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Viala S, Hadjadj C, Nathan V, Guiot MC, McCaffrey L, Cockburn K, Bouchard M. LGN loss randomizes spindle orientation and accelerates tumorigenesis in PTEN-deficient epidermis. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:br5. [PMID: 37991903 PMCID: PMC10881154 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-03-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of cell polarity and disruption of tissue organization are key features of tumorigenesis that are intrinsically linked to spindle orientation. Epithelial tumors are often characterized by spindle orientation defects, but how these defects impact tumor formation driven by common oncogenic mutations is not fully understood. Here, we examine the role of spindle orientation in adult epidermis by deleting a key spindle regulator, LGN, in normal tissue and in a PTEN-deficient mouse model. We report that LGN deficiency in PTEN mutant epidermis leads to a threefold increase in the likelihood of developing tumors on the snout, and an over 10-fold increase in tumor burden. In this tissue, loss of LGN alone increases perpendicular and oblique divisions of epidermal basal cells, at the expense of a planar orientation of division. PTEN loss alone does not significantly affect spindle orientation in these cells, but the combined loss of PTEN and LGN fully randomizes basal spindle orientation. A subset of LGN- and PTEN-deficient animals have increased amounts of proliferative spinous cells, which may be associated with tumorigenesis. These results indicate that loss of LGN impacts spindle orientation and accelerates epidermal tumorigenesis in a PTEN-deficient mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Viala
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Charlotte Hadjadj
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Vandana Nathan
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A3, Canada
| | | | - Luke McCaffrey
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A3, Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal H4A 3T2, Canada
| | - Katie Cockburn
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Maxime Bouchard
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A3, Canada
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2
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Wang W, Dai X, Li Y, Li M, Chi Z, Hu X, Wang Z. The miR-669a-5p/G3BP/HDAC6/AKAP12 Axis Regulates Primary Cilia Length. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305068. [PMID: 38088586 PMCID: PMC10853727 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Primary cilia are conserved organelles in most mammalian cells, acting as "antennae" to sense external signals. Maintaining a physiological cilium length is required for cilium function. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are potent gene expression regulators, and aberrant miRNA expression is closely associated with ciliopathies. However, how miRNAs modulate cilium length remains elusive. Here, using the calcium-shock method and small RNA sequencing, a miRNA is identified, namely, miR-669a-5p, that is highly expressed in the cilia-enriched noncellular fraction. It is shown that miR-669a-5p promotes cilium elongation but not cilium formation in cultured cells. Mechanistically, it is demonstrated that miR-669a-5p represses ras-GTPase-activating protein SH3-domain-binding protein (G3BP) expression to inhibit histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) expression, which further upregulates A-kinase anchor protein 12 (AKAP12) expression. This effect ultimately blocks cilia disassembly and leads to greater cilium length, which can be restored to wild-type lengths by either upregulating HDAC6 or downregulating AKAP12. Collectively, these results elucidate a previously unidentified miR-669a-5p/G3BP/HDAC6/AKAP12 signaling pathway that regulates cilium length, providing potential pharmaceutical targets for treating ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Wang
- School of Life SciencesInstitute of Life Science and Green DevelopmentHebei UniversityBaoding071002China
| | - Xuyao Dai
- School of Life SciencesInstitute of Life Science and Green DevelopmentHebei UniversityBaoding071002China
| | - Yue Li
- School of Life SciencesInstitute of Life Science and Green DevelopmentHebei UniversityBaoding071002China
| | - Mo Li
- School of Public HealthHebei UniversityBaoding071000China
| | - Zongqi Chi
- School of Public HealthHebei UniversityBaoding071000China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- School of Life SciencesInstitute of Life Science and Green DevelopmentHebei UniversityBaoding071002China
| | - Zhenshan Wang
- School of Life SciencesInstitute of Life Science and Green DevelopmentHebei UniversityBaoding071002China
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3
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Dang H, Martin‐Villalba A, Schiebel E. Centrosome linker protein C-Nap1 maintains stem cells in mouse testes. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e53805. [PMID: 35599622 PMCID: PMC9253759 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202153805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrosome linker component C-Nap1 (encoded by CEP250) anchors filaments to centrioles that provide centrosome cohesion by connecting the two centrosomes of an interphase cell into a single microtubule organizing unit. The role of the centrosome linker during development of an animal remains enigmatic. Here, we show that male CEP250-/- mice are sterile because sperm production is abolished. Premature centrosome separation means that germ stem cells in CEP250-/- mice fail to establish an E-cadherin polarity mark and are unable to maintain the older mother centrosome on the basal site of the seminiferous tubules. This failure prompts premature stem cell differentiation in expense of germ stem cell expansion. The concomitant induction of apoptosis triggers the complete depletion of germ stem cells and consequently infertility. Our study reveals a role for centrosome cohesion in asymmetric cell division, stem cell maintenance, and fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairuo Dang
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität HeidelbergDeutsches Krebsforschungszentrum‐ZMBH AllianzUniversität HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
- Heidelberg Biosciences International Graduate School (HBIGS)Universität HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Ana Martin‐Villalba
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum‐ZMBH AllianzUniversität HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Elmar Schiebel
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität HeidelbergDeutsches Krebsforschungszentrum‐ZMBH AllianzUniversität HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
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4
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Li H. Physiologic and pathophysiologic roles of AKAP12. Sci Prog 2022; 105:368504221109212. [PMID: 35775596 PMCID: PMC10450473 DOI: 10.1177/00368504221109212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A kinase anchoring protein (AKAP) 12 is a scaffolding protein that improves the specificity and efficiency of spatiotemporal signal through assembling intracellular signal proteins into a specific complex. AKAP12 is a negative mitogenic regulator that plays an important role in controlling cytoskeletal architecture, maintaining endothelial integrity, regulating glial function and forming blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood retinal barrier (BRB). Moreover, elevated or reduced AKAP12 contributes to a variety of diseases. Complex connections between AKAP12 and various diseases including chronic liver diseases (CLDs), inflammatory diseases and a series of cancers will be tried to delineate in this paper. We first describe the expression, distribution and physiological function of AKAP12. Then we summarize the current knowledge of different connections between AKAP12 expression and various diseases. Some research groups have found paradoxical roles of AKAP12 in different diseases and further confirmation is needed. This paper aims to assess the role of AKAP12 in physiology and diseases to help lay the foundation for the design of small molecules for specific AKAP12 to correct the pathological signal defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Central Laboratory, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P. R. China
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5
