1
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Konya Y, Ochiai R, Fujiwara S, Tsujino K, Okumura T. Detailed profiling of polysorbate 80 oxidative degradation products and hydrolysates using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2024; 38:e9715. [PMID: 38351644 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Polysorbate 80 (PS80) is an amphipathic, nonionic surfactant that is commonly used to stabilize proteins in biopharmaceutical formulations. PS80 undergoes oxidative and/or enzymatic degradation. However, because PS80 is a complex mixture consisting of many constituents, comprehensive evaluations of its oxidative degradation products are difficult and insufficient. METHODS Our previously reported comprehensive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS)-based method for PS80 effectively provides an overall profile of PS80 components under simple LC conditions. In this study, we attempted to shorten the analysis time. Furthermore, PS80 was oxidatively degraded in a solution containing histidine and iron, and the oxidative degradation products were evaluated using a modified LC/MS/MS method. In addition, enzymatically hydrolyzed PS80 samples were analyzed. RESULTS We succeeded in shortening the analysis time from 70 to 20 min while maintaining the resolution of the PS80 components of the same selected reaction monitoring transition. Both the previously reported oxidative degradation products and the newly discovered products were successfully detected, and their composition ratios and changes over time were observed. Changes in the hydrolysates over time are shown in the analysis of the hydrolyzed PS80 samples. CONCLUSIONS This study clearly showed the presence of changes in PS80 oxidative and/or enzymatic degradation products, including those previously unreported. These results demonstrate that a detailed profiling of PS80 degradation products can be performed using LC/MS/MS, which is less expensive and more generally adopted than high-resolution MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Konya
- Pharmaceuticals and Life Sciences Division, Shimadzu Techno-Research, Inc., Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Ochiai
- Pharmaceuticals and Life Sciences Division, Shimadzu Techno-Research, Inc., Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujiwara
- Pharmaceuticals and Life Sciences Division, Shimadzu Techno-Research, Inc., Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazushige Tsujino
- Pharmaceuticals and Life Sciences Division, Shimadzu Techno-Research, Inc., Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Okumura
- Pharmaceuticals and Life Sciences Division, Shimadzu Techno-Research, Inc., Kyoto, Japan
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2
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Sampathkumar K, Kerwin BA. Roadmap for Drug Product Development and Manufacturing of Biologics. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:314-331. [PMID: 37944666 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic biology encompasses different modalities, and their manufacturing processes may be vastly different. However, there are many similarities that run across the different modalities during the drug product (DP) development process and manufacturing. Similarities include the need for Quality Target Product Profile (QTTP), analytical development, formulation development, container/closure studies, drug product process development, manufacturing and technical requirements set out by numerous regulatory documents such as the FDA, EMA, and ICH for pharmaceuticals for human use and other country specific requirements. While there is a plethora of knowledge on studies needed for development of a drug product, there is no specific guidance set out in a phase dependent manner delineating what studies should be completed in alignment with the different phases of clinical development from pre-clinical through commercialization. Because of this reason, we assembled a high-level drug product development and manufacturing roadmap. The roadmap is applicable across the different modalities with the intention of providing a unified framework from early phase development to commercialization of biologic drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Sampathkumar
- SSK Biosolutions LLC, 14022 Welland Terrace, North Potomac, MD 20878, USA; Currently at Invetx, Inc., One Boston Place, Suite 3930, 201 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02108, USA
| | - Bruce A Kerwin
- Kerwin BioPharma Consulting LLC, 14138 Farmview Ln NE, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110, USA; Coriolis Scientific Advisory Board, Coriolis Pharma, Fraunhoferstr. 18 b, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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3
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Carle S, Evers DH, Hagelskamp E, Garidel P, Buske J. All-in-one stability indicating polysorbate 20 degradation root-cause analytics via UPLC-QDa. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1232:123955. [PMID: 38128165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Polysorbates (PS) are the most frequently used surfactants to stabilize biologicals. Ironically, these excellent stabilizing non-ionic surfactants have inherent structural properties, which lead to instabilities of their own. Such PS degradation can be triggered by multiple root-causes, like chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis or oxidative degradation. This can on the one hand reduce the concentration of surface-active PS and on the other hand lead to the formation of unfavorable degradants, like poorly soluble free fatty acids (FFA), which may phase separate and form visible FFA particles. Due to the potential criticality of PS degradation in biopharmaceutical formulations, various analytics have been established in recent years not only to monitor the PS content but also to evaluate specific PS markers and crucial degradants. However, in most cases sample preparations and several analytical assays have to be conducted to obtain a comprehensive picture of potential PS degradation root-causes. Here we show a novel approach for PS degradation UPLC-QDa based root-cause analytics, which utilizes previously established analytics for (i) most relevant polysorbate 20 (PS20) esters, (ii) PS20 free fatty acids and (iii) a newly developed method for the evaluation of PS20 specific oxidation markers. Thereby, this triad of analytical methods uses the same sample preparation and detector, which reduces the overall necessary effort, time investment and sample volume. Furthermore, the innovative PS20 oxidation marker method allows to quantify specific concentrations of the determined markers by external calibration and possible perception of oxidative degradation processes prior to relevant losses of PS20 esters, which could serve as an early indication during formulation development. The applicability of this method set was verified using several PS20 containing stress samples, which cover the most relevant root-causes, including acidic and alkaline hydrolysis, enzyme mediated hydrolysis, oxidative AAPH stress and Fe2+/H2O2 mediated degradation as well as autoxidation via long-term storage at elevated temperatures. Overall, this analytical setup has shown to deliver in-depth data about PS20 degradation, which can be used to narrow down the causative stress without the necessity of fundamentally different methods. Therefore, it can be seen as all-in-one solution during sometimes troublesome development of biopharmaceutical formulations, that supports the elucidation of the PS degradation mechanism(s) and thus establish mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Carle
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Innovation Unit, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88400 Biberach, Germany.
| | - Dirk-H Evers
- RaDes GmbH, Schnackenburgallee 114, 22525 Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Innovation Unit, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88400 Biberach, Germany.
| | - Julia Buske
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Innovation Unit, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88400 Biberach, Germany.
