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S Mesquita F, Abrami L, Linder ME, Bamji SX, Dickinson BC, van der Goot FG. Mechanisms and functions of protein S-acylation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024:10.1038/s41580-024-00700-8. [PMID: 38355760 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-024-00700-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, protein S-acylation (often referred to as S-palmitoylation) has emerged as an important regulator of vital signalling pathways. S-Acylation is a reversible post-translational modification that involves the attachment of a fatty acid to a protein. Maintenance of the equilibrium between protein S-acylation and deacylation has demonstrated profound effects on various cellular processes, including innate immunity, inflammation, glucose metabolism and fat metabolism, as well as on brain and heart function. This Review provides an overview of current understanding of S-acylation and deacylation enzymes, their spatiotemporal regulation by sophisticated multilayered mechanisms, and their influence on protein function, cellular processes and physiological pathways. Furthermore, we examine how disruptions in protein S-acylation are associated with a broad spectrum of diseases from cancer to autoinflammatory disorders and neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco S Mesquita
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maurine E Linder
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Shernaz X Bamji
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - F Gisou van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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2
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Mesquita FS, Abrami L, Samurkas A, van der Goot FG. S-acylation: an orchestrator of the life cycle and function of membrane proteins. FEBS J 2024; 291:45-56. [PMID: 37811679 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
S-acylation is a covalent post-translational modification of proteins with fatty acids, achieved by enzymatic attachment via a labile thioester bond. This modification allows for dynamic control of protein properties and functions in association with cell membranes. This lipid modification regulates a substantial portion of the human proteome and plays an increasingly recognized role throughout the lifespan of affected proteins. Recent technical advancements have propelled the S-acylation field into a 'molecular era', unveiling new insights into its mechanistic intricacies and far-reaching implications. With a striking increase in the number of studies on this modification, new concepts are indeed emerging on the roles of S-acylation in specific cell biology processes and features. After a brief overview of the enzymes involved in S-acylation, this viewpoint focuses on the importance of S-acylation in the homeostasis, function, and coordination of integral membrane proteins. In particular, we put forward the hypotheses that S-acylation is a gatekeeper of membrane protein folding and turnover and a regulator of the formation and dynamics of membrane contact sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Samurkas
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
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3
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S Mesquita F, Abrami L, Bracq L, Panyain N, Mercier V, Kunz B, Chuat A, Carlevaro-Fita J, Trono D, van der Goot FG. SARS-CoV-2 hijacks a cell damage response, which induces transcription of a more efficient Spike S-acyltransferase. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7302. [PMID: 37952051 PMCID: PMC10640587 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection requires Spike protein-mediated fusion between the viral and cellular membranes. The fusogenic activity of Spike depends on its post-translational lipid modification by host S-acyltransferases, predominantly ZDHHC20. Previous observations indicate that SARS-CoV-2 infection augments the S-acylation of Spike when compared to mere Spike transfection. Here, we find that SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers a change in the transcriptional start site of the zdhhc20 gene, both in cells and in an in vivo infection model, resulting in a 67-amino-acid-long N-terminally extended protein with approx. 40 times higher Spike acylating activity, resulting in enhanced fusion of viruses with host cells. Furthermore, we observed the same induced transcriptional change in response to other challenges, such as chemically induced colitis and pore-forming toxins, indicating that SARS-CoV-2 hijacks an existing cell damage response pathway to optimize it fusion glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucie Bracq
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nattawadee Panyain
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Mercier
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
- ACCESS, Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Béatrice Kunz
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Audrey Chuat
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Didier Trono
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
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4
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Sandoz PA, Denhardt-Eriksson RA, Abrami L, Abriata LA, Spreemann G, Maclachlan C, Ho S, Kunz B, Hess K, Knott G, S Mesquita F, Hatzimanikatis V, van der Goot FG. Dynamics of CLIMP-63 S-acylation control ER morphology. Nat Commun 2023; 14:264. [PMID: 36650170 PMCID: PMC9844198 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35921-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex architecture of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) comprises distinct dynamic features, many at the nanoscale, that enable the coexistence of the nuclear envelope, regions of dense sheets and a branched tubular network that spans the cytoplasm. A key player in the formation of ER sheets is cytoskeleton-linking membrane protein 63 (CLIMP-63). The mechanisms by which CLIMP-63 coordinates ER structure remain elusive. Here, we address the impact of S-acylation, a reversible post-translational lipid modification, on CLIMP-63 cellular distribution and function. Combining native mass-spectrometry, with kinetic analysis of acylation and deacylation, and data-driven mathematical modelling, we obtain in-depth understanding of the CLIMP-63 life cycle. In the ER, it assembles into trimeric units. These occasionally exit the ER to reach the plasma membrane. However, the majority undergoes S-acylation by ZDHHC6 in the ER where they further assemble into highly stable super-complexes. Using super-resolution microscopy and focused ion beam electron microscopy, we show that CLIMP-63 acylation-deacylation controls the abundance and fenestration of ER sheets. Overall, this study uncovers a dynamic lipid post-translational regulation of ER architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Sandoz
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luciano A Abriata
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Modelling, Institute of Bioengineering, EPFL and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Protein Production and Structure Core Facility, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Sylvia Ho
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Béatrice Kunz
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kathryn Hess
- Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Graham Knott
- BioEM Facility, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
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5
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Anwar MU, Sergeeva OA, Abrami L, Mesquita FS, Lukonin I, Amen T, Chuat A, Capolupo L, Liberali P, D'Angelo G, van der Goot FG. ER-Golgi-localized proteins TMED2 and TMED10 control the formation of plasma membrane lipid nanodomains. Dev Cell 2022; 57:2334-2346.e8. [PMID: 36174556 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
To promote infections, pathogens exploit host cell machineries such as structural elements of the plasma membrane. Studying these interactions and identifying molecular players are ideal for gaining insights into the fundamental biology of the host cell. Here, we used the anthrax toxin to screen a library of 1,500 regulatory, cell-surface, and membrane trafficking genes for their involvement in the intoxication process. We found that endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi-localized proteins TMED2 and TMED10 are required for toxin oligomerization at the plasma membrane of human cells, an essential step dependent on localization to cholesterol-rich lipid nanodomains. Biochemical, morphological, and mechanistic analyses showed that TMED2 and TMED10 are essential components of a supercomplex that operates the exchange of both cholesterol and ceramides at ER-Golgi membrane contact sites. Overall, this study of anthrax intoxication led to the discovery that lipid compositional remodeling at ER-Golgi interfaces fully controls the formation of functional membrane nanodomains at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad U Anwar
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Oksana A Sergeeva
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francisco S Mesquita
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ilya Lukonin
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI), 4058 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Triana Amen
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Audrey Chuat
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laura Capolupo
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Prisca Liberali
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI), 4058 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni D'Angelo
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - F Gisou van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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6
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Simó-Riudalbas L, Offner S, Planet E, Duc J, Abrami L, Dind S, Coudray A, Coto-Llerena M, Ercan C, Piscuoglio S, Andersen CL, Bramsen JB, Trono D. Transposon-activated POU5F1B promotes colorectal cancer growth and metastasis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4913. [PMID: 35987910 PMCID: PMC9392749 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32649-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) is an unmet medical need in absence of early diagnosis. Here, upon characterizing cancer-specific transposable element-driven transpochimeric gene transcripts (TcGTs) produced by this tumor in the SYSCOL cohort, we find that expression of the hominid-restricted retrogene POU5F1B through aberrant activation of a primate-specific endogenous retroviral promoter is a strong negative prognostic biomarker. Correlating this observation, we demonstrate that POU5F1B fosters the proliferation and metastatic potential of CRC cells. We further determine that POU5F1B, in spite of its phylogenetic relationship with the POU5F1/OCT4 transcription factor, is a membrane-enriched protein that associates with protein kinases and known targets or interactors as well as with cytoskeleton-related molecules, and induces intracellular signaling events and the release of trans-acting factors involved in cell growth and cell adhesion. As POU5F1B is an apparently non-essential gene only lowly expressed in normal tissues, and as POU5F1B-containing TcGTs are detected in other tumors besides CRC, our data provide interesting leads for the development of cancer therapies.
