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Schapiro AH, Morin CE, Wikenheiser-Brokamp KA, Tanimoto AA. Connective tissue disease-associated lung disease in children. Pediatr Radiol 2024; 54:1059-1074. [PMID: 38850285 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-024-05962-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Connective tissue diseases are a heterogeneous group of autoimmune diseases that can affect a variety of organ systems. Lung parenchymal involvement is an important contributor to morbidity and mortality in children with connective tissue disease. Connective tissue disease-associated lung disease in children often manifests as one of several radiologic-pathologic patterns of disease, with certain patterns having a propensity to occur in association with certain connective tissue diseases. In this article, key clinical, histopathologic, and computed tomography (CT) features of typical patterns of connective tissue disease-associated lung disease in children are reviewed, with an emphasis on radiologic-pathologic correlation, to improve recognition of these patterns of lung disease at CT and to empower the pediatric radiologist to more fully contribute to the care of pediatric patients with these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Schapiro
- Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
- Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Cara E Morin
- Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kathryn A Wikenheiser-Brokamp
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- The Perinatal Institute Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Aki A Tanimoto
- Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Li Y, Yuan J, Lu J. Lung carcinoma with diffuse cysts repeatedly misdiagnosed as pulmonary infections and lymphoid interstitial pneumonia: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37002. [PMID: 38306516 PMCID: PMC10843309 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diffuse cystic lung diseases comprise a heterogeneous group of pulmonary disorders, with most cases being benign and malignant instances being rare. CASE REPORT We present an unusual case of lung adenocarcinoma characterized by the progressive diffusion of cystic lesions. The patient, initially diagnosed with a pulmonary infection and lymphoid interstitial pneumonia, underwent repeated misdiagnoses. Ultimately, the diagnosis was confirmed using radial endobronchial ultrasound-guided-transbronchial cryobiopsy (rEBUS-TBCB). A 44-year-old male was admitted to the hospital with a persistent cough and expectoration of bloody sputum for over 6 months. Thoracic computed tomography revealed widespread cystic lesions and nodules. Despite multiple misdiagnoses, rEBUS-TBCB successfully confirmed the presence of lung adenocarcinoma and identified an echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK) E13:A20 gene rearrangement. The patient was subsequently transferred to a local hospital for oral targeted drug therapy, which resulted in a favorable response. CONCLUSION In conclusions, transbronchial lung biopsies often provide inadequate specimens for confirming diffuse cystic lung diseases. In contrast, the utilization of rEBUS-guided TBCB offers superior diagnostic capabilities, as it enables the collection of larger lung biopsies with higher diagnostic yields and fewer complications compared to surgical lung biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishi Li
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinhe Yuan
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chongqing Fifth People’s Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Junyu Lu
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chongqing Fifth People’s Hospital, Chongqing, China
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Murillo Casas AD, Duarte Dorado DM, Olaya Hernández M. Lymphocytic interstitial non-HIV-related pneumonia in pediatrics: a case report. Front Pediatr 2024; 11:1307607. [PMID: 38298932 PMCID: PMC10829092 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1307607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP) in pediatric patients without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains a poorly characterized and enigmatic disease. Immunological dysregulation, mutations in the COPA gene, and increased morbidity and mortality have been reported in these patients. We present a case of LIP in a pediatric patient without HIV infection. This patient was infected with human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and required right lower lobectomy with pathological findings compatible with lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia. In addition, bronchiectasis, dermatological involvement, and malnutrition were documented. However, no autoimmune disease, polymyositis, myelopathy, or opportunistic infections were found. There were no abnormalities in cellular and humoral immunity. A genetic study identified heterozygous mutations in the SCNN1B, FCHO1, and IL7R genes using single exome sequencing of coding and splicing regions. Although these heterozygous variants are not reported to be aetiological for LIP or diagnostic for the patient's congenital immunodeficiency, we believe they are associated with the severe lung damage seen in the patient's case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Dionelly Murillo Casas
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Servicio de Alergología Pediátrica, Universidad ICESI, Cali, Colombia
- Departamentode Pediatría, Servicio de Alergología e Inmunología Pediátrica, Fundación Valle de Lili, Cali, Colombia
| | - Diana María Duarte Dorado
- Departamento de Pediatría, Servicio de Neumología Pediátrica, Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia
| | - Manuela Olaya Hernández
- Departamentode Pediatría, Servicio de Alergología e Inmunología Pediátrica, Fundación Valle de Lili, Cali, Colombia
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Pulmonary lymphoproliferative disorders in children: a practical review. Pediatr Radiol 2022; 52:1224-1233. [PMID: 35352133 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-022-05335-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary lymphoproliferative disorders represent an uncommon spectrum of proliferation of lymphoid tissue in the lung parenchyma ranging from benign hyperplasia to malignancy. They tend to occur in certain clinical situations and have typical imaging features that together can be used by the radiologist to suggest these entities as part of the differential diagnosis. We review key clinical, histopathological and computed tomography features of pulmonary lymphoproliferative disorders in children including follicular bronchiolitis, lymphoid interstitial pneumonia, granulomatous-lymphocytic interstitial lung disease, lymphoma and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder to familiarize the pediatric radiologist with this group of disorders.
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Zhu C, Hu J, Wu J, Cheng L. Transformation of lymphoid interstitial pneumonia (LIP) into malignant lymphoma in patients with Sjogren's syndrome: a case report and literature review. J Cardiothorac Surg 2022; 17:79. [PMID: 35428307 PMCID: PMC9013018 DOI: 10.1186/s13019-022-01826-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia (LIP) is a very rare disease and its malignant transformation is even more rare. LIP is easily misdiagnosed by clinicians and radiologists. Case presentation The medical record of a 64-year-old female with Sjogren's syndrome was reviewed. The clinical and pathological data along with chest CT images were obtained. The literature related to the transformation was reviewed. There were no specific clinical manifestations of LIP and its transformation into malignant lymphoma in the patient. The chest CT mainly displayed multiple cystic foci, with multiple nodules and ground-glass shadows in both lungs. Conclusions Malignant transformation to lymphoma is suspected with findings of large nodules (> 11 mm) or their sizes doubly increased, pleural effusion and alveolar consolidation.
