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S Mesquita F, Abrami L, Linder ME, Bamji SX, Dickinson BC, van der Goot FG. Mechanisms and functions of protein S-acylation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:488-509. [PMID: 38355760 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-024-00700-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, protein S-acylation (often referred to as S-palmitoylation) has emerged as an important regulator of vital signalling pathways. S-Acylation is a reversible post-translational modification that involves the attachment of a fatty acid to a protein. Maintenance of the equilibrium between protein S-acylation and deacylation has demonstrated profound effects on various cellular processes, including innate immunity, inflammation, glucose metabolism and fat metabolism, as well as on brain and heart function. This Review provides an overview of current understanding of S-acylation and deacylation enzymes, their spatiotemporal regulation by sophisticated multilayered mechanisms, and their influence on protein function, cellular processes and physiological pathways. Furthermore, we examine how disruptions in protein S-acylation are associated with a broad spectrum of diseases from cancer to autoinflammatory disorders and neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco S Mesquita
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maurine E Linder
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Shernaz X Bamji
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - F Gisou van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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2
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Tsukiyama T. New insights in ubiquitin-dependent Wnt receptor regulation in tumorigenesis. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2024; 60:449-465. [PMID: 38383910 PMCID: PMC11126518 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-024-00855-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays a crucial role in embryonic development and homeostasis maintenance. Delicate and sensitive fine-tuning of Wnt signaling based on the proper timings and positions is required to balance cell proliferation and differentiation and maintain individual health. Therefore, homeostasis is broken by tissue hypoplasia or tumor formation once Wnt signal dysregulation disturbs the balance of cell proliferation. The well-known regulatory mechanism of Wnt signaling is the molecular reaction associated with the cytoplasmic accumulation of effector β-catenin. In addition to β-catenin, most Wnt effector proteins are also regulated by ubiquitin-dependent modification, both qualitatively and quantitatively. This review will explain the regulation of the whole Wnt signal in four regulatory phases, as well as the different ubiquitin ligases and the function of deubiquitinating enzymes in each phase. Along with the recent results, the mechanism by which RNF43 negatively regulates the surface expression of Wnt receptors, which has recently been well understood, will be detailed. Many RNF43 mutations have been identified in pancreatic and gastrointestinal cancers and examined for their functional alteration in Wnt signaling. Several mutations facilitate or activate the Wnt signal, reversing the RNF43 tumor suppressor function into an oncogene. RNF43 may simultaneously play different roles in classical multistep tumorigenesis, as both wild-type and mutant RNF43 suppress the p53 pathway. We hope that the knowledge obtained from further research in RNF43 will be applied to cancer treatment in the future despite the fully unclear function of RNF43.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadasuke Tsukiyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, 15NW7, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan.
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3
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Mesquita FS, Abrami L, Samurkas A, van der Goot FG. S-acylation: an orchestrator of the life cycle and function of membrane proteins. FEBS J 2024; 291:45-56. [PMID: 37811679 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
S-acylation is a covalent post-translational modification of proteins with fatty acids, achieved by enzymatic attachment via a labile thioester bond. This modification allows for dynamic control of protein properties and functions in association with cell membranes. This lipid modification regulates a substantial portion of the human proteome and plays an increasingly recognized role throughout the lifespan of affected proteins. Recent technical advancements have propelled the S-acylation field into a 'molecular era', unveiling new insights into its mechanistic intricacies and far-reaching implications. With a striking increase in the number of studies on this modification, new concepts are indeed emerging on the roles of S-acylation in specific cell biology processes and features. After a brief overview of the enzymes involved in S-acylation, this viewpoint focuses on the importance of S-acylation in the homeostasis, function, and coordination of integral membrane proteins. In particular, we put forward the hypotheses that S-acylation is a gatekeeper of membrane protein folding and turnover and a regulator of the formation and dynamics of membrane contact sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Samurkas
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
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4
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Traczyk G, Hromada-Judycka A, Świątkowska A, Wiśniewska J, Ciesielska A, Kwiatkowska K. Diacylglycerol kinase-ε is S-palmitoylated on cysteine in the cytoplasmic end of its N-terminal transmembrane fragment. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100480. [PMID: 38008259 PMCID: PMC10759177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinase-ε (DGKε) catalyzes phosphorylation of diacylglycerol to phosphatidic acid with a unique specificity toward 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol, which is a backbone of phosphatidylinositol (PI). Owing to this specificity, DGKε is involved in the PI cycle maintaining the cellular level of phosphorylated PI derivatives of signaling activity and was also found crucial for lipid metabolism. DGKε dysfunction is linked with the development of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) and possibly other human diseases. Despite the DGKε significance, data on its regulation by cotranslational and/or post-translational modifications are scarce. Here, we report that DGKε is S-palmitoylated at Cys38/40 (mouse/human DGKε) located in the cytoplasmic end of its N-terminal putative transmembrane fragment. The S-palmitoylation of DGKε was revealed by metabolic labeling of cells with a palmitic acid analogue followed by click chemistry and with acyl-biotin and acyl-polyethylene glycol exchange assays. The S-acyltransferases zDHHC7 (zinc finger DHHC domain containing) and zDHHC17 and the zDHHC6/16 tandem were found to catalyze DGKε S-palmitoylation, which also increased the DGKε abundance. Mouse DGKε-Myc ectopically expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells localized to the endoplasmic reticulum where zDHHC6/16 reside and in small amounts also to the Golgi apparatus where zDHHC7 and zDHHC17 are present. The Cys38Ala substitution upregulated, whereas hyperpalmitoylation of wild-type DGKε reduced the kinase activity, indicating an inhibitory effect of the Cys38 S-palmitoylation. In addition, the substitution of neighboring Pro31 with Ala also diminished the activity of DGKε. Taken together, our data indicate that S-palmitoylation can fine-tune DGKε activity in distinct cellular compartments, possibly by affecting the distance between the kinase and its substrate in a membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Traczyk
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aneta Hromada-Judycka
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Świątkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Julia Wiśniewska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Ciesielska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kwiatkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, Warsaw, Poland.