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Lechler T, Mapelli M. Spindle positioning and its impact on vertebrate tissue architecture and cell fate. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:691-708. [PMID: 34158639 PMCID: PMC10544824 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00384-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In multicellular systems, oriented cell divisions are essential for morphogenesis and homeostasis as they determine the position of daughter cells within the tissue and also, in many cases, their fate. Early studies in invertebrates led to the identification of conserved core mechanisms of mitotic spindle positioning centred on the Gαi-LGN-NuMA-dynein complex. In recent years, much has been learnt about the way this complex functions in vertebrate cells. In particular, studies addressed how the Gαi-LGN-NuMA-dynein complex dynamically crosstalks with astral microtubules and the actin cytoskeleton, and how it is regulated to orient the spindle according to cellular and tissue-wide cues. We have also begun to understand how dynein motors and actin regulators interact with mechanosensitive adhesion molecules sensing extracellular mechanical stimuli, such as cadherins and integrins, and with signalling pathways so as to respond to extracellular cues instructing the orientation of the division axis in vivo. In this Review, with the focus on epithelial tissues, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of mitotic spindle orientation in vertebrate cells, and how this machinery is regulated by epithelial cues and extracellular signals to maintain tissue cohesiveness during mitosis. We also outline recent knowledge of how spindle orientation impacts tissue architecture in epithelia and its emerging links to the regulation of cell fate decisions. Finally, we describe how defective spindle orientation can be corrected or its effects eliminated in tissues under physiological conditions, and the pathological implications associated with spindle misorientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Lechler
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Marina Mapelli
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
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Bai Y, Yuan R, Luo Y, Kang Z, Zhu H, Qu L, Lan X, Song X. Exploration of Genetic Variants within the Goat A-Kinase Anchoring Protein 12 ( AKAP12) Gene and Their Effects on Growth Traits. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072090. [PMID: 34359218 PMCID: PMC8300346 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary AKAP12, the family of A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs), plays an important role in the regulation of growth and development. There have been no corresponding studies of the effect of the AKAP12 gene on growth traits in goats. In our previous study, 7 bp (intron 3) and 13 bp (3′UTR) indels within the AKAP12 gene significantly influenced AKAP12 gene expression. This study expected to identify the association between these two genetic variations and growth-related traits in 1405 Shaanbei white cashmere (SBWC) goats. The P1–7 bp indel locus was significantly correlated with height at hip cross (HHC; p < 0.05) and the P2–13 bp indel locus was associated with body weight, body length, chest depth, chest width, hip width, chest circumference and cannon (bone) circumference in SBWC goats (p < 0.05). These results prove that the AKAP12 gene plays an important role in the growth and development of goats. Abstract The A-kinase anchoring protein 12 gene (AKAP12) is a scaffold protein, which can target multiple signal transduction effectors, can promote mitosis and cytokinesis and plays an important role in the regulation of growth and development. In our previous study, P1–7 bp (intron 3) and P2–13 bp (3′UTR) indels within the AKAP12 gene significantly influenced AKAP12 gene expression. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the association between these two genetic variations and growth-related traits in Shaanbei white cashmere goats (SBWC) (n = 1405). Herein, we identified two non-linkage insertions/deletions (indels). Notably, we found that the P1–7 bp indel mutation was related to the height at hip cross (HHC; p < 0.05) and the P2–13 bp indel was associated with body weight, body length, chest depth, chest width, hip width, chest circumference and cannon (bone) circumference in SBWC goats (p < 0.05). Overall, the two indels’ mutations of AKAP12 affected growth traits in goats. Compared to the P1–7 bp indel, the P2–13 bp indel is more suitable for the breeding of goat growth traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Bai
- Shaanxi Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center of Cashmere Goats, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, China; (Y.B.); (R.Y.); (H.Z.); (L.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Y.L.); (Z.K.)
- Life Science Research Center, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, China
| | - Rongrong Yuan
- Shaanxi Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center of Cashmere Goats, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, China; (Y.B.); (R.Y.); (H.Z.); (L.Q.)
- Life Science Research Center, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, China
| | - Yunyun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Y.L.); (Z.K.)
| | - Zihong Kang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Y.L.); (Z.K.)
| | - Haijing Zhu
- Shaanxi Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center of Cashmere Goats, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, China; (Y.B.); (R.Y.); (H.Z.); (L.Q.)
- Life Science Research Center, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, China
- Shaanxi Province “Four Subjects One Union” Sheep and Goat Engineering & Technology University & Enterprise Alliance Research Center, Yulin 719000, China
| | - Lei Qu
- Shaanxi Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center of Cashmere Goats, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, China; (Y.B.); (R.Y.); (H.Z.); (L.Q.)
- Life Science Research Center, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, China
- Shaanxi Province “Four Subjects One Union” Sheep and Goat Engineering & Technology University & Enterprise Alliance Research Center, Yulin 719000, China
| | - Xianyong Lan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Y.L.); (Z.K.)
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Xiaoyue Song
- Shaanxi Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center of Cashmere Goats, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, China; (Y.B.); (R.Y.); (H.Z.); (L.Q.)
- Life Science Research Center, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, China
- Shaanxi Province “Four Subjects One Union” Sheep and Goat Engineering & Technology University & Enterprise Alliance Research Center, Yulin 719000, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (X.S.)
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7
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Kinase-anchoring proteins in ciliary signal transduction. Biochem J 2021; 478:1617-1629. [PMID: 33909027 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Historically, the diffusion of chemical signals through the cell was thought to occur within a cytoplasmic soup bounded by the plasma membrane. This theory was predicated on the notion that all regulatory enzymes are soluble and moved with a Brownian motion. Although enzyme compartmentalization was initially rebuffed by biochemists as a 'last refuge of a scoundrel', signal relay through macromolecular complexes is now accepted as a fundamental tenet of the burgeoning field of spatial biology. A-Kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) are prototypic enzyme-organizing elements that position clusters of regulatory proteins at defined subcellular locations. In parallel, the primary cilium has gained recognition as a subcellular mechanosensory organelle that amplifies second messenger signals pertaining to metazoan development. This article highlights advances in our understanding of AKAP signaling within the primary cilium and how defective ciliary function contributes to an increasing number of diseases known as ciliopathies.
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8
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Lagos-Cabré R, Ivanova A, Taylor CW. Ca 2+ Release by IP 3 Receptors Is Required to Orient the Mitotic Spindle. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108483. [PMID: 33326774 PMCID: PMC7758162 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitotic spindle distributes chromosomes evenly to daughter cells during mitosis. The orientation of the spindle, guided by internal and external cues, determines the axis of cell division and thereby contributes to tissue morphogenesis. Progression through mitosis requires local Ca2+ signals at critical steps, and because store-operated Ca2+ entry is inhibited during mitosis, those signals probably require Ca2+ release through inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs). In cells without IP3Rs, astral microtubules around the daughter centrosome are shorter than those at the mother centrosome, and the mitotic spindle fails to align with the substratum during metaphase. The misalignment is due to the spindle ineffectively detecting internal cues rather than a failure of cells to recognize the substratum. Expression of type 3 IP3R is sufficient to rescue spindle alignment, but only if the IP3R has a functional pore. We conclude that Ca2+ signals evoked by IP3Rs are required to orient the mitotic spindle. IP3 receptors are required for mitotic spindle orientation Only IP3 receptors with a functional channel restore spindle orientation Ca2+ release through IP3 receptors is required for spindle orientation
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Lagos-Cabré
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Adelina Ivanova
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Colin W Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK.