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Rodina Y, Deripapa E, Shvets O, Mukhina A, Roppelt A, Yuhacheva D, Laberko A, Burlakov V, Abramov D, Tereshchenko G, Novichkova G, Shcherbina A. Rituximab and Abatacept Are Effective in Differential Treatment of Interstitial Lymphocytic Lung Disease in Children With Primary Immunodeficiencies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:704261. [PMID: 34566961 PMCID: PMC8458825 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.704261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interstitial lymphocytic lung disease (ILLD), a recently recognized complication of primary immunodeficiencies (PID), is caused by immune dysregulation, abnormal bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) hyperplasia, with subsequent progressive loss of pulmonary function. Various modes of standard immunosuppressive therapy for ILLD have been shown as only partially effective. Objectives To retrospectively evaluate the safety and efficacy of abatacept or rituximab in treatment of ILLD in children with PID. Methods 29 children (median age 11 years) with various forms of PID received one of the two therapy regimens predominantly based on the lesions’ immunohistopathology: children with prevalent B-cell lung infiltration received rituximab (n = 16), and those with predominantly T-cell infiltration received abatacept (n = 17). Clinical and radiological symptoms were assessed using a severity scale developed for the study. Results The targeted therapy with abatacept (A) or rituximab (R) enabled long-term control of clinical (A 3.4 ± 1.3 vs. 0.6 ± 0.1; R 2.8 ± 1 vs. 0.7 ± 0.05, p < 0.01) and radiological (A 18.4 ± 3.1 vs. 6.0 ± 2.0; R 30 ± 7.1 vs. 10 ± 1.7, p < 0.01) symptoms of ILLD in both groups and significantly improved patients’ quality of life, as measured by the total scale (TS) score of 57 ± 2.1 in treatment recipients vs. 31.2 ± 1.9 before therapy (p < 0.01). Conclusions ILLD histopathology should be considered when selecting treatment. Abatacept and rituximab are effective and safe in differential treatment of ILLD in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Rodina
- Department of Immunology, Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - E Deripapa
- Department of Immunology, Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - O Shvets
- Department of Immunology, Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Mukhina
- Department of Immunology, Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Roppelt
- Department of Immunology, Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - D Yuhacheva
- Department of Immunology, Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Laberko
- Department of Immunology, Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - V Burlakov
- Department of Immunology, Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - D Abramov
- Department of Pathology, Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - G Tereshchenko
- Department of Radiology, Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - G Novichkova
- Department of Hematology, Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Shcherbina
- Department of Immunology, Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
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Samarelli AV, Tonelli R, Marchioni A, Bruzzi G, Gozzi F, Andrisani D, Castaniere I, Manicardi L, Moretti A, Tabbì L, Cerri S, Beghè B, Dominici M, Clini E. Fibrotic Idiopathic Interstitial Lung Disease: The Molecular and Cellular Key Players. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8952. [PMID: 34445658 PMCID: PMC8396471 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) that are known as diffuse parenchymal lung diseases (DPLDs) lead to the damage of alveolar epithelium and lung parenchyma, culminating in inflammation and widespread fibrosis. ILDs that account for more than 200 different pathologies can be divided into two groups: ILDs that have a known cause and those where the cause is unknown, classified as idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP). IIPs include idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP), cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP) known also as bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP), acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP), desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP), respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease (RB-ILD), and lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP). In this review, our aim is to describe the pathogenic mechanisms that lead to the onset and progression of the different IIPs, starting from IPF as the most studied, in order to find both the common and standalone molecular and cellular key players among them. Finally, a deeper molecular and cellular characterization of different interstitial lung diseases without a known cause would contribute to giving a more accurate diagnosis to the patients, which would translate to a more effective treatment decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Valeria Samarelli
- Laboratory of Cell Therapies and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy; (A.V.S.); (R.T.); (A.M.); (G.B.); (F.G.); (D.A.); (I.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (B.B.); (M.D.)
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy;
| | - Roberto Tonelli
- Laboratory of Cell Therapies and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy; (A.V.S.); (R.T.); (A.M.); (G.B.); (F.G.); (D.A.); (I.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (B.B.); (M.D.)
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy;
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Marchioni
- Laboratory of Cell Therapies and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy; (A.V.S.); (R.T.); (A.M.); (G.B.); (F.G.); (D.A.); (I.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (B.B.); (M.D.)
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy;
| | - Giulia Bruzzi
- Laboratory of Cell Therapies and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy; (A.V.S.); (R.T.); (A.M.); (G.B.); (F.G.); (D.A.); (I.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (B.B.); (M.D.)
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy;
| | - Filippo Gozzi
- Laboratory of Cell Therapies and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy; (A.V.S.); (R.T.); (A.M.); (G.B.); (F.G.); (D.A.); (I.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (B.B.); (M.D.)
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy;
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Dario Andrisani
- Laboratory of Cell Therapies and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy; (A.V.S.); (R.T.); (A.M.); (G.B.); (F.G.); (D.A.); (I.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (B.B.); (M.D.)
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy;
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Ivana Castaniere
- Laboratory of Cell Therapies and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy; (A.V.S.); (R.T.); (A.M.); (G.B.); (F.G.); (D.A.); (I.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (B.B.); (M.D.)
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy;
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Linda Manicardi
- Laboratory of Cell Therapies and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy; (A.V.S.); (R.T.); (A.M.); (G.B.); (F.G.); (D.A.); (I.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (B.B.); (M.D.)
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy;
| | - Antonio Moretti
- Laboratory of Cell Therapies and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy; (A.V.S.); (R.T.); (A.M.); (G.B.); (F.G.); (D.A.); (I.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (B.B.); (M.D.)