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5
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Anwar MU, van der Goot FG. Refining S-acylation: Structure, regulation, dynamics, and therapeutic implications. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202307103. [PMID: 37756661 PMCID: PMC10533364 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202307103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
With a limited number of genes, cells achieve remarkable diversity. This is to a large extent achieved by chemical posttranslational modifications of proteins. Amongst these are the lipid modifications that have the unique ability to confer hydrophobicity. The last decade has revealed that lipid modifications of proteins are extremely frequent and affect a great variety of cellular pathways and physiological processes. This is particularly true for S-acylation, the only reversible lipid modification. The enzymes involved in S-acylation and deacylation are only starting to be understood, and the list of proteins that undergo this modification is ever-increasing. We will describe the state of knowledge on the enzymes that regulate S-acylation, from their structure to their regulation, how S-acylation influences target proteins, and finally will offer a perspective on how alterations in the balance between S-acylation and deacylation may contribute to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad U. Anwar
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F. Gisou van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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6
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Ng VH, Spencer Z, Neitzel LR, Nayak A, Loberg MA, Shen C, Kassel SN, Kroh HK, An Z, Anthony CC, Bryant JM, Lawson A, Goldsmith L, Benchabane H, Hansen AG, Li J, D'Souza S, Lebensohn AM, Rohatgi R, Weiss WA, Weiss VL, Williams C, Hong CC, Robbins DJ, Ahmed Y, Lee E. The USP46 complex deubiquitylates LRP6 to promote Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6173. [PMID: 37798301 PMCID: PMC10556042 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41836-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The relative abundance of Wnt receptors plays a crucial role in controlling Wnt signaling in tissue homeostasis and human disease. While the ubiquitin ligases that ubiquitylate Wnt receptors are well-characterized, the deubiquitylase that reverses these reactions remains unclear. Herein, we identify USP46, UAF1, and WDR20 (USP46 complex) as positive regulators of Wnt signaling in cultured human cells. We find that the USP46 complex is similarly required for Wnt signaling in Xenopus and zebrafish embryos. We demonstrate that Wnt signaling promotes the association between the USP46 complex and cell surface Wnt coreceptor, LRP6. Knockdown of USP46 decreases steady-state levels of LRP6 and increases the level of ubiquitylated LRP6. In contrast, overexpression of the USP46 complex blocks ubiquitylation of LRP6 by the ubiquitin ligases RNF43 and ZNFR3. Size exclusion chromatography studies suggest that the size of the USP46 cytoplasmic complex increases upon Wnt stimulation. Finally, we show that USP46 is essential for Wnt-dependent intestinal organoid viability, likely via its role in LRP6 receptor homeostasis. We propose a model in which the USP46 complex increases the steady-state level of cell surface LRP6 and facilitates the assembly of LRP6 into signalosomes via a pruning mechanism that removes sterically hindering ubiquitin chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria H Ng
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Zachary Spencer
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology and the Dartmouth Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Leif R Neitzel
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Anmada Nayak
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Matthew A Loberg
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Chen Shen
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Sara N Kassel
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Heather K Kroh
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Zhenyi An
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Christin C Anthony
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Jamal M Bryant
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Amanda Lawson
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Lily Goldsmith
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Hassina Benchabane
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology and the Dartmouth Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Amanda G Hansen
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- STEMCELL Technologies, 1618 Station Street, Vancouver, BC, V6A 1B6, Canada
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Starina D'Souza
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Andres M Lebensohn
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Departments of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - William A Weiss
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Vivian L Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Charles Williams
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Charles C Hong
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - David J Robbins
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Yashi Ahmed
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology and the Dartmouth Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
| | - Ethan Lee
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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7
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Spencer ZT, Ng VH, Benchabane H, Siddiqui GS, Duwadi D, Maines B, Bryant JM, Schwarzkopf A, Yuan K, Kassel SN, Mishra A, Pimentel A, Lebensohn AM, Rohatgi R, Gerber SA, Robbins DJ, Lee E, Ahmed Y. The USP46 deubiquitylase complex increases Wingless/Wnt signaling strength by stabilizing Arrow/LRP6. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6174. [PMID: 37798281 PMCID: PMC10556106 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41843-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The control of Wnt receptor abundance is critical for animal development and to prevent tumorigenesis, but the mechanisms that mediate receptor stabilization remain uncertain. We demonstrate that stabilization of the essential Wingless/Wnt receptor Arrow/LRP6 by the evolutionarily conserved Usp46-Uaf1-Wdr20 deubiquitylase complex controls signaling strength in Drosophila. By reducing Arrow ubiquitylation and turnover, the Usp46 complex increases cell surface levels of Arrow and enhances the sensitivity of target cells to stimulation by the Wingless morphogen, thereby increasing the amplitude and spatial range of signaling responses. Usp46 inactivation in Wingless-responding cells destabilizes Arrow, reduces cytoplasmic accumulation of the transcriptional coactivator Armadillo/β-catenin, and attenuates or abolishes Wingless target gene activation, which prevents the concentration-dependent regulation of signaling strength. Consequently, Wingless-dependent developmental patterning and tissue homeostasis are disrupted. These results reveal an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that mediates Wnt/Wingless receptor stabilization and underlies the precise activation of signaling throughout the spatial range of the morphogen gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Spencer
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology and the Dartmouth Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Victoria H Ng
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Hassina Benchabane
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology and the Dartmouth Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Ghalia Saad Siddiqui
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology and the Dartmouth Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Deepesh Duwadi
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology and the Dartmouth Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Ben Maines
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology and the Dartmouth Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Jamal M Bryant
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Anna Schwarzkopf
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Kai Yuan
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology and the Dartmouth Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Sara N Kassel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Anant Mishra
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology and the Dartmouth Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Ashley Pimentel
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology and the Dartmouth Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Andres M Lebensohn
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Scott A Gerber
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology and the Dartmouth Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA
| | - David J Robbins
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Ethan Lee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Yashi Ahmed
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology and the Dartmouth Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
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8
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Opposing USP19 splice variants in TGF-β signaling and TGF-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of breast cancer cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:43. [PMID: 36646950 PMCID: PMC9842591 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04672-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-specific protease (USP)19 is a deubiquitinating enzyme that regulates the stability and function of multiple proteins, thereby controlling various biological responses. The alternative splicing of USP19 results in the expression of two major encoded variants that are localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (USP19-ER) and cytoplasm (USP19-CY). The importance of alternative splicing for the function of USP19 remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that USP19-CY promotes TGF-β signaling by directly interacting with TGF-β type I receptor (TβRI) and protecting it from degradation at the plasma membrane. In contrast, USP19-ER binds to and sequesters TβRI in the ER. By decreasing cell surface TβRI levels, USP19-ER inhibits TGF-β/SMAD signaling in a deubiquitination-independent manner. Moreover, USP19-ER inhibits TGF-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), whereas USP19-CY enhances EMT, as well as the migration and extravasation of breast cancer cells. Furthermore, USP19-CY expression is correlated with poor prognosis and is higher in breast cancer tissues than in adjacent normal tissues. Notably, the splicing modulator herboxidiene inhibits USP19-CY, increases USP19-ER expression and suppresses breast cancer cell migration. Targeting USP19 splicing or its deubiquitinating activity may have potential therapeutic effects on breast cancer.