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7
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Carreras-Sureda A, Abrami L, Ji-Hee K, Wang WA, Henry C, Frieden M, Didier M, van der Goot FG, Demaurex N. S-acylation by ZDHHC20 targets ORAI1 channels to lipid rafts for efficient Ca 2+ signaling by Jurkat T cell receptors at the immune synapse. eLife 2021; 10:72051. [PMID: 34913437 PMCID: PMC8683079 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient immune responses require Ca2+ fluxes across ORAI1 channels during engagement of T cell receptors (TCR) at the immune synapse (IS) between T cells and antigen presenting cells. Here, we show that ZDHHC20-mediated S-acylation of the ORAI1 channel at residue Cys143 promotes TCR recruitment and signaling at the IS. Cys143 mutations reduced ORAI1 currents and store-operated Ca2+ entry in HEK-293 cells and nearly abrogated long-lasting Ca2+ elevations, NFATC1 translocation, and IL-2 secretion evoked by TCR engagement in Jurkat T cells. The acylation-deficient channel remained in cholesterol-poor domains upon enforced ZDHHC20 expression and was recruited less efficiently to the IS along with actin and TCR. Our results establish S-acylation as a critical regulator of ORAI1 channel trafficking and function at the IS and reveal that ORAI1 S-acylation enhances TCR recruitment to the synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurence Abrami
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kim Ji-Hee
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Wen-An Wang
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Maud Frieden
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Monica Didier
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - F Gisou van der Goot
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Demaurex
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Geneva, Switzerland
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8
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Mesquita FS, Abrami L, Sergeeva O, Turelli P, Qing E, Kunz B, Raclot C, Paz Montoya J, Abriata LA, Gallagher T, Dal Peraro M, Trono D, D'Angelo G, van der Goot FG. S-acylation controls SARS-CoV-2 membrane lipid organization and enhances infectivity. Dev Cell 2021; 56:2790-2807.e8. [PMID: 34599882 PMCID: PMC8486083 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 virions are surrounded by a lipid bilayer that contains membrane proteins such as spike, responsible for target-cell binding and virus fusion. We found that during SARS-CoV-2 infection, spike becomes lipid modified, through the sequential action of the S-acyltransferases ZDHHC20 and 9. Particularly striking is the rapid acylation of spike on 10 cytosolic cysteines within the ER and Golgi. Using a combination of computational, lipidomics, and biochemical approaches, we show that this massive lipidation controls spike biogenesis and degradation, and drives the formation of localized ordered cholesterol and sphingolipid-rich lipid nanodomains in the early Golgi, where viral budding occurs. Finally, S-acylation of spike allows the formation of viruses with enhanced fusion capacity. Our study points toward S-acylating enzymes and lipid biosynthesis enzymes as novel therapeutic anti-viral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Oksana Sergeeva
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Priscilla Turelli
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Enya Qing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Béatrice Kunz
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Charlène Raclot
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Paz Montoya
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luciano A Abriata
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tom Gallagher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Matteo Dal Peraro
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Didier Trono
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni D'Angelo
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
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9
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Simó-Riudalbas L, Planet E, Offner S, Duc J, Abrami L, Dind S, Coudray A, Coto-Llerena M, Piscuoglio S, Andersen CL, Bramsen JB, Trono D. Abstract 2853: Transposon-activated POU5F1B promotes colorectal cancer growth and metastasis. Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-2853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The human genome contains some 4 million transposable element (TE)-derived sequences, which collectively influence gene expression from early embryogenesis to adulthood. The illegitimate production of oncogene-encoding TE-driven transpochimeric gene transcripts (TcGTs) has been noted in tumors, but their participation in the oncogenic process has seldom been demonstrated. Here we describe how the aberrant de-repression of a primate-specific LTR66 endogenous retroviral promoter generates a TcGT overexpressing the great-ape-restricted POU5F1B retrogene in ~65% of 286 colorectal cancers (CRC) patients, correlating with more advanced tumor stages and shorter relapse-free and overall survival. We further demonstrate that the POU5F1B protein stimulates the clonogenic and proliferation capacity of human CRC cell lines in vitro, and their tumorigenic and metastatic potential in mouse xenotransplantation models. Although POU5F1B is a retrotransposition-mediated derivative of the POU5F1/OCT4 transcription factor, its product is a predominantly cytoplasmic protein enriched in membranes that associates with mediators of signal transduction, notably the ERBB2 receptor tyrosine kinase and several of its known interactors. POU5F1B overexpression results in activating genes involved in signaling, and conditioned medium of POU5F1B-overexpressing cells enhances the clonogenic potential of CRC cells in trans. As POU5F1B is encoded by an apparently non-essential gene only lowly expressed in normal tissues, and as POU5F1B-containing TcGTs are detected in other tumors besides CRC, it represents an attractive target for the development of cancer therapies.