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy;
| | - Luca Tabbì
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy;
| | - Stefania Cerri
- Laboratory of Cell Therapies and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy; (A.V.S.); (R.T.); (A.M.); (G.B.); (F.G.); (D.A.); (I.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (B.B.); (M.D.)
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy;
| | - Bianca Beghè
- Laboratory of Cell Therapies and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy; (A.V.S.); (R.T.); (A.M.); (G.B.); (F.G.); (D.A.); (I.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (B.B.); (M.D.)
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy;
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Laboratory of Cell Therapies and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy; (A.V.S.); (R.T.); (A.M.); (G.B.); (F.G.); (D.A.); (I.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (B.B.); (M.D.)
- Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Enrico Clini
- Laboratory of Cell Therapies and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy; (A.V.S.); (R.T.); (A.M.); (G.B.); (F.G.); (D.A.); (I.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (B.B.); (M.D.)
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy;
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Louza GF, Nobre LF, Mançano AD, Hochhegger B, Souza AS, Zanetti G, Marchiori E. Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia: computed tomography findings in 36 patients. Radiol Bras 2020; 53:287-292. [PMID: 33071371 PMCID: PMC7545736 DOI: 10.1590/0100-3984.2019.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To analyze the computed tomography (CT) findings of lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP). Materials and Methods We retrospectively reviewed the clinical and CT findings of 36 patients with LIP, including 25 women and 11 men, with a mean age of 52.5 years (age range, 22-78 years). Results The main associated diseases with LIP were Sjögren syndrome (42%), human immunodeficiency virus infection (17%), amyloidosis (17%), Sjögren syndrome associated with secondary amyloidosis (11%), idiopathic (8%), and systemic lupus erythematosus (5%). The predominant CT abnormalities were multiple cystic airspaces (n = 35), small nodules (n = 15), ground-glass opacities (n = 13), bronchiectasis and/or bronchiolectasis (n = 8), and thickening of the bronchovascular bundles (n = 8). Other CT findings included reticular opacities (n = 7), calcified nodules (n = 4), airspace consolidation (n = 4), emphysema (n = 3), honeycombing (n = 3), lymph node enlargement (n = 2), mosaic attenuation pattern (n = 1), and cavitated nodules (n = 1). Conclusion The main CT findings of LIP were multiple cysts, small nodules, and ground-glass opacities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luiz Felipe Nobre
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Hochhegger
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Arthur Soares Souza
- Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (Famerp), São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Gláucia Zanetti
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Edson Marchiori
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Elia D, Torre O, Cassandro R, Caminati A, Harari S. Ultra-rare cystic disease. Eur Respir Rev 2020; 29:29/157/190163. [PMID: 32878971 PMCID: PMC9489057 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0163-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse cystic lung diseases include a group of heterogeneous disorders characterised by the presence of cysts within the lung parenchyma, sometimes showing a characteristic computed tomography scan pattern that allows diagnosis. The pathogenetic mechanisms underlying cyst formation in the lung are still not clear and a number of hypotheses have been postulated according to the different aetiologies: ball-valve effect, ischaemic dilatation of small airways and alveoli related to infiltration and obstruction of small vessels and capillaries that supply the terminal bronchioles and connective tissue degradation by matrix metalloproteases. A wide number of lung cyst diseases have been classified into six diagnostic groups according to the aetiology: neoplastic, congenital/genetic, lymphoproliferative, infective, associated with interstitial lung diseases, and other causes. This article focuses on lymphangioleiomyomatosis, pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis and Erdheim–Chester disease, Birt–Hogg–Dubé, follicular bronchiolitis and lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia, light-chain deposition disease and amyloidosis, congenital lung disease associated with aberrant lung development and growth, and cystic lung disease associated with neoplastic lesion. These cystic diseases are epidemiologically considered as ultra-rare conditions as they affect fewer than one individual per 50 000 or fewer than 20 individuals per million. Despite the rarity of this group of disorders, the increasing use of high-resolution computed tomography has improved the diagnostic yield, even in asymptomatic patients allowing prompt and correct therapy and management without the need for a biopsy. Diffuse cystic lung diseases show a characteristic CT scan pattern that often allows for diagnosis, even in asymptomatic patients, allowing prompt correct therapy and management without the needing of a biopsyhttps://bit.ly/2wIUKet
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Characteristics of primary Sjögren's syndrome related lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia. Clin Rheumatol 2020; 40:601-612. [PMID: 32613392 PMCID: PMC7327216 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-020-05236-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective This paper is aimed at investigating the clinical characteristics of primary Sjogren’s syndrome (pSS) with lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP). Methods The demographic data, clinical manifestations, laboratory and radiological findings, treatment, and prognosis from 15 cases of pSS-LIP patients were retrospectively analyzed. The data were compared with t test, χ2 test, and Pearson/Spearman correlation analysis. Results (1) Fifteen cases of patients with pSS-LIP are all females (100%). Compared with pSS with interstitial lung disease(pSS-ILD) patients, the incidence of dry cough, dental caries is higher in pSS-LIP patients. The incidence of shortness of breath, weight loss, and crackles is lower in pSS-LIP patients than that of pSS-ILD patients. (2) Compared with pSS-ILD patients, pSS-LIP patients had higher percentage of patients with ANA, anti-SSA52KD antibody, anti-SSA60KD antibody, and anti-SSB antibody, and the higher concentration of serum globulin. (3) Compared with pSS-ILD patients, the frequency of obstructive ventilation dysfunction is significantly higher and the frequency of diffusion dysfunction is significantly lower in pSS-LIP patients. (4) The most frequent HRCT findings in patients with pSS-LIP is cysts (100%), followed by ground-glass opacities (73.3%), nodular shadow (73.3%) among the pSS-LIP patients. Compared with PSS-ILD patients, the incidence of pulmonary nodule shadow is significantly higher in PSS-LIP patients, while that of grid shadow was significantly lower. (5) Compared with the baseline, the sum of the number, maximum diameter, and diameter of cysts in three levels of pSS-LIP patients showed an increasing trend after treatment. (6) Correlation analysis: The changes of ground-glass opacities were positively correlated with using GC or not, and those were negatively correlated with the dose of GC treatment. Besides, there is a positive correlation between the annual change rate of the maximum diameter of cysts (△Ømax1/t) and the use of CTX; there is a positive correlation between the annual change rate of the total diameter of cysts (△Øsum1/t) and the use of CTX. Conclusion To the patients of pSS-LIP, female were more common than male, and the onset of LIP was usually more insidious. Hyperglobulinemia and anti-SSA antibody were more prominent in patients with pSS-LIP. Pulmonary function showed the higher rate of obstructive ventilation dysfunction and the lower rate of diffusion dysfunction. The appearance of ground-glass opacities in pSS-LIP patients suggests that the infiltration of inflammatory cells increases, which may cause airway compression, the expansion of terminal bronchioles, and the formation of cysts. The more ground-glass opacities appear earlier, and the more appearance of new cysts later. Therapy with glucocorticoid may be effective on the ground-glass opacity during acute stage, and therapy with cyclophosphamide may be effective on the cysts during chronic stage. The heavier ground-glass opacity is at baseline, the more likely it will recur during maintenance treatment. So follow-up closely is needed.Key Points • It is the first clinical study with more cases of patients with pSS-LIP. • Female and hyperglobulinemia and anti-SSA antibody were more prominent in patients with pSS-LIP. • Pulmonary function showed the higher rate of obstructive ventilation dysfunction and the lower rate of diffusion dysfunction. • Therapy with glucocorticoid may be effective on the ground-glass opacity during acute stage, and therapy with cyclophosphamide may be effective on the cysts during chronic stage. |