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9
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Tan S, Li S, Zhang XY, Li YM, Zhang P, Yin LP. Monoubiquitinated MxIRT1 acts as an iron receptor to determine MxIRT1 vacuole degradation or plasma membrane recycling via endocytosis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2095141. [PMID: 35775587 PMCID: PMC9255258 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2095141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
IRON-REGULATED TRANSPORTER 1 (IRT1) is critical for iron uptake in roots, and its exocytosis to the plasma membrane (PM) is regulated by the iron status sensed by the histidine-rich domain (HRM). However, studies on the fate of IRT1 after fusion with PM in response to iron conditions are still limited. In this study, we found that K165 and K196 regulate the monoubiquitination of MxIRT1 (mUb-MxIRT1), which acts as a receptor delivering signals from HRM to downstream effectors such as clathrin to determine the fate of MxIRT1. Iron supply led MxIRT1 in the PM to monoubiquitin-dependent endocytosis which could be inhibited by endocytosis inhibitor TyrA23 or in the double site-directed mutant K165/K196R. Subsequently, the endocytosis pathway to the vacuole was inhibited by vacuolar protease inhibitor Leupeptin in excessive iron conditions and the inability of being able to respond to iron change, indicated by the protein accumulating in the PM, contributed to iron toxicity in K165/K196R transgenic Arabidopsis. With iron availability decreasing again, MxIRT1 could dock close to the PM waiting for to be recycled. Another monoubiquitination site, K26, was necessary for MxIRT1 Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) export as site-directed mutant K26R lost the ability of PM targeting, and co-localized with the COPII subunit of the coat protein OsSec24. Therefore, after K26-directed ER export and iron-induced PM fusion, mUb-MxIRT1 determines subsequent vacuolar degradation or recycling to the PM via endocytosis for maintaining iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shuang Li
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu-Yue Zhang
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Meng Li
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Ping Yin
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
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10
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Site-specific proteomic strategies to identify ubiquitin and SUMO modifications: Challenges and opportunities. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 132:97-108. [PMID: 34802913 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin and SUMO modify thousands of substrates to regulate most cellular processes. System-wide identification of ubiquitin and SUMO substrates provides global understanding of their cellular functions. In this review, we discuss the biological importance of site-specific modifications by ubiquitin and SUMO regulating the DNA damage response, protein quality control and cell cycle progression. Furthermore we discuss the machinery responsible for these modifications and methods to purify and identify ubiquitin and SUMO modified sites by mass spectrometry. We provide a framework to aid in the selection of appropriate purification, digestion and acquisition strategies suited to answer different biological questions. We highlight opportunities in the field for employing innovative technologies, as well as discuss challenges and long-standing questions in the field that are difficult to address with the currently available tools, emphasizing the need for further innovation.
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11
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Traczyk G, Świątkowska A, Hromada-Judycka A, Janikiewicz J, Kwiatkowska K. An intact zinc finger motif of the C1B domain is critical for stability and activity of diacylglycerol kinase-ε. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 152:106295. [PMID: 36113832 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2022.106295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinase-ε (DGKε) phosphorylates DAG to phosphatidic acid with unique specificity toward 18:0/20:4 DAG (SAG). SAG is a typical backbone of phosphatidylinositol and its derivatives, therefore DGKε activity is crucial for the turnover of these signaling lipids. Malfunction of DGKε contributes to several pathophysiological conditions, including atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) linked with DGKE mutations. In the present study we analyzed the role of a zinc finger motif of the C1B domain of DGKε, as some aHUS-linked mutations affect this ill-defined part of the kinase. For this, we introduce a novel fluorescent assay for determination of DGKε activity which relies on the use of NBD-SAG in mixed micelles as a substrate, followed by TLC separation of NBD-phosphatidic acid formed. The assay reliably determines the activity of purified human GST-DGKε, also endogenous DGKε or overexpressed mouse DGKε-Myc in cell lysates, homogenates, and kinase immunoprecipitates. Using the above assay we found that four amino acids, Cys135, Cys138, His161 and Cys164, forming the zinc finger motif in the C1B domain are required for the DGKε-Myc activity and stability. Substitution of any of these amino acids with Ala or Trp in DGKε-Myc abolished its activity and led to its proteasomal degradation, possibly assisted by Hsp70/90/40 chaperones. Inhibition of the 26S proteasome prevented the degradation but the mutated proteins were inactive. The present data on the deleterious effect of the zinc finger motif disruption contribute to the understanding of the DGKε-linked aHUS, as the Cys164Trp substitution in mouse DGKε corresponds to the Cys167Trp one in human DGKε found in some aHUS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Traczyk
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Świątkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Aneta Hromada-Judycka
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Justyna Janikiewicz
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Disorders, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Kwiatkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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12
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Culver JA, Li X, Jordan M, Mariappan M. A second chance for protein targeting/folding: Ubiquitination and deubiquitination of nascent proteins. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2200014. [PMID: 35357021 PMCID: PMC9133216 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones in cells constantly monitor and bind to exposed hydrophobicity in newly synthesized proteins and assist them in folding or targeting to cellular membranes for insertion. However, proteins can be misfolded or mistargeted, which often causes hydrophobic amino acids to be exposed to the aqueous cytosol. Again, chaperones recognize exposed hydrophobicity in these proteins to prevent nonspecific interactions and aggregation, which are harmful to cells. The chaperone-bound misfolded proteins are then decorated with ubiquitin chains denoting them for proteasomal degradation. It remains enigmatic how molecular chaperones can mediate both maturation of nascent proteins and ubiquitination of misfolded proteins solely based on their exposed hydrophobic signals. In this review, we propose a dynamic ubiquitination and deubiquitination model in which ubiquitination of newly synthesized proteins serves as a "fix me" signal for either refolding of soluble proteins or retargeting of membrane proteins with the help of chaperones and deubiquitinases. Such a model would provide additional time for aberrant nascent proteins to fold or route for membrane insertion, thus avoiding excessive protein degradation and saving cellular energy spent on protein synthesis. Also see the video abstract here: https://youtu.be/gkElfmqaKG4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A. Culver
- Department of Cell Biology, Nanobiology Institute, Yale School of Medicine, Yale West Campus, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Nanobiology Institute, Yale School of Medicine, Yale West Campus, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Matthew Jordan
- Department of Cell Biology, Nanobiology Institute, Yale School of Medicine, Yale West Campus, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Malaiyalam Mariappan
- Department of Cell Biology, Nanobiology Institute, Yale School of Medicine, Yale West Campus, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
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13
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Rossi FA, Rossi M. Emerging Role of Ubiquitin-Specific Protease 19 in Oncogenesis and Cancer Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:889166. [PMID: 35646888 PMCID: PMC9133600 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.889166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination and ubiquitin-like post-translational modifications control the activity and stability of different tumor suppressors and oncoproteins. Hence, regulation of this enzymatic cascade offers an appealing scenario for novel antineoplastic targets discovery. Among the different families of enzymes that participate in the conjugation of Ubiquitin, deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), responsible for removing ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like peptides from substrate proteins, have attracted increasing attention. In this regard, increasing evidence is accumulating suggesting that the modulation of the catalytic activity of DUBs represents an attractive point of therapeutic intervention in cancer treatment. In particular, different lines of research indicate that USP19, a member of the DUBs, plays a role in the control of tumorigenesis and cancer dissemination. This review aims at summarizing the current knowledge of USP19 wide association with the control of several cellular processes in different neoplasms, which highlights the emerging role of USP19 as a previously unrecognized prognosis factor that possesses both positive and negative regulation activities in tumor biology. These observations indicate that USP19 might represent a novel putative pharmacologic target in oncology and underscores the potential of identifying specific modulators to test in clinical settings.
