In vitro and in vivo anticancer activity of nickel (II) tetraazamacrocyclic diperchlorate complex, [(Ni-Me8[14]diene)(ClO4)2] against ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) and MCF7 cells

Cancer remains a global health burden, with a pressing need for more effective treatments. This study uses a novel compound, Nickel (II) diperchlorate complex of the ligand (L): 3,10-C-meso-3,5,7,7,10,12,14,14-octamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradeca-4,11-diene, Me8[14]diene, designated as [Ni(II)L](ClO4)2, to explore its potential as an anticancer agent. Its efficacy was evaluated against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC)-bearing Swiss albino mice by monitoring tumor cell growth inhibition, survival time, tumor mass reduction, and hematological profiles. Additionally, cytotoxicity was investigated in vitro using MCF7 breast cancer cells. The apoptotic potential was evaluated through Hoechst staining, with changes in apoptosis-related gene expression (p53, BCL2, BAX, PARP1, CASP3, CASP8, and CASP9) using RT-qPCR. The test compound's toxicity was evaluated by monitoring hematological, biochemical, and histological changes. The compound exhibited dose-dependent growth inhibition of EAC cells with 88.45% inhibition at a dose of 200 µg/kg (p < 0.01), extended lifespan by 52.63%, reduced tumor weight by 47.83%, and restored hematological parameters in EAC-bearing mice. Cytotoxicity assays yielded LC50 and IC50 values of 23.73 µg/mL and 71.52 µg/mL, respectively. Apoptosis induction was evidenced by cell membrane blebbing, apoptotic body formation, chromosomal condensation, and nuclear fragmentation in MCF7 cells. Significant upregulation of pro-apoptotic genes such as p53, BAX, PARP1, CASP3, CASP8, and CASP9, alongside downregulation of anti-apoptotic gene BCL2, implied activation of the apoptotic pathway in cancer cells, followed by compound treatment. Moreover, no long-term negative impacts on tissue levels or hematological or biochemical markers were noted in the mice. Altogether, [Ni(II)L](ClO4)2 demonstrates promising anticancer activity and could serve as a potential chemotherapeutic agent, pending further studies.

Cisplatin-loaded UiO-66-NH2 functionalized with folic acid enhances apoptotic activity and antiproliferative effects in MDA-MB-231 breast and A2780 ovarian cancer cells: An in vitro study

The multifunctional nature of UiO-66-NH₂ as a drug carrier positions it as an optimal candidate for encapsulating and delivering anticancer agents. This study developed a folic acid (FA)-functionalized metal-organic framework (MOF) based on UiO-66-NH₂ to facilitate the targeted delivery of cisplatin (CIS) to MDA-MB-231 breast cancer and A2780 ovarian cancer cells. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) confirmed the successful encapsulation of CIS within UiO-66-NH₂, while the drug release profile demonstrated a sustained, pH-responsive release of CIS, with a pronounced increase in the acidic tumor microenvironment. The MTT assay revealed excellent biocompatibility of UiO-66-NH₂-FA with HFF healthy cells, whereas UiO-66-NH₂-CIS-FA significantly enhanced anticancer activity against MDA-MB-231 and A2780 cells. Treatment with UiO-66-NH₂-CIS-FA induced substantial apoptosis in both cell lines, leading to a marked upregulation of BAX and P53 gene expression, alongside the downregulation of BCL2, CCND1, and CDK4. Furthermore, cells treated with CIS, UiO-66-NH₂-CIS, and UiO-66-NH₂-CIS-FA exhibited a significant increase in DCF fluorescence compared to the control group, indicating elevated ROS generation. UiO-66-NH₂-CIS-FA demonstrated enhanced drug-loading capacity and cytotoxic efficacy against cancer cells. Functionalization of UiO-66-NH₂-CIS with FA presents a promising strategy for targeted cancer therapy by improving drug delivery specificity and enhancing therapeutic outcomes.

3D nanocomposites of β-TCP-H3BO3-Cu with improved mechanical and biological performances for bone regeneration applications

Recently, 3-D porous architecture of the composites play a key role in cell proliferation, bone regeneration, and anticancer activities. The osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties of β-TCP allow for the complete repair of numerous bone defects. Herein, β-TCP was synthesized by wet chemical precipitation route, and their 3-D porous composites with H3BO3 and Cu nanoparticles were prepared by the solid-state reaction method with improved mechanical and biological performances. Several characterization techniques have been used to investigate the various characteristics of fabricated porous composites. SEM and TEM studies revealed the porous morphology and hexagonal sheets of the β-TCP for the composite THC8 (82TCP-10H3BO3-8Cu). Moreover, the mechanical study showed excellent compressive strength (188 MPa), a high Young's modulus (2.84 GPa), and elevated fracture toughness (9.11 MPa.m1/2). An in vitro study by MTT assay on osteoblast (MG-63) cells demonstrated no or minimal cytotoxicity at the higher concentration, 100 µg/ml after 24 h and it was found a more pronounced result at 20 µg/ml on increasing the concentration of Cu nanoparticles after incubating 72 h. The THC12 composite showed the highest antibacterial potency exclusively against B. subtilis. S. pyogene, S. typhi and E. coli. at 10 mg/ml, indicating its potential effectiveness in inhibiting all of these pathogens. Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity tests were also performed on rearing Drosophila melanogaster, and these findings did not detect any trypan blue-positive staining, which further recommended that the existence of composites did not harm the larval gut. Therefore, the fabricated porous composites THC8 and THC12 are suitable for bone regrowth without harming the surrounding cells and protect against bacterial infections.

Formulation optimization of lyophilized aptamer-gold nanoparticles: Maintained colloidal stability and cellular uptake

Anti-nucleolin (NCL) aptamer AS1411 is the first anticancer aptamer tested in clinical trials. Gold nanoparticles (AuNP) have been widely exploited for various biomedical applications due to their unique functional properties. In this study, we evaluated the colloidal stability and targeting capacity of AS1411-funtionalized AuNP (AuNP/NCL-Apt) against MCF-7 breast cancer cell line before and after lyophilization. Trehalose, mannitol, and sucrose at various concentrations were evaluated to determine their cryoprotection effects. Our results indicate that sucrose at 10 % (w/v) exhibits the best cryoprotection effect and minimal AuNP/NCL-Apt aggregation as confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements. Moreover, the lyophilized AuNP/NCL-Apt at optimized formulation maintained its targeting and cytotoxic functionality against MCF-7 cells as proven by the cellular uptake assays utilizing flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis of nucleolin-target gene expression also confirmed the effectiveness of AuNP/NCL-Apt. This study highlights the importance of selecting the proper type and concentration of cryoprotectant in the typical nanoparticle lyophilization process and contributes to our understanding of the physical and biological properties of functionalized nanoparticles upon lyophilization.

Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs)-Toxicity, Safety and Green Synthesis: A Critical Review

In recent years, the extensive exploration of Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) has captivated the scientific community due to their versatile applications across various industries. With sizes typically ranging from 1 to 100 nm, AuNPs have emerged as promising entities for innovative technologies. This article comprehensively reviews recent advancements in AuNPs research, encompassing synthesis methodologies, diverse applications, and crucial insights into their toxicological profiles. Synthesis techniques for AuNPs span physical, chemical, and biological routes, focusing on eco-friendly "green synthesis" approaches. A critical examination of physical and chemical methods reveals their limitations, including high costs and the potential toxicity associated with using chemicals. Moreover, this article investigates the biosafety implications of AuNPs, shedding light on their potential toxic effects on cellular, tissue, and organ levels. By synthesizing key findings, this review underscores the pressing need for a thorough understanding of AuNPs toxicities, providing essential insights for safety assessment and advancing green toxicology principles.

Toxicological Effects of Metal Nanoparticles Employed in Biomedicine: Biocompatibility, Clinical Trials, and Future Perspective

Metal nanoparticles play a crucial role in the medical industry due to its desirable properties such as antimicrobial activity, anti‐cancer property, and its application in disease diagnostics. These properties enable the nanoparticles to be used as efficient medical devices for various treatments as well as drug delivery systems. Despite all the positives, metal nanoparticles are known for causing toxicity in the living system. The toxicological effects of metal nanoparticles are due to their size, surface*e coating, and the dose administered. Therefore, it is important to study the toxic effects of these nanoparticles before they are used as medical devices for various treatments. This review focuses on the five major metal nanoparticles used in the medical field, namely; silver, gold, iron oxide, zinc oxide, and titanium dioxide nanoparticles. The non‐exhaustive review consists of an introduction to the toxicological effects of these nanoparticles, the biocompatibility, and the current and future clinical perspective on metal nanoparticles.

Co-encapsulation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs into niosomal nanocarrier for enhanced breast cancer therapy: In silico and in vitro studies

Combination therapy has been considered one of the most promising approaches for improving the therapeutic effects of anticancer drugs. This is the first study that uses two different antioxidants in full-characterized niosomal formulation and thoroughly evaluates their synergistic effects on breast cancer cells. In this study, in-silico studies of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs (ascorbic acid: Asc and curcumin: Cur) interactions and release were investigated and validated by a set of in vitro experiments to reveal the significant improvement in breast cancer therapy using a co-delivery approach by niosomal nanocarrier. The niosomal nanoparticles containing surfactants (Span 60 and Tween 60) and cholesterol at 2:1 M ratio were prepared through the film hydration method. A systematic evaluation of nanoniosomes was carried out. The release profile demonstrated two phases (initial burst followed by sustained release) and a pH-dependent release schedule over 72 h. The optimized niosomal preparation displayed superior storage stability for up to 2 months at 4 °C, exhibiting extremely minor changes in pharmaceutical encapsulation efficiency and size. Free dual drugs (Asc + Cur) and dual-drug loaded niosomes (Niosomal (Asc + Cur)) enhanced the apoptotic activity and cytotoxicity and inhibited cell migration which confirmed the synergistic effect of co-encapsulated drugs. Also, significant up-regulation of p53 and Bax genes was observed in cells treated with Asc + Cur and Niosomal (Asc + Cur), while the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 gene was down-regulated. These results were in correlation with the increase in the enzyme activity of SOD, CAT, and caspase, and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon treatment with the mentioned drugs. Furthermore, these anti-cancer effects were higher when using Niosomal (Asc + Cur) than Asc + Cur. Histopathological examination also revealed that Niosomal (Asc + Cur) had a lower mitosis index, invasion, and pleomorphism than Asc + Cur. These findings indicated that niosomal formulation for co-delivery of Asc and Cur would offer a promising delivery system for an effective breast cancer treatment.

Galangin-Loaded Gold Nanoparticles: Molecular Mechanisms of Antiangiogenesis Properties in Breast Cancer

Angiogenesis is important for tissue during normal physiological processes as well as in a number of diseases, including cancer. Drug resistance is one of the largest difficulties to antiangiogenesis therapy. Due to their lower cytotoxicity and stronger pharmacological advantage, phytochemical anticancer medications have a number of advantages over chemical chemotherapeutic drugs. In the current study, the effectiveness of AuNPs, AuNPs-GAL, and free galangin as an antiangiogenesis agent was evaluated. Different physicochemical and molecular approaches have been used including the characterization, cytotoxicity, scratch wound healing assay, and gene expression of VEGF and ERKI in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell line. Results obtained from MTT assay show cell growth reduction in a time- and dose-dependent aspect; also, in comparison to individual treatment, a synergistic impact was indicated. CAM assay results demonstrated galangin-gold nanoparticle capacity to suppress angiogenesis in chick embryo. Additionally, altering VEGF and ERKI gene expression was recorded. Taken together, all the results can conclude that galangin-conjugated gold nanoparticles can be a promising antiangiogenesis supplemental drug in breast cancer treatment.

Biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Satureja rechingeri Jamzad: a potential anticancer agent against cisplatin-resistant A2780CP ovarian cancer cells

Drug resistance of cancer cells is a major issue in cancer treatment. Plant-mediated nanoparticle synthesis has been applied in recent years to overcome this problem. In this study, the biogenic synthesis of AuNPs was explored using Satureja rechingeri Jamzad aqueous leaf extract, and their anticancer effects were evaluated in cisplatin-resistant A2780CP ovarian cancer cells. The chemical composition of S. rechingeri Jamzad was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The characteristics of green-synthesized AuNPs were confirmed using XRD, FTIR, UV-visible spectroscopy, TEM, SEM, EDX, DLS, and zeta potential. The cytotoxic effects of AuNPs and S. rechingeri Jamzad aqueous extract on cisplatin-resistant A2780CP ovarian cancer cells were evaluated by MTT assay and flow cytometry. Real-time PCR analyzed gene expression. The chemical composition revealed that carvacrol (89%) was the main component of the S. rechingeri Jamzad extract. The average size of the spherical biosynthesized AuNPs was 15.1 ± 3.7 nm. The AuNPs and plant extract inhibited the growth of cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The apoptotic cell death was confirmed by flow cytometry and DAPI staining. The proapoptotic genes were upregulated, while anti-apoptotic and metastatic genes were downregulated. According to the cell cycle analysis, cancer cells were arrested in the G0/G1 phase. Considering the anticancer activity of the synthesized AuNPs using S. rechingeri Jamzad and the low side effects of AuNPs on normal cells, these AuNPs showed strong potential for use as biological agents in drug-resistant cancer cells treatment.