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11
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Maglione PJ. Chronic Lung Disease in Primary Antibody Deficiency: Diagnosis and Management. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2020; 40:437-459. [PMID: 32654691 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lung disease is a complication of primary antibody deficiency (PAD) associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Manifestations of lung disease in PAD are numerous. Thoughtful application of diagnostic approaches is imperative to accurately identify the form of disease. Much of the treatment used is adapted from immunocompetent populations. Recent genomic and translational medicine advances have led to specific treatments. As chronic lung disease has continued to affect patients with PAD, we hope that continued advancements in our understanding of pulmonary pathology will ultimately lead to effective methods that alleviate impact on quality of life and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Maglione
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, R304, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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12
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Prenzel F, Harfst J, Schwerk N, Ahrens F, Rietschel E, Schmitt-Grohé S, Rubak SML, Poplawska K, Baden W, Vogel M, Hollizeck S, Ley-Zaporozhan J, Brasch F, Reu S, Griese M. Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia and follicular bronchiolitis in children: A registry-based case series. Pediatr Pulmonol 2020; 55:909-917. [PMID: 32040879 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pediatric lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP) and follicular bronchiolitis (FB) are poorly characterized lymphoproliferative disorders. We present and quantify demographics, radiological and histopathologic patterns, treatments and their responses, and outcomes in non-HIV-infected children with LIP and FB. METHODS This structured registry-based study included a retrospective chart review, blinded analysis of imaging studies and lung biopsies, genetic testing, and evaluation of treatments and outcomes. RESULTS Of the 13 patients (eight females) studied, eight had FB, four had combined LIP/FB, and one had isolated LIP; diagnoses were highly concordant between the pathologists. Most patients became symptomatic during the first 2 years of life, with a mean lag time to diagnosis of 4 years. The most common symptoms were coughing and respiratory infections (11 out of 13 each), dyspnea (10 out of 13), and wheezing (eight out of 13). Autoantibodies were found in eight out of 13 patients. In three patients, disease-causing mutations in the COPA gene were identified. CT revealed hilar lymphadenopathy (five out of 12), ground-glass opacity (eight out of 12), consolidation (five out of 12), and cysts (four out of 13). Systemic steroids as intravenous pulses (11 out of 13) or oral intake (10 out of 13) were the main treatments and showed high response rates of 100% and 90%, respectively. Within the mean observation period of 68 months, all children had chronic courses, eight out of 13 had severe diseases, two died, and one worsened. CONCLUSIONS Children with LIP/FB have chronic diseases that occurred in early childhood and were commonly associated with immune dysregulation as well as high morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis and treatment may be crucial to improve the outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freerk Prenzel
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Harfst
- Hauner Children's Hospital and KUBUS Research Center, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolaus Schwerk
- Clinic for Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology, and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Ernst Rietschel
- University Children's Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Sune M L Rubak
- Danish Center of Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergology, University Hospital of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Winfried Baden
- University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mandy Vogel
- LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hollizeck
- Hauner Children's Hospital and KUBUS Research Center, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Frank Brasch
- Department of Pathology, Academic Teaching Hospital Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Simone Reu
- Department of Pathology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Griese
- Hauner Children's Hospital and KUBUS Research Center, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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13
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Fang L, Xu J, Wang L, He Z, Lv W, Hu J. Pulmonary nodular lymphoid hyperplasia: a rare benign disease with malignant mask. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:43. [PMID: 30906747 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2018.12.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Pulmonary nodular lymphoid hyperplasia (PNLH) is a rare benign disease lacking systematically clinical assessment. This study aims to explore the clinical features of PNLH and evaluate the safety and efficacy of different surgical approaches for PNLH. Methods Patients with confirmed PNLH in our department between March 2007 and August 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. The detail information of patients, including demographic characteristics, medical history, preoperative investigations, perioperative findings, postoperative conditions, and recurrence status, was collected and analyzed. Results A total of 67 patients with PNLH were diagnosed in our department, and 15 of them were suspected to have lung cancer by radiological examination before the surgery. 43 of 67 patients underwent sublobar resection and 24 patients underwent lobectomy. Compared with the lobectomy, sublobar resection showed more significant advantages in operation time (P<0.001), blood loss (P=0.001), volume of chest drainage (P=0.007), duration of chest drainage (P=0.001) and postoperative hospital stay (P=0.001). Conclusions The diagnosis of PNLH before operation is challenging and it should be taken into consideration in the differential diagnosis of lung nodules. Compared with lobectomy, sublobar resection is an alternative approach for the treatment of PNLH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likui Fang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jinming Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Luming Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Zhehao He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Wang Lv
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
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14