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14
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Kimura-Yoshida C, Mochida K, Kanno SI, Matsuo I. USP39 is essential for mammalian epithelial morphogenesis through upregulation of planar cell polarity components. Commun Biol 2022; 5:378. [PMID: 35440748 PMCID: PMC9018712 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03254-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that the translocation of Grainyhead-like 3 (GRHL3) transcription factor from the nucleus to the cytoplasm triggers the switch from canonical Wnt signaling for epidermal differentiation to non-canonical Wnt signaling for epithelial morphogenesis. However, the molecular mechanism that underlies the cytoplasmic localization of GRHL3 protein and that activates non-canonical Wnt signaling is not known. Here, we show that ubiquitin-specific protease 39 (USP39), a deubiquitinating enzyme, is involved in the subcellular localization of GRHL3 as a potential GRHL3-interacting protein and is necessary for epithelial morphogenesis to up-regulate expression of planar cell polarity (PCP) components. Notably, mouse Usp39-deficient embryos display early embryonic lethality due to a failure in primitive streak formation and apico-basal polarity in epiblast cells, resembling those of mutant embryos of the Prickle1 gene, a crucial PCP component. Current findings provide unique insights into how differentiation and morphogenesis are coordinated to construct three-dimensional complex structures via USP39. The ubiquitin specific protease 39 (USP39) interacts with the transcription factor and cytoplasmic regulator of planar cell polarity (PCP), Grainyheadlike 3 (Grhl3). USP39-dependent PCP gene upregulation contributes to epithelial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Kimura-Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, 840, Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka, 594-1101, Japan.
| | - Kyoko Mochida
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, 840, Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka, 594-1101, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Kanno
- IDAC Fellow Research Group for DNA Repair and Dynamic Proteome, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Isao Matsuo
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, 840, Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka, 594-1101, Japan. .,Department of Pediatric and Neonatal-Perinatal Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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15
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Jeong W, Jho EH. Regulation of the Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein LRP6 and Its Association With Disease: Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling and Beyond. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:714330. [PMID: 34589484 PMCID: PMC8473786 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.714330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays crucial roles in development and tissue homeostasis, and its dysregulation leads to various diseases, notably cancer. Wnt/β-catenin signaling is initiated when the glycoprotein Wnt binds to and forms a ternary complex with the Frizzled and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5/6 (LRP5/6). Despite being identified as a Wnt co-receptor over 20 years ago, the molecular mechanisms governing how LRP6 senses Wnt and transduces downstream signaling cascades are still being deciphered. Due to its role as one of the main Wnt signaling components, the dysregulation or mutation of LRP6 is implicated in several diseases such as cancer, neurodegeneration, metabolic syndrome and skeletal disease. Herein, we will review how LRP6 is activated by Wnt stimulation and explore the various regulatory mechanisms involved. The participation of LRP6 in other signaling pathways will also be discussed. Finally, the relationship between LRP6 dysregulation and disease will be examined in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonyoung Jeong
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eek-Hoon Jho
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, South Korea
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16
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Haack F, Köster T, Uhrmacher AM. Receptor/Raft Ratio Is a Determinant for LRP6 Phosphorylation and WNT/β-Catenin Signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:706731. [PMID: 34485292 PMCID: PMC8416303 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.706731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microdomains or lipid rafts greatly affect the distribution of proteins and peptides in the membrane and play a vital role in the formation and activation of receptor/protein complexes. A prominent example for the decisive impact of lipid rafts on signaling is LRP6, whose localization to the same lipid rafts domain as the kinase CK1γ is crucial for its successful phosphorylation and the subsequent activation of the signalosome, hence WNT/β-catenin signaling. However, according to various experimental measurements, approximately 25 to 35 % of the cell plasma membrane is covered by nanoscopic raft domains with diameters ranging between 10 to 200 nm. Extrapolating/Translating these values to the membrane of a “normal sized” cell yields a raft abundance, that, by far, outnumbers the membrane-associated pathway components of most individual signaling pathway, such as receptor and kinases. To analyze whether and how the quantitative ratio between receptor and rafts affects LRP6 phosphorylation and WNT/β-catenin pathway activation, we present a computational modeling study, that for the first time employs realistic raft numbers in a compartment-based pathway model. Our simulation experiments indicate, that for receptor/raft ratios smaller than 1, i.e., when the number of raft compartments clearly exceeds the number of pathway specific membrane proteins, we observe significant decrease in LRP6 phosphorylation and downstream pathway activity. Our results suggest that pathway specific targeting and sorting mechanism are required to significantly narrow down the receptor/raft ratio and to enable the formation of the LRP6 signalosome, hence signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiete Haack
- Modeling and Simulation Group, Institute for Visual and Analytic Computing, Institute of Electric Engineering and Computer Science, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Till Köster
- Modeling and Simulation Group, Institute for Visual and Analytic Computing, Institute of Electric Engineering and Computer Science, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Adelinde M Uhrmacher
- Modeling and Simulation Group, Institute for Visual and Analytic Computing, Institute of Electric Engineering and Computer Science, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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17
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Feng D, Wang J, Yang W, Li J, Lin X, Zha F, Wang X, Ma L, Choi NT, Mii Y, Takada S, Huen MSY, Guo Y, Zhang L, Gao B. Regulation of Wnt/PCP signaling through p97/VCP-KBTBD7-mediated Vangl ubiquitination and endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/20/eabg2099. [PMID: 33990333 PMCID: PMC8121430 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg2099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The four-pass transmembrane proteins Vangl1 and Vangl2 are dedicated core components of Wnt/planar cell polarity (Wnt/PCP) signaling that critically regulate polarized cell behaviors in many morphological and physiological processes. Here, we found that the abundance of Vangl proteins is tightly controlled by the ubiquitin-proteasome system through endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD). The key ERAD component p97/VCP directly binds to Vangl at a highly conserved VCP-interacting motif and recruits the E3 ligase KBTBD7 via its UBA-UBX adaptors to promote Vangl ubiquitination and ERAD. We found that Wnt5a/CK1 prevents Vangl ubiquitination and ERAD by inducing Vangl phosphorylation, which facilitates Vangl export from the ER to the plasma membrane. We also provide in vivo evidence that KBTBD7 regulates convergent extension during zebrafish gastrulation and functions as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer by promoting Vangl degradation. Our findings reveal a previously unknown regulatory mechanism of Wnt/PCP signaling through the p97/VCP-KBTBD7-mediated ERAD pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Feng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, China
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Yang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingyu Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaochen Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fangzi Zha
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaolu Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Luyao Ma
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Nga Ting Choi
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, China
| | - Yusuke Mii
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS) and National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Shinji Takada
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS) and National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Michael S Y Huen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yusong Guo
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bo Gao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, China
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18
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Chen JJ, Fan Y, Boehning D. Regulation of Dynamic Protein S-Acylation. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:656440. [PMID: 33981723 PMCID: PMC8107437 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.656440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein S-acylation is the reversible addition of fatty acids to the cysteine residues of target proteins. It regulates multiple aspects of protein function, including the localization to membranes, intracellular trafficking, protein interactions, protein stability, and protein conformation. This process is regulated by palmitoyl acyltransferases that have the conserved amino acid sequence DHHC at their active site. Although they have conserved catalytic cores, DHHC enzymes vary in their protein substrate selection, lipid substrate preference, and regulatory mechanisms. Alterations in DHHC enzyme function are associated with many human diseases, including cancers and neurological conditions. The removal of fatty acids from acylated cysteine residues is catalyzed by acyl protein thioesterases. Notably, S-acylation is now known to be a highly dynamic process, and plays crucial roles in signaling transduction in various cell types. In this review, we will explore the recent findings on protein S-acylation, the enzymatic regulation of this process, and discuss examples of dynamic S-acylation.