Autophagy modulation in breast cancer utilizing nanomaterials and nanoparticles

Autophagy regenerates cellular nutrients, recycles metabolites, and maintains hemostasis through multistep signaling pathways, in conjunction with lysosomal degradation mechanisms. In tumor cells, autophagy has been shown to play a dual role as both tumor suppressor and tumor promoter, leading to the discovery of new therapeutic strategies for cancer. Therefore, regulation of autophagy is essential during cancer progression. In this regard, the use of nanoparticles (NPs) is a promising technique in the clinic to modulate autophagy pathways. Here, we summarized the importance of breast cancer worldwide, and we discussed its classification, current treatment strategies, and the strengths and weaknesses of available treatments. We have also described the application of NPs and nanocarriers (NCs) in breast cancer treatment and their capability to modulate autophagy. Then the advantages and disadvantaged of NPs in cancer therapy along with future applications will be disscussed. The purpose of this review is to provide up-to-date information on NPs used in breast cancer treatment and their impacts on autophagy pathways for researchers.

Developmental Toxicity of Surface-Modified Gold Nanorods in the Zebrafish Model

BACKGROUND

nanotechnology is one of the fastest-growing areas, and it is expected to have a substantial economic and social impact in the upcoming years. Gold particles (AuNPs) offer an opportunity for wide-ranging applications in diverse fields such as biomedicine, catalysis, and electronics, making them the focus of great attention and in parallel necessitating a thorough evaluation of their risk for humans and ecosystems. Accordingly, this study aims to evaluate the acute and developmental toxicity of surface-modified gold nanorods (AuNRs), on zebrafish (Danio rerio) early life stages.

METHODS

in this study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to surface-modified AuNRs at concentrations ranging from 1 to 20 μg/mL. Lethality and developmental endpoints such as hatching, tail flicking, and developmental delays were assessed until 96 h post-fertilization (hpf).

RESULTS

we found that AuNR treatment decreases the survival rate in embryos in a dose-dependent manner. Our data showed that AuNRs caused mortality with a calculated LC50 of EC_50,24hpf of AuNRs being 9.1 μg/mL, while a higher concentration of AuNRs was revealed to elicit developmental abnormalities. Moreover, exposure to high concentrations of the nanorods significantly decreased locomotion compared to untreated embryos and caused a decrease in all tested parameters for cardiac output and blood flow analyses, leading to significantly elevated expression levels of cardiac failure markers ANP/NPPA and BNP/NPPB.

CONCLUSIONS

our results revealed that AuNR treatment at the EC₅₀ induces apoptosis significantly through the P53, BAX/BCL-2, and CASPASE pathways as a suggested mechanism of action and toxicity modality.

Green synthesis of novel stable biogenic gold nanoparticles for breast cancer therapeutics via the induction of extrinsic and intrinsic pathways

Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using algal polysaccharides is a simple, low-cost, and an eco-friendly approach. In the current study, different concentrations of Arthospira platensis exopolysaccharides (EPS) were used to synthetize AuNPs via the reduction of gold ions. The biologically synthesized AuNPs (AuNPs1, AuNPs2, AuNPs3) were prepared in 3 different forms through the utilization of three different ratios of EPS-reducing agents. AuNPs analysis confirmed the spherical shape of the EPS-coated AuNPs. Furthermore, AuNPs prepared by EPS and l-ascorbic acid (AuNPs3) showed more stability than the AuNPs colloidal solution that was prepared using only l-ascorbic acid. Analysis of the antimicrobial effects of AuNPs showed that E. coli was the most sensitive bacterial species for AuNPs3 and AuNPs1 with inhibition percentages of 88.92 and 83.13%, respectively. Also, safety assay results revealed that AuNPs3 was the safest biogenic AuNPs for the tested noncancerous cell line. The anticancer assays of the biogenic AuNPs1, AuNPs2, and AuNPs3 against MCF-7 cell line indicated that this cell line was the most sensitive cell line to all treatments and it showed inhibition percentages of 66.2%, 57.3%, and 70.2% to the three tested AuNPs, respectively. The AuNPs also showed abilities to arrest MCF-7 cells in the S phase (77.34%) and increased the cellular population in the sub G0 phase. Gene expression analysis showed that AuNPs3 down regulated Bcl2, Ikapα, and Survivn genes in MCF-7 treated-cells. Also, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of MCf-7 cells revealed that AuNPs 3 and AuNPs2 were localized in cell vacuoles, cytoplasm, and perinuclear region.

Gold nanoparticles induce apoptosis in HCT-116 colon cancer cell line

INTRODUCTION

This study aimed to investigate the apoptotic and anti-cancer effect of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on apoptosis in HCT-116 colon cancer cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The level of ROS and apoptosis were determined by fluorimetric method and flow cytometry and Hoechst 33,258 staining, respectively. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of Bax, Bcl-2, CCNB1, P53 genes was evaluated by qRT-PCR method in HCT116 cells.

RESULTS

The experimental results of this study showed that treatment with nanoparticles led to a significant increase in expression of Bax, P53 genes and a significant decrease in the expression of Bcl-2, CCNB1 genes at concentrations of 25 and 50 µg/ml during 48 h of incubation, compared to control cells (p < 0.05). The flow cytometric results (Annexin-pI) and Hoechst 33,258 staining also showed a significant increase in the level of apoptosis in the treated cells, depending on the concentration and time.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study showed that AuNPs cause apoptosis at the half-maximal inhibitory concentration in the HCT-116 tumor cells during 48 h of incubation.

Disabling partners in crime: Gold nanoparticles disrupt multicellular communications within the tumor microenvironment to inhibit ovarian tumor aggressiveness

The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a key role in the poor prognosis of many cancers. However, there is a knowledge gap concerning how multicellular communication among the critical players within the TME contributes to such poor outcomes. Using epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) as a model, we show how crosstalk among cancer cells (CC), cancer associated fibroblasts (CAF), and endothelial cells (EC) promotes EOC growth. We demonstrate here that co-culturing CC with CAF and EC promotes CC proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro and that co-implantation of the three cell types facilitates tumor growth in vivo. We further demonstrate that disruption of this multicellular crosstalk using a gold nanoparticle (GNP) inhibits these pro-tumorigenic phenotypes in vitro as well as tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, GNP treatment reduces expression of several tumor-promoting cytokines and growth factors, resulting in inhibition of MAPK and PI3K-AKT activation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition - three key oncogenic signaling pathways responsible for the aggressiveness of EOC. The current work highlights the importance of multicellular crosstalk within the TME and its role for the aggressive nature of EOC, and demonstrates the disruption of these multicellular communications by self-therapeutic GNP, thus providing new avenues to interrogate the crosstalk and identify key perpetrators responsible for poor prognosis of this intractable malignancy.

