1
|
Konya Y, Ochiai R, Fujiwara S, Tsujino K, Okumura T. Detailed profiling of polysorbate 80 oxidative degradation products and hydrolysates using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2024; 38:e9715. [PMID: 38351644 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Polysorbate 80 (PS80) is an amphipathic, nonionic surfactant that is commonly used to stabilize proteins in biopharmaceutical formulations. PS80 undergoes oxidative and/or enzymatic degradation. However, because PS80 is a complex mixture consisting of many constituents, comprehensive evaluations of its oxidative degradation products are difficult and insufficient. METHODS Our previously reported comprehensive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS)-based method for PS80 effectively provides an overall profile of PS80 components under simple LC conditions. In this study, we attempted to shorten the analysis time. Furthermore, PS80 was oxidatively degraded in a solution containing histidine and iron, and the oxidative degradation products were evaluated using a modified LC/MS/MS method. In addition, enzymatically hydrolyzed PS80 samples were analyzed. RESULTS We succeeded in shortening the analysis time from 70 to 20 min while maintaining the resolution of the PS80 components of the same selected reaction monitoring transition. Both the previously reported oxidative degradation products and the newly discovered products were successfully detected, and their composition ratios and changes over time were observed. Changes in the hydrolysates over time are shown in the analysis of the hydrolyzed PS80 samples. CONCLUSIONS This study clearly showed the presence of changes in PS80 oxidative and/or enzymatic degradation products, including those previously unreported. These results demonstrate that a detailed profiling of PS80 degradation products can be performed using LC/MS/MS, which is less expensive and more generally adopted than high-resolution MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Konya
- Pharmaceuticals and Life Sciences Division, Shimadzu Techno-Research, Inc., Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Ochiai
- Pharmaceuticals and Life Sciences Division, Shimadzu Techno-Research, Inc., Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujiwara
- Pharmaceuticals and Life Sciences Division, Shimadzu Techno-Research, Inc., Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazushige Tsujino
- Pharmaceuticals and Life Sciences Division, Shimadzu Techno-Research, Inc., Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Okumura
- Pharmaceuticals and Life Sciences Division, Shimadzu Techno-Research, Inc., Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Luo F, Hao M, Zhang L, Xie Y, Hou W, Wang H, Zhang Z. Identification of nonvolatile organic compounds (NVOCs) in biopharmaceuticals through non-target analysis and quantification using complexation-precipitation extraction. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1713:464540. [PMID: 38039624 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Single-use systems in biopharmaceutical manufacturing can potentially release chemical constituents (leachables) into drug products. Prior to conducting toxicological risk assessments, it is crucial to establish the qualitative and quantitative methods for these leachables. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive screening and structure elucidation of 23 leachables (nonvolatile organic compounds, NVOCs) in two antibody drugs using multiple (self-built and public) databases and mass spectral simulation. We identified 7 compounds that have not been previously reported in medical or medicinal extractables and leachables. The confidence levels for identified compounds were classified based on analytical standards, literature references, and fragment assignments. Most of the identified leachables were found to be plasticizers, antioxidants, slip agents or polymer degradants. Polysorbate (namely Tween) is commonly used as an excipient for protein stabilization in biopharmaceutical formulations, but its ionization in liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry can interfere with compound quantification. To address this, we employed a complexation-precipitation extraction method to reduce polysorbate content and quantify the analytes. The developed quantitative method for target NVOCs demonstrated high sensitivity (limit of quantification: 20 or 50 μg/L), accuracy (recoveries: 77.2 to 109.5 %) and precision (RSD ≤ 8.2 %). Overall, this established method will facilitate the evaluation of NVOC safety in drug products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Luo
- Analytical Science Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai 201616, China
| | - Mengmeng Hao
- Analytical Science Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai 201616, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Analytical Science Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai 201616, China.
| | - Yangguo Xie
- Analytical Science Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai 201616, China
| | - Wei Hou
- Analytical Science Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai 201616, China
| | - Hongya Wang
- Analytical Science Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai 201616, China
| | - Zhongli Zhang
- Analytical Science Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai 201616, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Konya Y, Ochiai R, Fujiwara S, Tsujino K, Okumura T. Profiling polysorbate 80 components using comprehensive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2023; 37:e9438. [PMID: 36410723 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Polysorbate 80 (PS80) is an amphipathic, nonionic surfactant commonly used in pharmaceutical protein formulations and is composed of fatty acid (FA) esters of polyethoxylated sorbitan. However, commercial PS80 products contain substantial amounts of by-products. The development of simple and reliable methods for PS80 component analysis is challenging given the inherent heterogeneity. METHOD We developed a comprehensive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to profile the components of PS80. Semi-comprehensive LC-MS/MS analyses of 11 subspecies in three commercial PS80 products were performed to estimate the average degree of polymerization of the ethylene oxide units (Avg-n) in the molecules. Furthermore, three subspecies (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monoester, polyoxyethylene isosorbide monoester, and polyoxyethylene monoester) were analyzed to estimate the composition ratios of the seven ester-bonded FAs present in PS80. RESULTS The Avg-n values of five polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters (none, mono, di, tri, and tetra), three polyoxyethylene isosorbide esters (none, mono, and di), and three polyoxyethylene esters (none, mono, and di) were 26.5-30.6, 12.1-14.6, and 11.4-15.8, respectively. These values were comparable regardless of the number of ester-bonded FAs. Each product had a similar FA composition ratio regardless of the differences in the subspecies. However, the obtained C18:2 values were higher than those reported in the product certificates. CONCLUSION The proposed LC-MS/MS method evaluated the overall PS80 components, revealing the possibility of underestimation of ester-bonded linoleic acid using the conventional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. The similarity of Avg-n values and FA compositions among subspecies suggested the high reliability of these results, indicating that the presented approach may help in the quality control of PS80 formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Konya
- Pharmaceuticals and Life Sciences Division, Shimadzu Techno-Research, Inc., Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Ochiai
- Pharmaceuticals and Life Sciences Division, Shimadzu Techno-Research, Inc., Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujiwara
- Pharmaceuticals and Life Sciences Division, Shimadzu Techno-Research, Inc., Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazushige Tsujino
- Pharmaceuticals and Life Sciences Division, Shimadzu Techno-Research, Inc., Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Okumura
- Pharmaceuticals and Life Sciences Division, Shimadzu Techno-Research, Inc., Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang S, Xiao H, Li N. The Characterization of Polysorbate. Curr Protoc 2022; 2:e489. [PMID: 35857882 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polysorbates (PSs), including PS20 and PS80, are non-ionic surfactants widely used in the pharmaceutical industry to enhance drug solubility and stability. Despite their wide application, PSs are prone to degradation by either hydrolysis or oxidation in drug formulations during storage; therefore, a PS characterization method assessing protein products is needed for stability testing and for understanding the degradation pathway. In this article, we detail our protocol for sample preparation for forced degradation study and our instrumentation setup for PS profiling and quantitation in protein samples. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Sample preparation for forced degradation of polysorbate in protein samples Basic Protocol 2: Two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with charged aerosol detector or mass spectrometry to analyze polysorbate degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Zhang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Hui Xiao
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Ning Li
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pétronille R, Bernard D, Guillaume LG, Victoire V, Thomas F, Jérôme C, Eloïse DC, Gérard P, Sylvie S, Audrey S, François L, Suzette D, Muriel P, Maxime A. Comparative analysis of docetaxel: physical and chemical characterisation of Taxotère® and generics. Eur J Cancer 2020; 135:183-191. [PMID: 32599408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Several cases of fatal enterocolitis have been described in association with the use of docetaxel (DTX), and this increase in adverse events has been concomitant with a change in formulation. Indeed in 2010, a new DTX-based presentation has been introduced in the form of a single ready-to-use vial by Sanofi-Aventis, presentation also used for generics. In this study, different available formulations were compared (Sanofi 2 vials, Sanofi 1 vial, Accord Healthcare, Kabi, Hospira) in terms of composition compliance with control specifications and simulated micelle behaviour to try to determine what could be the potential causes of this problem. This work had permitted to show that all the tested products complied with specifications in terms of dosage and purity. Variations in the composition of polysorbate 80 (PS80) have been observed but are probably too small to be responsible for the toxicity found in patients. However, we identified a difference in micelle size and release kinetics probably because of doubling concentration of ethanol in new formulation. As a result, we emphasised the importance in the case of DTX of conducting bioequivalence studies as expected in European Medicines Agency (EMA) guidance to ensure patient safety, even though these formulation changes might seem minor. Therefore, further studies are needed to explore the potential role of ethanol, PS80 and the unbound fraction of DTX in the development of enterocolitis in patients treated with DTX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roy Pétronille
- Pharmacy Department, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, F-94805, France.