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Maglione PJ, Gyimesi G, Cols M, Radigan L, Ko HM, Weinberger T, Lee BH, Grasset EK, Rahman AH, Cerutti A, Cunningham-Rundles C. BAFF-driven B cell hyperplasia underlies lung disease in common variable immunodeficiency. JCI Insight 2019; 4:122728. [PMID: 30843876 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.122728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most common symptomatic primary immunodeficiency and is frequently complicated by interstitial lung disease (ILD) for which etiology is unknown and therapy inadequate. METHODS Medical record review implicated B cell dysregulation in CVID ILD progression. This was further studied in blood and lung samples using culture, cytometry, ELISA, and histology. Eleven CVID ILD patients were treated with rituximab and followed for 18 months. RESULTS Serum IgM increased in conjunction with ILD progression, a finding that reflected the extent of IgM production within B cell follicles in lung parenchyma. Targeting these pulmonary B cell follicles with rituximab ameliorated CVID ILD, but disease recurred in association with IgM elevation. Searching for a stimulus of this pulmonary B cell hyperplasia, we found B cell-activating factor (BAFF) increased in blood and lungs of progressive and post-rituximab CVID ILD patients and detected elevation of BAFF-producing monocytes in progressive ILD. This elevated BAFF interacts with naive B cells, as they are the predominant subset in progressive CVID ILD, expressing BAFF receptor (BAFF-R) within pulmonary B cell follicles and blood to promote Bcl-2 expression. Antiapoptotic Bcl-2 was linked with exclusion of apoptosis from B cell follicles in CVID ILD and increased survival of naive CVID B cells cultured with BAFF. CONCLUSION CVID ILD is driven by pulmonary B cell hyperplasia that is reflected by serum IgM elevation, ameliorated by rituximab, and bolstered by elevated BAFF-mediated apoptosis resistance via BAFF-R. FUNDING NIH, Primary Immune Deficiency Treatment Consortium, and Rare Disease Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gavin Gyimesi
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Lin Radigan
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine
| | | | | | - Brian H Lee
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Emilie K Grasset
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine.,Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adeeb H Rahman
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrea Cerutti
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine.,Program for Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Abstract
Pulmonary nodular lymphoid hyperplasia is an uncommon reactive lymphoproliferative disorder that presents as an asymptomatic lung mass. The histopathologic diagnosis of pulmonary nodular lymphoid hyperplasia may be challenging because of its morphologic overlap with other diseases, such as extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue and immunoglobulin G4-related sclerosing disease. Despite the similarities, there are distinctive morphologic and phenotypic features that allow for the correct diagnosis in the majority of cases. This review aims to discuss the clinicopathologic features of pulmonary nodular lymphoid hyperplasia and contrast them with its histopathologic mimickers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie Yell
- From the Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Laboratory Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown (Dr Yell); and the Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Biocenter, Dallas (Dr Rosado)
| | - Flavia G Rosado
- From the Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Laboratory Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown (Dr Yell); and the Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Biocenter, Dallas (Dr Rosado)
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16
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Nakano T, Kuwahira I, Shigemitsu H, Nakagawa T, Nagai A, Ebihara A, Oka T, Iwazaki M. A 48-Year-Old Man With Multiple Pulmonary Nodular Opacities and Elevated KL-6 Level. Chest 2018; 154:e77-e81. [PMID: 30195375 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2018.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
CASE PRESENTATION A 48-year-old man was referred for evaluation of an abnormal chest shadow noted on a routine chest radiograph during physical examination. He was asymptomatic and had no significant medical history and occupational exposure. The patient lived in Tokyo and had no significant travel history. He had smoked approximately 20 cigarettes daily for 20 years. He had no illicit drug use and no animal-rearing history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Nakano
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Ichiro Kuwahira
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Tokai University Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Shigemitsu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nakagawa
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Asuka Nagai
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Tokai University Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akinori Ebihara
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Tokai University Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teruaki Oka
- Department of Pathology, Kanto Central Hospital of the Mutual Aid Association of Public School Teachers, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Iwazaki
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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17
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Sim J, Koh HH, Choi S, Chu J, Kim TS, Kim H, Han J. Pulmonary Nodular Lymphoid Hyperplasia with Mass-Formation: Clinicopathologic Characteristics of Nine Cases and Review of the Literature. J Pathol Transl Med 2018; 52:211-218. [PMID: 29902913 PMCID: PMC6056364 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2018.04.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary nodular lymphoid hyperplasia (PNLH) is a non-neoplastic pulmonary lymphoid disorder that can be mistaken for malignancy on radiography. Herein, we present nine cases of PNLH, emphasizing clinicoradiological findings and histological features. Methods We analyzed radiological and clinicopathological features from the electronic medical records of nine patients (eight females and one male) diagnosed with PNLH. IgG and IgG4 immunohistochemical staining was performed in three patients. Results Two of the nine patients had experienced tuberculosis 40 and 30 years prior, respectively. Interestingly, none were current smokers, although two were ex-smokers. Three patients complaining of persistent cough underwent computed tomography of the chest. PNLH was incidentally discovered in five patients during examination for other reasons. The remaining patient was diagnosed with the disease following treatment for pneumonia. Imaging studies revealed consolidation or a mass-like lesion in eight patients. First impressions included invasive adenocarcinoma and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue‒type lymphoma. Aspergillosis was suspected in the remaining patient based on radiological images. Resection was performed in all patients. Microscopically, the lesions consisted of nodular proliferation of reactive germinal centers accompanied by infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages in various degrees and surrounding fibrosis. Ultimately, all nine patients were diagnosed with PNLH and showed no evidence of recurrence on follow-up. Conclusions PNLH is an uncommon but distinct entity with a benign nature, and understanding the radiological and clinicopathological characteristics of PNLH is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongmin Sim
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Hee Koh
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sangjoon Choi
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinah Chu
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Sung Kim
- Department of Radiology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hojoong Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joungho Han
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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18
