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Granados L, John M, Edelman JD. New Therapies in Outpatient Pulmonary Medicine. Med Clin North Am 2024; 108:843-869. [PMID: 39084837 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2024.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Newer medications and devices, as well as greater understanding of the benefits and limitations of existing treatments, have led to expanded treatment options for patients with lung disease. Treatment advances have led to improved outcomes for patients with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, interstitial lung disease, pulmonary hypertension, and cystic fibrosis. The risks and benefits of available treatments are substantially variable within these heterogeneous disease groups. Defining the role of newer therapies mandates both an understanding of these disorders and overall treatment approaches. This section will review general treatment approaches in addition to focusing on newer therapies for these conditions..
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Granados
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Mira John
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Edelman
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Puget Sound Department of Veterans Affairs, Seattle, WA, USA
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2
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Chin KM, Gaine SP, Gerges C, Jing ZC, Mathai SC, Tamura Y, McLaughlin VV, Sitbon O. Treatment algorithm for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J 2024:2401325. [PMID: 39209476 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01325-2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension leads to significant impairment in haemodynamics, right heart function, exercise capacity, quality of life and survival. Current therapies have mechanisms of action involving signalling via one of four pathways: endothelin-1, nitric oxide, prostacyclin and bone morphogenetic protein/activin signalling. Efficacy has generally been greater with therapeutic combinations and with parenteral therapy compared with monotherapy or nonparenteral therapies, and maximal medical therapy is now four-drug therapy. Lung transplantation remains an option for selected patients with an inadequate response to therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Chin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sean P Gaine
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Pulmonary Hypertension Unit, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christian Gerges
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zhi-Cheng Jing
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Stephen C Mathai
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yuichi Tamura
- Pulmonary Hypertension Center, International University of Health and Welfare Mita Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Vallerie V McLaughlin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Olivier Sitbon
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hôpital Bicêtre (AP-HP), Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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3
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Azaredo Raposo M, Inácio Cazeiro D, Guimarães T, Lousada N, Freitas C, Brito J, Martins S, Resende C, Dorfmüller P, Luís R, Moreira S, Alves da Silva P, Moita L, Oliveira M, Pinto FJ, Plácido R. Pulmonary arterial hypertension: Navigating the pathways of progress in diagnosis, treatment, and patient care. Rev Port Cardiol 2024:S0870-2551(24)00218-X. [PMID: 38972452 DOI: 10.1016/j.repc.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a form of precapillary pulmonary hypertension caused by a complex process of endothelial dysfunction and vascular remodeling. If left untreated, this progressive disease presents with symptoms of incapacitating fatigue causing marked loss of quality of life, eventually culminating in right ventricular failure and death. Patient management is complex and based on accurate diagnosis, risk stratification, and treatment initiation, with close monitoring of response and disease progression. Understanding the underlying pathophysiology has enabled the development of multiple drugs directed at different targets in the pathological chain. Vasodilator therapy has been the mainstay approach for the last few years, significantly improving quality of life, functional status, and survival. Recent advances in therapies targeting dysfunctional pathways beyond endothelial dysfunction may address the fundamental processes underlying the disease, raising the prospect of increasingly effective options for this high-risk group of patients with a historically poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Azaredo Raposo
- Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, CAML, CCUL, Faculty of Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniel Inácio Cazeiro
- Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, CAML, CCUL, Faculty of Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tatiana Guimarães
- Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, CAML, CCUL, Faculty of Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno Lousada
- Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, CAML, CCUL, Faculty of Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Céline Freitas
- Association for Research and Development of Faculty of Medicine (AIDFM), Cardiovascular Research Support Unit (GAIC), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Brito
- Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, CAML, CCUL, Faculty of Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana Martins
- Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, CAML, CCUL, Faculty of Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Catarina Resende
- Rheumatology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Peter Dorfmüller
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany; Institute for Lung Health, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rita Luís
- Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal; Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal; Pathology Institute, Faculdade Medicina Universidade Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana Moreira
- Pulmonology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Alves da Silva
- Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, CAML, CCUL, Faculty of Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Moita
- Innate Immunity and Inflammation Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Fausto J Pinto
- Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, CAML, CCUL, Faculty of Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui Plácido
- Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, CAML, CCUL, Faculty of Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal; Cardiology Department, CUF Tejo, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Budhram B, Weatherald J, Humbert M. Pulmonary Hypertension in Connective Tissue Diseases Other than Systemic Sclerosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2024; 45:419-434. [PMID: 38499196 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1782217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a known complication of certain connective tissue diseases (CTDs), with systemic sclerosis (SSc) being the most common in the Western world. However, PH in association with non-SSc CTD such as systemic lupus erythematous, mixed connective tissue disease, and primary Sjögren's syndrome constitutes a distinct subset of patients with inherently different epidemiologic profiles, pathophysiologic mechanisms, clinical features, therapeutic options, and prognostic implications. The purpose of this review is to inform a practical approach for clinicians evaluating patients with non-SSc CTD-associated PH.The development of PH in these patients involves a complex interplay between genetic factors, immune-mediated mechanisms, and endothelial cell dysfunction. Furthermore, the broad spectrum of CTD manifestations can contribute to the development of PH through various pathophysiologic mechanisms, including intrinsic pulmonary arteriolar vasculopathy (pulmonary arterial hypertension, Group 1 PH), left-heart disease (Group 2), chronic lung disease (Group 3), chronic pulmonary artery obstruction (Group 4), and unclear and/or multifactorial mechanisms (Group 5). The importance of diagnosing PH early in symptomatic patients with non-SSc CTD is highlighted, with a review of the relevant biomarkers, imaging, and diagnostic procedures required to establish a diagnosis.Therapeutic strategies for non-SSc PH associated with CTD are explored with an in-depth review of the medical, interventional, and surgical options available to these patients, emphasizing the CTD-specific considerations that guide treatment and aid in prognosis. By identifying gaps in the current literature, we offer insights into future research priorities that may prove valuable for patients with PH associated with non-SSc CTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Budhram
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jason Weatherald
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Marc Humbert
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm UMR_S 999, Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, European Reference Network for Rare Respiratory Diseases (ERN-LUNG), Hôpital Bicêtre (Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris), Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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5
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Foeldvari I, Torok KS, Antón J, Blakley M, Constantin T, Cutolo M, Denton CP, Fligelstone K, Hinrichs B, Li SC, Maillard S, Marrani E, Moinzadeh P, Orteu CH, Pain CE, Pauling JD, Pilkington C, Rosser F, Smith V, Furst DF. Best clinical practice in the treatment of juvenile systemic sclerosis: expert panel guidance - the result of the International Hamburg Consensus Meeting December 2022. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2024; 20:387-404. [PMID: 38149621 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2023.2298354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Juvenile systemic sclerosis (jSSc) is an orphan disease with a prevalence of 3 in 1,000,000 children. Currently there is only one consensus treatment guideline concerning skin, pulmonary and vascular involvement for jSSc, the jSSc SHARE (Single Hub and Access point for pediatric Rheumatology in Europe) initiative, which was based on data procured up to 2014. Therefore, an update of these guidelines, with a more recent literature and expert experience, and extension of the guidance to more aspects of the disease is needed. AREAS COVERED Treatment options were reviewed, and opinions were provided for most facets of jSSc including general management, some of which differs from adult systemic sclerosis, such as the use of corticosteroids, and specific organ involvement, such as skin, musculoskeletal, pulmonary, and gastroenterology. EXPERT OPINION We are suggesting the treat to target strategy to treat early to prevent cumulative disease damage in jSSc. Conclusions are derived from both expert opinion and available literature, which is mostly based on adult systemic sclerosis (aSSc), given shared pathophysiology, extrapolation of results from aSSc studies was judged reasonable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Foeldvari
- Hamburg Centre for Pediatric and Adolescent Rheumatology, Schön Klinik Hamburg Eilbek, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kathryn S Torok
- University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jordi Antón
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology. Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Blakley
- Riley Hospital for Children at IU Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Tamás Constantin
- Unit of Pediatric Rheumatology, Tűzoltó Street Department, Pediatric Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Maurizio Cutolo
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology-Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Genoa and IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Kim Fligelstone
- Scleroderma & Raynaud's United Kindgom (SRUK) (Research Subcommittee, Patient Research Partner), FESCA, London, UK
| | - Bernd Hinrichs
- Children's pulmonology, Asklepios Klinik Nord - Heidberg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Suzanne C Li
- Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | | | - Edoardo Marrani
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
| | - Pia Moinzadeh
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Catherine H Orteu
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Clare E Pain
- Alder Hey Children's Foundation NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - John D Pauling
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB Inflammation Research Center (IRC), Ghent, Belgium and ERN ReCONNET
| | | | - Franziska Rosser
- University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vanessa Smith
- University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniel F Furst
- Division of Rheumatology Fellow, Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California in Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Erdogan M, Esatoglu SN, Kilickiran Avci B, Hatemi G. Treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients with connective tissue diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intern Emerg Med 2024; 19:731-743. [PMID: 38378970 PMCID: PMC11039558 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-024-03539-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The evidence for the treatment of connective tissue disease-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (CTD-PAH) mostly depends on subgroup or post hoc analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Thus, we performed a meta-analysis of RCTs that reported outcomes for CTD-PAH. PubMed and EMBASE were searched for CTD-PAH treatment. The selected outcomes were functional class (FC) change, survival rates, 6-min walk distance (6-MWD), clinical worsening (CW), N-terminal prohormone BNP (NT-proBNP), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP), right atrial pressure (RAP), and cardiac index (CI). The meta-analysis was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020153560). Twelve RCTs conducted with 1837 patients were included. The diagnoses were systemic sclerosis in 59%, SLE in 20%, and other CTDs in 21%. The pharmacological interventions were epoprostenol, treprostinil, sildenafil, tadalafil, bosentan, macitentan, ambrisentan, riociguat, and selexipag. There was a significant difference between interventions and placebo in FC, 6MWD, CW, PVR, RAP, and CI that favored intervention. Our analysis showed a 39% reduction in the CW risk with PAH treatment. The short-term survival rates and mean serum NT-proBNP changes were similar between the study and control groups. Treatment for CTD-PAH had favorable effects on clinical and hemodynamic outcomes but not on survival and NT-proBNP levels. Different from the previous meta-analyses that focused on 6-MWD, time to clinical worsening, and CW as outcomes, this meta-analysis additionally reports the pooled analysis of change in FC, hemodynamic measurements (RAP, PVR, CI), and NT-proBNP, some of which have prognostic value for PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Erdogan
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpaşa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sinem Nihal Esatoglu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpaşa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burcak Kilickiran Avci
- Department of Cardiology, Cerrahpaşa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Campus, Kocamustafapaşa Cad. No: 34/E, Fatih, 34998, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Gulen Hatemi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpaşa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
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Novara ME, Di Martino E, Stephens B, Nayrouz M, Vitulo P, Carollo A, Provenzani A. Future Perspectives of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Review of Novel Pipeline Treatments and Indications. Drugs R D 2024; 24:13-28. [PMID: 38514585 PMCID: PMC11035521 DOI: 10.1007/s40268-024-00453-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension is characterized by elevated blood pressure and pathological changes in the pulmonary arterioles, leading to the development of right-heart failure and potentially fatal outcomes if left untreated. This review aims to provide an overview of novel drugs or formulations and new drug indications for pulmonary arterial hypertension that are currently in phases II-III of randomized controlled trials, and describe the rationale for the use of these targeted therapies, as well as their efficacy, safety profile, and impact on quality of life and survival. The literature research was conducted using data from ClinicalTrials.gov for the period between 1 January 2016 up to 31 December 2022. The population of interest includes individuals aged ≥ 18 years who have been diagnosed with pulmonary arterial hypertension. The review selection criteria included trials with recruiting, enrolling by invitation, active, terminated or completed status in 2022 and 2023. A total of 24 studies were selected for evaluation based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. This review summarizes the updated information from randomized clinical trials involving novel therapies for pulmonary arterial hypertension. However, larger clinical trials are required to validate their clinical safety and effects. In the future, clinicians should choose therapies based on the patient's individual situation and requirements when developing treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eugenia Novara
- Clinical Pharmacy Service, Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies (ISMETT), Palermo, Italy
| | - Enrica Di Martino
- Clinical Pharmacy Service, Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies (ISMETT), Palermo, Italy
| | - Brandon Stephens
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Mary Nayrouz
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Patrizio Vitulo
- Pneumology Unit, Department for the Treatment and Study of Cardiothoracic Diseases and Cardiothoracic Transplantation, Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies (ISMETT), Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Carollo
- Clinical Pharmacy Service, Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies (ISMETT), Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessio Provenzani
- Clinical Pharmacy Service, Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies (ISMETT), Palermo, Italy.