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4
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Weber J, Buske J, Mäder K, Garidel P, Diederichs T. Oxidation of polysorbates - An underestimated degradation pathway? Int J Pharm X 2023; 6:100202. [PMID: 37680877 PMCID: PMC10480556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2023.100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To ensure the stability of biologicals over their entire shelf-life, non-ionic surface-active compounds (surfactants) are added to protect biologics from denaturation and particle formation. In this context, polysorbate 20 and 80 are the most used detergents. Despite their benefits of low toxicity and high biocompatibility, specific factors are influencing the intrinsic stability of polysorbates, leading to degradation, loss in efficacy, or even particle formation. Polysorbate degradation can be categorized into chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis and oxidation. Under pharmaceutical relevant conditions, hydrolysis is commonly originated from host cell proteins, whereas oxidative degradation may be caused by multiple factors such as light, presence of residual metal traces, peroxides, or temperature, which can be introduced upon manufacturing or could be already present in the raw materials. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on polysorbates with a focus on oxidative degradation. Subsequently, degradation products and key characteristics of oxidative-mediated polysorbate degradation in respect of different types and grades are summarized, followed by an extensive comparison between polysorbate 20 and 80. A better understanding of the radical-induced oxidative PS degradation pathway could support specific mitigation strategies. Finally, buffer conditions, various stressors, as well as appropriate mitigation strategies, reagents, and alternative stabilizers are discussed. Prior manufacturing, careful consideration and a meticulous risk-benefit analysis are highly recommended in terms of polysorbate qualities, buffers, storage conditions, as well as mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Weber
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biosciences, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Julia Buske
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, TIP, Birkendorfer Straße 65, Biberach an der Riss 88397, Germany
| | - Karsten Mäder
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biosciences, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biosciences, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, TIP, Birkendorfer Straße 65, Biberach an der Riss 88397, Germany
| | - Tim Diederichs
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, TIP, Birkendorfer Straße 65, Biberach an der Riss 88397, Germany
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5
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Vitharana S, Stillahn JM, Katayama DS, Henry CS, Manning MC. Application of Formulation Principles to Stability Issues Encountered During Processing, Manufacturing, and Storage of Drug Substance and Drug Product Protein Therapeutics. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2724-2751. [PMID: 37572779 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
The field of formulation and stabilization of protein therapeutics has become rather extensive. However, most of the focus has been on stabilization of the final drug product. Yet, proteins experience stress and degradation through the manufacturing process, starting with fermentaition. This review describes how formulation principles can be applied to stabilize biopharmaceutical proteins during bioprocessing and manufacturing, considering each unit operation involved in prepration of the drug substance. In addition, the impact of the container on stabilty is discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua M Stillahn
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO 80534, USA; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Mark Cornell Manning
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO 80534, USA; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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6
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Kozuch B, Weber J, Buske J, Mäder K, Garidel P, Diederichs T. Comparative Stability Study of Polysorbate 20 and Polysorbate 80 Related to Oxidative Degradation. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2332. [PMID: 37765302 PMCID: PMC10537708 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The surfactants polysorbate 20 (PS20) and polysorbate 80 (PS80) are utilized to stabilize protein drugs. However, concerns have been raised regarding the degradation of PSs in biologics and the potential impact on product quality. Oxidation has been identified as a prevalent degradation mechanism under pharmaceutically relevant conditions. So far, a systematic stability comparison of both PSs under pharmaceutically relevant conditions has not been conducted and little is known about the dependence of oxidation on PS concentration. Here, we conducted a comparative stability study to investigate (i) the different oxidative degradation propensities between PS20 and PS80 and (ii) the impact of PS concentration on oxidative degradation. PS20 and PS80 in concentrations ranging from 0.1 mg⋅mL-1 to raw material were stored at 5, 25, and 40 °C for 48 weeks in acetate buffer pH 5.5 and water, respectively. We observed a temperature-dependent oxidative degradation of the PSs with strong (40 °C), moderate (25 °C), and weak/no degradation (5 °C). Especially at elevated temperatures such as 40 °C, fast oxidative PS degradation processes were detected. In this case study, a stronger degradation and earlier onset of oxidation was observed for PS80 in comparison to PS20, detected via the fluorescence micelle assay. Additionally, degradation was found to be strongly dependent on PS concentration, with significantly less oxidative processes at higher PS concentrations. Iron impurities, oxygen in the vial headspaces, and the pH values of the formulations were identified as the main contributing factors to accelerate PS oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedykt Kozuch
- PDB-TIP, Innovation Unit, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Johanna Weber
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biosciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Julia Buske
- PDB-TIP, Innovation Unit, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Karsten Mäder
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biosciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- PDB-TIP, Innovation Unit, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Tim Diederichs
- PDB-TIP, Innovation Unit, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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7