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Rasmussen LD, Pedersen C, Madsen HD, Laursen CB. Follicular bronchiolitis in an HIV-infected individual on combination antiretroviral therapy with low CD4+ cell count but sustained viral suppression. BMJ Case Rep 2017; 2017:bcr-2017-221025. [PMID: 29191821 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-221025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A 36-year-old Danish man, living in Asia, was diagnosed with Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) and HIV in 2013 (CD4+ count: 6 cells/µL; viral load: 518 000 copies/mL). He initiated combination antiretroviral therapy. Later that year, he was also diagnosed with granulomatosis with polyangiitis and was treated with prednisolone. Despite complete viral suppression and increasing CD4+ count (162 cells/µL), he was readmitted with PCP in April 2015. Subsequently, he returned to Denmark (CD4+ count: 80 cells/µL, viral suppression). Over the following months, he developed progressive dyspnoea. Lung function tests demonstrated severely reduced lung capacity with an obstructive pattern and a moderately reduced diffusion capacity. High resolution computer tomography revealed minor areas with tree-in-bud pattern and no signs of air trapping on expiratory views. Lung biopsy showed lymphocytic infiltration surrounding the bronchioles with sparing of the alveolar septa. He was diagnosed with follicular bronchiolitis. The patient spontaneously recovered along with an improvement of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line D Rasmussen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Court Pedersen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Helle D Madsen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christian B Laursen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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19
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Baldi BG, Carvalho CRR, Dias OM, Marchiori E, Hochhegger B. Diffuse cystic lung diseases: differential diagnosis. J Bras Pneumol 2017; 43:140-149. [PMID: 28538782 PMCID: PMC5474378 DOI: 10.1590/s1806-37562016000000341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse cystic lung diseases are characterized by cysts in more than one lung lobe, the cysts originating from various mechanisms, including the expansion of the distal airspaces due to airway obstruction, necrosis of the airway walls, and parenchymal destruction. The progression of these diseases is variable. One essential tool in the evaluation of these diseases is HRCT, because it improves the characterization of pulmonary cysts (including their distribution, size, and length) and the evaluation of the regularity of the cyst wall, as well as the identification of associated pulmonary and extrapulmonary lesions. When combined with clinical and laboratory findings, HRCT is often sufficient for the etiological definition of diffuse lung cysts, avoiding the need for lung biopsy. The differential diagnoses of diffuse cystic lung diseases are myriad, including neoplastic, inflammatory, and infectious etiologies. Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis, lymphangioleiomyomatosis, lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia, and follicular bronchiolitis are the most common diseases that produce this CT pattern. However, new diseases have been included as potential determinants of this pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Guedes Baldi
- . Divisão de Pneumologia, Instituto do Coração - InCor - Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo (SP) Brasil
| | - Carlos Roberto Ribeiro Carvalho
- . Divisão de Pneumologia, Instituto do Coração - InCor - Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo (SP) Brasil
| | - Olívia Meira Dias
- . Divisão de Pneumologia, Instituto do Coração - InCor - Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo (SP) Brasil
| | - Edson Marchiori
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói (RJ) Brasil.,. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro (RJ) Brasil
| | - Bruno Hochhegger
- . Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (RS) Brasil.,. Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (RS) Brasil.,. Escola de Medicina. Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul - PUCRS - Porto Alegre (RS) Brasil
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20
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Schussler E, Beasley MB, Maglione PJ. Lung Disease in Primary Antibody Deficiencies. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2016; 4:1039-1052. [PMID: 27836055 PMCID: PMC5129846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Primary antibody deficiencies (PADs) are the most common form of primary immunodeficiency and predispose to severe and recurrent pulmonary infections, which can result in chronic lung disease including bronchiectasis. Chronic lung disease is among the most common complications of PAD and a significant source of morbidity and mortality for these patients. However, the development of lung disease in PAD may not be solely the result of recurrent bacterial infection or a consequence of bronchiectasis. Recent characterization of monogenic immune dysregulation disorders and more extensive study of common variable immunodeficiency have demonstrated that interstitial lung disease (ILD) in PAD can result from generalized immune dysregulation and frequently occurs in the absence of pneumonia history or bronchiectasis. This distinction between bronchiectasis and ILD has important consequences in the evaluation and management of lung disease in PAD. For example, treatment of ILD in PAD typically uses immunomodulatory approaches in addition to immunoglobulin replacement and antibiotic prophylaxis, which are the stalwarts of bronchiectasis management in these patients. Although all antibody-deficient patients are at risk of developing bronchiectasis, ILD occurs in some forms of PAD much more commonly than in others, suggesting that distinct but poorly understood immunological factors underlie the development of this complication. Importantly, ILD can have earlier onset and may worsen survival more than bronchiectasis. Further efforts to understand the pathogenesis of lung disease in PAD will provide vital information for the most effective methods of diagnosis, surveillance, and treatment of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Schussler
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Mary B Beasley
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Paul J Maglione
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
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21
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Abstract
Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP) is a rare lung disease on the spectrum of benign pulmonary lymphoproliferative disorders. LIP is frequently associated with connective tissue diseases or infections. Idiopathic LIP is rare; every attempt must be made to diagnose underlying conditions when LIP is diagnosed. Computed tomography of the chest in patients with LIP may reveal ground-glass opacities, centrilobular and subpleural nodules, and randomly distributed thin-walled cysts. Demonstrating polyclonality with immunohistochemistry is the key to differentiating LIP from lymphoma. The 5-year mortality remains between 33% and 50% and is likely to vary based on the underlying disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmay S Panchabhai
- Department of Medicine, Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Creighton University School of Medicine, Phoenix Regional Campus, 500 West Thomas Road, Suite 500, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Carol Farver
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, L25, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Kristin B Highland
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, A90, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Pulmonary Nodular Lymphoid Hyperplasia presenting cavitating pulmonary nodules. Pathol Res Pract 2015; 211:1006-9. [PMID: 26514894 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary Nodular Lymphoid Hyperplasia (PNLH) is a rare benign pulmonary disorder characterized by a localized, reactive polyclonal lymphoproliferation. Although the radiological features of this disease have not been clearly defined, they usually consist of a solitary non-cavitatory pulmonary nodule. In this report, we describe two cases of histologically confirmed PNLH presenting as multiple bilateral cavitatory lesions on CT Thorax.