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Windirsch K, Jordan S, Becker MO, Bruni C, Dobrota R, Elhai M, Garaiman IA, Mihai CM, Iudici M, Hasler P, Ribi C, Maurer B, Gabrielli A, Hoffmann-Vold AM, Distler O. Therapeutic management of fibrosis in systemic sclerosis patients - an analysis from the Swiss EUSTAR cohort. Swiss Med Wkly 2024; 154:3630. [PMID: 38579324 DOI: 10.57187/s.3630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Systemic sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune connective tissue disease leading to microvascular and fibrotic manifestations in multiple organs. Several treatment options and recommendations from different European countries are available. In this study, for which the ambit is Switzerland specifically, we aim to describe the treatment patterns of systemic sclerosis patients with fibrotic manifestations. METHODS Systemic sclerosis patients were selected from six Swiss tertiary centres recorded in the multicentre, prospective European Scleroderma Trials and Research (EUSTAR) registry. Patients fulfilling the 2013 ACR/EULAR systemic sclerosis classification criteria at baseline were included. To determine the differences in treatment of varying degrees of fibrosis, four groups were identified: (1) patients with a modified Rodnan skin score (mRSS) >0; (2) those with mRSS ≥7; (3) those with interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD), diagnosed by either chest X-Ray or high-resolution computed tomography; and (4) patients fulfilling one of the additional criteria for extensive interstitial lung disease, defined as interstitial lung disease involvement of >20% in high-resolution computed tomography, dyspnea NYHA-stage 3/4, or a predicted forced vital capacity (FVC) of <70%. RESULTS A total of 590 patients with systemic sclerosis fulfilled the inclusion criteria. In this cohort, 421 (71.4%) had mRSS >0, of whom 195 (33.1%) had mRSS ≥7; interstitial lung disease was diagnosed in 198 of 456 (43.4%), of whom 106 (18.0 %) showed extensive interstitial lung disease. Regarding non-biologic disease-modifying medications (DMARDs), the most frequently prescribed was methotrexate, followed by hydroxychloroquine and mycophenolate mofetil. Rituximab and tocilizumab were most frequently used among the biologic DMARDs. Specifically, 148/372 (39.8%) of treated patients with skin fibrosis received methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil or rituximab, and 80/177 (45.2%) with interstitial lung disease received cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, tocilizumab or rituximab. Most patients received a proton-pump inhibitor, and few patients underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. CONCLUSION Overall, in Switzerland, a wide range of medications is prescribed for systemic sclerosis patients. This includes modern, targeted treatments for which randomised controlled clinical trial have been recently reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Windirsch
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Suzana Jordan
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mike Oliver Becker
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cosimo Bruni
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rucsandra Dobrota
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Muriel Elhai
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ion-Alexandru Garaiman
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carmen-Marina Mihai
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michele Iudici
- Division of Rheumatology, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paul Hasler
- Department of Rheumatology,Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Camillo Ribi
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Centre hospitalier universitaire vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Britta Maurer
- Department of Rheumatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Armando Gabrielli
- Marche Polytechnic University, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Oliver Distler
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Sanges S, Sobanski V, Lamblin N, Hachulla E, Savale L, Montani D, Launay D. Pulmonary hypertension in connective tissue diseases: What every CTD specialist should know - but is afraid to ask! Rev Med Interne 2024; 45:26-40. [PMID: 37925256 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2023.10.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a possible complication of connective tissue diseases (CTDs), especially systemic sclerosis (SSc), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD). It is defined by an elevation of the mean pulmonary arterial pressure above 20mmHg documented during a right heart catheterization (RHC). Due to their multiorgan involvement, CTDs can induce PH by several mechanisms, that are sometimes intricated: pulmonary vasculopathy (group 1) affecting arterioles (pulmonary arterial hypertension, PAH) and possibly venules (pulmonary veno-occlusive-like disease), left-heart disease (group 2), chronic lung disease (group 3) and/or chronic thromboembolic PH (group 4). PH suspicion is often raised by clinical manifestations (dyspnea, fatigue), echocardiographic data (increased peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity), isolated decrease in DLCO in pulmonary function tests, and/or unexplained elevation of BNP/NT-proBNP. Its formal diagnosis always requires a hemodynamic confirmation by RHC. Strategies for PH screening and RHC referral have been extensively investigated for SSc-PAH but data are lacking in other CTDs. Therapeutic management of PH depends of the underlying mechanism(s): PAH-approved therapies in group 1 PH (with possible use of immunosuppressants, especially in case of SLE or MCTD); management of an underlying left-heart disease in group 2 PH; management of an underlying chronic lung disease in group 3 PH; anticoagulation, pulmonary endartectomy, PAH-approved therapies and/or balloon pulmonary angioplasty in group 4 PH. Regular follow-up is mandatory in all CTD-PH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sanges
- Université de Lille, U1286, INFINITE, Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, 59000 Lille, France; Inserm, 59000 Lille, France; CHU de Lille, Département de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, 59000 Lille, France; Centre National de Référence Maladies Auto-immunes Systémiques Rares du Nord et Nord-Ouest de France (CeRAINO), 59000 Lille, France; Health Care Provider of the European Reference Network on Rare Connective Tissue and Musculoskeletal Diseases Network (ReCONNET), 59000 Lille, France.
| | - V Sobanski
- Université de Lille, U1286, INFINITE, Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, 59000 Lille, France; Inserm, 59000 Lille, France; CHU de Lille, Département de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, 59000 Lille, France; Centre National de Référence Maladies Auto-immunes Systémiques Rares du Nord et Nord-Ouest de France (CeRAINO), 59000 Lille, France; Health Care Provider of the European Reference Network on Rare Connective Tissue and Musculoskeletal Diseases Network (ReCONNET), 59000 Lille, France
| | - N Lamblin
- CHU de Lille, Service de Cardiologie, 59000 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, Inserm U1167, 59000 Lille, France
| | - E Hachulla
- Université de Lille, U1286, INFINITE, Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, 59000 Lille, France; Inserm, 59000 Lille, France; CHU de Lille, Département de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, 59000 Lille, France; Centre National de Référence Maladies Auto-immunes Systémiques Rares du Nord et Nord-Ouest de France (CeRAINO), 59000 Lille, France; Health Care Provider of the European Reference Network on Rare Connective Tissue and Musculoskeletal Diseases Network (ReCONNET), 59000 Lille, France
| | - L Savale
- Université Paris Saclay, School of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; AP-HP, Department of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Inserm UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie-Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - D Montani
- Université Paris Saclay, School of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; AP-HP, Department of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Inserm UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie-Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - D Launay
- Université de Lille, U1286, INFINITE, Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, 59000 Lille, France; Inserm, 59000 Lille, France; CHU de Lille, Département de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, 59000 Lille, France; Centre National de Référence Maladies Auto-immunes Systémiques Rares du Nord et Nord-Ouest de France (CeRAINO), 59000 Lille, France; Health Care Provider of the European Reference Network on Rare Connective Tissue and Musculoskeletal Diseases Network (ReCONNET), 59000 Lille, France
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Klose H, Harbaum L, Richter MJ, Lichtblau M, Marra AM, Kabitz HJ, Harutyunova S, Milger-Kneidinger K, Lange TJ. [Targeted therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients without comorbidities]. Pneumologie 2023; 77:890-900. [PMID: 37963478 DOI: 10.1055/a-2145-4711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
The 2022 guidelines on pulmonary hypertension from the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS) provide therapeutic strategies that account for the variability in the clinical presentation of newly diagnosed patients. We summarize treatment recommendations for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in patients without significant comorbidities, particularly for idiopathic, hereditary, drug/toxin-induced, or connective tissue disease-associated PAH. In this group of patients, multidimensional assessments for short-term mortality risk guide initial treatment decisions and treatment decisions during follow-up. Upfront dual combination therapy (phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitor and endothelin receptor antagonist) is recommended for low- and intermediate-risk patients, and triple therapy including a parenteral prostacyclin should be considered in high- or intermediate-high-risk patients. If a low or intermediate-low-risk profile cannot be achieved during therapy, sequential add-on therapy escalation with parenteral prostacyclin or a prostacyclin receptor agonist should be considered, and switching from a phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitor to a guanylate cyclase stimulator may also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Klose
- Abteilung für Pneumologie, II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - Lars Harbaum
- Abteilung für Pneumologie, II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, zzt. Klinik für Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - Manuel J Richter
- Medizinische Klinik II, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Universitäten Gießen und Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Mitglied des Deutschen Zentrums für Lungenforschung (DZL), Deutschland
| | - Mona Lichtblau
- Klinik für Pneumologie, Zentrum für Pulmonale Hypertonie, Universitätsspital Zürich, Zürich, Schweiz
| | - Alberto M Marra
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, "Federico II" University of Naples, Napoli, Italy
| | - Hans-Joachim Kabitz
- Klinik für Pneumologie und Schlafmedizin, Kantonsspital Aarau (KSA), Aarau, Schweiz
| | - Satenik Harutyunova
- Zentrum für pulmonale Hypertonie, Thoraxklinik an der Universitätsklinik Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Katrin Milger-Kneidinger
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik V, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Klinikum, LMU München, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Mitglied des Deutschen Zentrums für Lungenforschung (DZL), München, Deutschland
| | - Tobias J Lange
- Abteilung für Innere Medizin II, Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin, Kreisklinik Bad Reichenhall, Bad Reichenhall, Deutschland
- Fakultät für Medizin, Lehrstuhl für Innere Medizin II, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Deutschland
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11
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Tuhy T, Hassoun PM. Clinical features of pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with systemic sclerosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1264906. [PMID: 37828949 PMCID: PMC10565655 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1264906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis is an autoimmune disorder of the connective tissue characterized by disordered inflammation and fibrosis leading to skin thickening and visceral organ complications. Pulmonary involvement, in the form of pulmonary arterial hypertension and/or interstitial lung disease, is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among individuals with scleroderma. There are no disease-specific therapies for pulmonary involvement of scleroderma, and pulmonary arterial hypertension in this cohort has typically been associated with worse outcomes and less clinical response to modern therapy compared to other forms of Group I pulmonary hypertension in the classification from the World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension. Ongoing research aims to delineate how pathologic microvascular remodeling and fibrosis contribute to this poor response and offer a window into future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul M. Hassoun
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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12
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Smukowska-Gorynia A, Gościniak W, Woźniak P, Iwańczyk S, Jaxa-Kwiatkowska K, Sławek-Szmyt S, Janus M, Paluszkiewicz J, Mularek-Kubzdela T. Recent Advances in the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Associated with Connective Tissue Diseases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1252. [PMID: 37765060 PMCID: PMC10534675 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe vascular complication of connective tissue diseases (CTD). Patients with CTD may develop PH belonging to diverse groups: (1) pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), (2) PH due to left heart disease, (3) secondary PH due to lung disease and/or hypoxia and (4) chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). PAH most often develops in systemic scleroderma (SSc), mostly in its limited variant. PAH-CTD is a progressive disease characterized by poor prognosis. Therefore, early diagnosis should be established. A specific treatment for PAH-CTD is currently available and recommended: prostacyclin derivative (treprostinil, epoprostenol, iloprost, selexipag), nitric oxide and natriuretic pathway: stimulators of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC: riociguat) and phosphodiesterase-five inhibitors (PDE5i: sildenafil, tadalafil), endothelin receptor antagonists (ERA: bosentan, macitentan, ambrisentan). Moreover, novel drugs, e.g., sotatercept, have been intensively investigated in clinical trials. We aim to review the literature on recent advances in the treatment strategy and prognosis of patients with PAH-CTD. In this manuscript, we discuss the mechanism of action of PAH-specific drugs and new agents and the latest research conducted on PAH-CTD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Smukowska-Gorynia
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2 Street, 61-848 Poznan, Poland; (W.G.); (P.W.); (S.I.); (K.J.-K.); (S.S.-S.); (M.J.); (J.P.); (T.M.-K.)