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19
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Rossi FA, Enriqué Steinberg JH, Calvo Roitberg EH, Joshi MU, Pandey A, Abba MC, Dufrusine B, Buglioni S, De Laurenzi V, Sala G, Lattanzio R, Espinosa JM, Rossi M. USP19 modulates cancer cell migration and invasion and acts as a novel prognostic marker in patients with early breast cancer. Oncogenesis 2021; 10:28. [PMID: 33714979 PMCID: PMC7956144 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-021-00318-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor cell dissemination in cancer patients is associated with a significant reduction in their survival and quality of life. The ubiquitination pathway plays a fundamental role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis both in normal and stressed conditions and its dysregulation has been associated with malignant transformation and invasive potential of tumor cells, thus highlighting its value as a potential therapeutic target. In order to identify novel molecular targets of tumor cell migration and invasion we performed a genetic screen with an shRNA library against ubiquitination pathway-related genes. To this end, we set up a protocol to specifically enrich positive migration regulator candidates. We identified the deubiquitinase USP19 and demonstrated that its silencing reduces the migratory and invasive potential of highly invasive breast cancer cell lines. We extended our investigation in vivo and confirmed that mice injected with USP19 depleted cells display increased tumor-free survival, as well as a delay in the onset of the tumor formation and a significant reduction in the appearance of metastatic foci, indicating that tumor cell invasion and dissemination is impaired. In contrast, overexpression of USP19 increased cell invasiveness both in vitro and in vivo, further validating our findings. More importantly, we demonstrated that USP19 catalytic activity is important for the control of tumor cell migration and invasion, and that its molecular mechanism of action involves LRP6, a Wnt co-receptor. Finally, we showed that USP19 overexpression is a surrogate prognostic marker of distant relapse in patients with early breast cancer. Altogether, these findings demonstrate that USP19 might represent a novel therapeutic target in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Alejandra Rossi
- grid.412850.a0000 0004 0489 7281Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT) - CONICET, Universidad Austral, Pilar, Buenos Aires Argentina ,grid.423606.50000 0001 1945 2152Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA-CONICET-MPSP), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juliana Haydeé Enriqué Steinberg
- grid.412850.a0000 0004 0489 7281Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT) - CONICET, Universidad Austral, Pilar, Buenos Aires Argentina ,grid.423606.50000 0001 1945 2152Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA-CONICET-MPSP), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ezequiel Hernán Calvo Roitberg
- grid.412850.a0000 0004 0489 7281Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT) - CONICET, Universidad Austral, Pilar, Buenos Aires Argentina ,grid.423606.50000 0001 1945 2152Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA-CONICET-MPSP), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Molishree Umesh Joshi
- grid.430503.10000 0001 0703 675XFunctional Genomics Facility, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Ahwan Pandey
- grid.1055.10000000403978434Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Martin Carlos Abba
- grid.9499.d0000 0001 2097 3940Centro de Investigaciones Inmunológicas Básicas y Aplicadas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas – Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Beatrice Dufrusine
- grid.412451.70000 0001 2181 4941Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Simonetta Buglioni
- grid.417520.50000 0004 1760 5276Advanced Diagnostics and Technological Innovation Department, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Laurenzi
- grid.412451.70000 0001 2181 4941Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Gianluca Sala
- grid.412451.70000 0001 2181 4941Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Rossano Lattanzio
- grid.412451.70000 0001 2181 4941Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Joaquín Maximiliano Espinosa
- grid.430503.10000 0001 0703 675XFunctional Genomics Facility, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO USA ,grid.430503.10000 0001 0703 675XLinda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO USA ,grid.430503.10000 0001 0703 675XDepartment of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Mario Rossi
- grid.412850.a0000 0004 0489 7281Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT) - CONICET, Universidad Austral, Pilar, Buenos Aires Argentina
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20
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Chen M, Amado N, Tan J, Reis A, Ge M, Abreu JG, He X. TMEM79/MATTRIN defines a pathway for Frizzled regulation and is required for Xenopus embryogenesis. eLife 2020; 9:e56793. [PMID: 32924931 PMCID: PMC7521923 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling through the Frizzled (FZD) family of serpentine receptors is essential for embryogenesis and homeostasis, and stringent control of the FZD protein level is critical for stem cell regulation. Through CRISPR/Cas9 genome-wide screening in human cells, we identified TMEM79/MATTRIN, an orphan multi-span transmembrane protein, as a specific inhibitor of Wnt/FZD signaling. TMEM79 interacts with FZD during biogenesis and promotes FZD degradation independent of ZNRF3/RNF43 ubiquitin ligases (R-spondin receptors). TMEM79 interacts with ubiquitin-specific protease 8 (USP8), whose activating mutations underlie human tumorigenesis. TMEM79 specifically inhibits USP8 deubiquitination of FZD, thereby governing USP8 substrate specificity and promoting FZD degradation. Tmem79 and Usp8 genes have a pre-bilaterian origin, and Tmem79 inhibition of Usp8 and Wnt signaling is required for anterior neural development and gastrulation in Xenopus embryos. TMEM79 is a predisposition gene for Atopic dermatitis, suggesting deregulation of Wnt/FZD signaling a possible cause for this most common yet enigmatic inflammatory skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maorong Chen
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Nathalia Amado
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Jieqiong Tan
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Alice Reis
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Mengxu Ge
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Jose Garcia Abreu
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Xi He
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
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21
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Sun D, Stopka-Farooqui U, Barry S, Aksoy E, Parsonage G, Vossenkämper A, Capasso M, Wan X, Norris S, Marshall JL, Clear A, Gribben J, MacDonald TT, Buckley CD, Korbonits M, Haworth O. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Interacting Protein Maintains Germinal Center B Cells through Suppression of BCL6 Degradation. Cell Rep 2020; 27:1461-1471.e4. [PMID: 31042473 PMCID: PMC6506688 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell lymphoma-6 (BCL6) is highly expressed in germinal center B cells, but how its expression is maintained is still not completely clear. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein (AIP) is a co-chaperone of heat shock protein 90. Deletion of Aip in B cells decreased BCL6 expression, reducing germinal center B cells and diminishing adaptive immune responses. AIP was required for optimal AKT signaling in response to B cell receptor stimulation, and AIP protected BCL6 from ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation by the E3-ubiquitin ligase FBXO11 by binding to the deubiquitinase UCHL1, thus helping to maintain the expression of BCL6. AIP was highly expressed in primary diffuse large B cell lymphomas compared to healthy tissue and other tumors. Our findings describe AIP as a positive regulator of BCL6 expression with implications for the pathobiology of diffuse large B cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dijue Sun
- Center of Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Urszula Stopka-Farooqui
- Center of Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Sayka Barry
- Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Ezra Aksoy
- Center of Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Gregory Parsonage
- Experimental Medicine & Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Anna Vossenkämper
- Center for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Melania Capasso
- Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Xinyu Wan
- Center of Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Sherine Norris
- Center of Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Jennifer L Marshall
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Andrew Clear
- Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - John Gribben
- Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Thomas T MacDonald
- Center for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Christopher D Buckley
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Oliver Haworth
- Center of Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, Westminster University, London W1W 6UW, UK.