Citation Format: Laia Simó-Riudalbas, Evarist Planet, Sandra Offner, Julien Duc, Laurence Abrami, Sagane Dind, Alexandre Coudray, Mairene Coto-Llerena, Salvatore Piscuoglio, Claus L. Andersen, Jesper Bertram Bramsen, Didier Trono. Transposon-activated POU5F1B promotes colorectal cancer growth and metastasis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 2853.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evarist Planet
- 1École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Offner
- 1École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julien Duc
- 1École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Abrami
- 1École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sagane Dind
- 1École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Didier Trono
- 1École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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10
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Abrami L, Audagnotto M, Ho S, Marcaida MJ, Mesquita FS, Anwar MU, Sandoz PA, Fonti G, Pojer F, Peraro MD, van der Goot FG. Palmitoylated acyl protein thioesterase APT2 deforms membranes to extract substrate acyl chains. Nat Chem Biol 2021; 17:438-447. [PMID: 33707782 PMCID: PMC7610442 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-021-00753-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Many biochemical reactions require controlled recruitment of proteins to membranes. This is largely regulated by posttranslational modifications. A frequent one is S-acylation, which consists of the addition of acyl chains and can be reversed by poorly understood acyl protein thioesterases (APTs). Using a panel of computational and experimental approaches, we dissect the mode of action of the major cellular thioesterase APT2 (LYPLA2). We show that soluble APT2 is vulnerable to proteasomal degradation, from which membrane binding protects it. Interaction with membranes requires three consecutive steps: electrostatic attraction, insertion of a hydrophobic loop and S-acylation by the palmitoyltransferases ZDHHC3 or ZDHHC7. Once bound, APT2 is predicted to deform the lipid bilayer to extract the acyl chain bound to its substrate and capture it in a hydrophobic pocket to allow hydrolysis. This molecular understanding of APT2 paves the way to understand the dynamics of APT2-mediated deacylation of substrates throughout the endomembrane system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martina Audagnotto
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Ho
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maria Jose Marcaida
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Muhammad U. Anwar
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick A. Sandoz
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Fonti
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florence Pojer
- Protein Production and Structure Core Facility, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Dal Peraro
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland,Corresponding Authors: F. Gisou van der Goot () and Matteo Dal Peraro ()
| | - F. Gisou van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland,Corresponding Authors: F. Gisou van der Goot () and Matteo Dal Peraro ()
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11
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Blaustein M, Piegari E, Martínez Calejman C, Vila A, Amante A, Manese MV, Zeida A, Abrami L, Veggetti M, Guertin DA, van der Goot FG, Corvi MM, Colman-Lerner A. Akt Is S-Palmitoylated: A New Layer of Regulation for Akt. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:626404. [PMID: 33659252 PMCID: PMC7917195 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.626404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase Akt/PKB participates in a great variety of processes, including translation, cell proliferation and survival, as well as malignant transformation and viral infection. In the last few years, novel Akt posttranslational modifications have been found. However, how these modification patterns affect Akt subcellular localization, target specificity and, in general, function is not thoroughly understood. Here, we postulate and experimentally demonstrate by acyl-biotin exchange (ABE) assay and 3H-palmitate metabolic labeling that Akt is S-palmitoylated, a modification related to protein sorting throughout subcellular membranes. Mutating cysteine 344 into serine blocked Akt S-palmitoylation and diminished its phosphorylation at two key sites, T308 and T450. Particularly, we show that palmitoylation-deficient Akt increases its recruitment to cytoplasmic structures that colocalize with lysosomes, a process stimulated during autophagy. Finally, we found that cysteine 344 in Akt1 is important for proper its function, since Akt1-C344S was unable to support adipocyte cell differentiation in vitro. These results add an unexpected new layer to the already complex Akt molecular code, improving our understanding of cell decision-making mechanisms such as cell survival, differentiation and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Blaustein
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular (DFBMC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (iB3), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Estefanía Piegari
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular (DFBMC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Camila Martínez Calejman
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Antonella Vila
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular (DFBMC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (iB3), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía Amante
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular (DFBMC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (iB3), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Manese
- Laboratorio de bioquímica y biología celular de parásitos, Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - CONICET, Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Ari Zeida
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mariela Veggetti
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular (DFBMC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - David A Guertin
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States.,Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States.,Lei Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - F Gisou van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - María Martha Corvi
- Laboratorio de bioquímica y biología celular de parásitos, Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - CONICET, Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Colman-Lerner
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular (DFBMC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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12
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Bürgi J, Abrami L, Castanon I, Abriata LA, Kunz B, Yan SE, Lera M, Unger S, Superti-Furga A, Peraro MD, Gaitan MG, van der Goot FG. Ligand Binding to the Collagen VI Receptor Triggers a Talin-to-RhoA Switch that Regulates Receptor Endocytosis. Dev Cell 2020; 53:418-430.e4. [PMID: 32428455 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Capillary morphogenesis gene 2 (CMG2/ANTXR2) is a cell surface receptor for both collagen VI and anthrax toxin. Biallelic loss-of-function mutations in CMG2 lead to a severe condition, hyaline fibromatosis syndrome (HFS). We have here dissected a network of dynamic interactions between CMG2 and various actin interactors and regulators, describing a different behavior from other extracellular matrix receptors. CMG2 binds talin, and thereby the actin cytoskeleton, only in its ligand-free state. Extracellular ligand binding leads to src-dependent talin release and recruitment of the actin cytoskeleton regulator RhoA and its effectors. These sequential interactions of CMG2 are necessary for the control of oriented cell division during fish development. Finally, we demonstrate that effective switching between talin and RhoA binding is required for the intracellular degradation of collagen VI in human fibroblasts, which explains why HFS mutations in the cytoskeleton-binding domain lead to dysregulation of extracellular matrix homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Bürgi
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; EMBL Hamburg DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laurence Abrami
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Irinka Castanon
- Departments of Biochemistry and of Molecular Biology, Sciences II, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Luciano Andres Abriata
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Kunz
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shixu Emili Yan
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Lera
- Departments of Biochemistry and of Molecular Biology, Sciences II, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sheila Unger
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Superti-Furga
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Dal Peraro
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marcos Gonzalez Gaitan
- Departments of Biochemistry and of Molecular Biology, Sciences II, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Francoise Gisou van der Goot
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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13
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Bekhouche B, Tourville A, Ravichandran Y, Tacine R, Abrami L, Dussiot M, Khau-Dancasius A, Boccara O, Khirat M, Mangeney M, Dingli F, Loew D, Boëda B, Jordan P, Molina TJ, Bellon N, Fraitag S, Hadj-Rabia S, Blanche S, Puel A, Etienne-Manneville S, van der Goot FG, Cherfils J, Hermine O, Casanova JL, Bodemer C, Smahi A, Delon J. A toxic palmitoylation of Cdc42 enhances NF-κB signaling and drives a severe autoinflammatory syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 146:1201-1204.e8. [PMID: 32283203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bahia Bekhouche
- Institut Imagine, INSERM U1163, CNRS ERL 8254, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Aurore Tourville
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
| | - Yamini Ravichandran
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691 CNRS, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Collège doctoral, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Rachida Tacine
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Dussiot
- Institut Imagine, INSERM U1163, CNRS ERL 8254, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Andrea Khau-Dancasius
- Institut Imagine, INSERM U1163, CNRS ERL 8254, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Olivia Boccara
- Department of Dermatology, Reference Center for Genodermatoses (MAGEC), Necker- Enfants Malades Hospital (AP-HP), Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Meriem Khirat
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
| | - Marianne Mangeney
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
| | - Florent Dingli
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Centre de Recherche, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Protéomique, Paris, France
| | - Damarys Loew
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Centre de Recherche, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Protéomique, Paris, France
| | - Batiste Boëda
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691 CNRS, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Pénélope Jordan
- Fédération de Génétique, Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Jo Molina
- Institut Imagine, INSERM U1163, CNRS ERL 8254, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France; Department of Pathology, Necker Enfants Malades, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nathalia Bellon
- Department of Dermatology, Reference Center for Genodermatoses (MAGEC), Necker- Enfants Malades Hospital (AP-HP), Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Fraitag
- Department of Pathology, reference centre MAGEC, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Smail Hadj-Rabia
- Department of Dermatology, Reference Center for Genodermatoses (MAGEC), Necker- Enfants Malades Hospital (AP-HP), Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Blanche
- Unité d'Immunologie Hématologie Rhumatologie Pédiatrique, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital (AP-HP5), Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Anne Puel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Etienne-Manneville
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691 CNRS, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | | | - Jacqueline Cherfils
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Pharmacologie Appliquée, CNRS and Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Cachan, France
| | - Olivier Hermine
- Institut Imagine, INSERM U1163, CNRS ERL 8254, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France; Department of Hematology, Hôpital Necker AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY; Department of Pediatric Immunology and Hematology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital (AP-HP), Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Christine Bodemer
- Department of Dermatology, Reference Center for Genodermatoses (MAGEC), Necker- Enfants Malades Hospital (AP-HP), Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.