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13
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Boucly A, Gerges C, Savale L, Jaïs X, Jevnikar M, Montani D, Sitbon O, Humbert M. Pulmonary arterial hypertension. Presse Med 2023; 52:104168. [PMID: 37516248 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2023.104168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare and progressive disease characterised by remodelling of the pulmonary arteries and progressive narrowing of the pulmonary vasculature. This leads to a progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary arterial pressure and, if left untreated, to right ventricular failure and death. A correct diagnosis requires a complete work-up including right heart catheterisation performed in a specialised centre. Although our knowledge of the epidemiology, pathology and pathophysiology of the disease, as well as the development of innovative therapies, has progressed in recent decades, PAH remains a serious clinical condition. Current treatments for the disease target the three specific pathways of endothelial dysfunction that characterise PAH: the endothelin, nitric oxide and prostacyclin pathways. The current treatment algorithm is based on the assessment of severity using a multiparametric risk stratification approach at the time of diagnosis (baseline) and at regular follow-up visits. It recommends the initiation of combination therapy in PAH patients without cardiopulmonary comorbidities. The choice of therapy (dual or triple) depends on the initial severity of the condition. The main treatment goal is to achieve low-risk status. Further escalation of treatment is required if low-risk status is not achieved at subsequent follow-up assessments. In the most severe patients, who are already on maximal medical therapy, lung transplantation may be indicated. Recent advances in understanding the pathophysiology of the disease have led to the development of promising emerging therapies targeting dysfunctional pathways beyond endothelial dysfunction, including the TGF-β and PDGF pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athénaïs Boucly
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculé de Médicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; INSERM UMRS-999, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Christian Gerges
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laurent Savale
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculé de Médicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; INSERM UMRS-999, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Xavier Jaïs
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculé de Médicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; INSERM UMRS-999, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Mitja Jevnikar
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculé de Médicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; INSERM UMRS-999, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - David Montani
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculé de Médicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; INSERM UMRS-999, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Olivier Sitbon
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculé de Médicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; INSERM UMRS-999, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Marc Humbert
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculé de Médicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; INSERM UMRS-999, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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14
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Kularatne M, Boucly A, Savale L, Solinas S, Cheron C, Roche A, Jevnikar M, Jaïs X, Montani D, Humbert M, Sitbon O. Pharmacological management of connective tissue disease-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2023; 24:2101-2115. [PMID: 37869785 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2023.2273395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a severe, progressive pulmonary vasculopathy (Group 1 Pulmonary Hypertension (PH)) that complicates the course of many connective tissue diseases (CTD). Detailed testing is required to differentiate PAH from other types of PH caused by CTD such as left heart disease (Group 2 PH), pulmonary parenchymal disease (Group 3 PH), and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (Group 4 PH). PAH is most frequently seen in systemic sclerosis but can also be seen with systemic lupus erythematosus, mixed CTD, and primary Sjogren's syndrome. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the epidemiology of CTD-associated PAH, outlines the complex diagnosis approach, and finishes with an in-depth discussion on the current treatment paradigm. Focus is placed on challenges faced in the treatment of CTD-associated PAH, (decreased efficacy and poorer tolerance of pharmacological therapies) and includes a discussion on the future investigational treatments. EXPERT OPINION Despite significant advances over the past decades with more aggressive treatment algorithms, CTD-associated PAH patients continue to have poorer survival compared to those with idiopathic PAH. This review highlights factors leading to disparate outcomes compared to other forms of PAH, and discusses on further improvements that may increase quality of life and survival for CTD-associated PAH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithum Kularatne
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Athénaïs Boucly
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- INSERM UMR_S 999 Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- AP-HP, Department of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Hypertension National Referral Centre, DMU 5 Thorinno, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Laurent Savale
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- INSERM UMR_S 999 Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- AP-HP, Department of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Hypertension National Referral Centre, DMU 5 Thorinno, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Sabina Solinas
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- INSERM UMR_S 999 Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- AP-HP, Department of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Hypertension National Referral Centre, DMU 5 Thorinno, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Céline Cheron
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- INSERM UMR_S 999 Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- AP-HP, Department of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Hypertension National Referral Centre, DMU 5 Thorinno, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Anne Roche
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- INSERM UMR_S 999 Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- AP-HP, Department of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Hypertension National Referral Centre, DMU 5 Thorinno, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Mitja Jevnikar
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- INSERM UMR_S 999 Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- AP-HP, Department of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Hypertension National Referral Centre, DMU 5 Thorinno, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Xavier Jaïs
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- INSERM UMR_S 999 Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- AP-HP, Department of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Hypertension National Referral Centre, DMU 5 Thorinno, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - David Montani
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- INSERM UMR_S 999 Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- AP-HP, Department of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Hypertension National Referral Centre, DMU 5 Thorinno, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Marc Humbert
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- INSERM UMR_S 999 Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- AP-HP, Department of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Hypertension National Referral Centre, DMU 5 Thorinno, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Olivier Sitbon
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- INSERM UMR_S 999 Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- AP-HP, Department of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Hypertension National Referral Centre, DMU 5 Thorinno, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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15
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Kadian-Dodov D. Cold Hands or Feet: Is It Raynaud's or Not? Med Clin North Am 2023; 107:829-844. [PMID: 37541711 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Raynaud's phenomenon is an exaggerated response to cold stimuli that may be primary or secondary. The diagnosis relies on patient history and physical examination to distinguish RP from other vasomotor dysfunction (e.g. acrocyanosis, pernio, small fiber neuropathy with vasomotor symptoms, and complex regional pain syndrome). Achenbach syndrome, or spontaneous venous hemorrhage, may also be mistaken for RP but is a self-limiting phenomenon. Laboratory evaluation and vascular diagnostic testing may identify SRP causes. Regardless of etiology, treatment includes warming with trigger avoidance, and consideration of vasodilators (eg. calcium channel, alpha-1 blockers). SRP with digital ulceration may require PDE5i, endothelin-1 receptor blockers, and prostanoids. Refractory cases may require pneumatic arterial pumps, botulinum toxin administration, or surgical sympathectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella Kadian-Dodov
- Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1190 Fifth Avenue, Box 1030, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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16
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Khan SL, Mathai SC. Scleroderma pulmonary arterial hypertension: the same as idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension? Curr Opin Pulm Med 2023; 29:380-390. [PMID: 37461869 PMCID: PMC11334969 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0000000000001001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a common complication of systemic sclerosis (SSc), which confers significant morbidity and mortality. The current therapies and treatment strategies for SSc-associated PAH (SSc-PAH) are informed by those used to treat patients with idiopathic PAH (IPAH). There are, however, important differences between these two diseases that impact diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS Both SSc-PAH and IPAH are incompletely understood with ongoing research into the underlying cellular biology that characterize and differentiate the two diseases. Additional research seeks to improve identification among SSc patients in order to diagnose patients earlier in the course of their disease. Novel therapies specifically for SSc-PAH such as rituximab and dimethyl fumarate are under investigation. SUMMARY Although patients with SSc-PAH and IPAH present with similar symptoms, there are significant differences between these two forms of PAH that warrant further investigation and characterization of optimal detection strategies, treatment algorithms, and outcomes assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Khan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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17
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Korman BD, Lachant DJ, Castelino FV. Pulmonary Hypertension: How to Best Treat the Different Scleroderma Phenotypes? Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2023; 49:345-357. [PMID: 37028839 DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2023.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in systemic sclerosis (SSc). PH is a heterogenous condition and several different forms of PH are associated with SSc, including pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) resulting from a pulmonary arterial vasculopathy, PH due to interstitial lung disease, PH due to left heart disease, and PH due to thromboembolic disease. Extensive research has led to an improved understanding of the mediators involved in the pathogenesis of SSc-PH. Initial combination therapy is the preferred treatment approach for SSc-PAH and requires coordinated care with a multidisciplinary team including rheumatology, pulmonology, and cardiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Korman
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 695, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Daniel J Lachant
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 692, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Flavia V Castelino
- Division of Rheumatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Yawkey 4B, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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18
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Soto Abánades C, Noblejas Mozo A, Bonilla Hernán G, Alvarez Troncoso J, Ríos Blanco JJ. Macitentan for the Treatment of Refractory Digital Ulcers in Patients With Connective Tissue Diseases. Cureus 2023; 15:e38303. [PMID: 37255911 PMCID: PMC10226674 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic autoimmune disease with complex pathogenesis, characterized by vascular dysfunction and fibrosis. Digital ulcers (DUs) are a common and severe complication in SSc patients, negatively impacting their quality of life. This retrospective study evaluates the use of macitentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, in six female patients with connective tissue disease (CTD) and sclerodermiform features (five SSc and one mixed connective tissue disease) for the treatment of refractory DUs. Macitentan demonstrated a safe and effective alternative to bosentan, reducing DU relapses, hospitalizations, and the use of systemic prostaglandin therapy. The findings suggest that macitentan may be a valuable therapeutic option in specific cases of recurrent or refractory DUs and warrant further investigation in larger, long-term studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Soto Abánades
- Internal Medicine, Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, ESP
| | - Ana Noblejas Mozo
- Internal Medicine, Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, ESP
| | - Gema Bonilla Hernán