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Mould R, Sargent PW, Huang Y, Fields AL, Zhang L, Herbert FC, Stewart SL, Wang T. Impact of Primary Container Closure System on PS80 Oxidation and the Mechanistic Understanding. Pharm Res 2023; 40:1965-1976. [PMID: 37434039 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03556-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Polysorbate oxidation can potentially lead to protein degradation and loss of potency, which has been a challenge for the pharmaceutical industry for decades. Many factors have been reported to impact polysorbate oxidation rate, including types of elemental impurities, peroxide content, pH, light exposure, grades of polysorbate, etc. Even though there are many publications in this field, the impact of primary container closure system on PS80 oxidation has not been systematically studied or reported. The purpose of the current study is to close this gap. METHODS Placebo PS80 formulations were prepared and filled into different container-closure systems (CCS), including different types of glass vials and polymer vials. Oleic acid content was monitored on stability as a surrogate value for PS80 content, which will decline upon oxidation. ICP-MS analysis and metal spiking studies were carried out to correlate the PS80 oxidation rate with metals leached from primary containers. RESULTS PS80 degrades via oxidation at the fastest rate in glass vials with high coefficient of expansion (COE), followed by glass vials with low coefficient of expansion, while polymer vials minimized the oxidation of PS80 in most formulation conditions explored in this paper. ICP-MS analysis demonstrated that 1) 51 COE glass has more metal leachables than 33 COE glass in this study; and 2) More metal leachables correlates with faster PS80 oxidation. Metal spiking studies confirmed the hypothesis that aluminum and iron have a synergistic catalysis effect on PS80 oxidation. CONCLUSIONS Primary containers of drug products play a significant role in the rate of PS80 oxidation. This study revealed a new major contributor to PS80 oxidation and potential mitigation strategy for biological drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Mould
- Lilly Research Laboratories: Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Yining Huang
- Lilly Research Laboratories: Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Allison L Fields
- Lilly Research Laboratories: Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- Lilly Research Laboratories: Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | | | - Tingting Wang
- Lilly Research Laboratories: Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
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8
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Schöneich C. Primary Processes of Free Radical Formation in Pharmaceutical Formulations of Therapeutic Proteins. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1142. [PMID: 37509177 PMCID: PMC10376966 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidation represents a major pathway for the chemical degradation of pharmaceutical formulations. Few specific details are available on the mechanisms that trigger oxidation reactions in these formulations, specifically with respect to the formation of free radicals. Hence, these mechanisms must be formulated based on information on impurities and stress factors resulting from manufacturing, transportation and storage. In more detail, this article focusses on autoxidation, metal-catalyzed oxidation, photo-degradation and radicals generated from cavitation as a result of mechanical stress. Emphasis is placed on probable rather than theoretically possible pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schöneich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2093 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
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9
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Bai L, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Lu Y, Li Z, Huang G, Meng B. Investigation of excipients impact on polysorbate 80 degradation in biopharmaceutical formulation buffers. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 233:115496. [PMID: 37285658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A study on the polysorbate 80 stability in various formulation buffers commonly used in biopharmaceuticals was performed, to investigate the excipients influence on polysorbate 80 degradation. Polysorbate 80 is a common excipient in biopharmaceutical products. However, its degradation will potentially impact the drug product quality, and may trigger protein aggregation and particles formation. Due to the heterogeneity of the polysorbates and the mutual effects with other formulation compositions, the study of polysorbate degradation is challenging. Herein, a real-time stability study was designed and performed. The polysorbate 80 degradation trend was monitored by fluorescence micelle-based assay (FMA), reversed-phase-ultra-performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detector (RP-UPLC-ELSD) assay, and LC-MS assay. These assays provide orthogonal results to reveal both the micelle-forming capability and the compositional changes of polysorbate 80 in different buffer systems. The degradation occurred after a period of storage under 25 °C in different trend, which indicates the excipients could impact the degradation kinetics. Upon comparison, the degradation is prone to happen in histidine buffer than in acetate, phosphate or citrate buffers. LC-MS confirms oxidation as an independent degradation pathway with detection of the oxidative aldehyde. Thus, it is necessary to pay more attention to the excipients selection and their potential impact on polysorbate 80 stability to achieve longer shelf life for the biopharmaceuticals. Besides, the protective roles of several additives were figured out, which could be applied as potential industrial solutions to the polysorbate 80 degradation issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Bai
- Analytical Sciences, WuXi Biologics, 1951 Huifeng West Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201400, China
| | - Yanlan Zhang
- Analytical Sciences, WuXi Biologics, 1951 Huifeng West Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201400, China
| | - Cai Zhang
- Analytical Sciences, WuXi Biologics, 1951 Huifeng West Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201400, China
| | - Yuchen Lu
- Analytical Sciences, WuXi Biologics, 1951 Huifeng West Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201400, China
| | - Zhiguo Li
- Analytical Sciences, WuXi Biologics, 1951 Huifeng West Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201400, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Analytical Sciences, WuXi Biologics, 1951 Huifeng West Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201400, China
| | - Bo Meng
- Analytical Sciences, WuXi Biologics, 1951 Huifeng West Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201400, China.