| | - Asma Smahi
- Institut Imagine, INSERM U1163, CNRS ERL 8254, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France.
| | - Jérôme Delon
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.
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14
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Gadalla MR, Abrami L, van der Goot FG, Veit M. Hemagglutinin of Influenza A, but not of Influenza B and C viruses is acylated by ZDHHC2, 8, 15 and 20. Biochem J 2020; 477:285-303. [PMID: 31872235 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hemagglutinin (HA), a glycoprotein of Influenza A viruses and its proton channel M2 are site-specifically modified with fatty acids. Whereas two cysteines in the short cytoplasmic tail of HA contain only palmitate, stearate is exclusively attached to one cysteine located at the cytoplasmic border of the transmembrane region (TMR). M2 is palmitoylated at a cysteine positioned in an amphiphilic helix near the TMR. The enzymes catalyzing acylation of HA and M2 have not been identified, but zinc finger DHHC domain-containing (ZDHHC) palmitoyltransferases are candidates. We used a siRNA library to knockdown expression of each of the 23 human ZDHHCs in HA-expressing HeLa cells. siRNAs against ZDHHC2 and 8 had the strongest effect on acylation of HA as demonstrated by Acyl-RAC and confirmed by 3H-palmitate labeling. CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of ZDHHC2 and 8 in HAP1 cells, but also of the phylogenetically related ZDHHCs 15 and 20 strongly reduced acylation of group 1 and group 2 HAs and of M2, but individual ZDHHCs exhibit slightly different substrate preferences. These ZDHHCs co-localize with HA at membranes of the exocytic pathway in a human lung cell line. ZDHHC2, 8, 15 and 20 are not required for acylation of the HA-esterase-fusion protein of Influenza C virus that contains only stearate at one transmembrane cysteine. Knockout of these ZDHHCs also did not compromise acylation of HA of Influenza B virus that contains two palmitoylated cysteines in its cytoplasmic tail. Results are discussed with respect to the acyl preferences and possible substrate recognition features of the identified ZDHHCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Rasheed Gadalla
- Institute of Virology, Free University Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt
| | - Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F Gisou van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Veit
- Institute of Virology, Free University Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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15
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Abstract
Proteins can be radiolabeled either during synthesis, typically using 35S-cysteine/methionine (35S-Cys/Met), or after synthesis, by adding a radiolabeled posttranslational modification. Here we describe how protein S-palmitoylation, and its dynamics, can be monitored by 3H-palmitate labeling and how the importance of S-palmitoylation in protein biogenesis and turnover can be investigated using 35S-Cys/Met pulse-chase metabolic labeling. Proteins frequently have multiple palmitoylation sites. The importance thereof on the design and interpretation of metabolic labeling experiments is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robin A Denhardt-Eriksson
- Global Health Institute, Laboratory of Computational Systems Biotechnology, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
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16
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Haag SM, Gulen MF, Reymond L, Gibelin A, Abrami L, Decout A, Heymann M, van der Goot FG, Turcatti G, Behrendt R, Ablasser A. Targeting STING with covalent small-molecule inhibitors. Nature 2018; 559:269-273. [PMID: 29973723 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0287-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 538] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of innate immune pathways is associated with a variety of diseases. Progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms of innate immune pathways has led to the promise of targeted therapeutic approaches, but the development of drugs that act specifically on molecules of interest remains challenging. Here we report the discovery and characterization of highly potent and selective small-molecule antagonists of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) protein, which is a central signalling component of the intracellular DNA sensing pathway1,2. Mechanistically, the identified compounds covalently target the predicted transmembrane cysteine residue 91 and thereby block the activation-induced palmitoylation of STING. Using these inhibitors, we show that the palmitoylation of STING is essential for its assembly into multimeric complexes at the Golgi apparatus and, in turn, for the recruitment of downstream signalling factors. The identified compounds and their derivatives reduce STING-mediated inflammatory cytokine production in both human and mouse cells. Furthermore, we show that these small-molecule antagonists attenuate pathological features of autoinflammatory disease in mice. In summary, our work uncovers a mechanism by which STING can be inhibited pharmacologically and demonstrates the potential of therapies that target STING for the treatment of autoinflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone M Haag
- Global Health Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Muhammet F Gulen
- Global Health Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luc Reymond
- Biomolecular Screening Facility, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Gibelin
- Biomolecular Screening Facility, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexiane Decout
- Global Health Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Heymann
- Global Health Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F Gisou van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gerardo Turcatti
- Biomolecular Screening Facility, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rayk Behrendt
- Institute for Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrea Ablasser
- Global Health Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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17
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Abrami L, Dallavilla T, Sandoz PA, Demir M, Kunz B, Savoglidis G, Hatzimanikatis V, van der Goot FG. Identification and dynamics of the human ZDHHC16-ZDHHC6 palmitoylation cascade. eLife 2017; 6:27826. [PMID: 28826475 PMCID: PMC5582869 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
S-Palmitoylation is the only reversible post-translational lipid modification. Knowledge about the DHHC palmitoyltransferase family is still limited. Here we show that human ZDHHC6, which modifies key proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum, is controlled by an upstream palmitoyltransferase, ZDHHC16, revealing the first palmitoylation cascade. The combination of site specific mutagenesis of the three ZDHHC6 palmitoylation sites, experimental determination of kinetic parameters and data-driven mathematical modelling allowed us to obtain detailed information on the eight differentially palmitoylated ZDHHC6 species. We found that species rapidly interconvert through the action of ZDHHC16 and the Acyl Protein Thioesterase APT2, that each species varies in terms of turnover rate and activity, altogether allowing the cell to robustly tune its ZDHHC6 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tiziano Dallavilla
- Global Health Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Computational Systems Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick A Sandoz
- Global Health Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mustafa Demir
- Global Health Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Béatrice Kunz
- Global Health Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Georgios Savoglidis
- Laboratory of Computational Systems Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vassily Hatzimanikatis
- Laboratory of Computational Systems Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F Gisou van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Bürgi J, Kunz B, Abrami L, Deuquet J, Piersigilli A, Scholl-Bürgi S, Lausch E, Unger S, Superti-Furga A, Bonaldo P, van der Goot FG. CMG2/ANTXR2 regulates extracellular collagen VI which accumulates in hyaline fibromatosis syndrome. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15861. [PMID: 28604699 PMCID: PMC5472780 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in capillary morphogenesis gene 2 (CMG2/ANTXR2), a transmembrane surface protein, cause hyaline fibromatosis syndrome (HFS), a severe genetic disorder that is characterized by large subcutaneous nodules, gingival hypertrophy and severe painful joint contracture. Here we show that CMG2 is an important regulator of collagen VI homoeostasis. CMG2 loss of function promotes accumulation of collagen VI in patients, leading in particular to nodule formation. Similarly, collagen VI accumulates massively in uteri of Antxr2-/- mice, which do not display changes in collagen gene expression, and leads to progressive fibrosis and sterility. Crossing Antxr2-/- with Col6a1-/- mice leads to restoration of uterine structure and reversion of female infertility. We also demonstrate that CMG2 may act as a signalling receptor for collagen VI and mediates its intracellular degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Bürgi