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9
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Omar MH, Scott JD. AKAP Signaling Islands: Venues for Precision Pharmacology. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2020; 41:933-946. [PMID: 33082006 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory enzymes often have different roles in distinct subcellular compartments. Yet, most drugs indiscriminately saturate the cell. Thus, subcellular drug-delivery holds promise as a means to reduce off-target pharmacological effects. A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) sequester combinations of signaling enzymes within subcellular microdomains. Targeting drugs to these 'signaling islands' offers an opportunity for more precise delivery of therapeutics. Here, we review mechanisms that bestow protein kinase A (PKA) versatility inside the cell, appraise recent advances in exploiting AKAPs as platforms for precision pharmacology, and explore the impact of methodological innovations on AKAP research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell H Omar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - John D Scott
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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10
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Bucko PJ, Garcia I, Manocha R, Bhat A, Wordeman L, Scott JD. Gravin-associated kinase signaling networks coordinate γ-tubulin organization at mitotic spindle poles. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13784-13797. [PMID: 32732289 PMCID: PMC7535905 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogenic signals that regulate cell division often proceed through multienzyme assemblies within defined intracellular compartments. The anchoring protein Gravin restricts the action of mitotic kinases and cell-cycle effectors to defined mitotic structures. In this report we discover that genetic deletion of Gravin disrupts proper accumulation and asymmetric distribution of γ-tubulin during mitosis. We utilize a new precision pharmacology tool, Local Kinase Inhibition, to inhibit the Gravin binding partner polo-like kinase 1 at spindle poles. Using a combination of gene-editing approaches, quantitative imaging, and biochemical assays, we provide evidence that disruption of local polo-like kinase 1 signaling underlies the γ-tubulin distribution defects observed with Gravin loss. Our study uncovers a new role for Gravin in coordinating γ-tubulin recruitment during mitosis and illuminates the mechanism by which signaling enzymes regulate this process at a distinct subcellular location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula J Bucko
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Irvin Garcia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ridhima Manocha
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Akansha Bhat
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Linda Wordeman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - John D Scott
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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11
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Keshri R, Rajeevan A, Kotak S. PP2A--B55γ counteracts Cdk1 and regulates proper spindle orientation through the cortical dynein adaptor NuMA. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs243857. [PMID: 32591484 PMCID: PMC7406356 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.243857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper orientation of the mitotic spindle is critical for accurate development and morphogenesis. In human cells, spindle orientation is regulated by the evolutionarily conserved protein NuMA, which interacts with dynein and enriches it at the cell cortex. Pulling forces generated by cortical dynein orient the mitotic spindle. Cdk1-mediated phosphorylation of NuMA at threonine 2055 (T2055) negatively regulates its cortical localization. Thus, only NuMA not phosphorylated at T2055 localizes at the cell cortex. However, the identity and the mechanism of action of the phosphatase complex involved in T2055 dephosphorylation remains elusive. Here, we characterized the PPP2CA-B55γ (PPP2R2C)-PPP2R1B complex that counteracts Cdk1 to orchestrate cortical NuMA for proper spindle orientation. In vitro reconstitution experiments revealed that this complex is sufficient for T2055 dephosphorylation. Importantly, we identified polybasic residues in NuMA that are critical for T2055 dephosphorylation, and for maintaining appropriate cortical NuMA levels for accurate spindle elongation. Furthermore, we found that Cdk1-mediated phosphorylation and PP2A-B55γ-mediated dephosphorylation at T2055 are reversible events. Altogether, this study uncovers a novel mechanism by which Cdk1 and its counteracting PP2A-B55γ complex orchestrate spatiotemporal levels of cortical force generators for flawless mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Keshri
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, 560012 Bangalore, India
| | - Ashwathi Rajeevan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, 560012 Bangalore, India
| | - Sachin Kotak
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, 560012 Bangalore, India
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12
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Bucko PJ, Scott JD. Drugs That Regulate Local Cell Signaling: AKAP Targeting as a Therapeutic Option. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 61:361-379. [PMID: 32628872 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-022420-112134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cells respond to environmental cues by mobilizing signal transduction cascades that engage protein kinases and phosphoprotein phosphatases. Correct organization of these enzymes in space and time enables the efficient and precise transmission of chemical signals. The cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A is compartmentalized through its association with A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs). AKAPs are a family of multivalent scaffolds that constrain signaling enzymes and effectors at subcellular locations to drive essential physiological events. More recently, it has been recognized that defective signaling in certain endocrine disorders and cancers proceeds through pathological AKAP complexes. Consequently, pharmacologically targeting these macromolecular complexes unlocks new therapeutic opportunities for a growing number of clinical indications. This review highlights recent findings on AKAP signaling in disease, particularly in certain cancers, and offers an overview of peptides and small molecules that locally regulate AKAP-binding partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula J Bucko
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA; ,
| | - John D Scott
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA; ,
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13
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Mukherjee M, Ratnayake I, Janga M, Fogarty E, Scheidt S, Grassmeyer J, deRiso J, Chandrasekar I, Ahrenkiel P, Kopan R, Surendran K. Notch signaling regulates Akap12 expression and primary cilia length during renal tubule morphogenesis. FASEB J 2020; 34:9512-9530. [PMID: 32474964 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902358rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alagille syndrome patients present with loss of function mutations in either JAG1 or NOTCH2. About 40%-50% of patients have kidney abnormalities, and frequently display multicystic, dysplastic kidneys. Additionally, gain-of-function mutations in NOTCH2 are associated with cystic kidneys in Hajdu-Cheney syndrome patients. How perturbations in Notch signaling cause renal tubular cysts remains unclear. Here, we have determined that reduced Notch signaling mediated transcription by ectopic expression of dominant-negative mastermind-like (dnMaml) peptide in the nephrogenic epithelia from after the s-shaped body formation and in the developing collecting ducts results in proximal tubular and collecting duct cysts, respectively. An acute inhibition of Notch signaling for two days during kidney development is sufficient to disrupt tubule formation, and significantly increases Akap12 expression. Ectopic expression of Akap12 in renal epithelia results in abnormally long primary cilia similar to that observed in Notch-signaling-deficient epithelia. Both loss of Notch signaling and elevated Akap12 expression disrupt the ability of renal epithelial cells to form spherical structures with a single lumen when grown embedded in matrix. Interestingly, Akap12 can inhibit Notch signaling mediated transcription, which likely explains how both loss of Notch signaling and ectopic expression of Akap12 result in similar renal epithelial abnormalities. We conclude that Notch signaling regulates Akap12 expression while also ensuring normal primary cilia length and renal epithelial morphogenesis, and suggest that one aspect of diseases associated with defective Notch signaling, such as Alagille syndrome, maybe mechanistically related to ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malini Mukherjee
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Ishara Ratnayake
- Department of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, USA
| | - Madhusudhana Janga
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Eric Fogarty
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Shania Scheidt
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | | | - Jennifer deRiso
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Indra Chandrasekar
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.,Enabling Technologies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Phil Ahrenkiel
- Department of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, USA
| | - Raphael Kopan
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kameswaran Surendran
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
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14
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Manzano-López J, Monje-Casas F. Asymmetric cell division and replicative aging: a new perspective from the spindle poles. Curr Genet 2020; 66:719-727. [PMID: 32266430 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-020-01074-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although cell division is usually portrayed as an equitable process by which a progenitor cell originates two identical daughter cells, there are multiple examples of asymmetric divisions that generate two cells that differ in their content, morphology and/or proliferative potential. The capacity of the cells to generate asymmetry during their division is of paramount biological relevance, playing essential roles during embryonic development, cellular regeneration and tissue morphogenesis. Problems with the proper establishment of asymmetry and polarity during cell division can give rise to cancer and neurodevelopmental disorders, as well as to also accelerate cellular aging. Interestingly, the microtubule organizing centers that orchestrate the formation of the mitotic spindle have been described among the cellular structures that can be differentially allocated during asymmetric cell divisions. This mini-review focuses on recent research from our group and others uncovering a role for the non-random distribution of the spindle-associated microtubule organizing centers in the differential distribution of aging factors during asymmetric mitoses and therefore in the maintenance of the replicative lifespan of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Manzano-López
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) - University of Seville - University Pablo de Olavide, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 24, P.C.T. Cartuja 93, 41092, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Fernando Monje-Casas
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) - University of Seville - University Pablo de Olavide, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 24, P.C.T. Cartuja 93, 41092, Sevilla, Spain.