| | - Do Bernard
- Pharmacy Department, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, F-94010, France; University of Paris-Sud, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory "Matériaux et Santé" EA 401, 5 Rue Jean Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | | | | | - Fleury Thomas
- Pharmacy Department, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, F-94805, France
| | - Conq Jérôme
- Pharmacy Department, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, F-94805, France
| | - Da Costa Eloïse
- Pharmacy Department, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, F-94805, France
| | - Pierron Gérard
- Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, UMR-8122, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif 94805, France
| | - Souquere Sylvie
- Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, UMR-8122, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif 94805, France
| | - Solgadi Audrey
- University of Paris-Sud, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory "Matériaux et Santé" EA 401, 5 Rue Jean Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Lemare François
- Pharmacy Department, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, F-94805, France
| | - Delaloge Suzette
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Paul Muriel
- Pharmacy Department, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, F-94010, France
| | - Annereau Maxime
- Pharmacy Department, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, F-94805, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Soremekun R, Ogbuefi I, Aderemi-Williams R. Prevalence of ethanol and other potentially harmful excipients in pediatric oral medicines: survey of community pharmacies in a Nigerian City. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:460. [PMID: 31349864 PMCID: PMC6660694 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4486-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Excipients are needed in the formulation of oral liquid medicines intended for children; they have however been reported to trigger safety issues. This study evaluated the concentrations and prevalence of ethanol and other potentially harmful excipients in pediatric formulations marketed in South Eastern Nigeria in line with international labeling guidelines and allowable daily limits (ADL). The study sampled oral pediatric formulations offered for sale in registered pharmacies. Those with accessible information leaflets were assessed for the presence and quantity of previously flagged excipients with potential to harm the pediatric population. RESULT Of the 380 oral pediatric medicines, 140 provided access to list/quantity of ingredients. 47.9% (67) of the formulations contain at least one of the flagged excipients while the remaining only listed the active ingredients. Ethanol had the highest occurrence (62.7%) and was more in cough/cold medicines. A homeopathic cough and cold remedy had concentration of 90% v/v. Ethanol and sucrose in some formulations exhibited concentrations with a potential of crossing their approved daily intake (ADI) (1-90% v/v and 1.7 g-3.7 g/5 ml respectively). Ethanol use in studied pediatric formulations was quite high, with ethanol-containing formulations being prescribed for children 0-6 years and older. Only 26 (38.8%) completely satisfied the labelling requirements for ethanol containing formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Soremekun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
- Faculty of Public Health, West African Postgraduate College of Pharmacists, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Irene Ogbuefi
- Faculty of Public Health, West African Postgraduate College of Pharmacists, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Roseline Aderemi-Williams
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
- Faculty of Public Health, West African Postgraduate College of Pharmacists, Lagos, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
UNLABELLED Degradation of the surfactant polysorbate (PS) by enzyme impurities has been previously suggested as a mechanism for the formation of visible and subvisible particles that affect product quality. Although chemical degradation pathways of PS, such as oxidation and acid/base hydrolysis, have been previously characterized, enzymatic degradation of PS remains poorly understood. In this report, enzyme-mediated hydrolysis of the major components of PS was monitored using an evaporative light scattering detection-high-performance liquid chromatography method. PS20 and PS80 tested contained 99% of laurate and 98% oleate esters, respectively, were heterogeneous with respect to head group, and contained a distribution of ester types. Carboxylester hydrolases tested included those from Pseudomonas cepacia, Thermomyces lanuginosus, Candida antarctica, rabbit liver, and pig pancreas. PS hydrolysis was monitored by observing the change in the peak area of major PS components over time and quantified using a parameter called t50, which was defined as the time required for each peak to reach 50% of its initial value. Time course experiments suggested that PS hydrolysis was dependent on the order of esters (mono-, di-, or triester), the identity of the hydrophilic head group (sorbitan or isosorbide), and the identity of the fatty acid ester tail (C12 vs C18:1). In addition, the pattern of PS hydrolysis was unique to the type of enzyme used. Importantly, we observed that no PS component was completely resistant to the carboxylester hydrolases tested here. Our results illustrate a potential fingerprint approach that could be useful in verifying enzyme-mediated PS degradation in drug substance and provide an improved understanding of the complexity of PS degradation in the presence of enzymes. LAY ABSTRACT Degradation of the non-ionic surfactant polysorbate (PS) has been reported to lead to the formation of visible and subvisible particles that affect product quality. Chemical degradation pathways of PS, such as oxidation and acid/base hydrolysis, have been previously studied, but enzymatic degradation of PS remains poorly understood. In this study, enzyme-mediated hydrolysis of the major components in a heterogeneous mixture of PS20 or PS80 was monitored using an evaporative light scattering detection-high-performance liquid chromatography method. Carboxylester hydrolases from a broad range of organisms were tested, including enzymes from Pseudomonas cepacia, Thermomyces lanuginosus, Candida antarctica, rabbit liver, and pig pancreas. Time course experiments suggested that PS hydrolysis was dependent on the order of esters (mono-, di-, or triester), the identity of the hydrophilic head group (sorbitan or isosorbide), the identity of the fatty acid ester tail (C12 vs C18:1), and the identity of the enzyme. Importantly, no PS component was completely resistant to all the carboxylester hydrolases tested here. Our results illustrate a potential fingerprint approach that could be useful in verifying or identifying enzyme-mediated PS degradation in drug substance and provide an improved understanding of the complexity of PS degradation in the presence of enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C McShan
- Department of Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080; Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Pervina Kei
- Department of Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Junyan A Ji
- Department of Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Daniel C Kim
- Department of Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080; Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Y John Wang
- Department of Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mnif I, Maktouf S, Fendri R, Kriaa M, Ellouze S, Ghribi D. Improvement of methyl orange dye biotreatment by a novel isolated strain, Aeromonas veronii GRI, by SPB1 biosurfactant addition. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:1742-54. [PMID: 26396008 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5294-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas veronii GRI (KF964486), isolated from acclimated textile effluent after selective enrichment on azo dye, was assessed for methyl orange biodegradation potency. Results suggested the potential of this bacterium for use in effective treatment of azo-dye-contaminated wastewaters under static conditions at neutral and alkaline pH value, characteristic of typical textile effluents. The strain could tolerate higher doses of dyes as it was able to decolorize up to 1000 mg/l. When used as microbial surfactant to enhance methyl orange biodecolorization, Bacillus subtilis SPB1-derived lipopeptide accelerated the decolorization rate and maximized slightly the decolorization efficiency at an optimal concentration of about 0.025%. In order to enhance the process efficiency, a Taguchi design was conducted. Phytotoxicity bioassay using sesame and radish seeds were carried out to assess the biotreatment effectiveness. The bacterium was able to effectively decolorize the azo dye when inoculated with an initial optical density of about 0.5 with 0.25% sucrose, 0.125% yeast extract, 0.01% SPB1 biosurfactant, and when conducting an agitation phase of about 24 h after static incubation. Germination potency showed an increase toward the nonoptimized conditions indicating an improvement of the biotreatment. When comparing with synthetic surfactants, a drastic decrease and an inhibition of orange methyl decolorization were observed in the presence of CTAB and SDS. The nonionic surfactant Tween 80 had a positive effect on methyl orange biodecolorization. Also, studies ensured that methyl orange removal by this strain could be due to endocellular enzymatic activities. To conclude, the addition of SPB1 bioemulsifier reduced energy costs by reducing effective decolorization period, biosurfactant stimulated bacterial decolorization method may provide highly efficient, inexpensive, and time-saving procedure in treatment of textile effluents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inès Mnif
- Unité Enzymes et Bioconversion, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Université de Sfax, ENIS, BP W 3038, Sfax, Tunisia.
- Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
- Faculté des Sciences de Gabes, Gabes, Tunisie.
| | - Sameh Maktouf
- Unité Enzymes et Bioconversion, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Université de Sfax, ENIS, BP W 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
- Institut d'Oliviers, Laboratoire d'Amélioration de la Productivité de l'Olivier et la Qualité du Produit, Sfax, Tunisie
| | - Raouia Fendri
- Unité Enzymes et Bioconversion, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Université de Sfax, ENIS, BP W 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
- Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mouna Kriaa
- Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Laboratoire des Micro-organismes et Biomolécules, Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisie
| | - Semia Ellouze
- Unité Enzymes et Bioconversion, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Université de Sfax, ENIS, BP W 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Dhouha Ghribi
- Unité Enzymes et Bioconversion, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Université de Sfax, ENIS, BP W 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
- Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Saberi AH, Fang Y, McClements DJ. Effect of salts on formation and stability of vitamin E-enriched mini-emulsions produced by spontaneous emulsification. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:11246-11253. [PMID: 25343750 DOI: 10.1021/jf503862u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Emulsion-based delivery systems are being utilized to incorporate lipophilic bioactive components into various food, personal care, and pharmaceutical products. This study examined the influence of inorganic salts (NaCl and CaCl2) on the formation, stability, and properties of vitamin E-enriched emulsions prepared by spontaneous emulsification. These emulsions were simply formed by titration of a mixture of vitamin E acetate (VE), carrier oil (MCT), and nonionic surfactant (Tween 80) into an aqueous salt solution with continuous stirring. Salt type and concentration (0-1 N NaCl or 0-0.5 N CaCl2) did not have a significant influence on the initial droplet size of the emulsions. On the other hand, the isothermal and thermal stabilities of the emulsions depended strongly on salt levels. The cloud point of the emulsions decreased with increasing salt concentration, which was attributed to accelerated droplet coalescence in the presence of salts. Dilution (2-6 times) of the emulsions with water appreciably improved their thermal stability by increasing their cloud point, which was mainly attributed to the decrease in aqueous phase salt levels. The isothermal storage stability of the emulsions also depended on salt concentration; however, increasing the salt concentration decreased the rate of droplet growth, which was the opposite of its effect on thermal stability. Potential physicochemical mechanisms for these effects are discussed in terms of the influence of salt ions on van der Waals and electrostatic interactions. This study provides important information about the effect of inorganic salts on the formation and stability of vitamin E emulsions suitable for use in food, personal care, and pharmaceutical products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Saberi
- Biopolymers and Colloids Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts-Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shen J, Zhang Q, Li JC, Bi YA, Wang ZZ, Xiao W. [Determination of polysorbate 80 in Reduning injection by HGPC-ELSD]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2014; 39:2915-2917. [PMID: 25423832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish the method for determining polysorbate 80 in Reduning injection by HPLC-ELSD, and to control the mass of polysorbate 80 in Reduning injection. METHOD It was performed by HGPC-ELSD with TOSHTSK-GEL G4000PWxl (7.8 mm x 300 mm, 10 μm). Water was used as mobile phase, the flow rate was 0.7 mL x min(-1), and the temperature was set at 30°C. The evaporated light scattering detector was adopted. The drift tube temperature was 55°C, and nitrogen was used as carrier gas, with the flow rate of 2.0 L x min(-1) and gain of 1.0. RESULT The calibration curve showed good linearity of polysorbate 80 in the test range from 1.01 to 15.20 g x L(-1) (r2 = 0.999 3). The recovery rate was 98.10% with RSD of 2.0%. CONCLUSION The method is simple, rapid, accurate and reliable and suitable for the determination of polysorbate 80 in Reduning injection.
Collapse
|
11
|
Memarian R, Ramamurthy AS. Modeling of lead and cadmium uptake by plants in the presence of surfactants. Environ Monit Assess 2013; 185:2067-2071. [PMID: 22628103 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2688-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of simultaneous uptake of Cd(II) and Pb(II) by Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) in presence of Triton X-100 and Tween 80 was investigated. The metal uptake data were analyzed according to the linear as well as the nonlinear Langmuir- and Freundlich-type models. The modeling efficiency (EF) and the root mean square error (RMSE) were used to evaluate the models prediction. Compared to the linear and the Langmuir-type models, the Freundlich-type model marginally exhibits a better fit for the biosorption of solubilized Cd(II) by surfactants as reflected by higher EF and lower RMSE values. The values of observed Pb(II) uptake were in close agreement with the predictions of the Freundlich-type model than for the Langmuir-type model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Memarian
- Concordia University, 1455, De Maisonneuve Blvd, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hüsch J, Gerbeth K, Fricker G, Setzer C, Zirkel J, Rebmann H, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Abdel-Tawab M. Effect of phospholipid-based formulations of Boswellia serrata extract on the solubility, permeability, and absorption of the individual boswellic acid constituents present. J Nat Prod 2012; 75:1675-1682. [PMID: 23013292 DOI: 10.1021/np300009w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Boswellia serrata gum resin extracts are used widely for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. However, very low concentrations in the plasma and brain were observed for the boswellic acids (1-6, the active constituents of B. serrata). The present study investigated the effect of phospholipids alone and in combination with common co-surfactants (e.g., Tween 80, vitamin E-TPGS, pluronic f127) on the solubility of 1-6 in physiologically relevant media and on the permeability in the Caco-2 cell model. Because of the high lipophilicity of 1-6, the permeability experiments were adapted to physiological conditions using modified fasted state simulated intestinal fluid as apical (donor) medium and 4% bovine serum albumin in the basolateral (receiver) compartment. A formulation composed of extract/phospholipid/pluronic f127 (1:1:1 w/w/w) increased the solubility of 1-6 up to 54 times compared with the nonformulated extract and exhibited the highest mass net flux in the permeability tests. The oral administration of this formulation to rats (240 mg/kg) resulted in 26 and 14 times higher plasma levels for 11-keto-β-boswellic acid (1) and acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (2), respectively. In the brain, five times higher levels for 2 compared to the nonformulated extract were determined 8 h after oral administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hüsch
- Central Laboratory of German Pharmacists , Carl-Mannich-Straße 20, 65760 Eschborn, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Christiansen A, Backensfeld T, Kühn S, Weitschies W. Stability of the non-ionic surfactant polysorbate 80 investigated by HPLC-MS and charged aerosol detector. Pharmazie 2011; 66:666-671. [PMID: 22026121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An analytical method using HPLC coupled with a charged aerosol detector (CAD) and a mass selective detector (MSD) was developed to characterize the non-ionic surfactant polysorbate 80 (PS 80). The molecular structure and heterogeneous composition due to isomers and various lengths of PEG-chains make it difficult to develop sensitive and specific analytical methods. Hence, there is only limited knowledge about the stability and purity of this compound. Polysorbate 80 does not possess any chromophore, thus UV detection is not applicable. Therefore, CAD and MSD have been used for determination. The aim of this study was to characterize polysorbate 80 and to examine its stability at pH 1.0 and 37 degrees C simulating harsh gastric conditions. It was shown that this surfactant is liable to degradation under these conditions. Within 8 h monoesters of PS 80 were hydrolyzed to an extent of 9.5% (+/- 3.0%), whereas incubation in water did not result in any detectable degradation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that HPLC-MS is a suitable technique to investigate ethoxylated compounds like polysorbates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Christiansen
- Analytical Development Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Harvey RW, Metge DW, Mohanram A, Gao X, Chorover J. Differential effects of dissolved organic carbon upon re-entrainment and surface properties of groundwater bacteria and bacteria-sized microspheres during transport through a contaminated, sandy aquifer. Environ Sci Technol 2011; 45:3252-3259. [PMID: 21275400 DOI: 10.1021/es102989x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Injection-and-recovery studies involving a contaminated, sandy aquifer (Cape Cod, Massachusetts) were conducted to assess the relative susceptibility for in situ re-entrainment of attached groundwater bacteria (Pseudomonas stuzeri ML2, and uncultured, native bacteria) and carboxylate-modified microspheres (0.2 and 1.0 μm diameters). Different patterns of re-entrainment were evident for the two colloids in response to subsequent injections of groundwater (hydrodynamic perturbation), deionized water (ionic strength alteration), 77 μM linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS, anionic surfactant), and 76 μM Tween 80 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate, a very hydrophobic nonionic surfactant). An injection of deionized water was more effective in causing detachment of micrsopheres than were either of the surfactants, consistent with the more electrostatic nature of microsphere's attachment, their extreme hydrophilicity (hydrophilicity index, HI, of 0.99), and negative charge (zeta potentials, ζ, of -44 to -49 mv). In contrast, Tween 80 was considerably more effective in re-entraining the more-hydrophobic native bacteria. Both the hydrophilicities and zeta potentials of the native bacteria were highly sensitive to and linearly correlated with levels of groundwater dissolved organic carbon (DOC), which varied modestly from 0.6 to 1.3 mg L(-1). The most hydrophilic (0.52 HI) and negatively charged (ζ -38.1 mv) indigenous bacteria were associated with the lowest DOC. FTIR spectra indicated the latter community had the highest average density of surface carboxyl groups. In contrast, differences in groundwater (DOC) had no measurable effect on hydrophilicity of the bacteria-sized microspheres and only a minor effect on their ζ. These findings suggest that microspheres may not be very good surrogates for bacteria in field-scale transport studies and that adaptive (biological) changes in bacterial surface characteristics may need to be considered where there is longer-term exposure to contaminant DOC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald W Harvey