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Béatrice Kunz
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Julie Deuquet
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Piersigilli
- Comparative Mouse Physiology Platform, Faculty of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Scholl-Bürgi
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Clinic for Pediatrics I, Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ekkehart Lausch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | - Sheila Unger
- Division of Molecular Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Superti-Furga
- Division of Molecular Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Bonaldo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova 35122, Italy
| | - F. Gisou van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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19
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Perrody E, Abrami L, Feldman M, Kunz B, Urbé S, van der Goot FG. Ubiquitin-dependent folding of the Wnt signaling coreceptor LRP6. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27751231 PMCID: PMC5102578 DOI: 10.7554/elife.19083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Many membrane proteins fold inefficiently and require the help of enzymes and chaperones. Here we reveal a novel folding assistance system that operates on membrane proteins from the cytosolic side of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We show that folding of the Wnt signaling coreceptor LRP6 is promoted by ubiquitination of a specific lysine, retaining it in the ER while avoiding degradation. Subsequent ER exit requires removal of ubiquitin from this lysine by the deubiquitinating enzyme USP19. This ubiquitination-deubiquitination is conceptually reminiscent of the glucosylation-deglucosylation occurring in the ER lumen during the calnexin/calreticulin folding cycle. To avoid infinite futile cycles, folded LRP6 molecules undergo palmitoylation and ER export, while unsuccessfully folded proteins are, with time, polyubiquitinated on other lysines and targeted to degradation. This ubiquitin-dependent folding system also controls the proteostasis of other membrane proteins as CFTR and anthrax toxin receptor 2, two poor folders involved in severe human diseases. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.19083.001 Proteins carry out almost every process that happens inside a cell. Like all machines, their ability to work properly depends on their three-dimensional shape and structure. To make proteins, building blocks called amino acids are first assembled into a string that, like wool in a sweater, needs to be knitted into the final three-dimensional structure. How proteins reach their 3D structure is called “folding”, and when protein folding fails, or is not so efficient, it can cause very severe diseases. Protein folding is not as nicely progressive as knitting a sweater: it is more like putting all the wool into a big messy blob that then suddenly turns into a protein with the right three-dimensional structure. Cells have machinery that can detect messy-looking molecules and destroy them. Therefore, new proteins need to be hidden from this machinery until they have finished folding. A human protein called LRP6 is found on the surface of cells and it plays an important role in allowing cells to communicate with each other. Like many other proteins, LRP6 is produced inside the cell in a compartment called the endoplasmic reticulum and is then exported to the cell surface. In 2008, a team of researchers found that LRP6 is modified in a particular way known as S-palmitoylation before it leaves the endoplasmic reticulum. This suggested that there is a system that helps this protein to fold correctly. Here Perrody, Abrami et al. – including some of the researchers from the previous work – used biochemical techniques to investigate how LRP6 folds. The experiments show that another type of protein modification that involves attaching a molecule called ubiquitin to LRP6 promotes this protein’s folding. Once the protein is folded, the ubiquitin is removed from LRP6 by an enzyme called USP19. Further experiments show that this system also helps to ensure that two other important proteins fold correctly. The next steps following on from this work are to identify the other molecules involved in this protein folding system. A future challenge is to find out how this system protects new proteins from being degraded while they are still folding. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.19083.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Perrody
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michal Feldman
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Kunz
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvie Urbé
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - F Gisou van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Abstract
Protein S-palmitoylation is a reversible post-translational modification that regulates many key biological processes, although the full extent and functions of protein S-palmitoylation remain largely unexplored. Recent developments of new chemical methods have allowed the establishment of palmitoyl-proteomes of a variety of cell lines and tissues from different species. As the amount of information generated by these high-throughput studies is increasing, the field requires centralization and comparison of this information. Here we present SwissPalm (
http://swisspalm.epfl.ch), our open, comprehensive, manually curated resource to study protein S-palmitoylation. It currently encompasses more than 5000 S-palmitoylated protein hits from seven species, and contains more than 500 specific sites of S-palmitoylation. SwissPalm also provides curated information and filters that increase the confidence in true positive hits, and integrates predictions of S-palmitoylated cysteine scores, orthologs and isoform multiple alignments. Systems analysis of the palmitoyl-proteome screens indicate that 10% or more of the human proteome is susceptible to S-palmitoylation. Moreover, ontology and pathway analyses of the human palmitoyl-proteome reveal that key biological functions involve this reversible lipid modification. Comparative analysis finally shows a strong crosstalk between S-palmitoylation and other post-translational modifications. Through the compilation of data and continuous updates, SwissPalm will provide a powerful tool to unravel the global importance of protein S-palmitoylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Blanc
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Fabrice David
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.,Bioinformatics and biostatistics Core Facility, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Migliozzi
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Florence Armand
- Proteomic Core Facility, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Bürgi
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Françoise Gisou van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
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Abrami L, Brandi L, Moayeri M, Brown MJ, Krantz BA, Leppla SH, van der Goot FG. Hijacking multivesicular bodies enables long-term and exosome-mediated long-distance action of anthrax toxin. Cell Rep 2013; 5:986-96. [PMID: 24239351 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthrax lethal toxin is a classical AB toxin comprised of two components: protective antigen (PA) and lethal factor (LF). Here, we show that following assembly and endocytosis, PA forms a channel that translocates LF, not only into the cytosol, but also into the lumen of endosomal intraluminal vesicles (ILVs). These ILVs can fuse and release LF into the cytosol, where LF can proteolyze and disable host targets. We find that LF can persist in ILVs for days, fully sheltered from proteolytic degradation, both in vitro and in vivo. During this time, ILV-localized LF can be transmitted to daughter cells upon cell division. In addition, LF-containing ILVs can be delivered to the extracellular medium as exosomes. These can deliver LF to the cytosol of naive cells in a manner that is independent of the typical anthrax toxin receptor-mediated trafficking pathway, while being sheltered from neutralizing extracellular factors of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 19, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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22