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22
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Regulation of Wnt Signaling through Ubiquitination and Deubiquitination in Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113904. [PMID: 32486158 PMCID: PMC7311976 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway plays important roles in embryonic development, homeostatic processes, cell differentiation, cell polarity, cell proliferation, and cell migration via the β-catenin binding of Wnt target genes. Dysregulation of Wnt signaling is associated with various diseases such as cancer, aging, Alzheimer’s disease, metabolic disease, and pigmentation disorders. Numerous studies entailing the Wnt signaling pathway have been conducted for various cancers. Diverse signaling factors mediate the up- or down-regulation of Wnt signaling through post-translational modifications (PTMs), and aberrant regulation is associated with several different malignancies in humans. Of the numerous PTMs involved, most Wnt signaling factors are regulated by ubiquitination and deubiquitination. Ubiquitination by E3 ligase attaches ubiquitins to target proteins and usually induces proteasomal degradation of Wnt signaling factors such as β-catenin, Axin, GSK3, and Dvl. Conversely, deubiquitination induced by the deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) detaches the ubiquitins and modulates the stability of signaling factors. In this review, we discuss the effects of ubiquitination and deubiquitination on the Wnt signaling pathway, and the inhibitors of DUBs that can be applied for cancer therapeutic strategies.
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23
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Philippe JM, Jenkins PM. Spatial organization of palmitoyl acyl transferases governs substrate localization and function. Mol Membr Biol 2020; 35:60-75. [PMID: 31969037 DOI: 10.1080/09687688.2019.1710274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein palmitoylation is a critical posttranslational modification that regulates protein trafficking, localization, stability, sorting and function. In mammals, addition of this lipid modification onto proteins is mediated by a family of 23 palmitoyl acyl transferases (PATs). PATs often palmitoylate substrates in a promiscuous manner, precluding our understanding of how these enzymes achieve specificity for their substrates. Despite generous efforts to identify consensus motifs defining PAT-substrate specificity, it remains to be determined whether additional factors beyond interaction motifs, such as local palmitoylation, participate in PAT-substrate selection. In this review, we emphasize the role of local palmitoylation, in which substrates are palmitoylated and trapped in the same subcellular compartments as their PATs, as a mechanism of enzyme-substrate specificity. We focus here on non-Golgi-localized PATs, as physical proximity to their substrates enables them to engage in local palmitoylation, compared to Golgi PATs, which often direct trafficking of their substrates elsewhere. PAT subcellular localization may be an under-recognized, yet important determinant of PAT-substrate specificity that may work in conjunction or completely independently of interaction motifs. We also discuss some current hypotheses about protein motifs that contribute to localization of non-Golgi-localized PATs, important for the downstream targeting of their substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Philippe
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Paul M Jenkins
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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24
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Baloghova N, Lidak T, Cermak L. Ubiquitin Ligases Involved in the Regulation of Wnt, TGF-β, and Notch Signaling Pathways and Their Roles in Mouse Development and Homeostasis. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10100815. [PMID: 31623112 PMCID: PMC6826584 DOI: 10.3390/genes10100815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt, TGF-β, and Notch signaling pathways are essential for the regulation of cellular polarity, differentiation, proliferation, and migration. Differential activation and mutual crosstalk of these pathways during animal development are crucial instructive forces in the initiation of the body axis and the development of organs and tissues. Due to the ability to initiate cell proliferation, these pathways are vulnerable to somatic mutations selectively producing cells, which ultimately slip through cellular and organismal checkpoints and develop into cancer. The architecture of the Wnt, TGF-β, and Notch signaling pathways is simple. The transmembrane receptor, activated by the extracellular stimulus, induces nuclear translocation of the transcription factor, which subsequently changes the expression of target genes. Nevertheless, these pathways are regulated by a myriad of factors involved in various feedback mechanisms or crosstalk. The most prominent group of regulators is the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). To open the door to UPS-based therapeutic manipulations, a thorough understanding of these regulations at a molecular level and rigorous confirmation in vivo are required. In this quest, mouse models are exceptional and, thanks to the progress in genetic engineering, also an accessible tool. Here, we reviewed the current understanding of how the UPS regulates the Wnt, TGF-β, and Notch pathways and we summarized the knowledge gained from related mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikol Baloghova
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomas Lidak
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic.
| | - Lukas Cermak
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic.
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25
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A Role for the WNT Co-Receptor LRP6 in Pathogenesis and Therapy of Epithelial Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081162. [PMID: 31412666 PMCID: PMC6721565 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway controls stem and progenitor cell proliferation, survival and differentiation in epithelial tissues. Aberrant stimulation of this pathway is therefore frequently observed in cancers from epithelial origin. For instance, colorectal and hepatic cancers display activating mutations in the CTNNB1 gene encoding β-catenin, or inactivating APC and AXIN gene mutations. However, these mutations are uncommon in breast and pancreatic cancers despite nuclear β-catenin localization, indicative of pathway activation. Notably, the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6), an indispensable co-receptor for WNT, is frequently overexpressed in colorectal, liver, breast and pancreatic adenocarcinomas in association with increased WNT/β -catenin signaling. Moreover, LRP6 is hyperphosphorylated in KRAS-mutated cells and in patient-derived colorectal tumours. Polymorphisms in the LRP6 gene are also associated with different susceptibility to developing specific types of lung, bladder and colorectal cancers. Additionally, recent observations suggest that LRP6 dysfunction may be involved in carcinogenesis. Indeed, reducing LRP6 expression and/or activity inhibits cancer cell proliferation and delays tumour growth in vivo. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the biological function and regulation of LRP6 in the development of epithelial cancers—especially colorectal, liver, breast and pancreatic cancers.