Recent Development in Metallic Nanoparticles for Breast Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis

Metal-based nanoparticles are very promising for their applications in cancer diagnosis, drug delivery and therapy. Breast cancer is the major reason of death in woman especially in developed countries including EU and USA. Due to the heterogeneity of cancer cells, nanoparticles are effective as therapeutics and diagnostics. Anti-cancer therapy of breast tumors is challenging because of highly metastatic progression of the disease to brain, bone, lung, and liver. Magnetic nanoparticles are crucial for metastatic breast cancer detection and protection. This review comprehensively discusses the application of nanomaterials as breast cancer therapy, therapeutics, and diagnostics.

Biogenic proficient synthesis of (Au-NPs) via aqueous extract of Red Dragon Pulp and seed oil: Characterization, antioxidant, cytotoxic properties, anti-diabetic anti-inflammatory, anti-Alzheimer and their anti-proliferative potential against cancer cell lines

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Novel Green synthesis of Au-NPs using Dragon fruit pulp and seed oil extract for the first time.

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Use of green and safer protocol for synthesis of Au-NPs further demonstrate that we can apply green chemistry protocols to reduce environmental pollution and disposal of waste toxicants.

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FTIR analysis confirmed the capping of therapeutically potent phytochemicals which are of great use in applied field especially medical.

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Significant Anti-diabetic, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-Alzheimer and Cytotoxic potential of biosynthesized Au-NPs create a new idea and shifting experts to treat cancerous cell lines.

Gold nanoparticles with tiny sizes and biostability are particularly essential and are employed in a variety of biomedical applications. Using a reducing agent and a stabilising agent to make gold nanoparticles has been reported in a number of studies. Gold nanoparticles with a particle size of 25.31 nm were synthesized in this study utilising Hylocereus polyrhizus (Red Pitaya) extract, which functions as a reducing and stabilising agent. The extract of Red Pitaya is said to be a powerful antioxidant and anti-cancer agent. Because of its substantial blood biocompatibility and physiological stability, green production of gold nanoparticles with H. polyrhizus fruit extract is an alternative to chemical synthesis and useful for biological and medical applications. The formation and size distribution of gold nanoparticles were confirmed by HPLC, UV-Vis spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), Zeta potential, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The well-analysed NPs were used in various biological assays, including anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-Alzheimer, and antioxidant (DPPH), and cytotoxic investigations. The NPs also showed a dose-dependent cytotoxic activity against HCT-116, HepG2 and MCF-7 cell lines, with IC₅₀ of 100 µg/mL for HCT-116 cells, 155 µg/mL for HepG2, and for MCF-7 cells the value was 165 µg/mL respectively. Finally, the outstanding biocompatibility of Au-NPs has led to the conclusion that they are a promising choice for various biological applications.

Gold Nanoparticles: Biosynthesis and Potential of Biomedical Application

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are extremely promising objects for solving a wide range of biomedical problems. The gold nanoparticles production by biological method ("green synthesis") is eco-friendly and allows minimization of the amount of harmful chemical and toxic byproducts. This review is devoted to the AuNPs biosynthesis peculiarities using various living organisms (bacteria, fungi, algae, and plants). The participation of various biomolecules in the AuNPs synthesis and the influence of size, shapes, and capping agents on the functionalities are described. The proposed action mechanisms on target cells are highlighted. The biological activities of "green" AuNPs (antimicrobial, anticancer, antiviral, etc.) and the possibilities of their further biomedical application are also discussed.

Overcoming barriers in photodynamic therapy harnessing nano-formulation strategies

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been extensively investigated for decades for tumor treatment because of its non-invasiveness, spatiotemporal selectivity, lower side-effects, and immune activation ability. It can be a promising treatment modality in several medical fields, including oncology, immunology, urology, dermatology, ophthalmology, cardiology, pneumology, and dentistry. Nevertheless, the clinical application of PDT is largely restricted by the drawbacks of traditional photosensitizers, limited tissue penetrability of light, inefficient induction of tumor cell death, tumor resistance to the therapy, and the severe pain induced by the therapy. Recently, various photosensitizer formulations and therapy strategies have been developed to overcome these barriers. Significantly, the introduction of nanomaterials in PDT, as carriers or photosensitizers, may overcome the drawbacks of traditional photosensitizers. Based on this, nanocomposites excited by various light sources are applied in the PDT of deep-seated tumors. Modulation of cell death pathways with co-delivered reagents promotes PDT induced tumor cell death. Relief of tumor resistance to PDT with combined therapy strategies further promotes tumor inhibition. Also, the optimization of photosensitizer formulations and therapy procedures reduces pain in PDT. Here, a systematic summary of recent advances in the fabrication of photosensitizers and the design of therapy strategies to overcome barriers in PDT is presented. Several aspects important for the clinical application of PDT in cancer treatment are also discussed.

Biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Argemone mexicana L. and their cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on human colon cancer cell line (HCT-15)

Background

Nanomedicine has evolved as precision medicine in novel therapeutic approach of cancer management. The present study investigated the efficacy of biogenic gold nanoparticles synthesized using Argemone mexicana L. aqueous extract (AM-AuNPs) against the human colon cancer cell line, HCT-15.

Results

Biosynthesis of AM-AuNPs was determined by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and further characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transition infrared spectroscopy analysis. The cytotoxic activity of AM-AuNPs was assessed by the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, whereas genotoxicity was evaluated by the DNA fragmentation assay. The expression of apoptosis regulatory genes such as p53 and caspase-3 was explored through semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting to evidence apoptotic cell death in HCT-15 cells. Biogenic AM-AuNPs inhibited cell proliferation in HCT-15 cell line with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of 20.53 μg/mL at 24 h and 12.03 μg/mL at 48 h of exposure. The altered cell morphology and increased apoptosis due to AM-AuNPs were also evidenced through nuclear DNA fragmentation and upregulated expression of p53 and caspase-3 in HCT-15 cells.

Conclusion

The AM-AuNPs may exert antiproliferative and genotoxic effects on HCT-15 cells by cell growth suppression and induction of apoptosis mediated by activation of p53 and caspase-3 genes.

An ecofriendly synthesized gold nanoparticles induces cytotoxicity via apoptosis in HepG2 cells

Microbes have long been used for the synthesis of a variety of nanoparticles. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the primary liver cancer and it is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. In this study, we have synthesized Enterococcus mediated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and investigated their cytotoxic potential against human hepatocellular cancer cell line (HepG2). AuNPs were synthesized using Enterococcus sp. RMAA. HepG2 cells were treated with different concentrations of AuNPs for 24 hours and cytotoxicity was analyzed by MTT ((4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. AuNPs induced reactive oxygen species expression was analyzed by 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate staining. Morphological changes related to apoptosis was analyzed by annexin V/propidium iodide staining. Protein expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was done by western blotting analysis. Bacterial-mediated AuNPs caused significant cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. AuNPs treatment also caused the significant expression of ROS and morphological damage related to apoptosis. AuNPs treatments were responsible for the dislocation of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytosol. The protein expression of PCNA was significantly decreased upon AuNPs treatment. These findings suggest that Enterococcus-mediated AuNPs can inhibit the proliferation of HepG2 cells via intracellular ROS mediated apoptosis, decreased PCNA expressions, and it may have the potential to treat HCC.