- National Research Program, U.S. Geological Survey , 3215 Marine Street, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wu Y, Li XD, Lin RC, Jin SH. Development of a size-exclusion HPLC method with evaporative light-scattering detection for the quantitation of polysorbate 80 in Houttuynia cordata injection. J AOAC Int 2010; 93:917-921. [PMID: 20629395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and accurate size-exclusion HPLC method for the quantitation of polysorbate 80 (PS80) in Houttuynia cordata injection, a Chinese traditional medicine, was developed and validated. The assay was conducted on an Agilent 1100 HPLC system with a TosoHaas TSKgel G2000 SWxL column (30 cm x 7.8 mm, 5 pm particle size) and an Alltech evaporative light-scattering detector (ELSD) 2000. The mobile phase was 20 mmoL/L ammonium acetate-acetonitrile (90 + 10, v/v) delivered at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min under isocratic conditions. The ELSD was operated in the impactor "off" mode, the drift tube temperature was set at 110 degrees C, and nitrogen flow was maintained at 2.3 L/min. The LOD was 0.25 mg/mL. Linearity was obtained between the log of concentration (C) and the log of peak area (Y) of PS80 in the range of 0.5-20 mg/mL according to the equation: Log Y 1.4529 Log C - 0.8232 (r2 = 0.9976). An RSD of 1.6% (n = 6) for the determination demonstrated the good precision of the optimized method. PS80 content in several commercial H. cordata injection products from different manufacturers was determined. The data for PS80 content is useful in evaluation of the safety of the products from different manufacturers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wu
- China Pharmaceutical University, School of Pharmacy, No. 24 Tongjia Rd, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fekete S, Ganzler K, Fekete J. Fast and sensitive determination of Polysorbate 80 in solutions containing proteins. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 52:672-9. [PMID: 20307948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A fast and sensitive method has been developed for the specific determination of Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) in liquid formulations in the presence of proteins and excipients. The quantitative determination is based on a fast liquid chromatographic (HPLC) separation and charged aerosol detection (CAD). The method was validated using a Poroshell 300SB-C18 column packed with 5 microm shell particles (75 mm x 2.1 mm) and acetonitrile-methanol-water-trifluoroacetic acid mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.65 ml/min. The rapid LC-CAD method is suitable for quantifying Polysorbate 80 in the range of 10-60 microg/ml in protein solutions within good manufacturing practices (GMPs) of the pharmaceutical industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Fekete
- Formulation Development, Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömroi út 19-21, Budapest X., Hungary.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Ferrous glycinate liposomes were prepared by reverse phase evaporation method. The effects of cholesterol, Tween 80, ferrous glycinate concentration, hydrating medium, pH of hydrating medium, and sonication strength on the encapsulation efficiency of liposomes were investigated. Encapsulation efficiency was significantly influenced by the different technique parameters. Ferrous glycinate liposomes might be obtained with high encapsulation efficiency of 84.80% under the conditions of optimized technique parameters. The zeta potential and average particle size of liposomes in the hydrating medium of pH 7.0 were 9.6 mV and 559.2 nm, respectively. The release property of ferrous glycinate liposomes in vitro was investigated in simulated gastrointestinal juice. A small amount of ferrous glycinate was released from liposomes in the first 4 h in simulated gastrointestinal juice. The mean diameters of liposomes increased from 559.2 to 692.9, 677.8, and 599.3 nm after incubation in simulated gastrointestinal juice of pH 1.3, 7.5, and 7.5 in the presence of bile salts, respectively. Results showed that the stability of ferrous glycinate in strong acid environment was greatly improved by encapsulation in liposomes, which protected ferrous glycinate from disrupting the extracapsular environment by lipid bilayer. The bioavailability of ferrous glycinate, as the iron source for biological activity including hemoglobin formation, may be increased. The ferrous glycinate liposomes may be a kind of promising iron fortifier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baomiao Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mahler HC, Printz M, Kopf R, Schuller R, Müller R. Behaviour of Polysorbate 20 During Dialysis, Concentration and Filtration Using Membrane Separation Techniques. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:764-74. [PMID: 17688279 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
During formulation development of a therapeutic protein, combinations of buffers, pH and excipients need to be tested. As the protein bulk solution used for formulation development usually contains a buffer component at a defined pH and potentially one or more excipients already, this bulk requires to be processed. In case low concentrations of non-ionic surfactants, for example polysorbate 20, are already present in the bulk, the surfactant needs to be removed in lab-scale for further development use. The scope of the work was to study the behaviour of low concentrations of polysorbate 20 during membrane separation processes. The first part focuses on evaluating the behaviour of polysorbate 20 during a dialysis process, whereas the second part analyses concentration changes of polysorbate during a membrane concentration process using a stirred cell. The third part analyses potential membrane absorption of polysorbate at sterilizing-grade filters. In conclusion, it was found that polysorbate could not be significantly reduced during a dialysis process and accumulated during a membrane concentration process in unreproducable manner. During sterile filtration, no significant influence on the concentration of polysorbate was measurable. In any case, it is recommendable to quantify the concentration of polysorbate during critical membrane process steps in pharmaceutical industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanns-Christian Mahler
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Formulation R&D Biologics, Pharmaceutical and Analytical R&D, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sugimoto N, Koike R, Furusho N, Tanno M, Yomota C, Sato K, Yamazaki T, Tanamoto K. Quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic determination of the oxyethylene group content of polysorbates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 24:799-806. [PMID: 17613066 DOI: 10.1080/02652030701278347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Guidelines for the oxyethylene group (EO) content of polysorbates are set by the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives. However, the classical titration method for EO determination is difficult and time-consuming. Here, we show that quantitative (1)H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can determine the EO contents of polysorbates rapidly and simply. The EO signals were identified through comparisons with sorbitan monolaurate and poly(ethylene glycol) distearate. Potassium hydrogen phthalate was used as an internal standard. The EO contents were estimated from the ratio of the signal intensities of EO to the internal standard. Two nuclear magnetic resonance systems were used to validate the proposed method. The EO content of commercial polysorbates 20, 60, 65, and 80 was determined to be within the recommended limits using this technique. Our approach thus represents an additional or alternative method of determining the EO contents of polysorbates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Sugimoto
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Kamigaya, Setagaya, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Di Gennaro P, Franzetti A, Bestetti G, Lasagni M, Pitea D, Collina E. Slurry phase bioremediation of PAHs in industrial landfill samples at laboratory scale. Waste Manag 2008; 28:1338-45. [PMID: 17851065 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2007.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Revised: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The effect of Tween 80 and selected bacteria additions on the bioremediation of PAH contaminated landfill soil (70.38mgkg(-1)) was evaluated in a slurry phase bioreactor. A phenanthrene-degrading consortium was selected by enrichment cultures and used as autochthonous inoculum. The Tween 80 addition increased the aqueous concentration of both high and low molecular weight PAHs. In the experiment with Tween 80 and inoculum addition, added microorganisms improved (>90%) the biodegradation of two- and three-ring PAHs as well as of the four-ring PAHs pyrene and fluoranthene. Biodegradation of the higher molecular weight PAHs was about 30% in experiments with Tween 80 addition, with and without inoculum addition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Di Gennaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, P.zza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nomura C, Kitagawa M, Yoshida M, Tanaka Y. [Determination of polysorbates in foods by solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography]. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi 2007; 48:64-8. [PMID: 17657999 DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.48.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A simple and rapid method using refractive index high-performance liquid chromatography (RI-HPLC) was developed for the determination of polysorbates (PS) in processed foods. PS were extracted with ethyl acetate containing 5% methanol. The extract was cleaned up on a multimode cartridge (300 mg) and an Alumina-N cartridge (500 mg) to remove fats and food color. HPLC separation was performed on a C18 column (4.6 i.d. x 150 mm) with methanol as the mobile phase. The recoveries of PS80 from nine kinds of foods fortified at the levels 1-5 g/kg were 80-99%. The limit of quantitation for PS80 in foods was 0.10 g/kg. The proposed method was applied to Worcestershire sauce that was PS-positive by TLC, and PS was confirmed to be present as PS80 at the concentration of 0.13 g/kg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chie Nomura
- Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Vu Dang H, Gray AI, Watson D, Bates CD, Scholes P, Eccleston GM. Composition analysis of two batches of polysorbate 60 using MS and NMR techniques. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 40:1155-65. [PMID: 16280224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2005] [Revised: 09/30/2005] [Accepted: 10/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Batch variation in Tween 60 has shown to influence the rheological properties of semisolid emulsions. MS (LC-MS, GC-MS, MS(n)) and NMR ((13)C, (1)H, (1)H COSY and HMBC) techniques were used to analyze and compare the composition of two batches of Tween 60 with particular emphasis on the number of POE groups and their distribution within the molecule. Acid and saponification values were also determined. The batches contained different proportions of components (sorbitan polyethoxylates, sorbitan monoester-diester-polyethoxylates and isosorbide monoester-diester-polyethoxylates). The number of POE groups were averaged over the four sites in sorbitan and the two sites in isosorbide molecules. The batches differed from each other in terms of (i) the POE sorbitan stearate/POE sorbitan palmitate ratios (batch 1, 3:2 and batch 2, 4:5), (ii) the ratio of sorbitans to isosorbides (batch 1, 2:3; batch 2, 7:13); and (iii) the acid values (batch 1, 3.1; batch 2, 0). It is concluded that liquid chromatography combined with electrospray mass spectrometry and ion trap separation is a useful tool for establishing the compositional profile of different batches of Tweens. (1)H NMR could provide a simple and rapid pharmacopoeial test for the ratio of sorbitan to isosorbide in Tweens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Vu Dang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Strathclyde Institution of Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wenger MD, Bowman AM, Thorsteinsson MV, Little KK, Wang L, Zhong J, Lee AL, DePhillips P. An automated homogeneous method for quantifying polysorbate using fluorescence polarization. Anal Biochem 2005; 337:48-54. [PMID: 15649374 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2004.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An automated fluorescence polarization (FP) assay has been developed for the quantitation of polysorbate in bioprocess samples. Using the lipophilic probe 5-dodecanoylaminofluorescein (DAF), polysorbate concentrations above the critical micelle concentration can be quantified by the FP increase that results when DAF inserts into the detergent micelles. The specificity, accuracy, and precision of this assay were defined for samples obtained from vaccine purification processes. Spike recoveries were 98-106% for purified products and 110-120% for crude process intermediates. The coefficients of variation for intra- and interassay precision were less than 9 and 14%, respectively. Because of the operational simplicity of the assay, all of the assay steps from sample preparation to data reduction were automated on a Tecan liquid-handling workstation. The combination of a rapid assay and an automated format makes this method well suited to the routine analysis of samples from trial purification processes which are carried out during the development of a vaccine or therapeutic protein. This method should be adaptable for the quantitation of other detergents into which DAF will insert.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc D Wenger
- Department of Biologics Development and Engineering, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., WP42A-20, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Nassar MN, Nesarikar VN, Lozano R, Parker WL, Huang Y, Palaniswamy V, Xu W, Khaselev N. Influence of formaldehyde impurity in polysorbate 80 and PEG-300 on the stability of a parenteral formulation of BMS-204352: identification and control of the degradation product. Pharm Dev Technol 2004; 9:189-95. [PMID: 15202578 DOI: 10.1081/pdt-120030249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify a degradation product formed in the clinical parenteral formulation of BMS-204352, investigate the role of excipients in its formation, and develop a strategy to minimize/control its formation. The degradant was identified as the hydroxy methyl derivative (formaldehyde adduct, BMS-215842) of the drug substance based upon liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy (LC/MS), liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy/mass spectroscopy (LC/MS/MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and chromatographic comparison to an authentic sample of hydroxymethyl degradation product, BMS-215842. An assay method for the detection of formaldehyde based on HPLC quantitation of formaldehyde dinitrophenylhydrazone was developed to quantitate its levels in various Polysorbate 80 and PEG 300 excipient lots. A direct relationship between the levels of formaldehyde in the excipients and the formation of the hydroxymethyl degradant was found. To confirm the hypothesis that the formaldehyde impurity in these two excipients contributed to the formation of the hydroxymethyl degradant, several clinical formulation lots were spiked with formaldehyde equivalent to 1, 10, and 100 mg/g of BMS-204352. A correlation was found between the formaldehyde level and the quantity of the hydroxymethyl degradant formed upon storage at 5 and 25 degrees C. From these experiments, a limit test on the formaldehyde content in polysorbate 80 and PEG 300 can be set as part of a strategy to limit the formation of the degradation product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Munir N Nassar
- Biopharmaceutics Research and Development, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Bristol-Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tripathi M, Khanna SK, Das M. A novel method for the determination of synthetic colors in ice cream samples. J AOAC Int 2004; 87:657-63. [PMID: 15287664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
A simple method has been developed for the extraction, separation, and determination of synthetic colors in ice cream samples. The process involves the breakdown of emulsion by neutral detergents (Triton X-100 and Tween 20) followed by extraction with petroleum ether for removal of fat. The aqueous colored solution obtained is treated with 5% acetic acid, and the uptake of color is carried out by a wool-dyeing technique. The color is eluted from the wool with 5% ammonia solution, the solution is evaporated to dryness, and the residue is dissolved in 60% ethanol for paper chromatography using trisodium citrate-ammonia-water (2 + 5 + 95, w/v/v) as the mobile phase. The colored spots from the paper chromatogram are cut and eluted with 60% ethanol, and the absorbance is measured at the respective lambda maximum corresponding to the Rf value of the appropriate standard. The recoveries of 6 colors, including sunset yellow FCF (SSYFCF), tartrazine, carmoisine, ponceau 4R, brilliant blue FCF (BBFCF), and fast green FCF from spiked samples with either detergent were found to be >90%. However, recoveries of erythrosine were 21 and 65% with Triton X-100 and Tween 20, respectively. Indigo carmine could not be recovered at all because of its fugitive property in 5% ammonia solution, which is used to strip the color from the wool. The sensitivity of the method with the use of Tween 20 is 1 ppm (1 microg/g) for the colors in spiked ice cream samples. With this method, we analyzed samples of 20 branded colored ice cream. The results showed the presence of tartrazine (8.4-43.3 ppm), SSYFCF (23.5-117.6 ppm), carmoisine (traces-53.2 ppm), erythrosine (3.5 ppm), and BBFCF (4.1 ppm) in the ice cream samples. Apart from 2 samples of tuttifruity, all of the ice cream samples showed the presence of permitted synthetic colors below the permissible level of 100 ppm established by the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act of India.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Tripathi
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, PO Box 80, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow-226001, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Baker SD, Zhao M, He P, Carducci MA, Verweij J, Sparreboom A. Simultaneous analysis of docetaxel and the formulation vehicle polysorbate 80 in human plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2004; 324:276-84. [PMID: 14690692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2003.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
An analytical procedure for the simultaneous determination of the anticancer agent docetaxel (Taxotere) and its formulation vehicle polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) in human plasma samples is described. Sample pretreatment involved a double liquid-liquid extraction step with a mixture of acetonitrile/n-butyl chloride (1/4, v/v). Separation of the compounds of interest, including the internal standard paclitaxel, was achieved on a reversed-phase Waters X-Terra mass spectrometry (MS) column (50 x 2.1mm internal diameter) packed with a 3.5-microm octadecyl stationary phase, using isocratic elution. Detection of docetaxel and polysorbate 80 was performed using tandem MS detection with electrospray ionization. Validation results indicated that the method is accurate and precise and has lower limits of quantitation of 0.500 nM (approximately 0.4 ng/ml) and 1.00 microg/ml for docetaxel and polysorbate 80, respectively. The method was subsequently used to measure concentrations of docetaxel and polysorbate 80 in plasma samples in support of a project to assess the influence of polysorbate 80 concentrations on the disposition and toxicity profile of docetaxel in cancer patients receiving Taxotere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharyn D Baker
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Eskandari H, Kamali Y. H-Point Standard Addition Method for the Selective Simultaneous Determination of Nickel and Copper Using 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol in Tween 80 Micellar Media. ANAL SCI 2004; 20:1095-8. [PMID: 15293410 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20.1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The H-point standard addition method (HPSAM) has been applied for the simultaneous determination of nickel and copper in trace levels, using 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) as a chromogenic reagent in aqueous Tween 80 micellar media. Under the optimum condition, the simultaneous determinations of nickel and copper by HPSAM were performed. The absorbances at one pair of wavelengths, 548 and 579 nm, were monitored with the addition of standard solutions of copper. The method is able to accurately determine copper-to-nickel ratios of 15:1 to 1:10 (Wt/Wt). The effects of diverse ions on the determination of nickel and copper to investigate the selectivity of the method were also studied. The recommended procedure was successfully applied to some water and alloy samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Habibollah Eskandari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardebili, Ardebil, Iran.