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15
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Luo ML, Li J, Shen L, Chu J, Guo Q, Liang G, Wu W, Chen J, Chen R, Song E. The Role of APAL/ST8SIA6-AS1 lncRNA in PLK1 Activation and Mitotic Catastrophe of Tumor Cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 2020; 112:356-368. [PMID: 31286138 PMCID: PMC7156940 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djz134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor growth can be addicted to vital oncogenes, but whether long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are essential to cancer survival is largely uncharacterized. METHODS We retrieved Gene Expression Omnibus datasets to identify lncRNA overexpression in 257 cancers vs 196 normal tissues and analyzed the association of ST8SIA6-AS1 (termed Aurora A/Polo-like-kinase 1 [PLK1]-associated lncRNA, APAL) with the clinical outcomes of multiple types of cancer from public RNA sequencing and microarray datasets as well as from in-house cancer cohorts. Loss- and gain-of-function experiments were performed to explore the role of APAL in cancers in vitro and in vivo. RNA pulldown and RNA immunoprecipitation were used to investigate APAL-interacting proteins. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS APAL is overexpressed in multiple human cancers associated with poor clinical outcome of patients. APAL knockdown causes mitotic catastrophe and massive apoptosis in human breast, lung, and pancreatic cancer cells. Overexpressing APAL accelerates cancer cell cycle progression, promotes proliferation, and inhibits chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Mechanism studies show that APAL links up PLK1 and Aurora A to enhance Aurora A-mediated PLK1 phosphorylation. Notably, targeting APAL inhibits the growth of breast and lung cancer xenografts in vivo (MCF-7 xenografts: mean tumor weight, control = 0.18 g [SD = 0.03] vs APAL locked nucleic acids = 0.07 g [SD = 0.02], P < .001, n = 8 mice per group; A549 xenografts: mean tumor weight control = 0.36 g [SD = 0.10] vs APAL locked nucleic acids = 0.10 g [SD = 0.04], P < .001, n = 9 mice per group) and the survival of patient-derived breast cancer organoids in three-dimensional cultures. CONCLUSIONS Our data highlight the essential role of lncRNA in cancer cell survival and the potential of APAL as an attractive therapeutic target for a broad-spectrum of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Li Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangzhou, China
- Medical Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangzhou, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liping Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangzhou, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junjun Chu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangzhou, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiannan Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangzhou, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guorun Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangzhou, China
- Medical Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangzhou, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianing Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangzhou, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rufu Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Erwei Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangzhou, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory No. 6, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou, China
- Fountain-Valley Institute for Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Abstract
The coordinated activities of many protein kinases, acting on multiple protein substrates, ensures the error-free progression through mitosis of eukaryotic cells. Enormous research effort has thus been devoted to studying the roles and regulation of these mitotic kinases, and to the identification of their physiological substrates. Central for the timely deployment of specific protein kinases to their appropriate substrates during the cell division cycle are the many anchoring proteins, which serve critical regulatory roles. Through direct association, anchoring proteins are capable of modulating the catalytic activity and/or sub-cellular distribution of the mitotic kinases they associate with. The key roles of some anchoring proteins in cell division are well-established, whilst others are still being unearthed. Here, we review the current knowledge on anchoring proteins for some mitotic kinases, and highlight how targeting anchoring proteins for inhibition, instead of the mitotic kinases themselves, could be advantageous for disrupting the cell division cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Fulcher
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Gopal P Sapkota
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
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17
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Bucko PJ, Lombard CK, Rathbun L, Garcia I, Bhat A, Wordeman L, Smith FD, Maly DJ, Hehnly H, Scott JD. Subcellular drug targeting illuminates local kinase action. eLife 2019; 8:e52220. [PMID: 31872801 PMCID: PMC6930117 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Deciphering how signaling enzymes operate within discrete microenvironments is fundamental to understanding biological processes. A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) restrict the range of action of protein kinases within intracellular compartments. We exploited the AKAP targeting concept to create genetically encoded platforms that restrain kinase inhibitor drugs at distinct subcellular locations. Local Kinase Inhibition (LoKI) allows us to ascribe organelle-specific functions to broad specificity kinases. Using chemical genetics, super resolution microscopy, and live-cell imaging we discover that centrosomal delivery of Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) and Aurora A (AurA) inhibitors attenuates kinase activity, produces spindle defects, and prolongs mitosis. Targeted inhibition of Plk1 in zebrafish embryos illustrates how centrosomal Plk1 underlies mitotic spindle assembly. Inhibition of kinetochore-associated pools of AurA blocks phosphorylation of microtubule-kinetochore components. This versatile precision pharmacology tool enhances investigation of local kinase biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula J Bucko
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Chloe K Lombard
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Lindsay Rathbun
- Department of BiologySyracuse UniversitySyracuseUnited States
| | - Irvin Garcia
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Akansha Bhat
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Linda Wordeman
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - F Donelson Smith
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Dustin J Maly
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Heidi Hehnly
- Department of BiologySyracuse UniversitySyracuseUnited States
| | - John D Scott
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
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18
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Colicino EG, Stevens K, Curtis E, Rathbun L, Bates M, Manikas J, Amack J, Freshour J, Hehnly H. Chromosome misalignment is associated with PLK1 activity at cenexin-positive mitotic centrosomes. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:1598-1609. [PMID: 31042116 PMCID: PMC6727634 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-12-0817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitotic kinase, polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), facilitates the assembly of the two mitotic spindle poles, which are required for the formation of the microtubule-based spindle that ensures appropriate chromosome distribution into the two forming daughter cells. Spindle poles are asymmetric in composition. One spindle pole contains the oldest mitotic centriole, the mother centriole, where the majority of cenexin, the mother centriole appendage protein and PLK1 binding partner, resides. We hypothesized that PLK1 activity is greater at the cenexin-positive older spindle pole. Our studies found that PLK1 asymmetrically localizes between spindle poles under conditions of chromosome misalignment, and chromosomes tend to misalign toward the oldest spindle pole in a cenexin- and PLK1-dependent manner. During chromosome misalignment, PLK1 activity is increased specifically at the oldest spindle pole, and this increase in activity is lost in cenexin-depleted cells. We propose a model where PLK1 activity elevates in response to misaligned chromosomes at the oldest spindle pole during metaphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica G. Colicino