Radiosensitizing and Phototherapeutic Effects of AuNPs are Mediated by Differential Noxa and Bim Gene Expression in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cell Line

To compare the apoptotic efficiency of AuNPs, ionizing and non-ionizing radiotherapy, phototherapy, and AuNPs-ionizing-radiotherapy), MCF-7 cells were used as a model for luminal B subtypes of breast carcinoma. A mixture of AuNPs [66% of Au-nanospheres (AuNSs) and 34% of Au-nanorods (AuNRs)] was synthesized and characterized by optical spectroscopy, zeta potential, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). MCF-7 were divided into six groups (triplicates); after each treatment, cell viability was tested by MTT assay and relative gene expression levels of Bim and Noxa proapoptotic markers were assayed by qRT-PCR. A dose-dependent significant reduction in cell viability of MCF-7 was detected by all examined treatment protocols. Lower viability detected at extended exposure (48 hours) to AuNPs ( [Formula: see text]/ml) was mediated by the upregulation of Noxa gene expression. AuNS and AuNR in vitro PTTs were mediated by differential expression of Bim and Noxa while AuNPs mixture had a combined effect on both Bim and Noxa. Cellular recovery was observed two days-post x-rays irradiation at does < 3 Gy. AuNPs showed dose enhancement factor (DEF) > 12 indicating a high radiosensitizing effect that was partially mediated by Noxa. In conclusion, AuNPs combined therapies exert better anti-proliferative effects via differential regulation of Noxa and Bim gene expressions.

Self-Assembled Peptide-Based Biocomposites for Near-Infrared Light Triggered Drug Release to Tumor Cells

Peptide-based nanomaterials are increasingly gaining popularity due to their specificity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. In this work, a new multi-layered peptide-based biocomposite for targeting MCF-7 breast cancer cells is developed. The amphipathic Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-Leu-Ser peptide is synthesized, which is conjugated to a tumor-targeting peptide sequence Gly-Cys-Gly-Asn-Ser to form Fmoc-L-S-G-C-G-N-S (FLS) assemblies. To the FLS assemblies, gold nanorods are then attached to develop drug delivery vehicles (DDVs). The DDVs are entrapped with the anti-cancer drug fulvestrant. Entrapment efficiency is found to be 50.6%. Release studies indicate that irradiating the gold nanorod bound DDVs at NIR wavelength (785 nm) increases drug release by fourfold compared to assemblies that are not irradiated. These results also show higher cytotoxicity and lower cell invasion due to photo-triggered drug release. Furthermore, distinct actin cytoskeletal changes are observed. Such novel peptide-based gold nanorod bound DDVs demonstrate potential in dual targeting of MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

Gold Nanoparticles: A New Golden Era in Oncology?

In recent years, the spectrum of possible applications of gold in diagnostics and therapeutic approaches in clinical practice has changed significantly, becoming surprisingly broad. Nowadays, gold-based therapeutic agents are used in the therapy of multiple human diseases, ranging from degenerative to infectious diseases and, in particular, to cancer. At the basis of these performances of gold, there is the development of new gold-based nanoparticles, characterized by a promising risk/benefit ratio that favors their introduction in clinical trials. Gold nanoparticles appear as attractive elements in nanomedicine, a branch of modern clinical medicine, which combines high selectivity in targeting tumor cells and low toxicity. Thanks to these peculiar characteristics, gold nanoparticles appear as the starting point for the development of new gold-based therapeutic strategies in oncology. Here, the new gold-based therapeutic agents developed in recent years are described, with particular emphasis on the possible applications in clinical practice as anticancer agents, with the aim that their application will give rise to a new golden age in oncology and a breakthrough in the fight against cancer.

Genotoxic and Cytotoxic Activities of Lantadene A-Loaded Gold Nanoparticles (LA-AuNPS) in MCF-7 Cell Line: An in vitro Assessment

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been widely used in many applications. Their usage as drug delivery vehicles has also gained considerable attention due to their chemical and optical properties as well as their good biocompatibility. The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of AuNPs in enhancing the cytotoxic and apoptotic induction activity of lantadene A (LA), separated from Lantana camara leaves, on the breast tumor cell line MCF-7 in vitro. By utilizing plant-mediated synthesis method of nanostructures, LA-loaded AuNPs (LA-AuNPs) were prepared and their formation was confirmed by means of ultraviolet–visible spectroscope, atomic force microscope, scanning electron microscope, and zeta potential. The cytotoxic effect of LA-AuNPs was analyzed using a methylthiazol tetrazolium assay and compared to free AuNPs and LA. The results indicated a significant increase in the reduction of MCF-7 cells viability after incubation with LA-AuNPs. As determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, LA-AuNPs induced a greater ratio of DNA-fragmented cells compared to LA-treated and untreated cells. Also, by operating real-time polymerase chain reaction, LA-AuNPs-treated cells displayed an increased upregulation of p53 expression and downregulation of BCL-2 expression in addition to a significant reduction in the level of BCL-2-BAX ratio. No significant effect was shown on the expression of BAX. Collectively, our results indicate that LA-AuNPs showed promising cytotoxicity to MCF-7 cells as a novel nanoscale preparation, likely via induction of apoptotic genes and stimulation of DNA fragmentation.

Natural Metallic Nanoparticles for Application in Nano-Oncology

Here, the various types of naturally synthesized metallic nanoparticles, which are essentially composed of Ce, Ag, Au, Pt, Pd, Cu, Ni, Se, Fe, or their oxides, are presented, based on a literature analysis. The synthesis methods used to obtain them most often involve the reduction of metallic ions by biological materials or organisms, i.e., essentially plant extracts, yeasts, fungus, and bacteria. The anti-tumor activity of these nanoparticles has been demonstrated on different cancer lines. They rely on various mechanisms of action, such as the release of chemotherapeutic drugs under a pH variation, nanoparticle excitation by radiation, or apoptotic tumor cell death. Among these natural metallic nanoparticles, one type, which consists of iron oxide nanoparticles produced by magnetotactic bacteria called magnetosomes, has been purified to remove endotoxins and abide by pharmacological regulations. It has been tested in vivo for anti-tumor efficacy. For that, purified and stabilized magnetosomes were injected in intracranial mouse glioblastoma tumors and repeatedly heated under the application of an alternating magnetic field, leading to the full disappearance of these tumors. As a whole, the results presented in the literature form a strong basis for pursuing the efforts towards the use of natural metallic nanoparticles for cancer treatment first pre-clinically and then clinically.