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23
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Gupta N, Vassallo R, Wikenheiser-Brokamp KA, McCormack FX. Diffuse Cystic Lung Disease. Part II. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 192:17-29. [PMID: 25906201 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201411-2096ci] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The diffuse cystic lung diseases have a broad differential diagnosis. A wide variety of pathophysiological processes spanning the spectrum from airway obstruction to lung remodeling can lead to multifocal cyst development in the lung. Although lymphangioleiomyomatosis and pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis are perhaps more frequently seen in the clinic, disorders such as Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome, lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia, follicular bronchiolitis, and light-chain deposition disease are increasingly being recognized. Obtaining an accurate diagnosis can be challenging, and management approaches are highly disease dependent. Unique imaging features, genetic tests, serum studies, and clinical features provide invaluable clues that help clinicians distinguish among the various etiologies, but biopsy is often required for definitive diagnosis. In part II of this review, we present an overview of the diffuse cystic lung diseases caused by lymphoproliferative disorders, genetic mutations, or aberrant lung development and provide an approach to aid in their diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Gupta
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine and.,2 Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Robert Vassallo
- 3 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Kathryn A Wikenheiser-Brokamp
- 4 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.,5 Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and.,6 Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Francis X McCormack
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine and.,2 Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Maglione PJ, Overbey JR, Radigan L, Bagiella E, Cunningham-Rundles C. Pulmonary radiologic findings in common variable immunodeficiency: clinical and immunological correlations. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2014; 113:452-9. [PMID: 24880814 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2014.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It remains unclear whether interstitial lung disease (ILD) in common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a consequence of chronic infection or a manifestation of dysregulated lymphoid proliferation found in those with this condition. OBJECTIVE To increase understanding of CVID-associated lung disease by comparing clinical and immunologic associations in those with bronchiectasis, ILD, or no lung disease observed on chest computerized tomography (CT). METHODS Retrospective review of electronic medical records of 61 patients with CVID was used to identify clinical and laboratory correlates of bronchiectasis, ground glass opacity, and pulmonary nodules on CT scan. RESULTS Significant clinical and immunologic associations were identified for common CT scan findings in CVID. Bronchiectasis was strongly correlated with a CD4+ T-cell count lower than 700 cells/μL and was associated with a history of pneumonia and older age. Pulmonary nodular disease was correlated with increased CD4+:CD8+ T-cell ratios, a history of autoimmune hemolytic anemia or immune thrombocytopenic purpura, elevated IgM, and younger age. Ground glass opacity had similar clinical and laboratory characteristics as those for nodular lung disease but was associated with elevated monocyte counts and the presence of liver disease. CONCLUSION CT findings of bronchiectasis or ILD, including ground glass opacity and extensive pulmonary nodules, were correlated with selected clinical and laboratory characteristics. These results suggest divergent processes of CVID lung disease, with bronchiectasis more strongly associated with infection and T-cell lymphopenia and ILD more strongly linked with autoimmunity and lymphoproliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Maglione
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jessica R Overbey
- Department of Health Evidence and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Lin Radigan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Emilia Bagiella
- Department of Health Evidence and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Charlotte Cunningham-Rundles
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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Maglione PJ, Ko HM, Beasley MB, Strauchen JA, Cunningham-Rundles C. Tertiary lymphoid neogenesis is a component of pulmonary lymphoid hyperplasia in patients with common variable immunodeficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 133:535-42. [PMID: 24131823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite reducing pneumonia and other infections, antibody replacement does not appear to treat pulmonary lymphoid hyperplasia (PLH) in patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). The pathogenesis and optimal treatments remain to be clarified. OBJECTIVE We aimed to better understand the pathology of CVID-associated lung disease. Tertiary lymphoneogenesis, although a component of interstitial lung disease associated with autoimmune diseases, has not previously been explored in patients with CVID. METHODS We examined the clinical characteristics and pathologic findings of 6 patients with CVID with nodular/infiltrative lung disease who had biopsy specimens demonstrating PLH. RESULTS In these subjects regions of PLH contained distinct B- and T-cell zones, with B-cell predominance in 1 patient and T-cell predominance in the others. Colocalization of Ki67, Bcl6, and CD23 within this ectopic lymphoid architecture demonstrated tertiary lymphoneogenesis with active centers of cellular proliferation. One patient received rituximab with improved pulmonary radiologic findings. CONCLUSION Ectopic lymphoid tissue forming germinal centers suggest tertiary lymphoneogenesis in CVID-associated lung disease. B cell-targeted therapy might disrupt CVID-associated lymphoid hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Maglione
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Huaibin M Ko
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Mary B Beasley
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - James A Strauchen
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Charlotte Cunningham-Rundles
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY.