- Biology Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13210
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | | | - Erin Curtis
- Biology Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | | | - Michael Bates
- Biology Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - Julie Manikas
- Biology Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - Jeffrey Amack
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - Judy Freshour
- Biology Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - Heidi Hehnly
- Biology Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13210
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19
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NDP52 tunes cortical actin interaction with astral microtubules for accurate spindle orientation. Cell Res 2019; 29:666-679. [PMID: 31201383 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-019-0189-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oriented cell divisions are controlled by a conserved molecular cascade involving Gαi, LGN, and NuMA. Here, we show that NDP52 regulates spindle orientation via remodeling the polar cortical actin cytoskeleton. siRNA-mediated NDP52 suppression surprisingly revealed a ring-like compact subcortical F-actin architecture surrounding the spindle in prophase/prometaphase cells, which resulted in severe defects of astral microtubule growth and an aberrant spindle orientation. Remarkably, NDP52 recruited the actin assembly factor N-WASP and regulated the dynamics of the subcortical F-actin ring in mitotic cells. Mechanistically, NDP52 was found to bind to phosphatidic acid-containing vesicles, which absorbed cytoplasmic N-WASP to regulate local filamentous actin growth at the polar cortex. Our TIRFM analyses revealed that NDP52-containing vesicles anchored N-WASP and shortened the length of actin filaments in vitro. Based on these results we propose that NDP52-containing vesicles regulate cortical actin dynamics through N-WASP to accomplish a spatiotemporal regulation between astral microtubules and the actin network for proper spindle orientation and precise chromosome segregation. In this way, intracellular vesicles cooperate with microtubules and actin filaments to regulate proper mitotic progression. Since NDP52 is absent from yeast, we reason that metazoans have evolved an elaborate spindle positioning machinery to ensure accurate chromosome segregation in mitosis.
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20
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Kotak S. Mechanisms of Spindle Positioning: Lessons from Worms and Mammalian Cells. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E80. [PMID: 30823600 PMCID: PMC6406873 DOI: 10.3390/biom9020080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper positioning of the mitotic spindle is fundamental for specifying the site for cleavage furrow, and thus regulates the appropriate sizes and accurate distribution of the cell fate determinants in the resulting daughter cells during development and in the stem cells. The past couple of years have witnessed tremendous work accomplished in the area of spindle positioning, and this has led to the emergence of a working model unravelling in-depth mechanistic insight of the underlying process orchestrating spindle positioning. It is evident now that the correct positioning of the mitotic spindle is not only guided by the chemical cues (protein⁻protein interactions) but also influenced by the physical nature of the cellular environment. In metazoans, the key players that regulate proper spindle positioning are the actin-rich cell cortex and associated proteins, the ternary complex (Gα/GPR-1/2/LIN-5 in Caenorhabditis elegans, Gαi/Pins/Mud in Drosophila and Gαi1-3/LGN/NuMA in humans), minus-end-directed motor protein dynein and the cortical machinery containing myosin. In this review, I will mainly discuss how the abovementioned components precisely and spatiotemporally regulate spindle positioning by sensing the physicochemical environment for execution of flawless mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Kotak
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology (MCB), Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore 560012, India.
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21
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Nozaki M, Yabuta N, Fukuzawa M, Mukai S, Okamoto A, Sasakura T, Fukushima K, Naito Y, Longmore GD, Nojima H. LATS1/2 kinases trigger self-renewal of cancer stem cells in aggressive oral cancer. Oncotarget 2019; 10:1014-1030. [PMID: 30800215 PMCID: PMC6383686 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), which play important roles in tumor initiation and progression, are resistant to many types of therapies. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying CSC-specific properties, including self-renewal, are poorly understood. Here, we found that LATS1/2, the core Hippo pathway-kinases, were highly expressed in the oral squamous cell carcinoma line SAS, which exhibits high capacity of CSCs, and that depletion of these kinases prevented SAS cells from forming spheres under serum-free conditions. Detailed examination of the expression and activation of LATS kinases and related proteins over a time course of sphere formation revealed that LATS1/2 were more highly expressed and markedly activated before initiation of self-renewal. Moreover, TAZ, SNAIL, CHK1/2, and Aurora-A were expressed in hierarchical, oscillating patterns during sphere formation, suggesting that the process consists of four sequential steps. Our results indicate that LATS1/2 trigger self-renewal of CSCs by regulating the Hippo pathway, the EMT, and cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Nozaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Norikazu Yabuta
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Moe Fukuzawa
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satomi Mukai
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Division of Cancer Biology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya City, Aichi 464-8681, Japan
| | - Ayumi Okamoto
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Towa Sasakura
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kohshiro Fukushima
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoko Naito
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Division of Cancer Cell Regulation, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya City, Aichi 464-8681, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Nojima
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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22
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Single nucleotide polymorphisms alter kinase anchoring and the subcellular targeting of A-kinase anchoring proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E11465-E11474. [PMID: 30455320 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1816614115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) shape second-messenger signaling responses by constraining protein kinase A (PKA) at precise intracellular locations. A defining feature of AKAPs is a helical region that binds to regulatory subunits (RII) of PKA. Mining patient-derived databases has identified 42 nonsynonymous SNPs in the PKA-anchoring helices of five AKAPs. Solid-phase RII binding assays confirmed that 21 of these amino acid substitutions disrupt PKA anchoring. The most deleterious side-chain modifications are situated toward C-termini of AKAP helices. More extensive analysis was conducted on a valine-to-methionine variant in the PKA-anchoring helix of AKAP18. Molecular modeling indicates that additional density provided by methionine at position 282 in the AKAP18γ isoform deflects the pitch of the helical anchoring surface outward by 6.6°. Fluorescence polarization measurements show that this subtle topological change reduces RII-binding affinity 8.8-fold and impairs cAMP responsive potentiation of L-type Ca2+ currents in situ. Live-cell imaging of AKAP18γ V282M-GFP adducts led to the unexpected discovery that loss of PKA anchoring promotes nuclear accumulation of this polymorphic variant. Targeting proceeds via a mechanism whereby association with the PKA holoenzyme masks a polybasic nuclear localization signal on the anchoring protein. This led to the discovery of AKAP18ε: an exclusively nuclear isoform that lacks a PKA-anchoring helix. Enzyme-mediated proximity-proteomics reveal that compartment-selective variants of AKAP18 associate with distinct binding partners. Thus, naturally occurring PKA-anchoring-defective AKAP variants not only perturb dissemination of local second-messenger responses, but also may influence the intracellular distribution of certain AKAP18 isoforms.