Facile synthesis of anisotropic gold nanoparticles and its synergistic effect on breast cancer cell lines

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) possess colourful light-scattering properties due to different composition, size and shape. Their unique physical, optical and chemical properties coupled with advantages, have increased the scope of anisotropic AuNPs in various fields. This study reports a green methodology developed for the synthesis of anisotropic AuNPs. The aqueous extracts of Alternanthera sessilis (PGK), Portulaca oleracea (PAK) and Sterculia foetida (SF) with gold ions produced violet, purple and pink coloured AuNPs, respectively, under sonication and room temperature methods revealing the formation of different shapes of AuNPs. The results of TEM analysis of AuNPs confirmed the formation of triangular plate AuNPs of the size 35 nm for PAK extract. Spherical-shaped AuNPs (10-20 nm) were obtained using an extract of PGK. SF extract produced rod, hexagon, pentagon-shaped AuNPs and nanorice gold particles. The cell viability studies of the PGK, PAK and SF-mediated AuNPs on MCF-7 cell lines by MTT assay revealed the cytotoxic activity of AuNPs to depend on the size, shape and the nature of capping agents. The synthesised AuNPs significantly inhibited the growth of cancer cells (MCF-7) in a concentration-dependent manner. The size and shape of these anisotropic AuNPs also reveal its potency to be used as sensors, catalysis, photothermal and therapeutic agents.

Biosynthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of the Cytotoxic Effects of Biologically Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles from Cyperus conglomeratus Root Extracts on Breast Cancer Cell Line MCF-7

Over recent years, metal nanoparticles have largely been investigated due to their potential activities. This study focused on synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the desert plant Cyperus conglomeratus, which is the most abundant species on the sand dunes in the UAE, and their anticancer activity. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV-visible spectra, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and scanning electron microscope. The results showed that the AgNPs are monodispersed and mostly spherical in shape. The cytotoxicity effects were investigated against breast cancer cells MCF-7 and normal fibroblast using MTT assay which showed selective cytotoxicity against MCF-7 with an IC50 at 5 μg/mL but not fibroblast. Moreover, the apoptotic effects were confirmed using annexin V-FITC-PI double staining kit and real-time PCR for apoptotic genes. Therefore, our results revealed potential anticancer applications of the C. conglomeratus biosynthesized silver nanoparticles.

Gold Nanoparticles Synthesis Using Environmentally Friendly Approach for Inhibition Human Breast Cancer

In this study, gold nanoparticles were synthesized in a single step biosynthetic method using aqueous leaves extract of thymus vulgaris L. It acts as a reducing and capping agent. The characterizations of nanoparticles were carried out using UV-Visible spectra, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and FTIR. The surface plasmon resonance of the as-prepared gold nanoparticles (GNPs) showed the surface plasmon resonance centered at 550[Formula: see text]nm. The XRD pattern showed that the strong four intense peaks indicated the crystalline nature and the face centered cubic structure of the gold nanoparticles. The average crystallite size of the AuNPs was 14.93[Formula: see text]nm. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) was used to study the morphology of the AuNPs. AuNPs exhibited a spherical shape with diameters ranging 13–53[Formula: see text]nm. The synthesized stable gold nanoparticles showed more significant anticancer activity against MCF-7 and CAL-51 cells after 48[Formula: see text]h.

Effect of electrical discharge plasma on cytotoxicity against cancer cells of N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan-stabilized gold nanoparticles

Electrical discharge plasma in a liquid phase can generate reactive species, e.g. hydroxyl radical, leading to rapid reactions including degradation of biopolymers. In this study, the effect of plasma treatment time on physical properties and cytotoxicity against cancer cells of N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan-stabilized gold nanoparticles (CMC-AuNPs) was investigated. AuNPs were synthesized by chemical reduction of HAuCl₄ in 2 % CMC solution to obtain CMC-AuNPs, before being subjected to the plasma treatment. Results showed that the plasma treatment not only led to the reduction of hydrodynamic diameters of CMC-AuNPs from 400 nm to less than 100 nm by the plasma-induced degradation of CMC but also provided the narrow size distribution of AuNPs having diameters in the range of 2-50 nm, that were existing in CMC-AuNPs. In addition, the plasma-treated CMC-AuNPs could significantly reduce the percentage of cell viability of breast cancer cells by approximately 80 % compared to the original CMC and CMC-AuNPs.

Anticarcinogenic potential of gold nanoparticles synthesized from Trichosanthes kirilowii in colon cancer cells through the induction of apoptotic pathway

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) is the most excellent anticancer theranostic nanoparticles synthesized through efficient, simple and green synthesis method using extracts of Trichosanthes kirilowii, extensively characterized by UV-spectroscopy, FT-IR and TEM techniques. The AuNPs, synthesized by means of T. kirilowii extracts identified that nanoparticles were ∼50 nm in size, which is an admirable nano dimension attained by green synthesis. In agreement with the outcome of microscopic cellular morphological observations, MTT assay showed effective, selective, anticarcinogenic effect of AuNPs on HCT-116 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The AuNPs significantly enhance ROS generation, cause mitochondrial membrane damage and induce morphological changes using AO/EtBr staining assay. Furthermore, AuNPs treatment induces G0/G1 phase cell-cycle arrest in HCT-116 cells. Also, AuNPs treatment activates caspase expression and downregulates the anti-apoptotic expression in HCT-116 cells. Our results point out that the phytoconsituents isolated from T. kirilowii can act as appropriate reducing and stabilizing agents in the properties of AuNPs; hereby, it leads to the green synthesis of an anti-carcinogenic agent with highly efficient potential for cancer treatment.

Inhibition of miR-155 in MCF-7 breast cancer cell line by gold nanoparticles functionalized with antagomir and AS1411 aptamer

MicroRNAs are key factors for many biological functions. These regulatory molecules affect various gene networks and involve the subsequent signaling pathways. Therefore, disrupting the expression of these molecules is associated with multiple anomalies in the cells and body. One of the most important related abnormalities is the incidence of cancer. Thus, targeting microRNAs (miRNAs) is an effective approach for cancer gene therapy. Various factors are used for this purpose, including the antagomir nucleotide structure. There are some obstacles in the delivery of nucleotide therapeutics to the target cells, however, the use of nanoparticles could partly overcome these defeciencies. On the other hand, targeted delivery of antagomirs using aptamers, reduces nonspecific effects on nontarget cells. Considering the above, in this study, we designed and fabricated a nanocarrier composed of gold nanoparticles (GNPs), antagomir-155, and nucleolin specific aptamer for breast cancer study and therapy. Here, GNPs were synthesized using citrate reduction and were modified by polyA sequences, AS1411 aptamer, and antagomir-155. Attachment of molecules were confirmed using gel electrophoresis, atomic force microscopy imaging and electrochemical test. The specific entry of modified nanoparticles was investigated by fluorescence microscopy. The efficacy of modified nanoparticles was evaluated using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) for miR-155 and its target gene. Efficient and specific delivery of AuNP-Apt-anti-miR-155 to target cells was confirmed in comparison with the control cell. The q-PCR analysis showed not only a significant decrease in mir-155 levels but also an elevated TP53INP1 mRNA, direct target of miR-155. The proposed structure inhibits proliferation and stimulates apoptosis by increasing the expression of TP53INP1. Our results suggest that AuNP-Apt-anti-miR-155 could be a promising nano constructor for breast cancer treatment.