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10
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Zheng X, Sutton AT, Yang RS, Miller DV, Pagels B, Rustandi RR, Welch J, Payne A, Haverick M. Extensive Characterization of Polysorbate 80 Oxidative Degradation Under Stainless Steel Conditions. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:779-789. [PMID: 36252652 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Polysorbate-80 (PS-80) is a common surfactant used in biologics formulations. However, the tendency of oxidation to PS-80 when exposed to stainless steel surfaces brings various challenges during manufacturing processes, such as inconsistent shelf-life of PS-80 solutions, which can further impact the biologics and vaccines production. In this work, the root causes of PS-80 oxidation when in contact with stainless steel conditions were thoroughly investigated through the use of various complementary analytical techniques including U/HPLC-CAD, LC-MS, ICP-MS, peroxide assay, and EPR spectroscopy. The analytical tool kit used in this work successfully revealed a PS-80 degradation mechanism from the perspective of PS-80 content, PS-80 profile, iron content, peroxide production, and radical species. The combined datasets reveal that PS-80 oxidative degradation occurs in the presence of histidine and iron in addition to being combined with the hydroperoxides in PS-80 material. The oxidative pathway and potential degradants were identified by LC-MS. The PS-80 profile based on the U/HPLC-CAD assay provided an effective way to identify early-signs of PS-80 degradation. The results from a peroxide assay observed increased hydroperoxide along with PS-80 degradation. EPR spectra confirmed the presence of histidine-related radicals during PS-80 oxidation identifying how histidine is involved in the oxidation. All assays and findings introduced in this work will provide insight into how PS-80 oxidative degradation can be avoided, controlled, or detected. It will also provide valuable evaluations on techniques that can be used to identify PS-80 degradation related events that occur during the manufacturing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwei Zheng
- Analytical Research Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA.
| | - Adam T Sutton
- Analytical Research Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Rong-Sheng Yang
- Analytical Research Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Becca Pagels
- Manufacturing Division, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Welch
- Analytical Research Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Anne Payne
- Analytical Research Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Mark Haverick
- Analytical Research Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA.
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11
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Morales AM, Sreedhara A, Buecheler J, Brosig S, Chou D, Christian T, Das T, de Jong I, Fast J, Jagannathan B, Moussa EM, Nejadnik MR, Prajapati I, Radwick A, Rahman Y, Singh S. End-to-End Approach to Surfactant Selection, Risk Mitigation, and Control Strategies for Protein-Based Therapeutics. AAPS J 2022; 25:6. [PMID: 36471030 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-022-00773-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A survey performed by the AAPS Drug Product Handling community revealed a general, mostly consensus, approach to the strategy for the selection of surfactant type and level for biopharmaceutical products. Discussing and building on the survey results, this article describes the common approach for surfactant selection and control strategy for protein-based therapeutics and focuses on key studies, common issues, mitigations, and rationale. Where relevant, each section is prefaced by survey responses from the 22 anonymized respondents. The article format consists of an overview of surfactant stabilization, followed by a strategy for the selection of surfactant level, and then discussions regarding risk identification, mitigation, and control strategy. Since surfactants that are commonly used in biologic formulations are known to undergo various forms of degradation, an effective control strategy for the chosen surfactant focuses on understanding and controlling the design space of the surfactant material attributes to ensure that the desired material quality is used consistently in DS/DP manufacturing. The material attributes of a surfactant added in the final DP formulation can influence DP performance (e.g., protein stability). Mitigation strategies are described that encompass risks from host cell proteins (HCP), DS/DP manufacturing processes, long-term storage, as well as during in-use conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Medina Morales
- Dosage Form Design and Development, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20878, USA.
| | - Alavattam Sreedhara
- Genentech, Pharmaceutical Development, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Jakob Buecheler
- Technical Research and Development, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Brosig
- Technical Research and Development, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Danny Chou
- Compassion BioSolution, LLC, Lomita, California, 90717, USA
| | | | - Tapan Das
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Isabella de Jong
- Genentech, Pharmaceutical Development, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Jonas Fast
- Pharmaceutical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Ehab M Moussa
- Drug Product Development, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinios, 60064, USA
| | - M Reza Nejadnik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Indira Prajapati
- Dosage Form Design and Development, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20878, USA
| | | | - Yusra Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Shubhadra Singh
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Biopharmaceutical Product Sciences, Collegeville, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19426, USA
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12
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Bluemel O, Buecheler JW, Hauptmann A, Hoelzl G, Bechtold-Peters K, Friess W. The effect of mAb and excipient cryoconcentration on long-term frozen storage stability – part 2: Aggregate formation and oxidation. Int J Pharm X 2022; 4:100109. [PMID: 35024604 PMCID: PMC8724956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2021.100109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the impact of monoclonal antibody (mAb) and buffer concentration, mimicking the cryoconcentration found upon freezing in a 2 L bottle, on mAb stability during frozen storage. Upon cryoconcentration, larger protein molecules and small excipient molecules freeze-concentrate differently, resulting in different protein to stabiliser ratios within a container. Understanding the impact of these shifted ratios on protein stability is essential. For two mAbs a set of samples with constant mAb (5 mg/mL) or buffer concentration (medium histidine/adipic acid) was prepared and stored for 6 months at −10 °C. Stability was evaluated via size-exclusion chromatography, flow imaging microscopy, UV/Vis spectroscopy at 350 nm, and protein A chromatography. Dynamic light scattering was used to determine kD values. Soluble aggregate levels were unaffected by mAb concentration, but increased with histidine concentration. No trend in optical density could be identified. In contrast, increasing mAb or buffer concentration facilitated the formation of subvisible particles. A trend towards attractive protein-protein interactions was seen with higher ionic strength. MAb oxidation levels were negatively affected by increasing histidine concentration, but became less with higher mAb concentration. Small changes in mAb and buffer composition had a significant impact on stability during six-month frozen storage. Thus, preventing cryoconcentration effects in larger freezing containers may improve long-term stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Bluemel
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jakob W. Buecheler
- Technical Research and Development, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Wolfgang Friess
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Corresponding author.