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Deuquet J, Lausch E, Guex N, Abrami L, Salvi S, Lakkaraju A, Ramirez MCM, Martignetti JA, Rokicki D, Bonafe L, Superti-Furga A, van der Goot FG. Hyaline fibromatosis syndrome inducing mutations in the ectodomain of anthrax toxin receptor 2 can be rescued by proteasome inhibitors. EMBO Mol Med 2011; 3:208-21. [PMID: 21328543 PMCID: PMC3377065 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201100124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaline Fibromatosis Syndrome (HFS) is a human genetic disease caused by mutations in the anthrax toxin receptor 2 (or cmg2) gene, which encodes a membrane protein thought to be involved in the homeostasis of the extracellular matrix. Little is known about the structure and function of the protein or the genotype–phenotype relationship of the disease. Through the analysis of four patients, we identify three novel mutants and determine their effects at the cellular level. Altogether, we show that missense mutations that map to the extracellular von Willebrand domain or the here characterized Ig-like domain of CMG2 lead to folding defects and thereby to retention of the mutated protein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Mutations in the Ig-like domain prevent proper disulphide bond formation and are more efficiently targeted to ER-associated degradation. Finally, we show that mutant CMG2 can be rescued in fibroblasts of some patients by treatment with proteasome inhibitors and that CMG2 is then properly transported to the plasma membrane and signalling competent, identifying the ER folding and degradation pathway components as promising drug targets for HFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Deuquet
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Global Health InstituteLausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ekkehart Lausch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Guex
- Vital-IT Group, Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsLausanne Switzerland
| | - Laurence Abrami
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Global Health InstituteLausanne, Switzerland
| | - Suzanne Salvi
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Global Health InstituteLausanne, Switzerland
| | - Asvin Lakkaraju
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Global Health InstituteLausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maria Celeste M Ramirez
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
| | - John A Martignetti
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
| | - Dariusz Rokicki
- Division of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Children's Memorial Health InstituteWarsaw, Poland
| | - Luisa Bonafe
- Division of Molecular Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Andrea Superti-Furga
- Department of Pediatrics, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany
- Division of Molecular Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of LausanneSwitzerland
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Kadlecova Z, Abrami L, Griffa A, Geissbühler M, Lasser T, Wurm FM, van FG, Goot D, Klok HA. Internalization Pathways and Intracellular Fate of Poly(Lysine) Analogues. Biophys J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.12.3456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Abrami L, Bischofberger M, Kunz B, Groux R, van der Goot FG. Endocytosis of the anthrax toxin is mediated by clathrin, actin and unconventional adaptors. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000792. [PMID: 20221438 PMCID: PMC2832758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The anthrax toxin is a tripartite toxin, where the two enzymatic subunits require the third subunit, the protective antigen (PA), to interact with cells and be escorted to their cytoplasmic targets. PA binds to cells via one of two receptors, TEM8 and CMG2. Interestingly, the toxin times and triggers its own endocytosis, in particular through the heptamerization of PA. Here we show that PA triggers the ubiquitination of its receptors in a β-arrestin-dependent manner and that this step is required for clathrin-mediated endocytosis. In addition, we find that endocytosis is dependent on the heterotetrameric adaptor AP-1 but not the more conventional AP-2. Finally, we show that endocytosis of PA is strongly dependent on actin. Unexpectedly, actin was also found to be essential for efficient heptamerization of PA, but only when bound to one of its 2 receptors, TEM8, due to the active organization of TEM8 into actin-dependent domains. Endocytic pathways are highly modular systems. Here we identify some of the key players that allow efficient heptamerization of PA and subsequent ubiquitin-dependent, clathrin-mediated endocytosis of the anthrax toxin. Bacillus anthracis is the bacterium responsible for the anthrax disease. Its virulence is mainly due to 2 factors, the anthrax toxin and the anti-phagocytic capsule. This toxin is composed of three independent polypeptide chains. Two of these have enzymatic activity and are responsible for the effects of the toxin. The third has no activity but is absolutely required to bring the 2 enzymatic subunits into the cell where they act. If one blocks entry into the cells, one blocks the effects of these toxins, which is why it is important to understand how the toxin enters into the cell at the molecular level. Here we identified various molecules that are involved in efficiently bringing the toxin into the cell. First, we found that the actin cytoskeleton plays an important role in organizing one of the two anthrax toxin receptors at the cell surface. Second, we found a cytosolic protein, β-arrestin, that is required to modify the intracellular part of the toxin receptor, to allow uptake. Finally, we directly show, for the first time, that anthrax toxin uptake is mediated by the so-called clathrin-dependent pathway, a very modular entry pathway, but that the toxin utilizes this pathway in an unconventional way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Faculty of Life Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mirko Bischofberger
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Faculty of Life Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Béatrice Kunz
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Faculty of Life Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Romain Groux
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Faculty of Life Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F. Gisou van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Faculty of Life Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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25
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Deuquet J, Abrami L, Difeo A, Ramirez MCM, Martignetti JA, van der Goot FG. Systemic hyalinosis mutations in the CMG2 ectodomain leading to loss of function through retention in the endoplasmic reticulum. Hum Mutat 2009; 30:583-9. [PMID: 19191226 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Systemic hyalinosis is an autosomal recessive disease that encompasses two allelic syndromes, infantile systemic hyalinosis (ISH) and juvenile hyaline fibromatosis (JHF), which are caused by mutations in the CMG2 gene. Here we have analyzed the cellular consequences of five patient-derived point mutations in the extracellular von Willebrand domain or the transmembrane domain of the CMG2 protein. We found that four of the mutations led to retention of the protein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), albeit through different mechanisms. Analysis of recombinant CMG2 von Willebrand factor A (vWA) domains, to which three of the mutations map, indicated that the mutations did not prevent proper folding and ligand binding, suggesting that, in vivo, slow folding, rather than misfolding, is responsible for ER retention. Our work shows that systemic hyalinosis can be qualified as a conformational disease, at least for the mutations that have been mapped to the extracellular and transmembrane domains. The long ER half-life and the ligand binding ability of the mutated von Willebrand domains suggest that treatments based on chemical chaperones could be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Deuquet
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Global Health Institute, Lausanne, Switzerland
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26
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Pons V, Luyet PP, Morel E, Abrami L, van der Goot FG, Parton RG, Gruenberg J. Hrs and SNX3 functions in sorting and membrane invagination within multivesicular bodies. PLoS Biol 2008; 6:e214. [PMID: 18767904 PMCID: PMC2528051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