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23
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Sana S, Keshri R, Rajeevan A, Kapoor S, Kotak S. Plk1 regulates spindle orientation by phosphorylating NuMA in human cells. Life Sci Alliance 2018; 1:e201800223. [PMID: 30456393 PMCID: PMC6240335 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper orientation of the mitotic spindle defines the correct division plane and is essential for accurate cell division and development. In metazoans, an evolutionarily conserved complex comprising of NuMA/LGN/Gαi regulates proper orientation of the mitotic spindle by orchestrating cortical dynein levels during metaphase. However, the molecular mechanisms that modulate the spatiotemporal dynamics of this complex during mitosis remain elusive. Here, we report that acute inactivation of Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) during metaphase enriches cortical levels of dynein/NuMA/LGN and thus influences spindle orientation. We establish that this impact of Plk1 on cortical levels of dynein/NuMA/LGN is through NuMA, but not via dynein/LGN. Moreover, we reveal that Plk1 inhibition alters the dynamic behavior of NuMA at the cell cortex. We further show that Plk1 directly interacts and phosphorylates NuMA. Notably, NuMA-phosphorylation by Plk1 impacts its cortical localization, and this is needed for precise spindle orientation during metaphase. Overall, our finding connects spindle-pole pool of Plk1 with cortical NuMA and answers a long-standing puzzle about how spindle-pole Plk1 gradient dictates proper spindle orientation for error-free mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrividya Sana
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India
| | - Riya Keshri
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India
| | - Ashwathi Rajeevan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India
| | - Sukriti Kapoor
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India
| | - Sachin Kotak
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India
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24
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Colicino EG, Hehnly H. Regulating a key mitotic regulator, polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1). Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2018; 75:481-494. [PMID: 30414309 PMCID: PMC7113694 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During cell division, duplicated genetic material is separated into two distinct daughter cells. This process is essential for initial tissue formation during development and to maintain tissue integrity throughout an organism's lifetime. To ensure the efficacy and efficiency of this process, the cell employs a variety of regulatory and signaling proteins that function as mitotic regulators and checkpoint proteins. One vital mitotic regulator is polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), a highly conserved member of the polo-like kinase family. Unique from its paralogues, it functions specifically during mitosis as a regulator of cell division. PLK1 is spatially and temporally enriched at three distinct subcellular locales; the mitotic centrosomes, kinetochores, and the cytokinetic midbody. These localization patterns allow PLK1 to phosphorylate specific downstream targets to regulate mitosis. In this review, we will explore how polo-like kinases were originally discovered and diverged into the five paralogues (PLK1-5) in mammals. We will then focus specifically on the most conserved, PLK1, where we will discuss what is known about how its activity is modulated, its role during the cell cycle, and new, innovative tools that have been developed to examine its function and interactions in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica G. Colicino
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUpstate Medical UniversitySyracuseNew York
| | - Heidi Hehnly
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUpstate Medical UniversitySyracuseNew York
- Department of BiologySyracuse UniversitySyracuseNew York
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25
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Abstract
Mitosis is controlled by reversible protein phosphorylation involving specific kinases and phosphatases. A handful of major mitotic protein kinases, such as the cyclin B-CDK1 complex, the Aurora kinases, and Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), cooperatively regulate distinct mitotic processes. Research has identified proteins and mechanisms that integrate these kinases into signaling cascades that guide essential mitotic events. These findings have important implications for our understanding of the mechanisms of mitotic regulation and may advance the development of novel antimitotic drugs. We review collected evidence that in vertebrates, the Aurora kinases serve as catalytic subunits of distinct complexes formed with the four scaffold proteins Bora, CEP192, INCENP, and TPX2, which we deem "core" Aurora cofactors. These complexes and the Aurora-PLK1 cascades organized by Bora, CEP192, and INCENP control crucial aspects of mitosis and all pathways of spindle assembly. We compare the mechanisms of Aurora activation in relation to the different spindle assembly pathways and draw a functional analogy between the CEP192 complex and the chromosomal passenger complex that may reflect the coevolution of centrosomes, kinetochores, and the actomyosin cleavage apparatus. We also analyze the roles and mechanisms of Aurora-PLK1 signaling in the cell and centrosome cycles and in the DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Joukov
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint-Petersburg 197758, Russian Federation.