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nair LM, Stephens NV, Vincent S, Raghavan N, Sand PJ. Determination of polysorbate 80 in parenteral formulations by high-performance liquid chromatography and evaporative light scattering detection. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1012:81-6. [PMID: 14509344 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)01105-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Drugs that are not very soluble in aqueous formulations are solubilized with surfactants such as polysorbate 80. In order to evaluate the stability of excipient such as polysorbate 80 in drug formulation, a rapid chromatographic methodology is desired; however, polysorbate 80 does not have a strong chromophore for monitoring by absorption spectrometry. A simple and fast method for the analysis of polysorbate 80 in pharmaceutical formulations was developed using high-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD). Separation of polysorbate 80 as a single peak was achieved on a C18 column using a methanol/water gradient mobile phase and ELS detection. The method is specific for polysorbate 80 in the formulation as there were no interferences from the drug or other excipients. Precision, recovery, linearity and limit of quantitation/detection experiments gave acceptable results during the evaluation of the method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmy M Nair
- Medication Delivery, Baxter Healthcare, Round Lake, IL 60073, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Matsumoto H, Ogawa H, Suzuki K, Suzuki J, Yasuda K. [Simultaneous analysis of four kinds of emulsifiers in beverages by GC/MS]. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi 2003; 44:19-25. [PMID: 12749192 DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.44.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An analytical method using GC/MS for the detection of 4 kinds of dietary emulsifiers, glycerin, sucrose, sorbitan and propylene glycol monoesters of fatty acids (GE, SuE, SE, PGE), in beverages was developed. The emulsifiers were extracted from beverages with tetrahydrofuranethyl acetate (6:4) by homogenizing. The extract was cleaned up on a silica gel column and subsequently a C8 cartridge column, followed by acetylation. The derivatives were then detected by GC/MS. Our newly established method enabled to characterize 4 kinds of emulsifiers and also to identify their fatty acids without hydrolysis or de-esterification. When this method was applied to various beverages on the market, many GE and SuE with different fatty acids were detected. These results suggested that several dietary emulsifiers are used as food additives at the same time in beverages on the market.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Matsumoto
- Tama Branch Laboratory, Tokyo Metropolitan Research Laboratory of Public Health: 3-16-25, Shibasaki-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-0023, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
A quick HPLC method is reported for the analysis of polysorbate 80 in pharmaceutical suspensions. A typical pharmaceutical suspension was mixed with dilute potassium hydroxide, and heated at 40 degrees C for 6 h. This procedure resulted in quantitative hydrolysis of polysorbate 80 to release oleic acid. A quick HPLC procedure was used to analyze the hydrolyzed samples without further sample treatment. Polysorbate 80 USP, treated in the same way as the pharmaceutical suspensions, was used as standard. Full validation tests were carried out and the validation studies demonstrated that this method is suitable for accurate and reproducible analysis of polysorbate 80 in pharmaceutical suspensions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Hu
- Novex Pharma, 380 Elgin Mills Road East, Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada L4C 5H2
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Sparreboom A, Zhao M, Brahmer JR, Verweij J, Baker SD. Determination of the docetaxel vehicle, polysorbate 80, in patient samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 773:183-90. [PMID: 12031845 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00167-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A new simple method was developed for the quantitative determination of the docetaxel (Taxotere) vehicle, polysorbate 80 (Tween 80), in human plasma. Calibration curves were constructed in the range of 1-100 microg/ml, using paclitaxel (0.01 mM) as internal standard, and were analyzed using a power fit with equal weighting. Sample pretreatment involved a one-step extraction with acetonitrile-n-butyl chloride (1:4, v/v). The analytes were separated on a Waters X-Terra MS column (50x2.1 mm I.D.) packed with 3.5-microm ODS material, and eluted with methanol-water (9:1, v/v) containing 0.1% formic acid. The column effluent was monitored by tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization. The overall extraction efficiency was 50-60%, with values for precision and accuracy of < or =16% and <15% relative error, respectively. Our current method is approximately 60-100-fold more sensitive than previous assays, and will be used to define Tween 80 disposition in patients receiving Taxotere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Sparreboom
- Laboratory of Experimental Chemotherapy and Pharmacology, Department of Medical Oncology, Rotterdam Cancer Institute (Daniel den Hoed Kliniek) and University Hospital Rotterdam, Groene Hilledijk 301, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Khossravi M, Kao YH, Mrsny RJ, Sweeney TD. Analysis methods of polysorbate 20: A new method to assess the stability of polysorbate 20 and established methods that may overlook degraded polysorbate 20. Pharm Res 2002; 19:634-9. [PMID: 12069166 DOI: 10.1023/a:1015306112979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Polysorbate 20 is a commonly used excipient in biopharmaceutical formulations, some of which may have an enzymatic activity. The action(s) of polysorbate 20 in biopharmaceutical formulations as a stabilizer require this surfactant to maintain its intact structure. This manuscript evaluates a new analytic method for the analysis of polysorbate 20 degradation in the format of a biopharmaceutical formulation and makes a comparison with several established methods of analysis. METHODS Polysorbate 20 samples were degraded in a controlled environment utilizing the enzyme pancreatic lipase to generate degradants that included lauric acid and the sorbitan polyoxyethylene side chain. A new method was developed with sufficient sensitivity to analyze the degraded solutions. Lauric acid was derivatized with the fluorescent reagent 9-anthryldiazomethane to form 9-anthrylmethylethyl ester. The derivatized lauric acid was separated by reversed-phase chromatography and detected by fluorescence or UV spectroscopy. Three established methods utilized to measure polysorbate 20 were evaluated for their ability to detect degraded polysorbate 20. These methods were: (1) fluorescence analysis with N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine fluorescent dye; (2) UV spectroscopy with ammonium cobaltothiocyanate colorimetric reagent; and (3) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). RESULTS Polysorbate 20 incubation with lipase resulted in degraded polysorbate 20 as determined by the derivatized lauric acid assay. The UV spectroscopy assay utilizing ammonium cobaltothiocyanate reagent was not able to detect the degradation of polysorbate 20 in the samples. The fluorescence method of analysis detected polysorbate 20 degradation as an approximate 50% decrease in micelles in comparison to standard nondegraded polysorbate 20 solutions. NMR analysis resulted in similar proton peak areas for both degraded and nondegraded polysorbate 20 samples. NMR spectra did contain minor differences between the samples. CONCLUSIONS It is essential to choose the appropriate method of polysorbate 20 evaluation to assess the content, stability, and compatibility of a formulation. Current established methods to assess polysorbate 20 may overlook and do not necessarily monitor the potential degradation of this surfactant, which results in the formation of lauric acid. Because this type of degradation may occur in a formulation by an enzymatically active biopharmaceutical, a new method of analysis has been established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnaz Khossravi