- Rheumatology, Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, ESP
| | - Jorge Alvarez Troncoso
- Internal Medicine, Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, ESP
| | - Juan José Ríos Blanco
- Internal Medicine, Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, ESP
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19
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Camara RP, Coelho FDN, Cruz-Martins N, Marques-Alves P, Castro G, Baptista R, Ferreira F. Incidence of Bloodstream Infection in Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension under Intravenous Epoprostenol or Iloprost—A Multicentre, Retrospective Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076434. [PMID: 37047407 PMCID: PMC10094981 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravenous synthetic prostacyclin analogs (iPCAs), such as epoprostenol, treprostinil and iloprost have been widely used for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Despite having good outcomes, continuous infusion of iPCAs has been associated with some adverse effects. Bloodstream infection (BSI) is one of the most severe complications, although poorly recognized, especially under iloprost administration, which few studies have addressed. This study aimed to compare the BSI incidence rates between intravenous iloprost and epoprostenol administration. Patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) functional class III or IV receiving intravenous iloprost or epoprostenol through Hickman catheter, between 2004 and 2019, were retrospectively selected from two PH treatment centers. From a total of 36 patients (13 for iloprost and 23 for epoprostenol), 75% (n = 27) fulfilled the PAH criteria, mainly belonging to the idiopathic group. Overall BSI rate was 1.5/1000 days of treatment (3.38 and 0.09/1000 days for iloprost and epoprostenol, respectively). Patients receiving iloprost were at a higher risk of developing BSI than those receiving epoprostenol (HR: 12.5; 95% CI: 1.569–99.092). A higher mortality rate from BSI was also identified in the iloprost group (p = 0.04). Twenty-seven patients developed BSI, with 92% of them requiring hospitalization. A total of 29 agents were found, 10 Gram-positive (mainly Staphylococcus aureus; n = 5) and 19 Gram-negative (mainly Pseudomonas aeruginosa; n = 6) bacteria. Iloprost administration was linked to a significantly higher incidence of BSI, worse prognosis, and more BSI-related deaths than epoprostenol. BSI due to Gram-negative, commensal, low-virulence bacteria was also higher in the iloprost group. In short, physicians should be aware when prescribing iPCA to guarantee their patients’ safety and best medical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Paulinetti Camara
- Cardiology Departament, Hospital Garcia de Orta, 2805-267 Almada, Portugal
- Pulmonology Department, Hospital Nossa Senhora do Rosário, Centro Hospitalar Barreiro-Montijo, 2830-003 Barreiro, Portugal
- Correspondence: (R.P.C.); (N.C.-M.)
| | - Francisco das Neves Coelho
- Cardiology Departament, Hospital Garcia de Orta, 2805-267 Almada, Portugal
- Polyvalent Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Egas Moniz, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental, 1349-019 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- TOXRUN—Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- Correspondence: (R.P.C.); (N.C.-M.)
| | - Patrícia Marques-Alves
- Pulmonary Vascular Disease Unit, Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Graça Castro
- Pulmonary Vascular Disease Unit, Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui Baptista
- Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Entre o Douro e Vouga, 4520-211 Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
- ICBR—Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipa Ferreira
- Cardiology Departament, Hospital Garcia de Orta, 2805-267 Almada, Portugal
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20
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Abstract
Systemic sclerosis, also known as scleroderma, is a rare and complex autoimmune connective-tissue disease. Once considered an untreatable and unpredictable condition, research advancements have improved our understanding of its disease pathogenesis and clinical phenotypes and expanded our treatment armamentarium. Early and accurate diagnosis is essential, while ongoing efforts to risk stratify patients have a central role in predicting both organ involvement and disease progression. A holistic approach is required when choosing the optimal therapeutic strategy, balancing the side-effect profile with efficacy and tailoring the treatment according to the goals of care of the patient. This Seminar reviews the multiple clinical dimensions of systemic sclerosis, beginning at a precursor very early stage of disease, with a focus on timely early detection of organ involvement. This Seminar also summarises management considerations according to the pathological hallmarks of systemic sclerosis (eg, inflammation, fibrosis, and vasculopathy) and highlights unmet needs and opportunities for future research and discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Volkmann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | | | - Vanessa Smith
- Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University (Hospital), Ghent, Belgium; Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB Inflammation Research Centre, Ghent, Belgium
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21
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Bousseau S, Sobrano Fais R, Gu S, Frump A, Lahm T. Pathophysiology and new advances in pulmonary hypertension. BMJ MEDICINE 2023; 2:e000137. [PMID: 37051026 PMCID: PMC10083754 DOI: 10.1136/bmjmed-2022-000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is a progressive and often fatal cardiopulmonary condition characterised by increased pulmonary arterial pressure, structural changes in the pulmonary circulation, and the formation of vaso-occlusive lesions. These changes lead to increased right ventricular afterload, which often progresses to maladaptive right ventricular remodelling and eventually death. Pulmonary arterial hypertension represents one of the most severe and best studied types of pulmonary hypertension and is consistently targeted by drug treatments. The underlying molecular pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension is a complex and multifactorial process, but can be characterised by several hallmarks: inflammation, impaired angiogenesis, metabolic alterations, genetic or epigenetic abnormalities, influence of sex and sex hormones, and abnormalities in the right ventricle. Current treatments for pulmonary arterial hypertension and some other types of pulmonary hypertension target pathways involved in the control of pulmonary vascular tone and proliferation; however, these treatments have limited efficacy on patient outcomes. This review describes key features of pulmonary hypertension, discusses current and emerging therapeutic interventions, and points to future directions for research and patient care. Because most progress in the specialty has been made in pulmonary arterial hypertension, this review focuses on this type of pulmonary hypertension. The review highlights key pathophysiological concepts and emerging therapeutic directions, targeting inflammation, cellular metabolism, genetics and epigenetics, sex hormone signalling, bone morphogenetic protein signalling, and inhibition of tyrosine kinase receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Bousseau
- Division of Pulmonary, Sleep, and Critical Care Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Rafael Sobrano Fais
- Division of Pulmonary, Sleep, and Critical Care Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Sue Gu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Lab, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Andrea Frump
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Occupational Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Tim Lahm
- Division of Pulmonary, Sleep, and Critical Care Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
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22
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Degering J, Egenlauf B, Harutyunova S, Benjamin N, Salkić A, Xanthouli P, Eichstaedt CA, Seeger R, Sitbon O, Grünig E. Tolerability, safety and survival in patients with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension treated with intravenous epoprostenol (Veletri ®): a prospective, 6-months, open label, observational, non-interventional study. Respir Res 2023; 24:18. [PMID: 36653855 PMCID: PMC9847036 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-022-02296-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epoprostenol AS (Veletri®), a thermostable epoprostenol formulation, provides better drug stability and improved clinical use compared to previous epoprostenol formulations. This study aims to expand clinical experience in the use of Veletri®, especially regarding tolerability, safety and survival. METHODS Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) patients at high risk despite pretreatment with at least double oral combination therapy and with clinical indication for epoprostenol (Veletri®) treatment were consecutively included in this prospective, open label, observational, non-interventional study. Clinical data were assessed at baseline, after 3 and 6 months. Adverse events (AEs) and serious adverse events (SAEs) were documented. Survival from initiation of Veletri® was assessed at last patient out. RESULTS Fifteen patients (60 ± 13.7 years, WHO functional class III (n = 10) or IV (n = 5), severely impaired right ventricular function, mean pulmonary arterial pressure 54.8 ± 8.9 mmHg, mean pulmonary vascular resistance 4.4 ± 0.7 (median 3.8) Wood Units) were enrolled and treated with a mean dosage of 7.9 ± 3.9 (median 7.5) ng/kg/min. Eleven patients completed the study (treatment withdrawal n = 1, death n = 3). After a mean follow-up of 19.1 ± 13.5 (median 18.0) months, seven patients died and three were listed for lung transplantation. Seven AEs (nausea n = 3, diarrhea n = 1, flushing n = 2, headaches n = 1) and three SAEs (catheter infection n = 2, catheter occlusion n = 1) were related to Veletri®. The 1- and 2-year survival rates were 73.3% and 52.4%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The study showed that safety and tolerability of epoprostenol AS (Veletri®) was comparable to previous prostacyclin formulations and was feasible for most patients. The maximum tolerable dosage was lower than dosages reported in the literature. In future applications/trials the up-titration process should be pushing for higher dosages of epoprostenol in the occurrence of side effects, as the achievement of a high and effective dosage is crucial for the clinical benefit of the patients. Survival was as expected in these prevalent severely impaired patients. Trial registration The study was registered in the EUPAS registry (EUPAS32492).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Degering
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Thoraxklinik Heidelberg gGmbH at Heidelberg University Hospital, Röntgenstraße 1, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Egenlauf
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Thoraxklinik Heidelberg gGmbH at Heidelberg University Hospital, Röntgenstraße 1, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Satenik Harutyunova
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Thoraxklinik Heidelberg gGmbH at Heidelberg University Hospital, Röntgenstraße 1, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicola Benjamin
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Thoraxklinik Heidelberg gGmbH at Heidelberg University Hospital, Röntgenstraße 1, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amina Salkić
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Thoraxklinik Heidelberg gGmbH at Heidelberg University Hospital, Röntgenstraße 1, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Panagiota Xanthouli
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Thoraxklinik Heidelberg gGmbH at Heidelberg University Hospital, Röntgenstraße 1, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christina A. Eichstaedt
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Thoraxklinik Heidelberg gGmbH at Heidelberg University Hospital, Röntgenstraße 1, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Diagnostics, Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rebekka Seeger
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Thoraxklinik Heidelberg gGmbH at Heidelberg University Hospital, Röntgenstraße 1, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olivier Sitbon
- grid.460789.40000 0004 4910 6535Department of Respiratory Diseases, Bicêtre Hospital, Paris-Saclay University, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Ekkehard Grünig
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Thoraxklinik Heidelberg gGmbH at Heidelberg University Hospital, Röntgenstraße 1, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
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23
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Humbert M, Kovacs G, Hoeper MM, Badagliacca R, Berger RMF, Brida M, Carlsen J, Coats AJS, Escribano-Subias P, Ferrari P, Ferreira DS, Ghofrani HA, Giannakoulas G, Kiely DG, Mayer E, Meszaros G, Nagavci B, Olsson KM, Pepke-Zaba J, Quint JK, Rådegran G, Simonneau G, Sitbon O, Tonia T, Toshner M, Vachiery JL, Vonk Noordegraaf A, Delcroix M, Rosenkranz S. 2022 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J 2023; 61:13993003.00879-2022. [PMID: 36028254 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00879-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 523] [Impact Index Per Article: 523.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Humbert
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France, Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie-Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - Gabor Kovacs
- University Clinic of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Marius M Hoeper
- Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in End-stage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), member of the German Centre of Lung Research (DZL), Hanover, Germany
| | - Roberto Badagliacca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Internistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare e Chirurgia dei Trapianti d'Organo, Policlinico Umberto I, Roma, Italy
| | - Rolf M F Berger
- Center for Congenital Heart Diseases, Beatrix Children's Hospital, Dept of Paediatric Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Margarita Brida