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26
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Colicino EG, Garrastegui AM, Freshour J, Santra P, Post DE, Kotula L, Hehnly H. Gravin regulates centrosome function through PLK1. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:532-541. [PMID: 29282278 PMCID: PMC6004580 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-08-0524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose to understand how the mitotic kinase PLK1 drives chromosome segregation errors, with a specific focus on Gravin, a PLK1 scaffold. In both three-dimensional primary prostate cancer cell cultures that are prone to Gravin depletion and Gravin short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-treated cells, an increase in cells containing micronuclei was noted in comparison with controls. To examine whether the loss of Gravin affected PLK1 distribution and activity, we utilized photokinetics and a PLK1 activity biosensor. Gravin depletion resulted in an increased PLK1 mobile fraction, causing the redistribution of active PLK1, which leads to increased defocusing and phosphorylation of the mitotic centrosome protein CEP215 at serine-613. Gravin depletion further led to defects in microtubule renucleation from mitotic centrosomes, decreased kinetochore-fiber integrity, increased incidence of chromosome misalignment, and subsequent formation of micronuclei following mitosis completion. Murine Gravin rescued chromosome misalignment and micronuclei formation, but a mutant Gravin that cannot bind PLK1 did not. These findings suggest that disruption of a Gravin-PLK1 interface leads to inappropriate PLK1 activity contributing to chromosome segregation errors, formation of micronuclei, and subsequent DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica G Colicino
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13202
| | - Alice M Garrastegui
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13202
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244
| | - Judy Freshour
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13202
| | - Peu Santra
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13202
| | - Dawn E Post
- Department of Urology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13202
| | - Leszek Kotula
- Department of Biochemistry, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13202
- Department of Urology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13202
| | - Heidi Hehnly
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13202
- Department of Urology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13202
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27
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Vertii A, Kaufman PD, Hehnly H, Doxsey S. New dimensions of asymmetric division in vertebrates. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2018; 75:87-102. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.21434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anastassiia Vertii
- Department of MolecularCell and Cancer Biology University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcester Massachusetts
| | - Paul D. Kaufman
- Department of MolecularCell and Cancer Biology University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcester Massachusetts
| | - Heidi Hehnly
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologySUNY Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuse New York13210
| | - Stephen Doxsey
- Program in Molecular Medicine University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcester Massachusetts
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28
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Smith FD, Esseltine JL, Nygren PJ, Veesler D, Byrne DP, Vonderach M, Strashnov I, Eyers CE, Eyers PA, Langeberg LK, Scott JD. Local protein kinase A action proceeds through intact holoenzymes. Science 2018. [PMID: 28642438 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaj1669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hormones can transmit signals through adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) to precise intracellular locations. The fidelity of these responses relies on the activation of localized protein kinase A (PKA) holoenzymes. Association of PKA regulatory type II (RII) subunits with A-kinase-anchoring proteins (AKAPs) confers location, and catalytic (C) subunits phosphorylate substrates. Single-particle electron microscopy demonstrated that AKAP79 constrains RII-C subassemblies within 150 to 250 angstroms of its targets. Native mass spectrometry established that these macromolecular assemblies incorporated stoichiometric amounts of cAMP. Chemical-biology- and live cell-imaging techniques revealed that catalytically active PKA holoenzymes remained intact within the cytoplasm. These findings indicate that the parameters of anchored PKA holoenzyme action are much more restricted than originally anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Donelson Smith
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jessica L Esseltine
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Patrick J Nygren
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Dominic P Byrne
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Matthias Vonderach
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Ilya Strashnov
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Claire E Eyers
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Patrick A Eyers
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Lorene K Langeberg
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - John D Scott
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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29
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Reggi E, Diviani D. The role of A-kinase anchoring proteins in cancer development. Cell Signal 2017; 40:143-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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30
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Identification of risk genes associated with myocardial infarction based on the recursive feature elimination algorithm and support vector machine classifier. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:1555-1560. [PMID: 29138828 PMCID: PMC5780094 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to identify risk genes in myocardial infarction. Microarray data GSE34198, containing data from the peripheral blood of 49 myocardial infarction samples and 48 corresponding control samples, were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database to screen the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The DEGs were used to construct a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of patient samples, from which the feature genes were identified using the neighboring score method. The recursive feature elimination (RFE) algorithm was employed to select the risk genes among feature genes, which were subsequently applied to perform a support vector machine (SVM) classifier to identify the specific signature in myocardial infarction samples. Another dataset, GSE61144, was also downloaded to verify the efficacy of the classifier. A total of 724 downregulated and 483 upregulated DEGs were screened in patient samples compared with control samples in the GSE34198 dataset. The PPI network of myocardial infarction was comprised of 1,083 nodes (genes) and 46,363 lines (connections). Using the neighborhood scoring method, the top 100 feature genes in myocardial infarction samples were identified as the disease feature genes, which distinguish the myocardial infarction samples from the control samples. The RFE algorithm screened 15 risk genes, which were employed to construct a SVM classifier with an average precision of 88% to the patient sample following visualization by a confusion matrix. The predictive precision of the classifier on another microarray dataset, GSE61144, was 0.92, with an average true positive of 0.9278 and an average false positive of 0.2361. A-kinase-anchoring protein 12 (AKAP12) and glycine receptor α2 (GLRA2) were two risk genes in the SVM classifier. Therefore, AKAP12 and GLRA2 exert potential roles in the development of myocardial infarction, potentially by influencing cardiac contractility and protecting against ischemia-reperfusion injury, which may provide clues in developing potential diagnostic biomarkers or therapeutic targets for myocardial infarction.
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31
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Muramatsu M, Gao L, Peresie J, Balderman B, Akakura S, Gelman IH. SSeCKS/AKAP12 scaffolding functions suppress B16F10-induced peritoneal metastasis by attenuating CXCL9/10 secretion by resident fibroblasts. Oncotarget 2017; 8:70281-70298. [PMID: 29050279 PMCID: PMC5642554 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SSeCKS/Gravin/AKAP12 (SSeCKS) is a kinase scaffolding protein known to suppress metastasis by attenuating tumor-intrinsic PKC- and Src-mediated signaling pathways [1]. In addition to downregulation in metastatic cells, in silico analyses identified SSeCKS downregulation in prostate or breast cancer-derived stroma, suggesting a microenvironmental cell role in controlling malignancy. Although orthotopic B16F10 and SM1WT1[BrafV600E] mouse melanoma tumors grew similarly in syngeneic WT or SSeCKS-null (KO) mice, KO hosts exhibited 5- to 10-fold higher levels of peritoneal metastasis, and this enhancement could be adoptively transferred by pre-injecting naïve WT mice with peritoneal fluid (PF), but not non-adherent peritoneal cells (PC), from naïve KO mice. B16F10 and SM1WT1 cells showed increased chemotaxis to KO-PF compared to WT-PF, corresponding to increased PF levels of multiple inflammatory mediators, including the Cxcr3 ligands, Cxcl9 and 10. Cxcr3 knockdown abrogated enhanced chemotaxis to KO-PF and peritoneal metastasis in KO hosts. Conditioned media from KO peritoneal membrane fibroblasts (PMF), but not from KO-PC, induced increased B16F10 chemotaxis over controls, which could be blocked with Cxcl10 neutralizing antibody. KO-PMF exhibited increased levels of the senescence markers, SA-β-galactosidase, p21waf1 and p16ink4a, and enhanced Cxcl10 secretion induced by inflammatory mediators, lipopolysaccharide, TNFα, IFNα and IFNγ. SSeCKS scaffolding-site mutants and small molecule kinase inhibitors were used to show that the loss of SSeCKS-regulated PKC, PKA and PI3K/Akt pathways are responsible for the enhanced Cxcl10 secretion. These data mark the first description of a role for stromal SSeCKS/AKAP12 in suppressing metastasis, specifically by attenuating signaling pathways that promote secretion of tumor chemoattractants in the peritoneum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Muramatsu
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Lingqiu Gao
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo 14263, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer Peresie
