a decrease in the antioxidant status may contribute to the pathogenesis of PP. Impact statement What is already known on this subject? Placenta percreta (PP) is a serious complication of pregnancy. Although there are several studies investigating the pathophysiological mechanism of PP, whether the pathology results from a lack of decidua or from the over-invasiveness of trophoblasts remains controversial. The pathology of PP is poorly understood. What do the results of this study add? This prospective study has shown an increased ischaemia modified albumin (IMA) and a decreased antioxidant capacity in the patients with placenta percreta. The results from 38 women with PP suggest that the serum concentrations of IMA and the oxidative stress parameters may be able to predict PP in cases of uncertainty. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? The implication of these findings shed light on understanding the pathogenesis of PP for further research.

Changes in thiol/disulfide homeostasis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis

BACKGROUND

The pathogenesis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) remains unknown, but imbalance between the oxidant and antioxidant defense systems may play a role. Measuring thiols in plasma provides an indirect indication of antioxidative defense. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between JIA and dynamic thiol/disulfide homeostatic status.

METHODS

This case-control study involved 34 JIA patients and 30 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. The patients were divided into subgroups according to Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI) score: active, SDAI > 3.3; remission, SDAI ≤ 3.3.

RESULTS

Native thiol and total thiol were significantly lower in the JIA group than in the control group (P = 0.001). There was no significant difference in the disulfide/native thiol, disulfide/total thiol, and native thiol/total thiol ratios between the JIA and control groups (P > 0.05). Based on SDAI score, 22 JIA patients were in the remission subgroup, and 12 JIA patients were in the active subgroup. Native thiol and total thiol were significantly lower in the active JIA subgroup than in the remission subgroup (P = 0.001), but there were no significant differences in the other parameters. There was no significant difference in thiol and disulfide levels between systemic-onset JIA and other JIA (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Plasma thiol is lower in JIA patients, especially during periods of active disease, than in healthy controls, indicating that low thiol might be an important factor in the etiology of JIA and that antioxidant systems are negatively affected by inflammatory diseases, especially during periods of active disease.

Dynamic thiol/disulphide homeostasis as a novel indicator of oxidative stress in obese children and its relationship with inflammatory-cardiovascular markers

Objective:

Childhood obesity is an important cause of cardiovascular risk with chronic inflammation. Oxidative stress may contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity-related cardiovascular pathologies. We aimed to evaluate thiol/disulphide homeostasis as a novel and sensitive marker of oxidative stress and to evaluate its relationship with some inflammatory and cardiovascular markers in obese children.

Methods:

In this case-controlled study, 65 children with exogenous obesity and 64 healthy children, as a control group, were included. In both groups, thiol/disulphide homeostasis parameters and inflammatory (white blood cells, platelets, mean corpuscular volume, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein) and cardiovascular (epicardial adipose tissue thickness and left ventricular mass index) markers were studied. Correlation analyses of thiol/disulphide homeostasis parameters with body mass index standard deviation scores (BMI SDS) and inflammatory and cardiovascular markers were performed. Receiver-operating characteristic analysis was performed to determine the sensitivity, specificity, and optimal cut-off values of thiol/disulphide homeostasis parameters.

Results:

Native thiol, total thiol, and native thiol/total thiol ratios (antioxidant parameters) were lower (p<0.05) and disulphide/native thiol and disulphide/total thiol ratios (oxidant parameters) were higher in the obese group than in the control group (p<0.01). A positive correlation of oxidant parameters with BMI SDS and inflammatory markers was found. However, a negative correlation of antioxidant parameters with BMI SDS and inflammatory markers was found. The specificities of disulphide/native thiol and disulphide/total thiol ratios were higher in the obese group.

Conclusion:

The impairment in thiol/disulphide homeostasis, which is indicative of oxidative stress, is associated with inflammation in obesity. In addition, cardiovascular involvement may also contribute to this impairment.