Gold nanorods–trypsin biocorona: a novel nano composite for in vitro cytotoxic activity towards MCF-7 and A-549 cancer cells

In the present work, we have synthesized cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) capped gold nanorods (Au NRs) to evaluate apparent binding affinities for the adsorption of trypsin (TRP).

Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles using Vetex negundo and evaluation of pro-apoptotic effect on human gastric cancer cell lines

Gastric cancer (GC) is mainly widespread gastrointestinal malignancy,which reports for 8% of overallcases in carcinogenesis and 10% of yearly fatality, is 4thprimary cause of cancer associated death global. The plan of the present research was to develop ethanolic extract of Vitex negundo-loaded gold nanoparticles (VN-AuNPs) and to appraise the various characteristic methods likes UV-vis spectroscopy, SAED, FTIR, XRD and HR-TEM. Additionally, the anticancer effect of VN-AuNPs on AGS cells were analysed by cell viability, apoptotic morphological changes by TUNEL, AO/EtBr and Hoechst staining, alterations of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and production reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, the status of apoptosis gene such as caspase-3, Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, Bax and caspase-9 expressions was analysed by using western and RT-PCR techniques. Synthesized AuNPs established by UV absorption peak of the highest at 538 and crystal nature of AuNPs was additionallyverifiedwith SAED and XRD. TEM images were illustrates size and morphological division of NPs. FTIR examinationscompletedalkene, carbodiimide and aliphatic primary amines of biomolecules werepresent in synthesized VN-AuNPs. Additionally, AuNPs were stimulatedapoptosis throughthe cytotoxicity effect,changes of MMP, generation of ROS, nuclear and apoptotic morphological alterationsvia TUNEL, AO/EtBr and Hoechst assay. Furthermore, molecular mechanisms also provoked apoptosis through modulating pro (caspase-3, Bax, Bid, caspase-9) and anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL) mediators by western blotting and gene expression in AGS cells. This production of AuNPs from VN was eco-friendly, large-scaled up and easy.

Plant-based gold nanoparticles; a comprehensive review of the decade-long research on synthesis, mechanistic aspects and diverse applications

The worldwide focus on research in the field of green nanotechnology has resulted in the environmentally and biologically safe applications of a diversity of nanomaterials. Nanotechnology, in general, implies the production of nanoparticles having different but regular shapes, sizes, and properties. A lot of studies have been conducted on the synthesis of metal nanoparticles through biological, chemical, and physical methods. Owing to its safety, both environmental and in vivo, as well as the ease of synthesis, biogenic routes especially the plant-based synthesis of metal nanoparticles has been preferred as the best strategy. Among the metal nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles are recognized as the most potent, biocompatible and environment-friendly. A decade of research work has attempted the production of gold nanoparticles mediated by different parts of various plants. Further, these nanoparticles have been engineered through modification in the sizes and shapes for attaining enhanced activity and optimal performance in many different applications including biomedical, antimicrobial, diagnostics and environmental applications. This article reviews the fabrication strategies for gold nanoparticles via plant-based routes and highlights the diversity of the applications of these materials in bio-nanotechnology. The review article also highlights the recent developments in the synthesis and optical properties of gold nanoparticles.

Chitosan gold nanoparticles induce different ROS-dependent cell death modalities in leukemic cells

BACKGROUND

Nanotechnology proposes the use of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for drug delivery, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. Leukemia is a type of hematopoietic cancer that results from the malignant transformation of white blood cells. Chitosan-coated AuNPs (CH-AuNPs) are cell death inductors in HeLa and MCF-7 cancer cells without affecting peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Considering the selectivity and versatile cytotoxicity of CH-AuNPs, we evaluated whether their selectivity is due to the cell lineage or the characteristics of the cancer cells, by assessing its cytotoxicity in leukemic cells. Moreover, we further examined the cell death mechanism and assessed the implication of nuclear damage, autophagosome formation, and the cell death mechanism induced in leukemic cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We synthesized CH-AuNPs by chemical methods and analyzed their cell death capacity in a T-acute lymphocytic leukemia cell line (CEM), in a chronic myeloid leukemia cell line (K562), and in healthy cells from the same lineage (PBMC and bone marrow, BM, cells). Then, we assessed ROS generation and mitochondrial and nuclear damage. Finally, we evaluated whether cell death occurred by autophagy, apoptosis, or necroptosis, and the role of ROS in this mechanism.

RESULTS

We found that CH-AuNPs did not affect PBMC and BM cells, whereas they are cytotoxic in a dose-dependent manner in leukemic cells. ROS production leads to mitochondrial and nuclear damage, and cell death. We found that CH-AuNPs induce apoptosis in CEM and necroptosis in K562, both undergoing autophagy as a pro-survival mechanism.

CONCLUSION

CH-AuNPs are selective cell death inductors in hematologic cancer cells, without affecting their healthy counterparts. Cell death induced by CH-AuNPs is independent of the cancer cell type; however, its mechanism is different depending on the type of leukemic cells.

Insights into the Cellular Uptake, Cytotoxicity, and Cellular Death Modality of Phospholipid-Coated Gold Nanorods toward Breast Cancer Cell Lines

Gold nanorods (GNRs) have gained pronounced recognition in the diagnosis and treatment of cancers driven by their distinctive properties. Herein, a gold-based nanosystem was prepared by utilizing a phospholipid moiety linked to thiolated polyethylene glycol, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-PEG-SH, as a surface decorating agent. The synthesized phospholipid-PEG-GNRs displayed good colloidal stability upon exposure to the tissue culture medium. Cytotoxicity of phospholipid-PEG-GNRs was investigated toward MCF-7 and T47D breast cancer cells using sulforhodamine B test. The results revealed that phospholipid-PEG-GNRs demonstrated  high cytotoxicity to MCF-7 cells compared to T47D cells, and minimal cytotoxicity to human dermal fibroblasts. The cellular uptake studies performed by imaging and quantitative analysis demonstrated  massive internalization of phospholipid-coated GNRs into  MCF-7 cells in comparison to T47D cells. The cellular death modality of cancer cells after treatment with phospholipid-PEG-GNRs was evaluated using mitochondrial membrane potential assay (JC-1 dye), gene expression analysis, and flow cytometry study. The overall results suggest that phospholipid-modified GNRs enhanced mainly the cellular apoptotic events in MCF-7 cells in addition to necrosis, whereas cellular necrosis and suppression of cellular invasion contributed to the cellular death modality in the T47D cell line upon treatment with phospholipid-PEG-GNRs. The phospholipid-coated GNRs interact in a different manner with breast cancer cell lines and could be considered for breast cancer treatment.