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo 14263, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin Balderman
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo 14263, NY, USA
| | - Shin Akakura
- Frontiers in Bioscience Research Institute in Aging and Cancer, Irvine 92618, CA, USA
| | - Irwin H Gelman
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo 14263, NY, USA
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32
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Seldin L, Macara I. Epithelial spindle orientation diversities and uncertainties: recent developments and lingering questions. F1000Res 2017; 6:984. [PMID: 28713562 PMCID: PMC5490480 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11370.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitotic spindle orientation is a conserved, dynamic, and highly complex process that plays a key role in dictating the cleavage plane, fate, and positioning of cells within a tissue, therefore laying the blueprint for tissue structure and function. While the spindle-positioning pathway has been extensively studied in lower-model organisms, research over the past several years has highlighted its relevance to mammalian epithelial tissues. Although we continue to gain critical insights into the mechanisms underlying spindle positioning, many uncertainties persist. In this commentary, we will review the protein interactions that modulate spindle orientation and we will present important recent findings that underscore epithelial tissue-specific requirements and variations in this important pathway, as well as its potential relevance to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Seldin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Ian Macara
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
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33
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Jarrett SG, Wolf Horrell EM, D'Orazio JA. AKAP12 mediates PKA-induced phosphorylation of ATR to enhance nucleotide excision repair. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:10711-10726. [PMID: 27683220 PMCID: PMC5159552 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function in melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), a GS protein-coupled receptor that regulates signal transduction through cAMP and protein kinase A (PKA) in melanocytes, is a major inherited melanoma risk factor. Herein, we report a novel cAMP-mediated response for sensing and responding to UV-induced DNA damage regulated by A-kinase-anchoring protein 12 (AKAP12). AKAP12 is identified as a necessary participant in PKA-mediated phosphorylation of ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related (ATR) at S435, a post-translational event required for cAMP-enhanced nucleotide excision repair (NER). Moreover, UV exposure promotes ATR-directed phosphorylation of AKAP12 at S732, which promotes nuclear translocation of AKAP12–ATR-pS435. This complex subsequently recruits XPA to UV DNA damage and enhances 5′ strand incision. Preventing AKAP12's interaction with PKA or with ATR abrogates ATR-pS435 accumulation, delays recruitment of XPA to UV-damaged DNA, impairs NER and increases UV-induced mutagenesis. Our results define a critical role for AKAP12 as an UV-inducible scaffold for PKA-mediated ATR phosphorylation, and identify a repair complex consisting of AKAP12–ATR-pS435-XPA at photodamage, which is essential for cAMP-enhanced NER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G Jarrett
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Erin M Wolf Horrell
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - John A D'Orazio
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA .,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.,Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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34
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Taneja N, Fenix AM, Rathbun L, Millis BA, Tyska MJ, Hehnly H, Burnette DT. Focal adhesions control cleavage furrow shape and spindle tilt during mitosis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29846. [PMID: 27432211 PMCID: PMC4949487 DOI: 10.1038/srep29846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The geometry of the cleavage furrow during mitosis is often asymmetric in vivo and plays a critical role in stem cell differentiation and the relative positioning of daughter cells during development. Early observations of adhesive cell lines revealed asymmetry in the shape of the cleavage furrow, where the bottom (i.e., substrate attached side) of the cleavage furrow ingressed less than the top (i.e., unattached side). This data suggested substrate attachment could be regulating furrow ingression. Here we report a population of mitotic focal adhesions (FAs) controls the symmetry of the cleavage furrow. In single HeLa cells, stronger adhesion to the substrate directed less ingression from the bottom of the cell through a pathway including paxillin, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and vinculin. Cell-cell contacts also direct ingression of the cleavage furrow in coordination with FAs in epithelial cells-MDCK-within monolayers and polarized cysts. In addition, mitotic FAs established 3D orientation of the mitotic spindle and the relative positioning of mother and daughter centrosomes. Therefore, our data reveals mitotic FAs as a key link between mitotic cell shape and spindle orientation, and may have important implications in our understanding stem cell homeostasis and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilay Taneja
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Aidan M. Fenix
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lindsay Rathbun
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Bryan A. Millis
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Matthew J. Tyska
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Heidi Hehnly
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Dylan T. Burnette
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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35
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AKAP220 manages apical actin networks that coordinate aquaporin-2 location and renal water reabsorption. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E4328-37. [PMID: 27402760 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1607745113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Filtration through the kidney eliminates toxins, manages electrolyte balance, and controls water homeostasis. Reabsorption of water from the luminal fluid of the nephron occurs through aquaporin-2 (AQP2) water pores in principal cells that line the kidney-collecting duct. This vital process is impeded by formation of an "actin barrier" that obstructs the passive transit of AQP2 to the plasma membrane. Bidirectional control of AQP2 trafficking is managed by hormones and signaling enzymes. We have discovered that vasopressin-independent facets of this homeostatic mechanism are under the control of A-Kinase Anchoring Protein 220 (AKAP220; product of the Akap11 gene). CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing and imaging approaches show that loss of AKAP220 disrupts apical actin networks in organoid cultures. Similar defects are evident in tissue sections from AKAP220-KO mice. Biochemical analysis of AKAP220-null kidney extracts detected reduced levels of active RhoA GTPase, a well-known modulator of the actin cytoskeleton. Fluorescent imaging of kidney sections from these genetically modified mice revealed that RhoA and AQP2 accumulate at the apical surface of the collecting duct. Consequently, these animals are unable to appropriately dilute urine in response to overhydration. We propose that membrane-proximal signaling complexes constrained by AKAP220 impact the actin barrier dynamics and AQP2 trafficking to ensure water homeostasis.
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36
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Hung HF, Hehnly H, Doxsey S. The Mother Centriole Appendage Protein Cenexin Modulates Lumen Formation through Spindle Orientation. Curr Biol 2016; 26:793-801. [PMID: 26948879 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Establishing apical-basal polarity is instrumental in the functional shaping of a solitary lumen within an acinus. By exploiting micropatterned slides, wound healing assays, and three-dimensional culture systems, we identified a mother centriole subdistal appendage protein, cenexin, as a critical player in symmetric lumen expansion through the control of microtubule organization. In this regard, cenexin was required for both centrosome positioning in interphase cells and proper spindle orientation during mitosis. In contrast, the essential mother centriole distal appendage protein CEP164 did not play a role in either process, demonstrating the specificity of subdistal appendages for these events. Importantly, upon closer examination we found that cenexin depletion decreased astral microtubule length, disrupted astral microtubule minus-end organization, and increased levels of the polarity protein NuMA at the cell cortex. Interestingly, spindle misorientation and NuMA mislocalization were reversed by treatment with a low dose of the microtubule-stabilizing agent paclitaxel. Taken together, these results suggest that cenexin modulates microtubule organization and stability to mediate spindle orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Fang Hung
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Heidi Hehnly
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical School, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
| | - Stephen Doxsey
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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Abstract
The ability to dictate cell fate decisions is critical during animal development. Moreover, faithful execution of this process ensures proper tissue homeostasis throughout adulthood, whereas defects in the molecular machinery involved may contribute to disease. Evolutionarily conserved protein complexes control cell fate decisions across diverse tissues. Maintaining proper daughter cell inheritance patterns of these determinants during mitosis is therefore a fundamental step of the cell fate decision-making process. In this review, we will discuss two key aspects of this fate determinant segregation activity, cortical cell polarity and mitotic spindle orientation, and how they operate together to produce oriented cell divisions that ultimately influence daughter cell fate. Our focus will be directed at the principal underlying molecular mechanisms and the specific cell fate decisions they have been shown to control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christopher A. Johnston
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-505-277-1567; Fax: +1-505-277-0304
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