- Pharmaceutical R & D, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is a new technique that can be used to determine the molecular composition of polysorbate emulsifiers, which are commonly used as food additives. This is the first study to offer such a detailed examination of these heterogeneous compounds. MALDI-TOF MS is a powerful tool that can provide a polysorbate mass profile in less than two minutes. 2',4',6'-Trihydroxyacetophenone monohydrate was chosen to be an ideal matrix, as it easily facilitated desorption and ionization, provided good resolution, and allowed for fast and simple preparation of the sample. By addition of aqueous 0.01 M potassium chloride, species were resolved exclusively as potassium adducts in the positive ion mode. MALDI-TOF MS analysis before and after saponification indicated the presence of unbound ethylene oxide polymers, as well as free and esterified sorbitan- and sorbide-based species. Some evidence for the presence of disorbitan-based species was provided. Also illustrated were the polydispersity of the oxyethylene chains, the degree of esterification, and the identity of esterified fatty acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Frison-Norrie
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
A method for qualitative and quantitative analyses of polysorbates in powdered soup by HPLC was studied. Polysorbates in samples were extracted with acetonitrile after rinsing with n-hexane to remove fats and oils. The extract was cleaned up using a Bond Elut silica gel cartridge (500 mg). The cartridge was washed with ethyl acetate and polysorbates were eluted with a small amount of acetonitrile-methanol (1:2) mixture. The eluate was treated with cobalt thiocyanate solution to form a blue complex with polysorbate. In order to determine polysorbate, the complex was subjected to HPLC with a GPC column, using a mixture of acetonitrile-water (95:5) as a mobile phase, with a detection wavelength of 620 nm. The recoveries of polysorbate 80 added to powdered soups were more than 75% and the determination limit was 0.04 mg/g. When the proposed method was applied to the determination of polysorbates in 16 commercial samples of powdered soup for instant noodles and seasoning consomme, no polysorbates were detected in any sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Takeda
- National Institute of Health Sciences: 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
De Donato S, Granoff D, Minutello M, Lecchi G, Faccini M, Agnello M, Senatore F, Verweij P, Fritzell B, Podda A. Safety and immunogenicity of MF59-adjuvanted influenza vaccine in the elderly. Vaccine 1999; 17:3094-101. [PMID: 10462245 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(99)00138-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Safety and immunogenicity of the influenza vaccine adjuvanted with MF59 (FLUAD) were compared to those of a non adjuvanted subunit vaccine in elderly subjects during three consecutive influenza seasons. Geometric mean titres and proportions of subjects with either a > or = four-fold increase in antibody titres or with an HI titre > or = 128 after immunisation were higher in FLUAD recipients. The adjuvant effect on the magnitude of the responses was most pronounced in subjects with pre-vaccination titres < or = 40. Although associated with more frequent mild local reactions, the adjuvanted vaccine was well tolerated. Thus, the addition of MF59 increased the immunogenicity of the subunit influenza vaccine in elderly persons with low pre-vaccination titres, who are at greatest risk of developing severe influenza disease and vaccine failure, without a clinically important increase in reactogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S De Donato
- Unità Socio Sanitaria, S.S. Giovanni, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Heineman TC, Clements-Mann ML, Poland GA, Jacobson RM, Izu AE, Sakamoto D, Eiden J, Van Nest GA, Hsu HH. A randomized, controlled study in adults of the immunogenicity of a novel hepatitis B vaccine containing MF59 adjuvant. Vaccine 1999; 17:2769-78. [PMID: 10438046 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(99)00088-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The safety and immunogenicity of a novel hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine containing recombinant PreS2 and S antigens combined with MF59 adjuvant (HBV/MF59) was evaluated in healthy adults (N=230) who were randomized to receive 2 or 3 immunizations of either the study vaccine or a licensed control vaccine (Recombivax HB). After a single immunization, 105 of 118 (89%) recipients of HBV/MF59 achieved protective serum levels of anti-HBs antibody (> 10 mIU/ml), compared with 13 of 110 (12%) recipients of licensed vaccine (P < 0.001). The geometric mean titer (GMT) after 2 doses of HBV/MF59 given 2 months apart (13,422 mIU/ml) was more than 5-fold higher than that following 3 doses of licensed vaccine given over 6 months (2,346 mIU/ml; P < 0.001). The GMT following 3 injections of HBV/MF59 (249,917 mIU/ml) was 100-fold higher than licensed vaccine (P < 0.001). Anti-PreS2 antibodies were elicited in over 90% of the subset of HBV/MF59 recipients tested. Both vaccines were well tolerated; transient, mild-to-moderate local inflammation was the major postinjection reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T C Heineman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, St. Louis University, MO 63110-0250, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Barchfeld GL, Hessler AL, Chen M, Pizza M, Rappuoli R, Van Nest GA. The adjuvants MF59 and LT-K63 enhance the mucosal and systemic immunogenicity of subunit influenza vaccine administered intranasally in mice. Vaccine 1999; 17:695-704. [PMID: 10067675 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00252-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Commercial influenza vaccines generate serum antibody, but not local IgA. Influenza vaccines that induce both serum and secretory antibody are more likely to protect against infection and disease progression. The adjuvants MF59 and LT-K63 were tested intramuscularly and intranasally with subunit HA. In naive mice, intranasal adjuvant effect was more apparent when included with the first than second immunization. In previously infected mice, intranasal adjuvants had little effect on serum antibodies and were most effective for nasal antibodies after the second immunization. Overall, both adjuvants enhanced anti-HA IgA and IgG by intranasal vaccination whereas, by intramuscular vaccination, they only enhanced serum IgG.
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
A specific reverse-phase HPLC method has been developed for the quantitative determination of polysorbate 20 in various compositions of nasal solutions. This method is based on the acidic hydrolysis of the sorbitan laurate ester followed by the HPLC determination of the free lauric acid. Using this method, polysorbate 20 can effectively be separated and quantitatively determined in matrices containing a wide variety of preservatives, surfactants, and viscosity agents. Sample preparation involves a one-step hydrolysis with sulfuric acid and then a dilution with acetonitrile, prior to injection. The sample is analyzed on a 5-microm octadecylsilane reverse-phase column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile: 0.025 M aqueous di-Sodium hydrogen phosphate, pH = 2.8 (75:25). The column effluent is monitored by UV detection at 210 nm. The validity of the method has been verified with specificity, linearity, recovery, method- and system precisions data. The method is linear for polysorbate 20 from 2.5 to 125 mg ml(-1) range. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation are 0.41 and 0.61 mg ml(-1), respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Oszi
- Human Serum Production and Drug Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Tancsics, Hungary
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Brandner JD. The composition of NF-defined emulsifiers: sorbitan monolaurate, monopalmitate, monostearate, monooleate, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, and polysorbate 80. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 1998; 24:1049-54. [PMID: 9876559 DOI: 10.3109/03639049809089948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Using the analytical constants for sorbitan monolaurate, monopalmitate, monostearate, and monooleate given in the National Formulary (NF), calculations were carried out that indicated that these emulsifiers are esters of sorbitol mono- and dianhydrides. Contrary to the NF description, no significant amount of sorbitol ester was calculated to be present, in agreement with recent experimental findings. Further calculations were made using the NF-defined analytical constants of polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, and polysorbate 80, which indicate that these emulsifiers are esters primarily of polyoxyethylated sorbitol monoanhydride (i.e., sorbitan), with lesser quantities of polyoxyethylated esters of sorbitol dianhydride. Since all hydroxyl groups of the polysorbates are primary, random distribution of acyl groups on the available hydroxyls can be assumed, and the likely composition of these emulsifiers can be calculated. The most abundant compounds appear to be polyoxyethylated sorbitan mono-, di-, and triesters. Although the polysorbates are stated to contain 20 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of ester, the oxyethylene contents stated in the Food Chemicals Codex reveal that somewhat more than 20 moles of ethylene oxide are combined.