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13
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Wuchner K, Yi L, Chery C, Nikels F, Junge F, Crotts G, Rinaldi G, Starkey JA, Bechtold-Peters K, Shuman M, Leiss M, Jahn M, Garidel P, de Ruiter R, Richer SM, Cao S, Peuker S, Huille S, Wang T, Brun VL. Industry Perspective on the Use and Characterization of Polysorbates for Biopharmaceutical Products Part 2: Survey Report on Control Strategy Preparing for the Future. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2955-2967. [PMID: 36002077 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polysorbate (PS) 20 and 80 are the main surfactants used to stabilize biopharmaceutical products. Industry practices on various aspects of PS based on a confidential survey and following discussions by 16 globally acting major biotechnology companies is presented in two publications. Part 1 summarizes the current practice and use of PS during manufacture in addition to aspects like current understanding of the (in)stability of PS, the routine QC testing and control of PS, and selected regulatory aspects of PS.1 The current part 2 of the survey focusses on understanding, monitoring, prediction, and mitigation of PS degradation pathways in order to propose an effective control strategy. The results of the survey and extensive cross-company discussions are put into relation with currently available scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Wuchner
- Janssen R&D, DPDS BTDS Analytical Development, Hochstr. 201, 8200 Schaffhausen, Switzerland.
| | - Linda Yi
- Analytical Development, Biogen, Morrisville, NC 27709, USA
| | - Cyrille Chery
- UCB, Analytical Development Sciences for Biologicals, Chemin du Foriest, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Felix Nikels
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Innovation Unit, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Friederike Junge
- Analytical Research and Development, NBE Analytical R&D, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH& Co. KG, Knollstraße, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - George Crotts
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Gianluca Rinaldi
- Merck Serono SpA, Guidonia Montecelio, Italy, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jason A Starkey
- Pfizer, Inc. Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development 875 W. Chesterfield Parkway, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA
| | | | - Melissa Shuman
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Michael Leiss
- Pharma Technical Development Analytics, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, 82377, Germany
| | - Michael Jahn
- Lonza AG, Drug Product Services, Hochbergerstr. 60G, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Innovation Unit, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Rien de Ruiter
- Byondis B.V., Downstream Processing, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah M Richer
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Shawn Cao
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Sebastian Peuker
- Bayer AG, Product Supply, Analytical Development and Clinical QC for Biotech Products, Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 217-233, 42117 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Sylvain Huille
- Sanofi R&D, Biologics Drug Products Development,13 quai Jules Guesde, 94403 Vitry-sur Seine, France
| | - Tingting Wang
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Virginie Le Brun
- Lonza AG, Drug Product Services, Hochbergerstr. 60G, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
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Rustandi RR. Polysorbate 80 and histidine quantitative analysis by NMR in the presence of virus‐like particles. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:1408-1414. [PMID: 35366009 PMCID: PMC9544792 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Polysorbate‐80 (PS80) and histidine are common excipients in vaccine and therapeutic protein formulation. A simple quantitative NMR method to measure both PS80 and histidine in human papillomavirus (HPV) virus‐like particle (VLP) vaccine for aqueous and alum‐containing samples is described. The new NMR method is compared to current colorimetric methods for PS80 and RP HPLC for histidine. The new NMR method is comparable to current assays with an advantage of a simpler sample treatment for PS80. The efficiency is also increased because one method can now provide two assay results instead of two separate methods. Furthermore, the NMR method can detect PS80 stability due to hydrolysis and oxidation when PS80 is stored in a stainless steel container by observing a change of its NMR line shape profile.
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15
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Poloxamer 188 as surfactant in biological formulations - An alternative for polysorbate 20/80? Int J Pharm 2022; 620:121706. [PMID: 35367584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Surfactants are used to stabilize biologics. Particularly, polysorbates (Tween® 20 and Tween® 80) dominate the group of surfactants in protein and especially antibody drug products. Since decades drug developers rely on the ethoxylated sorbitan fatty acid ester mixtures to stabilize sensitive molecules such as proteins. Reasons are (i) excellent stabilizing properties, and (ii) well recognized safety and tolerability profile of these polysorbates in humans, especially for parenteral applications. However, over the past decade concerns regarding the stability of these two polysorbates were raised. The search of alternatives with preferably less reservations concerning degradation and product quality reducing issues leads, among others, to poloxamer 188 (e.g. Kolliphor® P188), a nonionic triblock-copolymer surfactant. This review sums up our current knowledge related to the characterization and physico-chemical properties of poloxamer 188, its analytics and stability properties for biological formulations. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages as a suitable polysorbate-alternative for the stabilization of biologics are discussed.