- Department of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical Faculty University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Adult Congenital Heart Centre and National Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guys and St Thomas's NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Jørn Carlsen
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrew J S Coats
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Pilar Escribano-Subias
- Pulmonary Hypertension Unit, Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER-CV (Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas En Red de enfermedades CardioVasculares), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pisana Ferrari
- ESC Patient Forum, Sophia Antipolis, France
- AIPI, Associazione Italiana Ipertensione Polmonare, Bologna, Italy
| | - Diogenes S Ferreira
- Alergia e Imunologia, Hospital de Clinicas, Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Hossein Ardeschir Ghofrani
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Giessen, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Pneumology, Kerckhoff Klinik, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - George Giannakoulas
- Cardiology Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - David G Kiely
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Sheffield Pulmonary Vascular Disease Unit, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
- Insigneo Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Eckhard Mayer
- Thoracic Surgery, Kerckhoff Clinic, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Gergely Meszaros
- ESC Patient Forum, Sophia Antipolis, France
- European Lung Foundation (ELF), Sheffield, UK
| | - Blin Nagavci
- Institute for Evidence in Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Karen M Olsson
- Clinic of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Joanna Pepke-Zaba
- Pulmonary Vascular Diseases Unit, Royal Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Göran Rådegran
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund, Sweden
- The Haemodynamic Lab, The Section for Heart Failure and Valvular Disease, VO. Heart and Lung Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gerald Simonneau
- Faculté Médecine, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire, Hopital Marie-Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - Olivier Sitbon
- INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie-Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Faculté Médecine, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Thomy Tonia
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mark Toshner
- Dept of Medicine, Heart Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Royal Papworth NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jean-Luc Vachiery
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonary Vascular Diseases and Heart Failure Clinic, HUB Hôpital Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Marion Delcroix
- Clinical Department of Respiratory Diseases, Centre of Pulmonary Vascular Diseases, University Hospitals of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- The two chairpersons (M. Delcroix and S. Rosenkranz) contributed equally to the document and are joint corresponding authors
| | - Stephan Rosenkranz
- Clinic III for Internal Medicine (Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Intensive Care Medicine), and Cologne Cardiovascular Research Center (CCRC), Heart Center at the University Hospital Cologne, Köln, Germany
- The two chairpersons (M. Delcroix and S. Rosenkranz) contributed equally to the document and are joint corresponding authors
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24
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Lee KI, Manuntag LJ, Kifayat A, Manuntag SE, Sperber K, Ash JY, Frishman WH, Wasserman A. Cardiovascular Manifestations of Systemic Sclerosis: An Overview of Pathophysiology, Screening Modalities, and Treatment Options. Cardiol Rev 2023; 31:22-27. [PMID: 34619709 DOI: 10.1097/crd.0000000000000420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis, previously known as scleroderma, is a heterogeneous, systemic disease that is defined by its 3 pathological hallmarks: the production of autoantibodies, small vessel vasculopathy, and fibroblast dysfunction, leading to an increased deposition of extracellular matrix. We conducted a review of the available literature that covers the cardiovascular manifestations of SSc: electrical conduction abnormalities, pulmonary hypertension, pericardial disease, and atherosclerosis. Within each major category, we will discuss the definition, diagnostics, and available treatment options. Increased mortality from cardiovascular complications necessitates early screening and management. Annual screening with noninvasive modalities is encouraged. The current management of each complication generally follows the management algorithms of patients regardless of SSc status and is dependent on the severity of the patient's clinical presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-In Lee
- From the Department of Medicine, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY
| | - Levy Jo Manuntag
- From the Department of Medicine, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY
| | - Alina Kifayat
- Department of Rheumatology, Westchester Medical Center/New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| | | | - Kirk Sperber
- Department of Rheumatology, Westchester Medical Center/New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| | - Julia Yegudin Ash
- Department of Rheumatology, Westchester Medical Center/New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| | - William H Frishman
- Department of Allergy/Immunology, Westchester Medical Center/New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| | - Amy Wasserman
- Department of Rheumatology, Westchester Medical Center/New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
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25
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Zhao J, Wang Q, Deng X, Qian J, Tian Z, Liu Y, Li M, Zeng X. The treatment strategy of connective tissue disease associated pulmonary arterial hypertension: Evolving into the future. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 239:108192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Humbert M, Kovacs G, Hoeper MM, Badagliacca R, Berger RMF, Brida M, Carlsen J, Coats AJS, Escribano-Subias P, Ferrari P, Ferreira DS, Ghofrani HA, Giannakoulas G, Kiely DG, Mayer E, Meszaros G, Nagavci B, Olsson KM, Pepke-Zaba J, Quint JK, Rådegran G, Simonneau G, Sitbon O, Tonia T, Toshner M, Vachiery JL, Vonk Noordegraaf A, Delcroix M, Rosenkranz S. 2022 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Heart J 2022; 43:3618-3731. [PMID: 36017548 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1179] [Impact Index Per Article: 589.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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27
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Lee SG, Moon KW. Epidemiology and Treatment of Systemic Sclerosis in Korea. JOURNAL OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES 2022; 29:200-214. [PMID: 37476430 PMCID: PMC10351407 DOI: 10.4078/jrd.22.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc), a rare, chronic progressive systemic autoimmune disease of unknown etiology, is characterized by autoimmunity, tissue fibrosis, and obliterative vasculopathy. SSc can affect all major organs including the skin, blood vessels, lung, heart, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract. Our understanding of its pathogenesis has increased over the past few decades, leading to improved diagnosis and treatment. However, the mortality rate of SSc remains considerable, mainly due to cardiopulmonary causes. A growing body of evidence suggests that geographical, regional, and ethnic differences could affect the epidemiology, clinical characteristics and prognosis of SSc. Although Korean data of this issue are lacking, a considerable amount of research has been published by many Korean researchers. To establish treatment strategies for Korean patients, extensive Korean research data are needed. This review summarizes the prevalence, incidence, mortality, and clinical and laboratory manifestations of Korean patients with SSc and discusses the current trends in evidence-based treatment and recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Geun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Ki Won Moon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
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28
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Pitre T, Su J, Cui S, Scanlan R, Chiang C, Husnudinov R, Khalid MF, Khan N, Leung G, Mikhail D, Saadat P, Shahid S, Mah J, Mielniczuk L, Zeraatkar D, Mehta S. Medications for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Eur Respir Rev 2022; 31:31/165/220036. [PMID: 35948391 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0036-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is no consensus on the most effective treatments of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Our objective was to compare effects of medications for PAH. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Clinicaltrials.gov from inception to December 2021. We performed a frequentist random-effects network meta-analysis on all included trials. We rated the certainty of the evidence using the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach. RESULTS We included 53 randomised controlled trials with 10 670 patients. Combination therapy with endothelin receptor antagonist (ERA) plus phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE5i) reduced clinical worsening (120.7 fewer events per 1000, 95% CI 136.8-93.4 fewer; high certainty) and was superior to either ERA or PDE5i alone, both of which reduced clinical worsening, as did riociguat monotherapy (all high certainty). PDE5i (24.9 fewer deaths per 1000, 95% CI 35.2 fewer to 2.1 more); intravenous/subcutaneous prostanoids (18.3 fewer deaths per 1000, 95% CI 28.6 fewer deaths to 0) and riociguat (29.1 fewer deaths per 1000, 95% CI 38.6 fewer to 8.7 more) probably reduce mortality as compared to placebo (all moderate certainty). Combination therapy with ERA+PDE5i (49.9 m, 95% CI 25.9-73.8 m) and riociguat (49.5 m, 95% CI 17.3-81.7 m) probably increase 6-min walk distance as compared to placebo (moderate certainty). CONCLUSION Current PAH treatments improve clinically important outcomes, although the degree and certainty of benefit vary between treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Pitre
- Division of Internal Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Johnny Su
- Division of Internal Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sonya Cui
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ryan Scanlan
- Division of Internal Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher Chiang
- Division of Internal Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Renata Husnudinov
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Nadia Khan
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Gareth Leung
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - David Mikhail
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Pakeezah Saadat
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shaneela Shahid
- Health Research Methods Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jasmine Mah
- Dept of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - Dena Zeraatkar
- Health Research Methods Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,D. Zeraatkar and S. Mehta contributed equally to this article as senior authors and supervised the work
| | - Sanjay Mehta
- Southwest Ontario PH Clinic, Division of Respirology, Dept of Medicine, Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Centre, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,PHA Canada, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,D. Zeraatkar and S. Mehta contributed equally to this article as senior authors and supervised the work
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29
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Ramahi A, Hughes M, Khanna D. Practical management of Raynaud's phenomenon - a primer for practicing physicians. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2022; 34:235-244. [PMID: 35699336 PMCID: PMC9246963 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0000000000000877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) is a common vasospastic condition that results in digital hypoperfusion in response to cold and/or emotional stress and is associated with significant pain and disability. The aim of our review is to provide a practical approach for clinicians to inform assessment and management of patients with RP. RECENT FINDINGS Autoantibodies and nailfold capillaroscopy are key investigations to stratify the risk of progression to systemic sclerosis (SSc) in patients RP, which was recently confirmed in the multicenter, very early diagnosis of systemic sclerosis (VEDOSS) project. Research has explored the complex lived-patient experience of RP including digital vasculopathy in SSc and has highlighted the need for outcome measure development to facilitate research in the field. Pharmacological treatment strategies vary significantly internationally and there is continued interest in developing surgical approaches. SUMMARY We provide a practical and up-to-date approach to inform the assessment and management of patients with RP including guidance on drug initiation and escalation. Calcium channel blockers are first-line treatment and can be initiated by primary care physicians. We also highlight second-line drug therapies used for refractory RP and the potential role for surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Ramahi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Michigan Scleroderma Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael Hughes
- Tameside Hospital, Tameside and Glossop Integrated Care NHS Foundation Trust, Ashton-under-Lyne, United Kingdom
- Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Dinesh Khanna