Collapse
|
40
|
Dupuis M, Murphy TJ, Higgins D, Ugozzoli M, van Nest G, Ott G, McDonald DM. Dendritic cells internalize vaccine adjuvant after intramuscular injection. Cell Immunol 1998; 186:18-27. [PMID: 9637761 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1998.1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine adjuvants help antigens elicit rapid, potent, and long-lasting immune responses. The lack of understanding of the immunological mechanism of action of adjuvants has limited the rational development of vaccines for human use. In particular, little is known about how the immune system processes adjuvants. The goal of the present study was to determine the fate of the vaccine adjuvant MF59, labeled with the fluorescent dye Dil, after injection with fluorescein-labeled gD2 antigen from type 2 herpes simplex virus. At 3 h after intramuscular injection into BALB/c mice, most of the MF59 was still in the form of extracellular droplets in the muscle, but a detectable fraction of the MF59 was in cells in the subcapsular sinus of draining inguinal lymph nodes. At 48 h, most of the MF59 at the site of injection was inside cells that were immunoreactive for the dendritic cell markers DEC-205 and MHC class II molecules, reflecting the interaction of MF59 with antigen presenting cells. At this time, intracellular MF59 was also abundant in the paracortical (T cell) region of lymph nodes. The gD2 antigen was also intracellular in muscle and colocalized MF59 at 48 h, and the presence of MF59 increased the amount of intracellular antigen. Similarly, serological antibody titers to gD2 were 207-fold higher after two injections when MF59 was administered with the antigen. These findings suggest that MF59 interacts with antigen presenting cells at the site of injection and then moves to the draining lymph nodes, where it increases the efficiency of antigen presentation to T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Dupuis
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of influenza vaccine with and without the adjuvant MF59 was determined in mice. The addition of MF59 significantly increased the antibody response to the vaccine antigens over a wide dose range. Equivalent antibody titres were seen using 50- to 200-fold lower antigen concentrations when combined with MF59 compared with vaccine alone. The humoral response was sustained for at least 6 months after immunization. The addition of MF59 increased the protective efficacy of the vaccine: the amount of live virus detectable in the lungs of mice challenged with virus 1-6 months after immunization was reduced and the rate of survival was significantly increased. Influenza vaccine combined with MF59 gave full protection from viral challenge at antigen doses 65- to 80-fold lower than with vaccine alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Cataldo
- Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a stable freeze-dried formulation of recombinant factor VIII-SQ (r-VIII SQ) without the addition of albumin. METHODS Different formulations were evaluated for their protective effect during sterile filtration, freeze-thawing, freeze-drying, reconstitution and long term storage. Factor VIII activity (VIII:C), visual inspection, clarity, solubility, moisture content and soluble aggregates and/ or fragments were assayed. RESULTS A combination of non-crystallising excipients (L-histidine and sucrose), a non-ionic surfactant (polysorbate 80) and a crystalline bulking agent (sodium chloride) was found to preserve the factor VIII activity during formulation, freeze-drying and storage. Calcium chloride was included to prevent dissociation of the heavy and light chains of r-VIII SQ. Sodium chloride was chosen as the primary bulking agent since the concentration of sodium chloride necessary for dissolution of r-VIII SQ in the buffer will inhibit the crystallization of many potential cake formers. It was found that L-histidine, besides functioning as a buffer, also protected r-VIII SQ during freeze-drying and storage. A pH close to 7 was found to be optimal. Some potential macromolecular stabilisers, PEG 4000, Haes-steril and Haemaccel, were evaluated but they did not improve the recovery of VIII:C. The freeze-dried formulation was stable for at least two years at 7 degrees C and for at least one year at 25 degrees C. The reconstituted solution was stable for at least 100 hours at 25 degrees C. CONCLUSIONS The albumin-free formulation resulted in consistently high recovery of VIII:C, very low aggregate formation and good storage stability. The stability of the reconstituted solution makes the formulation suitable for continuous administration via infusion pump. The formulation strategy described here may also be useful for other proteins which require a high ionic strength.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Osterberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmacia & Upjohn AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Barnett SW, Rajasekar S, Legg H, Doe B, Fuller DH, Haynes JR, Walker CM, Steimer KS. Vaccination with HIV-1 gp120 DNA induces immune responses that are boosted by a recombinant gp120 protein subunit. Vaccine 1997; 15:869-73. [PMID: 9234536 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(96)00264-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Small animals were immunized with plasmid DNA encoding HIV-1 envelope gp120 either intramuscularly by needle injection (mice and guinea pigs) or epidermally with the Accell gene gun (guinea pits). Subsequently, the animals were boosted with a recombinant gp120 protein subunit vaccine in an oil-in-water based adjuvant, MF59. Antibodies and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) immune responses to the HIV envelope glycoprotein were observed in animals immunized with gp120 DNA derived from the HIV-1SF2 laboratory strain or from HIV-1 field isolates. Titers of ELISA antibodies and serum neutralizing antibodies against the HIV-1SF2 laboratory isolate were substantially increased in DNA-immunized animals following a single boost with recombinant gp120 protein subunit. This DNA prime/protein subunit boost immunization approach may be important for vaccination against infectious agents such as HIV for which it is difficult to raise strong antiviral humoral responses with DNA vaccination alone.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage
- AIDS Vaccines/genetics
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control
- Adjuvants, Immunologic
- Animals
- Biolistics
- DNA, Viral/immunology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Guinea Pigs
- HIV Antibodies/biosynthesis
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/administration & dosage
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/genetics
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/immunology
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Plasmids/genetics
- Polysorbates/analysis
- Squalene/analysis
- Squalene/immunology
- Surface-Active Agents
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
The effect of indomethacin on the micellar properties of the non-ionic surfactant, polysorbate 80, in water-sorbitol mixtures containing up to 25% w/v sorbitol has been investigated by light scattering, photon correlation spectroscopy and viscometric techniques. The molecular weight of polysorbate 80 micelles containing solubilized indomethacin increased linearly with increase of sorbitol concentration. Solubilization of indomethacin resulted in an increase of micellar weight due not only to the incorporation of solubilizate but also to an increase in the number of polysorbate molecules per micelle. The micelles in all systems were most satisfactorily represented as oblate ellipsoids, the asymmetry and hydration of which increased with increase of sorbitol concentration. Indomethacin solubilization caused a restructuring of the micelle to produce a more symmetrical micelle of increased hydration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Attwood
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Manchester, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Polysorbates are used as emulsifiers in a number of pharmaceuticals and have been implicated as the possible toxic agent in the neonatal vitamin supplement, E-Ferol. In the investigation of the toxicity of this compound, it was necessary to find a method to separate and quantitate polysorbate and its polyoxyethylated metabolite from biological fluids. A high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed which combines the use of a 500 A mu Styragel size exclusion column with an ammonium cobaltothiocyanate complexation column and detection at 620 or 320 nm. The detection limit is approximately 5 micrograms. The method was used to demonstrate that polysorbate was metabolized in vitro by hepatocytes and that the urinary metabolite in humans is comparable to that produced by the rat.
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Polysorbate 80, a surfactant often assumed to be inert, was found to bind a number of biochemically important ions (K+, Na+, NH4+, Ca2+) and transport them through a model membrane (CH2Cl2). The rates and fluxes of potassium ions were found to depend on the initial concentration of potassium ion, the polysorbate 80 concentration, the temperature, and the stirring rate. The thermodynamic constants for the process were determined and its mechanism is discussed.
Collapse
|
47
|
Kuroda M, Kawata T. Vibrational test for evaluation of creams. II. Stability of O/W creams containing polyoxyethylene sorbitan stearates. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1985; 33:3915-21. [PMID: 4092291 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.33.3915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
48
|
Abstract
A method is described for the determination of poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl)oligomers in body fluids using ammonium cobaltothiocyanate complexation in conjunction with high pressure liquid chromatography and visible spectrophotometry. Analysis of peritoneal fluid from a baby given E-ferol, a vitamin E supplement, revealed levels as high as 100 micrograms/mL polysorbate.
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
The cmc of mixtures of chlorpromazine hydrochloride and polysorbate 80 was determined by pH titration. The values thus obtained coincided with those determined by the surface tension method. The mixtures studied could be divided into two groups according to the shape of their pH concentration curves. For mixtures containing less than 0.8 mole fraction chlorpromazine, the curves suggest that some interaction occurs in the premicellar concentration range. For mixtures containing more than 0.8 mole fraction chlorpromazine, the curves suggest that the micellar process occurs in more than one step.
Collapse
|
50
|
|