After internalization, ubiquitinated signaling receptors are delivered to early endosomes. There, they are sorted and incorporated into the intralumenal invaginations of nascent multivesicular bodies, which function as transport intermediates to late endosomes. Receptor sorting is achieved by Hrs--an adaptor--like protein that binds membrane PtdIns3P via a FYVE motif-and then by ESCRT complexes, which presumably also mediate the invagination process. Eventually, intralumenal vesicles are delivered to lysosomes, leading to the notion that EGF receptor sorting into multivesicular bodies mediates lysosomal targeting. Here, we report that Hrs is essential for lysosomal targeting but dispensable for multivesicular body biogenesis and transport to late endosomes. By contrast, we find that the PtdIns3P-binding protein SNX3 is required for multivesicular body formation, but not for EGF receptor degradation. PtdIns3P thus controls the complementary functions of Hrs and SNX3 in sorting and multivesicular body biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Pons
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Etienne Morel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Abrami
- Institute of Global Health, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F. Gisou van der Goot
- Institute of Global Health, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robert G Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jean Gruenberg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Abrami L, Kunz B, Deuquet J, Bafico A, Davidson G, van der Goot FG. Functional interactions between anthrax toxin receptors and the WNT signalling protein LRP6. Cell Microbiol 2008; 10:2509-19. [PMID: 18717822 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2008.01226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To exert its activity, anthrax toxin must be endocytosed and its enzymatic toxic subunits delivered to the cytoplasm. It has been proposed that, in addition to the anthrax toxin receptors (ATRs), lipoprotein-receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6), known for its role in Wnt signalling, is also required for toxin endocytosis. These findings have however been challenged. We show that LRP6 can indeed form a complex with ATRs, and that this interaction plays a role both in Wnt signalling and in anthrax toxin endocytosis. We found that ATRs control the levels of LRP6 in cells, and thus the Wnt signalling capacity. RNAi against ATRs indeed led to a drastic decrease in LRP6 levels and a subsequent drop in Wnt signalling. Conversely, LRP6 plays a role in anthrax toxin endocytosis, but is not essential. We indeed found that toxin binding triggered tyrosine phosphorylation of LRP6, induced its redistribution into detergent-resistant domains, and its subsequent endocytosis. RNAis against LRP6 strongly delayed toxin endocytosis. As the physiological role of ATRs is probably to interact with the extracellular matrix, our findings raise the interesting possibility that, through the ATR-LRP6 interaction, adhesion to the extracellular matrix could locally control Wnt signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 15, CH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Gosselin-Grenet AS, Marq JB, Abrami L, Garcin D, Roux L. Sendai virus budding in the course of an infection does not require Alix and VPS4A host factors. Virology 2007; 365:101-12. [PMID: 17467023 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Revised: 01/19/2007] [Accepted: 03/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Closing the Sendai virus C protein open reading frames (rSeV-DeltaC virus) results in the production of virus particles with highly reduced infectivity. Besides, the Sendai virus C proteins interact with Alix/AIP1 and Alix suppression negatively affects Sendai virus like particle (VLP) budding. Similarly, the Sendai virus M protein has been shown to interact with Alix. On this basis, it has been suggested that Sendai virus budding involves recruitment of the multivesicular body formation machinery. We follow, here, the production of SeV particles upon regular virus infection. We find that neither Alix suppression nor dominant negative-VPS4A expression, applied separately or in combination, affects physical or infectious virion production. This contrasts with the observed decrease of SV5 virion production upon dominant negative-VPS4A expression. Finally, we show that suppression of more than 70% of a GFP/C protein in the background of a rSeV-DeltaC virus infection has no effect either on SeV particle production or on virus particle infectivity. Our results contrast with what has been published before. Possible explanations for this discrepancy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Gosselin-Grenet
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva Medical School, CMU, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Gurcel L, Abrami L, Girardin S, Tschopp J, van der Goot FG. Caspase-1 activation of lipid metabolic pathways in response to bacterial pore-forming toxins promotes cell survival. Cell 2006; 126:1135-45. [PMID: 16990137 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2006] [Revised: 04/12/2006] [Accepted: 07/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Many pathogenic organisms produce pore-forming toxins as virulence factors. Target cells however mount a response to such membrane damage. Here we show that toxin-induced membrane permeabilization leads to a decrease in cytoplasmic potassium, which promotes the formation of a multiprotein oligomeric innate immune complex, called the inflammasome, and the activation of caspase-1. Further, we find that when rendered proteolytic in this context caspase-1 induces the activation of the central regulators of membrane biogenesis, the Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Proteins (SREBPs), which in turn promote cell survival upon toxin challenge possibly by facilitating membrane repair. This study highlights that, in addition to its well-established role in triggering inflammation via the processing of the precursor forms of interleukins, caspase-1 has a broader role, in particular linking the intracellular ion composition to lipid metabolic pathways, membrane biogenesis, and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Gurcel
- Department Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Abstract
The anthrax toxin is composed of three independent polypeptide chains. Successful intoxication only occurs when heptamerization of the receptor-binding polypeptide, the protective antigen (PA), allows binding of the two enzymatic subunits before endocytosis. We show that this tailored behavior is caused by two counteracting posttranslational modifications in the cytoplasmic tail of PA receptors. The receptor is palmitoylated, and this unexpectedly prevents its association with lipid rafts and, thus, its premature ubiquitination. This second modification, which is mediated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl, only occurs in rafts and is required for rapid endocytosis of the receptor. As a consequence, cells expressing palmitoylation-defective mutant receptors are less sensitive to anthrax toxin because of a lower number of surface receptors as well as premature internalization of PA without a requirement for heptamerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Abrami
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Abstract
The past five years have led to a tremendous increase in our molecular understanding of the mode of action of the anthrax toxin, one of the two main virulence factors produced by Bacillus anthracis. The structures of each of the three components of the toxin--lethal factor (LF), edema factor (EF) and protective antigen (PA)--have been solved not only in their monomeric forms but, depending on the subunit, in a heptameric form, bound to their substrate, co-factor or receptor. The endocytic route followed by the toxin has also been unraveled and the enzymatic mechanisms of EF and LF elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Abrami
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Abrami L, Lindsay M, Parton RG, Leppla SH, van der Goot FG. Membrane insertion of anthrax protective antigen and cytoplasmic delivery of lethal factor occur at different stages of the endocytic pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 166:645-51. [PMID: 15337774 PMCID: PMC2172425 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200312072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The protective antigen (PA) of anthrax toxin binds to a cell surface receptor, undergoes heptamerization, and binds the enzymatic subunits, the lethal factor (LF) and the edema factor (EF). The resulting complex is then endocytosed. Via mechanisms that depend on the vacuolar ATPase and require membrane insertion of PA, LF and EF are ultimately delivered to the cytoplasm where their targets reside. Here, we show that membrane insertion of PA already occurs in early endosomes, possibly only in the multivesicular regions, but that subsequent delivery of LF to the cytoplasm occurs preferentially later in the endocytic pathway and relies on the dynamics of internal vesicles of multivesicular late endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Abrami