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Michigan Scleroderma Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Saiki C, Kashiwado Y, Yokoyama T, Ayano M, Imabayashi K, Kawano S, Higashioka K, Kimoto Y, Fukata M, Mitoma H, Ono N, Arinobu Y, Akashi K, Horiuchi T, Niiro H. Successful transition from intravenous epoprostenol to oral selexipag and inhaled iloprost in a case of severe pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Mod Rheumatol Case Rep 2022; 6:183-188. [PMID: 35134204 DOI: 10.1093/mrcr/rxac009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A 25-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE-PAH). Her mean pulmonary arterial pressure was 56 mmHg, and her SLE Disease Activity Index-2 K score was 14 on admission. In addition to a strong immunosuppressive regimen, which included steroid pulse therapy followed by high-dose oral prednisolone (1 mg/kg) and intravenous cyclophosphamide, an upfront combination of vasodilator therapy, including oral tadalafil, macitentan, and intravenous epoprostenol, was administered in the early phase. Two months later, her mean pulmonary arterial pressure was 29 mmHg, and her other haemodynamic markers showed significant improvement. She refused to start life-long intravenous epoprostenol therapy and so was switched to oral selexipag and inhaled iloprost. The transition was successful, and she has experienced no exacerbations of SLE-PAH during the 10 months since the onset of pulmonary arterial hypertension. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of intravenous epoprostenol being switched to alternative oral and inhaled therapy in a patient with SLE-PAH. In combination with adequate immunosuppressive therapy, it is probably easier to make this transition in patients with SLE-PAH than in those with pulmonary arterial hypertension of a different aetiology. Continuous infusion of epoprostenol can have potentially life-threatening complications and a detrimental effect on the quality of life. Our alternative treatment strategy was successful, and we hope that it will prove beneficial in other cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Saiki
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kashiwado
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Taku Yokoyama
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ayano
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Imabayashi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shotaro Kawano
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Higashioka
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kimoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Oita, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Fukata
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Mitoma
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Ono
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yojiro Arinobu
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koichi Akashi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiko Horiuchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Oita, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Niiro
- Department of Medical Education, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Glynn P, Hale S, Hussain T, Freed BH. Cardiovascular Imaging for Systemic Sclerosis Monitoring and Management. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:846213. [PMID: 35433887 PMCID: PMC9008238 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.846213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex connective tissue disease with multiple clinical and subclinical cardiac manifestations. SSc can affect most structural components of the heart, including the pericardium, myocardium, valves, and conduction system through a damaging cycle of inflammation, ischemia, and fibrosis. While cardiac involvement is the second leading SSc-related cause of death, it is frequently clinically silent in early disease and often missed with routine screening. To facilitate identification of cardiac disease in this susceptible population, we present here a review of cardiac imaging modalities and potential uses in the SSc patient population. We describe well-characterized techniques including electrocardiography and 2D echocardiography with Doppler, but also discuss more advanced imaging approaches, such as speckle-tracking echocardiography, cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), and stress imaging, among others. We also suggest an algorithm for the appropriate application of these modalities in the workup and management of patients with SSc. Finally, we discuss future opportunities for cardiac imaging in SSc research to achieve early detection and to optimize treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Glynn
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sarah Hale
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Tasmeen Hussain
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Benjamin H. Freed
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Benjamin H. Freed,
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Takeuchi K, Goda A, Ito J, Kikuchi H, Inami T, Kohno T, Soejima K, Satoh T. Successful epoprostenol withdrawal and termination with an aid of the exercise stress test in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Int J Cardiol 2022; 346:80-85. [PMID: 34798203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2021.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Continuous infusion of intravenous epoprostenol (EPO) improves exercise capacity and survival in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH); however, it is associated with side effects. This study aimed to describe our experience on safe EPO withdrawal with the aid of an exercise stress test. This retrospective review included patients with PAH who were successfully withdrawn from EPO. Haemodynamic data were obtained before EPO administration, at withdrawal, and after discontinuation. After the mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) decreased to <25 mmHg for at least 1 year, an exercise test under right heart catheterisation was performed. If exercise pulmonary hypertension was not record (mPAP - cardiac output slope < 3), EPO was withdrawn. Of the 99 patients who received EPO, ten were identified as having undergone withdrawal or termination. mPAP decreased from 61 (54-71) mmHg before treatment to 19 (17-21) mmHg before withdrawal and remained unchanged, at 19 (14-23) mmHg, 1 year after EPO discontinuation. After a median follow-up of 32 months, all the patients survived. Patients with PAH who recovered their normal haemodynamic function were safely withdrawn from EPO with the aid of an exercise stress test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Takeuchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyorin University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayumi Goda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyorin University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Junnosuke Ito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyorin University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hanako Kikuchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyorin University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takumi Inami
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyorin University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kohno
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyorin University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Soejima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyorin University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Satoh
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyorin University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Nekoukar Z, Moghimi M, Salehifar E. A narrative review on adverse effects of dasatinib with a focus on pharmacotherapy of dasatinib-induced pulmonary toxicities. Blood Res 2021; 56:229-242. [PMID: 34776414 PMCID: PMC8721448 DOI: 10.5045/br.2021.2021117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), a myeloproliferative disorder caused by the over activity of BCR-ABL1 (breakpoint cluster region-Abelson), has been successfully treated by Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). While imatinib is known as the first-line treatment of CML, in some cases other TKIs including dasatinib, nilotinib, bosutinib, and ponatinib may be preferred. Dasatinib, a second-generation TKI, inhibits multiple family kinases including BCR-ABL, SRC family kinases, receptor kinases, and TEC family kinases. It is effective against most imatinib-resistant cases except T315I mutation. Despite the superiority of dasatinib in its hematologic and cytogenetic responses in CML compared to imatinib, its potentially harmful pulmonary complications including pleural effusion (PE) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) may limit its use. Appropriate management of these serious adverse reactions is critical in both improving the quality of life and the outcome of the patient. In this narrative review, we will scrutinize the pulmonary complications of dasatinib and focus on the management of these toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Nekoukar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Minoo Moghimi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Salehifar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medial Scienses, Sari, Iran
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Zanin-Silva DC, Santana-Gonçalves M, Kawashima-Vasconcelos MY, Oliveira MC. Management of Endothelial Dysfunction in Systemic Sclerosis: Current and Developing Strategies. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:788250. [PMID: 35004754 PMCID: PMC8727451 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.788250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease marked by dysregulation of the immune system, tissue fibrosis and dysfunction of the vasculature. Vascular damage, remodeling and inadequate endothelial repair are hallmarks of the disease. Since early stages of SSc, damage and apoptosis of endothelial cells (ECs) can lead to perivascular inflammation, oxidative stress and tissue hypoxia, resulting in multiple clinical manifestations. Raynaud's phenomenon, edematous puffy hands, digital ulcers, pulmonary artery hypertension, erectile dysfunction, scleroderma renal crisis and heart involvement severely affect quality of life and survival. Understanding pathogenic aspects and biomarkers that reflect endothelial damage in SSc is essential to guide therapeutic interventions. Treatment approaches described for SSc-associated vasculopathy include pharmacological options to improve blood flow and tissue perfusion and, more recently, cellular therapy to enhance endothelial repair, promote angiogenesis and heal injuries. This mini-review examines the current knowledge on cellular and molecular aspects of SSc vasculopathy, as well as established and developing therapeutic approaches for improving the vascular compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djúlio César Zanin-Silva
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy, Regional Hemotherapy Center of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Basic and Applied Immunology Graduate Program, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Maynara Santana-Gonçalves
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy, Regional Hemotherapy Center of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Oncology, Stem Cell and Cell-Therapy Graduate Program, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marianna Yumi Kawashima-Vasconcelos
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy, Regional Hemotherapy Center of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Internal Medicine Graduate Program, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina Oliveira
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy, Regional Hemotherapy Center of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Ewert R, Habedank D, Halank M, Stubbe B, Opitz CF. Strategies for optimizing intravenous prostacyclin-analog therapy in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Expert Rev Respir Med 2021; 16:57-66. [PMID: 34846985 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2022.2011220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intravenous prostacyclin-analogs (PCA, e.g. epoprostenol, treprostinil, iloprost) have become an essential part in the therapy of patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH), mainly pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). They show considerable differences in pharmacology. A combination therapy including intravenous drugs is regarded as the 'gold standard' in most of PAH patients. AREAS COVERED This review discusses and summarizes the studies and concepts on which this therapy is based. To date, intravenous prostacyclin-analogs are mainly administered when standard therapy fails to improve patients to low-risk status. However, preliminary data from uncontrolled studies suggest that an 'upfront triple' therapy including intravenous or subcutaneous prostacyclin-analogs could be preferable in selected patients. EXPERT OPINION Various IV PCA have been evaluated in the treatment of patients with PAH. Today, combination therapy is the 'gold standard' for the majority of patients. Intravenous PCA is recommended from functional class III onwards. Timing of its initiation is still a point of discussion. An escalation of therapy to IV or SC PCA is always necessary if a low-risk status cannot be achieved with other targeted therapies. Preliminary data suggest that selected patients could benefit from an 'upfront triple' therapy. Controlled studies on which such recommendation could be based are lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Ewert
- Internal Medicine B, Pneumology, University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dirk Habedank
- Internal Medicine, Cardiology, DRK Kliniken Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Halank
- Internal Medicine, Pneumology, University Hospital Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Beate Stubbe