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16
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Mechanistic understanding of metal-catalyzed oxidation of polysorbate 80 and monoclonal antibody in biotherapeutic formulations. Int J Pharm 2022; 615:121496. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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17
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Gupta S, Jiskoot W, Schöneich C, Rathore AS. Oxidation and Deamidation of Monoclonal Antibody Products: Potential Impact on Stability, Biological Activity, and Efficacy. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:903-918. [PMID: 34890632 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The role in human health of therapeutic proteins in general, and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in particular, has been significant and is continuously evolving. A considerable amount of time and resources are invested first in mAb product development and then in clinical examination of the product. Physical and chemical degradation can occur during manufacturing, processing, storage, handling, and administration. Therapeutic proteins may undergo various chemical degradation processes, including oxidation, deamidation, isomerization, hydrolysis, deglycosylation, racemization, disulfide bond breakage and formation, Maillard reaction, and β-elimination. Oxidation and deamidation are the most common chemical degradation processes of mAbs, which may result in changes in physical properties, such as hydrophobicity, charge, secondary or/and tertiary structure, and may lower the thermodynamic or kinetic barrier to unfold. This may predispose the product to aggregation and other chemical modifications, which can alter the binding affinity, half-life, and efficacy of the product. This review summarizes major findings from the past decade on the impact of oxidation and deamidation on the stability, biological activity, and efficacy of mAb products. Mechanisms of action, influencing factors, characterization tools, clinical impact, and risk mitigation strategies have been addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India.
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18
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Metal-Induced Fatty Acid Particle Formation Resulting from Hydrolytic Polysorbate Degradation. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:743-751. [PMID: 34600939 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of visible particles over the shelf-life of biopharmaceuticals is considered a potential safety risk for parenteral administration. In many cases, particle formation resulted from the accumulation of fatty acids released by the enzymatic hydrolysis of the polysorbate surfactant by co-purified host cell proteins. However, particle formation can occur before the accumulated fatty acids exceed their expected solubility limit. This early onset of particle formation is driven by nucleation phenomena e.g. the presence of metal cations that promote the formation and growth of fatty acid particles. To further characterize and understand this phenomenon, we assessed the potential of different metal cations to induce fatty acid particle formation using a dynamic light scattering assay. We demonstrated that the presence of trace amounts of multivalent cations, in particular trivalent cations such as aluminum and iron, may act as nucleation seed in the process of particle formation. Finally, we developed a mitigation strategy for metal-induced fatty acid particles that deploys a chelator to reduce the risk of particle formation in biopharmaceutical formulations.
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19
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Doshi N, Ritchie K, Shobha T, Giddings J, Gregoritza K, Taing R, Rumbelow S, Chu J, Tomlinson A, Kannan A, Saggu M, Cai SK, Nicoulin V, Liu W, Russell S, Luis L, Yadav S. Evaluating a Modified High Purity Polysorbate 20 Designed to Reduce the Risk of Free Fatty Acid Particle Formation. Pharm Res 2021; 38:1563-1583. [PMID: 34495486 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03087-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate a modified high purity polysorbate 20 (RO HP PS20)-with lower levels of stearate, palmitate and myristate esters than the non-modified HP PS20-as a surfactant in biopharmaceutical drug products (DP). RO HP PS20 was designed to provide functional equivalence as a surfactant while delaying the onset of free fatty acid (FFA) particle formation upon hydrolytic degradation relative to HP PS20. METHODS Analytical characterization of RO HP PS20 raw material included fatty acid ester (FAE) distribution, higher order ester (HOE) fraction, FFA levels and trace metals. Functional assessments included 1) vial and intravenous bag agitation; 2) oxidation via a placebo and methionine surrogate study; and 3) hydrolytic PS20 degradation studies to evaluate FFA particle formation with and without metal nucleation. RESULTS Interfacial protection and oxidation propensity were comparable between the two polysorbates. Upon hydrolytic degradation, FFA particle onset was delayed in RO HP PS20. The delay was more pronounced when HOEs of PS20 were preferentially degraded. Furthermore, the hydrolytic degradants of RO HP PS20 formed fewer particles in the presence of spiked aluminum. CONCLUSION This work highlights the criticality of having tighter control on long chain FAE levels of PS20 to reduce the occurrence of FFA particle formation upon hydrolytic degradation and lower the variability in its onset. By simultaneously meeting compendial PS20 specifications while narrowing the allowable range for each FAE and shifting its composition towards the shorter carbon chain species, RO HP PS20 provides a promising alternative to HP PS20 for biopharmaceutical DPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Doshi
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA.