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Stolagiewicz N, Tinwel B, Cormack IS, Lucas SB, Devaraj A, Kay-Loke T, Chua F. Spontaneous pneumothorax in a 50-year-old man with diffuse pulmonary nodules. Chest 2013; 143:1174-1179. [PMID: 23546494 DOI: 10.1378/chest.12-0633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brendan Tinwel
- Pathology Department, Croydon University Hospital, Croydon
| | - Ian S Cormack
- Department of Genito-Urinary Medicine, Croydon University Hospital, Croydon
| | - Sebastian B Lucas
- Histopathology Department, School of Medicine, King's College London, London, England
| | - Anand Devaraj
- Radiology Department, St. George's Hospital NHS Trust, London
| | - Tuck Kay-Loke
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Croydon University Hospital, Croydon
| | - Felix Chua
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Croydon University Hospital, Croydon
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Park KH, Kwon SS, Chung MH, Kim J, Lee HJ, Min JW, Kim YH. A Case of Pulmonary MALT Lymphoma Arising from Lymphocytic Interstitial Pneumonitis. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2012; 73:115-21. [PMID: 23166544 PMCID: PMC3492375 DOI: 10.4046/trd.2012.73.2.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue-derived (MALT) lymphoma is a rare disease. This disorder is considered to be a model of antigen-driven lymphoma, which is driven either by autoantigens or by chronic inflammatory conditions. Low-grade B-cell MALT lymphoma may develop from a nonneoplastic pulmonary lymphoproliferative disorder, such as lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis (LIP). A recent estimate predicts that less than 5% of LIP patients acquire malignant, low-grade, B-cell lymphoma. In Korea, there has been no previous report of malignant low-grade, B-cell lymphoma, acquired from LIP. Here, we present the case of a patient with LIP that developed into pulmonary MALT lymphoma, six years after diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hoon Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea School of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea
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Camarasa Escrig A, Amat Humaran B, Sapia S, León Ramírez JM. Follicular bronchiolitis associated with common variable immunodeficiency. Arch Bronconeumol 2012; 49:166-8. [PMID: 22963957 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency is one of the most frequent immunity alterations. The most common clinical presentation occurs with recurrent respiratory infections, from pneumonia to otitis, and may be associated with other diseases such as bronchiectasis or interstitial lung diseases. We report the case of a 28-year-old patient with frequent respiratory infections and nodular pulmonary infiltrates, who was diagnosed with common variable immunodeficiency and follicular bronchiolitis. In some cases, follicular bronchiolitis is associated with immunodeficiencies and should be included in a differential diagnosis with lymphoid nodular hyperplasia, lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia and low-grade BALT lymphoma.
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Lymphoid hyperplasia and eosinophilic pneumonia as histologic manifestations of amiodarone-induced lung toxicity. Am J Surg Pathol 2012; 36:509-16. [PMID: 22314187 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e318243fd9a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Amiodarone use is often limited by pulmonary toxicity. Amiodarone lung disease (ALD) classically manifests as organizing pneumonia with intra-alveolar foamy macrophages, but other patterns may also occur. Here we report 2 previously unreported patterns of ALD: lymphoid hyperplasia (LH) and eosinophilic pneumonia (EP). We identified patients with LH or EP as a prominent feature among 75 cases of probable ALD from the authors' teaching files collected from 1997 to 2010. Clinical history and lung wedge biopsies were reviewed. Twelve patients (7 men) met inclusion criteria (median age, 71 y). The exact amiodarone dose was known in all cases (median, 200 mg/d). Treatment duration was known in 10 cases and ranged from 1 to 12 years. Thoracic imaging showed diffuse infiltrates causing concern for a diagnosis of ALD. Histologic review revealed intra-alveolar foamy macrophages in all cases. Eight cases prominently displayed patterns of LH, including diffuse LH (7), follicular bronchiolitis (5), lymphoid interstitial pneumonia (2), and lymphocytic perivascular cuffing (2). Two showed features of acute EP, including diffuse alveolar damage with abundant eosinophils. Two showed features of chronic EP, including interstitial pneumonia with abundant eosinophils, patchy organization, and fibrinous exudates with macrophages and eosinophils. One chronic EP case also showed focal LH. Additional features included intra-alveolar giant cells (6), pleuritis (3), small poorly formed granulomas (3), and thrombi (2). LH and EP are previously unrecognized histopathologic manifestations of ALD, and amiodarone exposure should be included in their differential diagnosis.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Bronchial and bronchiolar abnormalities in interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are an issue often underestimated. However, new interstitial patterns with bronchiolar involvement are being described and the concept is still evolving. The scope of this review is to introduce a comprehensive approach to airway disorders in the context of ILDs, mainly from a pathologic perspective. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have revealed significant inflammatory and structural alterations at the level of small airways in idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, which may participate in the lung-remodeling pathogenetic process. A suggested pathogenetic role of cigarette smoking for lung-remodeling in smoking-related ILDs is further investigated, and unclassified fibrosis as a prominent feature in lung biopsy specimens of smokers has been established. New targeted therapies for lymphangioleiomyomatosis based on molecular and biologic properties of the disease are currently undergoing clinical trials. Combined pharmaceutical and interventional therapeutic regimens are of growing concern for refractory airway lesions in sarcoidosis. The application of volumetric high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) chest scanning with acquisition of expiratory images provides valuable information about the involvement of small airways in ILDs. SUMMARY The imaging and pathologic focus on airway abnormalities in ILDs make them an integral part of their pathology with a significant pathogenetic role in interstitial processes and variable contribution to the functional status of patients.
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Koo HK, Kim SY, Park SS, Lee YJ, Lee JY, Chung JH, Lee JH, Lee CT, Yoon HI. Pulmonary Nodular Lymphoid Hyperplasia. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2010. [DOI: 10.4046/trd.2010.69.3.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Kyoung Koo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Lung Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seo Yun Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Lung Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Soo Park
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Lung Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon Joo Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Lung Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Lung Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Haeng Chung
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jae Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Choon-Taek Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Ho Il Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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