- Internal Medicine B, Pneumology, University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Fu W, He W, Li Y, Chen Y, Liang J, Lei H, Fu L, Chen Y, Ren N, Jiang Q, Shen Y, Ma R, Wang T, Wang X, Zhang N, Xiao D, Liu C. Efficacy and safety of novel-targeted drugs in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension: a Bayesian network meta-analysis. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:1007-1019. [PMID: 34060401 PMCID: PMC8172220 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.1927243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a severe and fatal clinical syndrome characterized by high blood pressure and vascular remodeling in the pulmonary arterioles, which is also a rapidly progressing disease of the lung vasculature with a poor prognosis. Although PAH medication made great advances in recent years, the efficacy and safety of the medication are unsatisfactory. Therefore, we aimed to update and expand previous studies to explore the efficacy and safety of PAH-targeted medications. Methods: Relevant articles were searched and selected from published or publicly available data in PubMed, Cochrane Library, CNKI, PsycInfo, and MEDLINE (from inception until October 1st, 2020). To assess the efficacy and safety of PAH therapies, five efficacy outcomes [6-minute walking distance (6MWD), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP), WHO functional class (WHO FC) improvement, clinical worsening, death] and two safety outcomes [adverse events (AEs), serious adverse events (SAEs)] were selected. And 6MWD was regarded as the primary efficacy outcome.Results: 50 trials included with 10 996participants were selected. In terms of efficacy, all targeted drugs were more effective than placebo. For 6MWD, Bosentan + Sildenafil, Sildenafil, Bosentan + Iloprost were better than others. Bosentan + Iloprost and Bosentan + Sildenafil were better for mPAP. Bosentan + Iloprost and Ambrisentan + Tadalafil were more effective in improving WHO FC. Bosentan + Tadalafil and Bosentan + Iloprost had the Ambrisentan probability to reduce the incidence of clinical worsening. It is demonstrated that Ambrisentan had clear benefits in reducing all-cause mortality. In terms of safety, no therapies had been shown to reduce the incidence of SAEs significantly, and Ambrisentan + Tadalafil significantly increased the incidence of AEs.Conclusions: Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor (PDE5i) + Endothelin Receptor Antagonists (ERA) seems to be better therapy for PAH. Prostacyclin analogs (ProsA) + ERA appear promising, though additional data is warranted.Registration PROSPERO CRD42020218818.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhai Fu
- Department of Medicine, First Clinical School, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjun He
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuexin Li
- Department of Medicine, First Clinical School, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangxiao Chen
- Department of Medicine, First Clinical School, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingyi Liang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Lei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Fu
- Department of Medicine, First Clinical School, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanghang Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ni Ren
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ran Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinni Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nuofu Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dakai Xiao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunli Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, China
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Chen M, Lai Y, Chen R, Lu J, Zhang Y, Liu H, Wang D, Zhong Y, Zheng Z, Hong C. Efficacy and safety of selexipag, an oral prostacyclin receptor agonist for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension: A meta-analysis. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2021; 72:102100. [PMID: 34856365 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2021.102100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE This meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the effect and safety of selexipag in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension and to explore the effect of selexipag on cardiac function indexes in PAH patients. METHODS Electronic databases, including the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and PubMed databases, were searched. Endnote software X9 was used for study selection, and the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool was used for literature screening and quality assessment. Data analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software, and GRADE was used to assess the evidence level. RESULTS Ten studies were finally selected in accordance with the standard. A total of 10 papers were included. A total of 1322 patients were included, including 723 in the trial group and 599 in the control group. Patients with PAH treated with selexipag were included in the trial group, and patients with PAH treated with placebo were included in the control group. The results of the study showed that selexipag was effective in reducing mortality in patients (WMD=0.70, 95% CI: 0.53-0.94, P = 0.02). Selexipag effectively increased the 6-min walk distance (WMD=33.79, 95% CI: 2.69-64.90, P=0.03). Selexipag also effectively increased the 6-min distance between baseline and follow-up (WMD = 15.28, 95% CI: 7.76-22.80, P < 0.0001). Selexipag effectively reduced PVR (WMD = -230.96, 95% CI: 445.94 to -15.97, P = 0.04). Selexipag significantly reduced PVR between baseline and follow-up (WMD = -139.62, 95% CI: 215.32 to -63.91, P = 0.0003). The adverse reactions of selexipag were mild with headache, diarrhea and nausea reported as the main symptoms. CONCLUSION Selexipag is a new drug with mild adverse reactions and is safe for the treatment of PAH. This drug significantly prolongs the level of 6MWD in PAH patients, reduces the fatality rate, improves WHO FC and reduces PVR. The effects of this drug on CI, mPAP, MRAP, SvO2 and other indicators still need to be further confirmed. PROSPERO REGISTRATION CRD42021245557.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minshan Chen
- China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China; Department of Clinical Medicine, The First Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Yuanqiang Lai
- China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China; Department of Clinical Medicine, The First Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Riken Chen
- China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Jianmin Lu
- China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Haimin Liu
- China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Donghao Wang
- China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Yue Zhong
- China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zheng
- Department of Respiration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, China.
| | - Cheng Hong
- China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China.
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Yen EY, Singh DR, Singh RR. Trends in Systemic Sclerosis Mortality Over Forty-Eight Years, 1968-2015: A US Population-Based Study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2021; 73:1502-1510. [PMID: 32770721 PMCID: PMC7868470 DOI: 10.1002/acr.24411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify secular trends associated with systemic sclerosis (SSc) mortality over a 48-year period. METHODS Using national mortality data compiled by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research, and population data from the US Census Bureau, we calculated an age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) for SSc and non-SSc (all other causes), and we also calculated the ratio of the SSc ASMR to the non-SSc ASMR for each year from 1968 to 2015. We then used a joinpoint regression model to evaluate mortality trends overall and by sex and race. RESULTS From 1968 to 2015, there were 46,798 deaths with SSc recorded as the "underlying" cause of death and 106,058,839 non-SSc deaths. There were an additional 9,063 deaths with SSc recorded as a "contributing" cause of death from 1999 to 2015. Whereas the non-SSc ASMR decreased throughout the 48-year time period, the SSc ASMR increased from 1968 to 2000, followed by decreases each year from 2001 to 2015. The SSc ASMR also decreased for deaths where SSc was a contributing cause from 1999 to 2015. Women and Black persons had higher SSc ASMRs and SSc ASMR to non-SSc ASMR ratios than men and White persons, respectively. Additionally, SSc ASMRs and SSc ASMR to non-SSc ASMR ratios increased at higher rates in women and White persons than in men and Black persons, respectively, during the initial three decades. CONCLUSION Mortality attributable to SSc increased from 1968 to 2000, followed by a steady decline from 2001 to 2015. However, SSc mortality relative to non-SSc mortality remains high. SSc mortality has disproportionately changed by sex and race over the 48-year period assessed in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Y Yen
- University of California David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | - Devanshu R Singh
- University of California David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, and Whiting School of Engineering and Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ram R Singh
- University of California David Geffen School of Medicine, and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles
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Haque A, Kiely DG, Kovacs G, Thompson AAR, Condliffe R. Pulmonary hypertension phenotypes in patients with systemic sclerosis. Eur Respir Rev 2021; 30:30/161/210053. [PMID: 34407977 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0053-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) commonly affects patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and is associated with significant morbidity and increased mortality. PH is a heterogenous condition and several different forms can be associated with SSc, including pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) resulting from a pulmonary arterial vasculopathy, PH due to left heart disease and PH due to interstitial lung disease. The incidence of pulmonary veno-occlusive disease is also increased. Accurate and early diagnosis to allow optimal treatment is, therefore, essential. Recent changes to diagnostic haemodynamic criteria at the 6th World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension have resulted in therapeutic uncertainty regarding patients with borderline pulmonary haemodynamics. Furthermore, the optimal pulmonary vascular resistance threshold for diagnosing PAH and the role of exercise in identifying early disease require further elucidation. In this article we review the epidemiology, diagnosis, outcomes and treatment of the spectrum of pulmonary vascular phenotypes associated with SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraful Haque
- Sheffield Pulmonary Vascular Disease Unit, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK.,Dept of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Dept of Rheumatology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK.,Both authors contributed equally
| | - David G Kiely
- Sheffield Pulmonary Vascular Disease Unit, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK.,Dept of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Gabor Kovacs
- Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - A A Roger Thompson
- Sheffield Pulmonary Vascular Disease Unit, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK.,Dept of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Robin Condliffe
- Sheffield Pulmonary Vascular Disease Unit, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK .,Dept of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Both authors contributed equally
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40
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Shioleno AM, Ruopp NF. Group 3 Pulmonary Hypertension: A Review of Diagnostics and Clinical Trials. Clin Chest Med 2021; 42:59-70. [PMID: 33541617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Group 3 pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a known sequelae of chronic lung disease. Diagnosis and classification can be challenging in the background of chronic lung disease and often requires expert interpretation of numerous diagnostic studies to ascertain the true nature of the PH. Stabilization of the underlying lung disease and adjunctive therapies such as oxygen remain the mainstays of therapy, as there are no Food and Drug Administration-approved therapies for group 3 PH. Referral to PH centers for individualized management and clinical trial enrollment is paramount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Shioleno
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Miami, 1801 Northwest 9th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Nicole F Ruopp
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, #257 (Tupper 3), Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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41
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Parenteral Prostanoids in Pediatric Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Start Early, Dose High, Combine. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2021; 19:227-237. [PMID: 34181866 PMCID: PMC8867364 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.202012-1563oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale There are currently no data supporting specific dosing and weaning strategies for parenteral prostanoid therapy in children with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Objectives To describe the clinical practice of intravenous (IV) or subcutaneous (SC) prostanoid therapy in pediatric PAH and identify dosing strategies associated with favorable outcome. Methods From an international multicenter cohort of 275 children with PAH, 98 patients who received IV/SC prostanoid therapy were retrospectively analyzed. Results IV/SC prostanoids were given as monotherapy (20%) or combined with other PAH-targeted drugs as dual (46%) or triple therapy (34%). The median time-averaged dose was 37 ng/kg/min, ranging 2–136 ng/kg/min. During follow-up, IV/SC prostanoids were discontinued and transitioned to oral or inhaled PAH-targeted therapies in 29 patients. Time-dependent receiver operating characteristic analyses showed specific hemodynamic criteria at discontinuation of IV/SC prostanoids (mean pulmonary arterial pressure < 35 mm Hg and/or pulmonary vascular resistance index < 4.4 Wood units [WU]⋅m2) identified children with favorable long-term outcome after IV/SC prostanoid discontinuation, compared with patients who do not meet those criteria (P = 0.027). In the children who continued IV/SC prostanoids until the end of follow-up, higher dose (>25 ng/kg/min), early start after diagnosis, and combination with other PAH-targeted drugs were associated with better transplant-free survival. Conclusions Early initiation of IV/SC prostanoids, higher doses of IV/SC prostanoids, and combination with additional PAH-targeted therapy were associated with favorable outcome. Transition from IV/SC prostanoid therapy to oral or inhaled therapies is safe in the long term in selected children, identified by reaching hemodynamic criteria for durable IV/SC prostanoid discontinuation while on IV/SC prostanoid therapy.