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26
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Goder V, Alanis-Dominguez E, Bustamante-Sequeiros M. Lipids and their (un)known effects on ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD). Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1865:158488. [PMID: 31233887 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated protein degradation (ERAD) is a conserved cellular process that apart from protein quality control and maintenance of ER membrane identity has pivotal functions in regulating the lipid composition of the ER membrane. A general trigger for ERAD activation is the exposure of normally buried protein domains due to protein misfolding, absence of binding partners or conformational changes. Several feedback loops for ER lipid homeostasis exploit the induction of conformational changes in key enzymes of lipid biosynthesis or in ER membrane-embedded transcription factors upon shortage or abundance of specific lipids, leading to enzyme degradation or mobilization of transcription factors. Similarly, an insufficient amount of lipids triggers ERAD of apolipoproteins during lipoprotein formation. Lipids might even have a role in ER protein quality control: when proteins destined for ER export are covalently modified with lipids their ER residence time and their susceptibility to ERAD is reduced. Here we summarize and compare the various interconnections of lipids with ER membrane proteins and ERAD. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Endoplasmic reticulum platforms for lipid dynamics edited by Shamshad Cockcroft and Christopher Stefan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veit Goder
- Department of Genetics, University of Seville, 6, Ave Reina Mercedes, 41012 Seville, Spain.
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27
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Anthrax toxin requires ZDHHC5-mediated palmitoylation of its surface-processing host enzymes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:1279-1288. [PMID: 30610172 PMCID: PMC6347675 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1812588116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxins exploit numerous pathways of their host cells to gain cellular entry and promote intoxication. Therefore, studying the action of toxins allows us to better understand basic mechanisms in cell biology. In this study, we found that ZDHHC5, an enzyme that adds a lipid posttranslational modification to cysteines of proteins, is responsible for allowing anthrax toxin to enter cells. This enzyme acts on proprotein convertases that are needed to cleave these toxins to their active forms. ZDHHC5 does not affect the enzymatic activity of these proteases, but allows them to encounter the toxin by favoring their partitioning in microdomains on the cell surface, domains where the toxin has previously been shown to preferentially reside. The protein acyl transferase ZDHHC5 was recently proposed to regulate trafficking in the endocytic pathway. Therefore, we explored the function of this enzyme in controlling the action of bacterial toxins. We found that ZDHHC5 activity is required for two very different toxins: the anthrax lethal toxin and the pore-forming toxin aerolysin. Both of these toxins have precursor forms, the protoxins, which can use the proprotein convertases Furin and PC7 for activation. We show that ZDHHC5 indeed affects the processing of the protoxins to their active forms. We found that Furin and PC7 can both be S-palmitoylated and are substrates of ZDHHC5. The impact of ZDHHC5 on Furin/PC7-mediated anthrax toxin cleavage is dual, having an indirect and a direct component. First, ZDHHC5 affects the homeostasis and trafficking of a subset of cellular proteins, including Furin and PC7, presumably by affecting the endocytic/recycling pathway. Second, while not inhibiting the protease activity per se, ZDHHC5-mediated Furin/PC7 palmitoylation is required for the cleavage of the anthrax toxin. Finally, we show that palmitoylation of Furin and PC7 promotes their association with plasma membrane microdomains. Both the receptor-bound toxin and the convertases are of very low abundance at the cell surface. Their encounter is unlikely on reasonable time scales. This work indicates that palmitoylation drives their encounter in specific domains, allowing processing and thereby intoxication of the cell.
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28
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Abrami L, Denhardt-Eriksson RA, Hatzimanikatis V, van der Goot FG. Dynamic Radiolabeling of S-Palmitoylated Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2009:111-127. [PMID: 31152399 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9532-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Proteins can be radiolabeled either during synthesis, typically using 35S-cysteine/methionine (35S-Cys/Met), or after synthesis, by adding a radiolabeled posttranslational modification. Here we describe how protein S-palmitoylation, and its dynamics, can be monitored by 3H-palmitate labeling and how the importance of S-palmitoylation in protein biogenesis and turnover can be investigated using 35S-Cys/Met pulse-chase metabolic labeling. Proteins frequently have multiple palmitoylation sites. The importance thereof on the design and interpretation of metabolic labeling experiments is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robin A Denhardt-Eriksson
- Global Health Institute, Laboratory of Computational Systems Biotechnology, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
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29
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Abstract
Protein S-palmitoylation is increasingly recognized as an important posttranslational modification, present in all eukaryotic organisms, involved in the regulation of many biological processes. The SwissPalm database centralizes the large and increasing number of published palmitoyl-proteome datasets, provides tools to compare them, and includes curated data from the literature on the identification and analysis of palmitoylated proteins. SwissPalm 2 provides an updated version, with 38 palmitoyl-proteomes at the time of release, from 17 different species, and new features such as the inclusion of orthologs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Blanc
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabrice P A David
- Global Health Institute, Gene Expression Core Facility, SV-IT, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
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30
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Zaballa ME, van der Goot FG. The molecular era of protein S-acylation: spotlight on structure, mechanisms, and dynamics. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 53:420-451. [DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2018.1488804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María-Eugenia Zaballa
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F. Gisou van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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31
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Ma C, Luo C, Yin H, Zhang Y, Xiong W, Zhang T, Gao T, Wang X, Che D, Fang Z, Li L, Xie J, Huang M, Zhu L, Jiang P, Qi W, Zhou T, Yang Z, Wang W, Ma J, Gao G, Yang X. Kallistatin inhibits lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis of gastric cancer by downregulating VEGF-C expression and secretion. Gastric Cancer 2018; 21:617-631. [PMID: 29243194 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-017-0787-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-induced lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis are predominant during the metastasis of many types of cancers. However, the endogenous inhibitors that counterbalance the lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis of tumors have not been well evaluated. Kallistatin has been recognized as an endogenous angiogenesis inhibitor. METHODS AND RESULTS Our recent study showed for the first time that the lymphatic vessel density (LVD) was reduced in lung and stomach sections from kallistatin-overexpressing transgenic mice. Kallistatin expresses anti-lymphangiogenic activity by inhibiting the proliferation, migration, and tube formation of human lymphatic endothelial cells (hLECs). Therefore, the present study focuses on the relationships of changes in kallistatin expression with the lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis of gastric cancer and its underlying mechanisms. Our results revealed that the expression of kallistatin in cancer tissues, metastatic lymph nodes, and plasma of gastric cancer patients was significantly downregulated and that the plasma level of kallistatin was negatively associated with the phase of lymph node metastasis. Furthermore, treatment with kallistatin recombinant protein decreased LVD and lymph node metastases in the implanted gastric xenograft tumors of nude mice. Mechanically, kallistatin suppressed the lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis by downregulating VEGF-C expression and secretion through the LRP6/IKK/IҡB/NF-ҡB signaling pathway in gastric cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrated that kallistatin functions as an endogenous lymphangiogenesis inhibitor and has an important part in the lymphatic metastasis of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiqi Ma
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Chuanghua Luo
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Haofan Yin
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Wenjun Xiong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianxiao Gao
- Department of Hematologic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Di Che
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenzhen Fang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Lei Li
- Reproductive Medicine Center, the Third Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinye Xie
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Mao Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Liuqing Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Weiwei Qi
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ti Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhonghan Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jianxing Ma
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma, Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Guoquan Gao
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. .,Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,China Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Xia Yang