| | - Kyle Ritchie
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Tamanna Shobha
- Pharmaceutical Technical Innovation, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Jamie Giddings
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Kathrin Gregoritza
- Pharma Technical Development Biologics, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4054, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rosalynn Taing
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Stephen Rumbelow
- Croda Inc, 777 Scudders Mill Road, Bldg. 2, Plainsboro, NJ, 08536, USA
| | - Jeff Chu
- Analytical Operations, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Anthony Tomlinson
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Aadithya Kannan
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Miguel Saggu
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Si Kai Cai
- Pharma Technical Development Biologics, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4054, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Victor Nicoulin
- Pharma Technical Development Biologics, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4054, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wenqiang Liu
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Steve Russell
- Analytical Operations, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Lin Luis
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Sandeep Yadav
- Pharmaceutical Technical Innovation, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
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20
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Liu H, Jin Y, Menon R, Laskowich E, Bareford L, de Vilmorin P, Kolwyck D, Yeung B, Yi L. Characterization of Polysorbate 80 by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry to Understand Its Susceptibility to Degradation and Its Oxidative Degradation Pathway. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:323-334. [PMID: 34416271 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method was developed to provide a fingerprint of polysorbate 80 (PS80) subspecies that enables identification of PS80 degradation pathway. The developed method demonstrates unique monoester peak profile of PS80 from different vendors, attributed by differences in relative abundance of the fatty acid monoesters. The LC-MS method was also applied to examine the susceptibility of PS80, at different grades, to auto-oxidation and hydrolysis. PS80 oxidative degradation induced by iron or occurred in open bottle without nitrogen overlay was found to follow the same pathway, but at a much faster rate in the former scenario. The oxidation preferentially occurs at the double bond of fatty acid chains, thus providing explanation on the faster degradation observed in PS80 at Chinese Pharmacopia (ChP) grade than at multi-compendial (MC) grade. In contrast, the difference in susceptibility of MC and ChP grade PS80 against esterase-induced hydrolysis in placebo was not pronounced. The method was also able to provide a fingerprint to identify both PS80 hydrolysis and oxidation in mAb drug product stability samples, but it required a solid phase extraction step to remove protein prior to the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Liu
- Analytical Development, Biogen Inc., 5000 Davis Drive, RTP, NC 27709, United States
| | - Yutong Jin
- Analytical Development, Biogen Inc., 5000 Davis Drive, RTP, NC 27709, United States
| | - Rashmi Menon
- Analytical Development, Biogen Inc., 5000 Davis Drive, RTP, NC 27709, United States
| | - Erin Laskowich
- Analytical Development, Biogen Inc., 5000 Davis Drive, RTP, NC 27709, United States
| | - Lisa Bareford
- Materials Science, Biogen Inc., 5000 Davis Drive, RTP, NC 27709, United States
| | - Phil de Vilmorin
- Materials Science, Biogen Inc., 5000 Davis Drive, RTP, NC 27709, United States
| | - Dave Kolwyck
- Materials Science, Biogen Inc., 5000 Davis Drive, RTP, NC 27709, United States
| | - Bernice Yeung
- Analytical Development, Biogen Inc., 5000 Davis Drive, RTP, NC 27709, United States
| | - Linda Yi
- Analytical Development, Biogen Inc., 5000 Davis Drive, RTP, NC 27709, United States.
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21
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4-Hydroxynonenal is An Oxidative Degradation Product of Polysorbate 80. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:2524-2530. [PMID: 33545186 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Polysorbates (PS) are used in biopharmaceuticals to stabilize therapeutic proteins. Oxidative degradation of (poly)unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) contained in PS was shown to lead to α,β-unsaturated carbonyls. AIM The n-6-PUFA linoleic acid accounts for up to 18% of all FAs contained in multi-compendial grade PS80. 4-Hydroxynonenal (HNE) is highly reactive towards nucleophilic amino acids, potentially leading to covalent protein modifications. This study tests whether HNE may be a pharmaceutically relevant PS80 peroxidation product. METHODS Since HNE was not directly detectable in the PS80 matrix by UV and MS, a new quantification method was established. After derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine (DNPH) and extraction of the formed hydrazone with a salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction, the HNE-DNPH adduct was analyzed by multiple reaction monitoring. Kinetic oxidation studies were conducted incubating PS80 in presence and absence of the antioxidant butylhydroxytoluene (BHT). RESULTS HNE was confirmed as PS80 degradant in oxidatively stressed samples. BHT was shown to prevent its formation. CONCLUSION HNE is a detectable PS80 degradation product raising questions about the potential impact on critical quality attributes of biopharmaceuticals formulated with PS80. Addition of BHT prevented HNE formation under oxidative stress. Consequently, BHT might be a valuable additive in PS used in biopharmaceuticals.
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22
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Dubey S, Giovannini R. Stability of Biologics and the Quest for Polysorbate Alternatives. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 39:546-549. [PMID: 33139073 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Most biopharmaceutical formulations use polysorbates: surfactants that are highly efficient but difficult to manage in terms of compositional variability, quality, and stability. Alternatives, such as poloxamers, albumin, and cyclodextrin, are becoming popular and are being explored for their potential to protect biopharmaceuticals against physical and mechanical stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Dubey
- Ichnos Sciences S.A., Chemin de la Combeta 5, La Chaux-de-Fonds, NE 2300, CH, Switzerland.
| | - Roberto Giovannini
- Ichnos Sciences S.A., Chemin de la Combeta 5, La Chaux-de-Fonds, NE 2300, CH, Switzerland
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23
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Kranz W, Wuchner K, Corradini E, Menzen T, Hawe A. Micelle Driven Oxidation Mechansim and Novel Oxidation Markers for Different Grades of Polysorbate 20 and 80. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:3064-3077. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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24
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Wang T, Richard CA, Dong X, Shi GH. Impact of Surfactants on the Functionality of Prefilled Syringes. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:3413-3422. [PMID: 32771345 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies revealed the impact of formulation factors (excipients and pH) on the functionality of prefilled syringes. Surfactant, a critical formulation component for therapeutic proteins and antibodies, aids in minimizing protein adsorption onto interfaces and reduces protein aggregation or particulate formation. This study evaluated the impact of different surfactants and protein concentration on the functionality of prefilled syringes. Syringes filled with solution formulations with different surfactants were stored at various temperatures and evaluated at selected time points. Upon thermal stress, polysorbate 80 and dodecyl-β-d-maltoside containing formulations showed significantly greater increase in glide force when compared with poloxamer 407 containing formulations. In contrast, syringes filled with poloxamer 188 containing formulations did not show any increase in glide force under the same conditions. Based on the results from this study, the increase in syringe glide force was inversely correlated with hydrophobic-lipophilic balance values and surface tension of different surfactants. The mechanism of increase in glide force was primarily the change of silicone oil coverage and lubricity in the barrel of syringes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