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Vlachou M, Fayed H, Dawson A, Reddecliffe S, Stevenson A, Thomson RJ, Schreiber BE, Coghlan JG. Intravenous prostanoids in systemic sclerosis-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension: a single centre experience. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 61:1106-1114. [PMID: 34142120 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The current study evaluates survival rates among Systemic Sclerosis-associated Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (SSc-PAH) patients on intravenous (IV) prostanoids, and short-term impact of IV prostanoids on clinical and haemodynamic parameters. METHODS Baseline demographics, invasive and non-invasive data, ESC (European Society of Cardiology) score and REVEAL score of 81 SSc-PAH patients (median age 61 years, interquartile range 54-67 years, 84% females) were prospectively recorded, from November 2006 till November 2020, before initiation of IV prostanoids, and at first formal reassessment. Survival data were retrieved from National Health Service Spine and hospital databases. RESULTS Significant improvements in clinical and haemodynamic parameters in response to IV prostanoid therapy were documented. Functional class (FC) (16.6% improved by 1FC, p = 0.041), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (-6.5mmHg, p = 0.036), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) (-2.6 WU, p = 0.012), cardiac index (CI) (+0.7l/min/m2, p = 0.003) and mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) (+3%, p = 0.036), improved. Estimated survival for CTD-PAH patients on IV prostanoids was 64%, 31%, and 18%, at 1-year, 3-years, and 5-years, respectively. Independent baseline predictors of mortality were older age (HR:1.043, 95% CI: 1.011-1.075, p = 0.007), higher N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels (HR:2.191, 95% CI: 1.131-4.243, p = 0.020), and lower SvO2 levels (HR:0.962, 95% CI:0.926-0.998, p = 0.039). High ESC risk or high and very high REVEAL score was associated with significantly worse survival compared to patients with lower risk scores, both at baseline and when reassessed after a median of 6.5 months. CONCLUSIONS Survival among SSc-PAH patients on IV prostanoids remains poor, risk scoring at baseline and after 6.5-months therapy improves prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vlachou
- National Pulmonary Hypertension Unit, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Hossam Fayed
- National Pulmonary Hypertension Unit, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Adele Dawson
- National Pulmonary Hypertension Unit, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sally Reddecliffe
- National Pulmonary Hypertension Unit, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Ross J Thomson
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.,William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, UK
| | | | - J Gerry Coghlan
- National Pulmonary Hypertension Unit, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.,Department of Cardiology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
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Cristo Ropero MJ, Cruz-Utrilla A, Escribano-Subias MP. Epoprostenol for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2021; 14:1005-1013. [PMID: 34030557 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2021.1929925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare, progressive, and severe disease. Since the first demonstration of survival benefit of intravenous epoprostenol in monotherapy in 1996, prostanoids remain the cornerstone for PAH patients at high risk. This review is essential to understand the current situation of this drug among all the therapeutic possibilities concerning this entity.Areas covered: The aim of this article is to review the pharmacological properties of epoprostenol and to update its clinical evidence in different specific clinical scenarios. A deep literature search was carried out on the MEDLINE database for published literature before March 2021.Expert opinion: Epoprostenol is still the best treatment option for high-risk PAH patients. Nevertheless, there are many unsolved questions: drug dosing, its use in combination therapy with other pulmonary vasodilators, and the utility in PAH associated with connective tissue disease, congenital heart disease, or pulmonary veno-occlusive disease are only a few examples. Its safety and efficacy are supported by clinical trials, observational work, and experience, both as monotherapy and in combination therapy. Epoprostenol should be considered a destination treatment in high-risk patients and not only as a bridge to pulmonary transplantation. However, it remains underused in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Cristo Ropero
- Pulmonary Hypertension Unit, Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Cruz-Utrilla
- Pulmonary Hypertension Unit, Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre, Madrid, Spain
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44
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Naranjo M, Hassoun PM. Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Pulmonary Hypertension: Spectrum and Impact. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:911. [PMID: 34065226 PMCID: PMC8161029 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11050911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (SSc-PAH) is a catastrophic complication of one of the most common and devastating autoimmune diseases. Once diagnosed, it becomes the leading cause of mortality among this patient population. Screening modalities and risk assessments have been designed and validated by various organizations and societies in order to identify patients early in their disease course and promptly refer them to expert centers for a hemodynamic assessment and formal diagnosis. Moreover, several large multicenter clinical trials have now included patients with SSc-PAH to assess their response to therapy. Despite an improved understanding of the condition and significant advances in supportive and targeted therapy, outcomes have remained far from optimal. Therefore, rigorous phenotyping and search for novel therapies are desperately needed for this devastating condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul M. Hassoun
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA;
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45
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Vonk MC, Vandecasteele E, van Dijk AP. Pulmonary hypertension in connective tissue diseases, new evidence and challenges. Eur J Clin Invest 2021; 51:e13453. [PMID: 33216992 PMCID: PMC7988614 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a lethal complication of different connective tissue diseases such as systemic sclerosis, mixed connective tissue disease and systemic lupus erythematosus. Although the treatment possibilities for patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension have increased in the last two decades and survival of patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension has improved, the latter is not the case for patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with connective tissue disease. In this narrative review, we review recent literature and describe the improvement of early diagnostic possibilities, screening modalities and treatment options. We also point out the pitfalls in diagnosis in this patient category and describe the unmet needs and what the focus of future research should be.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelon C. Vonk
- Department of the Rheumatic diseasesRadboud University Nijmegen Medical CentreNijmegenthe Netherlands
| | | | - Arie P. van Dijk
- Department of CardiologyRadboud University Nijmegen Medical CentreNijmegenthe Netherlands
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46
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Kang EH, Song YW. Pharmacological Interventions for Pulmonary Involvement in Rheumatic Diseases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:251. [PMID: 33802193 PMCID: PMC7999892 DOI: 10.3390/ph14030251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the diverse forms of lung involvement, interstitial lung disease (ILD) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are two important conditions in patients with rheumatic diseases that are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The management of ILD and PAH is challenging because the current treatment often provides only limited patient survival benefits. Such challenges derive from their common pathogenic mechanisms, where not only the inflammatory processes of immune cells but also the fibrotic and proliferative processes of nonimmune cells play critical roles in disease progression, making immunosuppressive therapy less effective. Recently, updated treatment strategies adopting targeted agents have been introduced with promising results in clinical trials for ILD ad PAH. This review discusses the epidemiologic features of ILD and PAH among patients with rheumatic diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, myositis, and systemic sclerosis) and the state-of-the-art treatment options, focusing on targeted agents including biologics, antifibrotic agents, and vasodilatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ha Kang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea;
| | - Yeong Wook Song
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
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47
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Lechartier B, Humbert M. Pulmonary arterial hypertension in systemic sclerosis. Presse Med 2021; 50:104062. [PMID: 33548377 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2021.104062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a frequent and severe complication of systemic sclerosis (SSc) due to combined vasculopathy and fibrogenesis. Early diagnosis and treatment are highly challenging in SSc-PAH and require referral to an expert PAH centre. Diagnostic algorithms evolved in the last decade. Novel therapeutic options notably targeting pulmonary vascular remodeling are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Lechartier
- Lausanne University Hospital, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marc Humbert
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculty of Medicine, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Hôpital Marie-Lannelongue, INSERM UMR_S 999 (Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies), Le Plessis-Robinson, France; Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), French Pulmonary Hypertension Reference Center, Hôpital Bicêtre, Department of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
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48
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Kim H, Lefebvre F, Hoa S, Hudson M. Mortality and morbidity in scleroderma renal crisis: A systematic literature review. JOURNAL OF SCLERODERMA AND RELATED DISORDERS 2021; 6:21-36. [PMID: 35382245 PMCID: PMC8922629 DOI: 10.1177/2397198320920422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to systematically review the mortality and morbidity associated with scleroderma renal crisis and to determine temporal trends. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, Embase and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from database inception to 10 February 2020. Bibliographies of selected articles were hand-searched for additional references. Data were extracted using a standardized extraction form. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Results were analysed qualitatively. RESULTS Twenty studies with 14,059 systemic sclerosis subjects, of which 854 had scleroderma renal crisis and 4095 had systemic sclerosis-associated end-stage renal disease, met inclusion criteria. Study quality was generally moderate. Cumulative mortality in the post-angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor era was approximately 20% at 6 months, 30%-36% at 1 year, 19%-40% at 3 years and almost 50% at 10 years from scleroderma renal crisis onset. Although the introduction of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in the early 1970s resulted in a 50% improvement in scleroderma renal crisis mortality, there was no further improvement thereafter. Scleroderma renal crisis mortality rates were proportionally higher than mortality rates associated with other systemic sclerosis organ involvement. The rate of permanent dialysis after scleroderma renal crisis in the post-angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor era ranged from 19%-40%. Three to 17% of systemic sclerosis patients underwent renal transplant. Survival was better in patients post-renal transplant (54%-91%) compared to those on dialysis (31%-56%). Graft survival improved over time and appeared similar to that of patients with other types of end-stage renal disease. CONCLUSION While there has been considerable improvement in scleroderma renal crisis-related outcomes since the introduction of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, morbidity and mortality remain high for affected patients without convincing evidence of further improvement in the post-angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor era. Novel treatments are required to improve outcomes of scleroderma renal crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyein Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Frédéric Lefebvre
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sabrina Hoa
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie Hudson
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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49
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Bruni C, Guignabert C, Manetti M, Cerinic MM, Humbert M. The multifaceted problem of pulmonary arterial hypertension in systemic sclerosis. THE LANCET. RHEUMATOLOGY 2021; 3:e149-e159. [PMID: 38279370 DOI: 10.1016/s2665-9913(20)30356-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cardiopulmonary complications are a leading cause of death in systemic sclerosis. Pulmonary hypertension in particular carries a high mortality and morbidity burden. Patients with systemic sclerosis can suffer from all of the clinical groups of pulmonary hypertension, particularly pulmonary arterial hypertension and pulmonary hypertension related to interstitial lung disease. Despite a similar pathogenetic background with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension, different mechanisms determine a worse prognostic outcome for patients with systemic sclerosis. In this Viewpoint, we will consider the link between pathogenetic and potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension in the context of systemic sclerosis, with a focus on the current unmet needs, such as the importance of early screening and detection, the absence of agreed criteria to distinguish pulmonary arterial hypertension with interstitial lung disease from pulmonary hypertension due to lung fibrosis, and the need for a holistic treatment approach to target all the vascular, immunological, and inflammatory components of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosimo Bruni
- Division of Rheumatology, and Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Christophe Guignabert
- School of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Department of Pulmonary Hypertension, Pathophysiology, and Novel Therapies, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - Mirko Manetti
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, and Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Matucci Cerinic
- Division of Rheumatology, and Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Marc Humbert
- School of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Department of Pulmonary Hypertension, Pathophysiology, and Novel Therapies, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France; Department of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Hypertension National Referral Center, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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50
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Palliative Care in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Respir Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-81788-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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