Pulmonary deregulation of expression of miR-155 and two of its putative target genes; PROS1 and TP53INP1 associated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) administration in rat

Background: Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been considered as an ideal candidate in various biomedical applications due to their ease of tailoring into different size, shape, and decorations with different functionalities. The current study was conducted to investigate the epigenetic alteration in the lung in response to AuNPs administration regarding microRNA-155 (miR-155) gene which can be involved in AuNP-induced lung pathogenesis. Methods: Thirty-two Wister rats were divided into two equal groups, control group and AuNPs treated group which received a single intravenous (IV) injection of plain spherical AuNPs (0.015 mg/kg body wt) with an average diameter size of 25±3 nm. Lung samples were collected from both the control and injected groups at one day, one week, one month and two months post-injection. The alteration of relative expression of miR-155 gene and two of its putative target genes; tumor protein 53 inducible nuclear protein 1 (TP53INP1) and protein S (PROS1) was investigated by real time PCR and protein S (PS) expression was analyzed by Western blotting technique. Results: The obtained results revealed that AuNPs administration significantly increases the expression level of miR-155 and reduce relative mRNA expression of TP53INP1 and PROS1 genes at one day post-injection. In contrast, a significant down-regulation of miR-155 level of expression concurrent with up-regulation of expression level of TP53INP1 and PROS1 genes were shown at one week, one month and two months post-injection. PS levels were mirrored to their PROS1 mRNA levels except for two month post-injection time point. Conclusions: These findings indicate epigenetic modulation in the lung in response to AuNPs administration regarding the miR-155 gene which can be involved in AuNP-induced lung pathogenesis.

Synthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles from Abies spectabilis extract and its anticancer activity on bladder cancer T24 cells

In recent times, Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) synthesized from plant extracts and their anticancer activity have attracted significant attention. We report the green approach for the synthesis of AuNPs using extract from Abies spectabilis plant. In this study, the reaction parameters were optimized to control the size of the nanoparticle, which was confirmed by Transmission Electron microscopy (TEM). Various characterization technique such as SAED pattern, UV visible spectroscopy, EDX, FTIR, and AFM were employed to analyze the synthesized AuNPs obtained from A. spectabilis plant extract. Furthermore, we investigated the anticancer activities using T24 cell lines. Interestingly, the results of extensive screening on the applications of newly synthesized AuNPs were tested for their cytotoxicity effects on anticancer activity against T24 cells by MTT assay. The cell apoptosis was studied using TUNEL, DAPI, caspase activity, cell invasion and migration. Nanoparticles at different concentrations ranging from 1 to 25 μg/ml exhibited a dose dependent cytotoxicity for 24 h. Condensation and DNA fragmentation are characteristic of apoptosis by DAPI, TUNEL staining, and the significant up regulations of Beclin-1, Bax and caspase 3, whereas the expressions of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bid were down regulated. However, this study, therefore attempts to report the synthesis, characterization, and anticancer activity of gold nanoparticles of A. spectabilis plant extract beneficial for cancer therapeutics.

Development of resveratrol-conjugated gold nanoparticles: interrelationship of increased resveratrol corona on anti-tumor efficacy against breast, pancreatic and prostate cancers

Background: As part of our continuing quest to enhance the efficacy of bioactive phytochemicals in cancer therapy, we report an innovative green nanotechnology approach toward the use of resveratrol for the production of biocompatible resveratrol-conjugated gold nanoparticles (Res-AuNPs). Our overarching aim is to exploit the inherent pro-apoptotic properties of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) through synergistic anti-tumor characteristics of resveratrol, with the aim of developing a new class of green nanotechnology-based phytochemical-embedded AuNPs for applications in oncology.

Method: Resveratrol was used to reduce Au³⁺ to Au⁰ for the synthesis of Res-AuNPs at room temperature and gum arabic (GA) was used to further encapsulate the nanoparticulate surface to increase the overall stability of the AuNPs. This comprehensive study involves the synthesis, full characterization and in vitro stability of Res-AuNPs in various biological media for their ultimate applications as anti-cancer agents against human breast (MDAMB-231), pancreatic (PANC-1) and prostate (PC-3) cancers.

Results: This strategy to systematically increase the corona of resveratrol on AuNPs, in order to gain insights into the interrelationship of the phytochemical corona on the overall anti-tumor activities of Res-AuNPs, proved successful. The increased resveratrol corona on Res-AuNPs showed superior anti-cancer effects, attributed to an optimal cellular uptake after 24-hour incubation, while GA provided a protein matrix support for enhanced trans-resveratrol loading onto the surface of the AuNPs.

Conclusion: The approach described in this study harnesses the benefits of nutraceuticals and nanoparticles toward the development of Res-AuNPs. We provide compelling evidence that the increased corona of resveratrol on AuNPs enhances the bioavailability of resveratrol so that therapeutically active species can be optimally available in vivo for applications in cancer therapy.

In vitro and in vivo mechanism of hepatocellular carcinoma inhibition by β-TCP nanoparticles

Background: Studies have showed that nanoparticles have a certain anti-cancer activity and can inhibit many kinds of cancer cells. β-tricalcium phosphate nanoparticles (nano-β-TCP) displays better biodegradation, but the application and mechanism of nano-β-TCP in anti-cancer activity are still not clear. Purpose: The objective of this study was to synthesize nano-β-TCP and investigate its inhibitory properties and mechanism on hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells in vitro and in vivo. Methods: Nano-β-TCP was synthesized using ethanol-water system and characterized. The effects of nano-β-TCP on cell viability, cell uptake, intracellular oxidative stress (ROS), cell cycle and apoptosis were also investigated with HepG2 cells and human hepatocyte cells (L-02). Intratumoral injection of nano-β-TCP was performed on the xenograft liver cancer model to explore the inhibitory effect and mechanism of nano-β-TCP on liver tumors. Results: In vitro results revealed that nano-β-TCP caused reduced cell viability of HepG2 cells in a time-and dose-dependent manner. Nano-β-TCP was internalized through endocytosis and degraded in cells, resulting in obvious increase of the intracellular Ca²⁺ and PO₄ ^3- ions. Nano-β-TCP induced cancer cells to produce ROS and induced apoptosis of tumor cells by an apoptotic signaling pathways both in extrinsic and intrinsic pathway. In addition, nano-β-TCP blocked cell cycle of HepG2 cells in G0/G1 phase and disturbed expression of some related cyclins. In vivo results showed that 40 mg/kg of nano-β-TCP had no significant toxic side effects, but could effectively suppress hepatocellular carcinoma growth. Conclusion: These findings revealed the anticancer effect of nano-β-TCP and also clarified the mechanism of its inhibitory effect on hepatocellular carcinoma.