| | - Coralie A Richard
- Delivery Device and Connected Solutions, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Xia Dong
- Biotechnology Research (Bio TDR), Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Galen Huaiqiu Shi
- Delivery Device and Connected Solutions, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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25
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Brovč EV, Mravljak J, Šink R, Pajk S. Degradation of polysorbates 20 and 80 catalysed by histidine chloride buffer. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 154:236-245. [PMID: 32693155 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Polysorbates are amphiphilic, non-ionic surfactants, and they represent one of the key components of biopharmaceuticals. They serve as stabilisers, and their degradation can cause particle formation, which has been an industry-wide issue over the past decade. To determine the influence of the buffers most frequently used in biopharmaceuticals on polysorbate degradation, an accelerated stability study was carried out using placebo formulations containing 0.02% polysorbates and 20 mM buffers (pH 5.5, 6.5). These included histidine chloride, sodium citrate, sodium succinate and sodium phosphate buffers. The rate of polysorbate degradation was highest in histidine chloride buffer, and therefore we further focused on the mechanism here. The predominant degradation pathway of polysorbates in this buffer was ester hydrolysis, catalysed by the imidazole moiety of the histidine. Interestingly, the presence of therapeutic proteins in the formulations slowed histidine-catalysed degradation of polysorbates in 50% of cases, with negligible degradation seen otherwise. This emphasises the complex nature of the interactions between the components of biopharmaceutical drug products. Nonetheless, there are disadvantages of using histidine chloride buffers in biopharmaceuticals that contain polysorbates. Careful consideration should be given to selection of excipients used in parenteral formulations, whereby compatibility between buffer and surfactant is of key importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ema Valentina Brovč
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Global Drug Development, Technical Research & Development, Novartis, Biologics Technical Development Mengeš, Drug Product Development Biosimilars, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, SI-1234 Mengeš, Slovenia
| | - Janez Mravljak
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Roman Šink
- Global Drug Development, Technical Research & Development, Novartis, Biologics Technical Development Mengeš, Drug Product Development Biosimilars, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, SI-1234 Mengeš, Slovenia.
| | - Stane Pajk
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Brovč EV, Mravljak J, Šink R, Pajk S. Rational design to biologics development: The polysorbates point of view. Int J Pharm 2020; 581:119285. [PMID: 32240804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Formulation development is an essential part of any biopharmaceuticals development programme, and this will affect quality, safety and efficacy of the final drug product. The vast majority of biopharmaceuticals on the market are therapeutic proteins; however, these are less stable compared to conventional pharmaceuticals. To counter aggregation, denaturation and surface adsorption of proteins in solution, surfactants are added to the formulations; however, the choice of the best formulation is a challenge that is faced during formulation development. Polysorbates are the most widely used surfactants in the pharmaceutical industry and are presented in >80% of commercial monoclonal antibody formulations. In this review, we provide a general overview of polysorbates and their issues, and the characteristics that have to be taken into account during formulation development. Degradation of polysorbates, namely by hydrolysis and/or oxidation, is one of the main concerns associated with their use. Furthermore, degradation of polysorbates is determined by formulation composition, pH and storage conditions, therefore underlining the importance and complexity of protein formulation development using polysorbates. A need-based approach should be used for correct selection of excipients in protein formulations that contain polysorbates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ema Valentina Brovč
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Global Drug Development Technical Research & Development, Novartis, Biologics Technical Development Mengeš, Drug Product Development, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, SI-1234 Mengeš, Slovenia
| | - Janez Mravljak
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Roman Šink
- Global Drug Development Technical Research & Development, Novartis, Biologics Technical Development Mengeš, Drug Product Development, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, SI-1234 Mengeš, Slovenia
| | - Stane Pajk
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Wang W, Ohtake S. Science and art of protein formulation development. Int J Pharm 2019; 568:118505. [PMID: 31306712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein pharmaceuticals have become a significant class of marketed drug products and are expected to grow steadily over the next decade. Development of a commercial protein product is, however, a rather complex process. A critical step in this process is formulation development, enabling the final product configuration. A number of challenges still exist in the formulation development process. This review is intended to discuss these challenges, to illustrate the basic formulation development processes, and to compare the options and strategies in practical formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Biological Development, Bayer USA, LLC, 800 Dwight Way, Berkeley, CA 94710, United States.
| | - Satoshi Ohtake
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Pfizer Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chesterfield, MO 63017, United States
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Factors Influencing Polysorbate's Sensitivity Against Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Oxidative Degradation. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:2022-2032. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Krause ME, Sahin E. Chemical and physical instabilities in manufacturing and storage of therapeutic proteins. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2019; 60:159-167. [PMID: 30861476 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Development of a robust biologic drug product is accomplished by extensive formulation and process development screening studies; however, even in the most optimal formulation, a protein can undergo spontaneous degradation during manufacture, storage, and clinical use. Chemical changes to amino acid residues, such as oxidation of methionine or tryptophan, or changes in charge such as deamidation or carbonylation, can induce conformational changes in the overall protein structure, potentially leading to changes in physical - in addition to chemical - stability. Oxidation is often caused by light exposure or the presence of metal ions or peroxides. Asparagine deamidation is more likely to occur at higher pH and/or elevated temperature. Mechanical and interfacial stresses during manufacturing can lead to physical instabilities (i.e. various forms of aggregation). A well-defined manufacturing process and effective in-process controls are essential in minimizing chemical and physical instabilities, enabling robust production and distribution of a safe and efficacious drug product. In this work, the authors provide a review of developments in these areas over the past two years, with emphasis on manufacturability of therapeutically relevant proteins and protein-based drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Krause
- Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, United States.
| | - Erinc Sahin
- Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, United States
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