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. .,Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Gene Manipulation and Biomacromolecular Products, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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32
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Jafari M, Mehrnejad F, Rahimi F, Asghari SM. The Molecular Basis of the Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Effect on Human Ubiquitin Structure: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2150. [PMID: 29391595 PMCID: PMC5794983 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20669-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the molecular interactions of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) with human ubiquitin and its unfolding mechanisms, a comparative study was conducted on the interactions of the protein in the presence and absence of SDS at different temperatures using six independent 500 ns atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Moreover, the effects of partial atomic charges on SDS aggregation and micellar structures were investigated at high SDS concentrations. The results demonstrated that human ubiquitin retains its native-like structure in the presence of SDS and pure water at 300 K, while the conformation adopts an unfolded state at a high temperature. In addition, it was found that both SDS self-assembly and the conformation of the resulting protein may have a significant effect of reducing the partial atomic charges. The simulations at 370 K provided evidence that the SDS molecules disrupted the first hydration shell and expanded the hydrophobic core of ubiquitin, resulting in complete protein unfolding. According to these results, SDS and temperature are both required to induce a completely unfolded state under ambient conditions. We believe that these findings could be useful in protein folding/unfolding studies and structural biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Jafari
- Nanobiotechnology Lab, Department of Life Sciences Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, 14395-1561, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faramarz Mehrnejad
- Nanobiotechnology Lab, Department of Life Sciences Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, 14395-1561, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fereshteh Rahimi
- Nanobiotechnology Lab, Department of Life Sciences Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, 14395-1561, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Mohsen Asghari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, 4193833697, Rasht, Iran
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33
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Glaeser K, Urban M, Fenech E, Voloshanenko O, Kranz D, Lari F, Christianson JC, Boutros M. ERAD-dependent control of the Wnt secretory factor Evi. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201797311. [PMID: 29378775 PMCID: PMC5813261 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201797311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Active regulation of protein abundance is an essential strategy to modulate cellular signaling pathways. Within the Wnt signaling cascade, regulated degradation of β-catenin by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) affects the outcome of canonical Wnt signaling. Here, we found that abundance of the Wnt cargo receptor Evi (Wls/GPR177), which is required for Wnt protein secretion, is also regulated by the UPS through endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD). In the absence of Wnt ligands, Evi is ubiquitinated and targeted for ERAD in a VCP-dependent manner. Ubiquitination of Evi involves the E2-conjugating enzyme UBE2J2 and the E3-ligase CGRRF1. Furthermore, we show that a triaging complex of Porcn and VCP determines whether Evi enters the secretory or the ERAD pathway. In this way, ERAD-dependent control of Evi availability impacts the scale of Wnt protein secretion by adjusting the amount of Evi to meet the requirement of Wnt protein export. As Wnt and Evi protein levels are often dysregulated in cancer, targeting regulatory ERAD components might be a useful approach for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Glaeser
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manuela Urban
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Emma Fenech
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Oksana Voloshanenko
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dominique Kranz
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Federica Lari
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Michael Boutros
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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34
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Lanyon-Hogg T, Faronato M, Serwa RA, Tate EW. Dynamic Protein Acylation: New Substrates, Mechanisms, and Drug Targets. Trends Biochem Sci 2017; 42:566-581. [PMID: 28602500 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational attachment of lipids to proteins is found in all organisms, and is important for many biological processes. Acylation with myristic and palmitic acids are among the most common lipid modifications, and understanding reversible protein palmitoylation dynamics has become a particularly important goal. Linking acyltransferase enzymes to disease states can be challenging due to a paucity of robust models, compounded by functional redundancy between many palmitoyl transferases; however, in cases such as Wnt or Hedgehog signalling, small molecule inhibitors have been identified, with some progressing to clinical trials. In this review, we present recent developments in our understanding of protein acylation in human health and disease through use of chemical tools, global profiling of acylated proteomes, and functional studies of specific protein targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lanyon-Hogg
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Monica Faronato
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Remigiusz A Serwa
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Edward W Tate
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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35
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The evolving role of ubiquitin modification in endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation. Biochem J 2017; 474:445-469. [PMID: 28159894 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) serves as a warehouse for factors that augment and control the biogenesis of nascent proteins entering the secretory pathway. In turn, this compartment also harbors the machinery that responds to the presence of misfolded proteins by targeting them for proteolysis via a process known as ER-associated degradation (ERAD). During ERAD, substrates are selected, modified with ubiquitin, removed from the ER, and then degraded by the cytoplasmic 26S proteasome. While integral membrane proteins can directly access the ubiquitination machinery that resides in the cytoplasm or on the cytoplasmic face of the ER membrane, soluble ERAD substrates within the lumen must be retrotranslocated from this compartment. In either case, nearly all ERAD substrates are tagged with a polyubiquitin chain, a modification that represents a commitment step to degrade aberrant proteins. However, increasing evidence indicates that the polyubiquitin chain on ERAD substrates can be further modified, serves to recruit ERAD-requiring factors, and may regulate the ERAD machinery. Amino acid side chains other than lysine on ERAD substrates can also be modified with ubiquitin, and post-translational modifications that affect substrate ubiquitination have been observed. Here, we summarize these data and provide an overview of questions driving this field of research.
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Leznicki P, Kulathu Y. Mechanisms of regulation and diversification of deubiquitylating enzyme function. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1997-2006. [PMID: 28476940 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.201855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Deubiquitylating (or deubiquitinating) enzymes (DUBs) are proteases that reverse protein ubiquitylation and therefore modulate the outcome of this post-translational modification. DUBs regulate a variety of intracellular processes, including protein turnover, signalling pathways and the DNA damage response. They have also been linked to a number of human diseases, such as cancer, and inflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. Although we are beginning to better appreciate the role of DUBs in basic cell biology and their importance for human health, there are still many unknowns. Central among these is the conundrum of how the small number of ∼100 DUBs encoded in the human genome is capable of regulating the thousands of ubiquitin modification sites detected in human cells. This Commentary addresses the biological mechanisms employed to modulate and expand the functions of DUBs, and sets directions for future research aimed at elucidating the details of these fascinating processes.This article is part of a Minifocus on Ubiquitin Regulation and Function. For further reading, please see related articles: 'Exploitation of the host cell ubiquitin machinery by microbial effector proteins' by Yi-Han Lin and Matthias P. Machner (J. Cell Sci.130, 1985-1996). 'Cell scientist to watch - Mads Gyrd-Hansen' (J. Cell Sci.130, 1981-1983).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Leznicki
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Yogesh Kulathu
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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Clague MJ, Urbé S. Integration of cellular ubiquitin and membrane traffic systems: focus on deubiquitylases. FEBS J 2017; 284:1753-1766. [PMID: 28064438 PMCID: PMC5484354 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The cell is comprised of integrated multilevel protein networks or systems. The ubiquitin, protein homeostasis and membrane trafficking systems are highly integrated. Here, we look at the influence of reversible ubiquitylation on membrane trafficking and organelle dynamics. We review the regulation of endocytic sorting, selective autophagy and the secretory pathway by ubiquitin signals, with a particular focus on detailing the contribution of deubiquitylating enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Clague
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Sylvie Urbé
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK
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