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel Servet, Geneva, Switzerland 1211
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Huffman DL, Abrami L, Sasik R, Corbeil J, van der Goot FG, Aroian RV. Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways defend against bacterial pore-forming toxins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:10995-1000. [PMID: 15256590 PMCID: PMC503732 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0404073101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytolytic pore-forming toxins are important for the virulence of many disease-causing bacteria. How target cells molecularly respond to these toxins and whether or not they can mount a defense are poorly understood. By using microarrays, we demonstrate that the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans responds robustly to Cry5B, a member of the pore-forming Crystal toxin family made by Bacillus thuringiensis. This genomic response is distinct from that seen with a different stressor, the heavy metal cadmium. A p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase and a c-Jun N-terminal-like MAPK are both transcriptionally up-regulated by Cry5B. Moreover, both MAPK pathways are functionally important because elimination of either leads to animals that are (i) hypersensitive to a low, chronic dose of toxin and (ii) hypersensitive to a high, brief dose of toxin such that the animal might naturally encounter in the wild. These results extend to mammalian cells because inhibition of p38 results in the hypersensitivity of baby hamster kidney cells to aerolysin, a pore-forming toxin that targets humans. Furthermore, we identify two downstream transcriptional targets of the p38 MAPK pathway, ttm-1 and ttm-2, that are required for defense against Cry5B. Our data demonstrate that cells defend against pore-forming toxins by means of conserved MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Huffman
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
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34
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Abstract
Bacteria rely on numerous basic cellular functions of their target cells to reach successful infection. The recent discovery that the plasma membrane contains specialized microdomains, called lipid rafts, with many specific functions but in particular with the ability to concentrate signaling molecules, has therefore attracted the attention of cellular microbiologists. Since then an increasing number of bacteria and their products have been shown to interact with lipid rafts to promote infection or intoxication. Here we review why certain bacteria and/or their products are attracted toward these lipid microdomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Lafont
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Abstract
The protective antigen (PA) of the anthrax toxin binds to a cell surface receptor and thereby allows lethal factor (LF) to be taken up and exert its toxic effect in the cytoplasm. Here, we report that clustering of the anthrax toxin receptor (ATR) with heptameric PA or with an antibody sandwich causes its association to specialized cholesterol and glycosphingolipid-rich microdomains of the plasma membrane (lipid rafts). We find that although endocytosis of ATR is slow, clustering it into rafts either via PA heptamerization or using an antibody sandwich is necessary and sufficient to trigger efficient internalization and allow delivery of LF to the cytoplasm. Importantly, altering raft integrity using drugs prevented LF delivery and cleavage of cytosolic MAPK kinases, suggesting that lipid rafts could be therapeutic targets for drugs against anthrax. Moreover, we show that internalization of PA is dynamin and Eps15 dependent, indicating that the clathrin-dependent pathway is the major route of anthrax toxin entry into the cell. The present work illustrates that although the physiological role of the ATR is unknown, its trafficking properties, i.e., slow endocytosis as a monomer and rapid clathrin-mediated uptake on clustering, make it an ideal anthrax toxin receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Abrami
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Abrami L, Fivaz M, Glauser PE, Sugimoto N, Zurzolo C, van der Goot FG. Sensitivity of polarized epithelial cells to the pore-forming toxin aerolysin. Infect Immun 2003; 71:739-46. [PMID: 12540553 PMCID: PMC145399 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.2.739-746.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerolysin is one of the major virulence factors produced by Aeromonas hydrophila, a human pathogen that produces deep wound infection and gastroenteritis. The toxin interacts with target mammalian cells by binding to the glycan core of glycosylphosphatidyl inositol (GPI)-anchored proteins and subsequently forms a pore in the plasma membrane. Since epithelial cells of the intestine are the primary targets of aerolysin, we investigated its effect on three types of polarized epithelial cells: Caco-2 cells, derived from human intestine; MDCK cells, a well-characterized cell line in terms of protein targeting; and FRT cells, an unusual cell line in that it targets its GPI-anchored proteins to the basolateral plasma membrane in contrast to other epithelial cells, which target them almost exclusively to the apical surface. Surprisingly, we found that all three cell types were sensitive to the toxin from both the apical and the basolateral sides. Apical sensitivity was always higher, even for FRT cells. In contrast, FRT cells were more sensitive from the basolateral than from the apical side to the related toxin Clostridium septicum alpha-toxin, which also binds to GPI-anchored proteins but lacks the lectin binding domain found in aerolysin. These observations are consistent with the notion that a shuttling mechanism involving low-affinity interactions with surface sugars allows aerolysin to gradually move toward the membrane surface, where it can finally encounter the glycan cores of GPI-anchored proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Abrami
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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37
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Jutras I, Abrami L, Dautry-Varsat A. Entry of the lymphogranuloma venereum strain of Chlamydia trachomatis into host cells involves cholesterol-rich membrane domains. Infect Immun 2003; 71:260-6. [PMID: 12496174 PMCID: PMC143347 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.1.260-266.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydiae are bacterial pathogens which develop strictly inside the epithelial cells of their hosts. The mechanism used by chlamydiae to enter cells is not well characterized; however, it is thought to consist of a receptor-mediated process. In addition, the formation of clathrin-coated pits appears to be dispensable for chlamydiae to be internalized by host cells. Clathrin-independent endocytosis has recently been shown to occur through cholesterol-rich lipid microdomains, which are characterized by detergent insolubility. In the present study, we investigated whether these lipid domains play a role in Chlamydia trachomatis serovar L2 internalization by host cells. Our results show that after binding to HeLa cells, chlamydiae are associated with detergent-resistant lipid microdomains (DRMs), which can be isolated by fractionation of infected HeLa cells and flotation on a sucrose gradient. After internalization by HeLa cells, chlamydiae were still found in DRMs. In addition, extraction of plasma membrane cholesterol inhibited infection of HeLa cells by C. trachomatis. Many of the proteins associated with DRMs are glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins; however, our results could not identify a role for GPI-anchored proteins in the entry process. The same results were obtained for Chlamydia psittaci strain GPIC. We propose that cholesterol-rich domains participate in the entry of chlamydiae into host cells. Chlamydia binding to cholesterol-rich domains may lead to coalescence of the bacterial cells, which could trigger internalization by host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Jutras
- Unité de Biologie des Interactions Cellulaires CNRS URA 1960, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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38
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Abstract
The membrane of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) virions contains high levels of cholesterol and sphingomyelin, an enrichment that is explained by the preferential budding of the virus through raft microdomains of the plasma membrane. Upon depletion of cholesterol from HIV-1 virions with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin, infectivity was almost completely abolished. In contrast, this treatment had only a mild effect on the infectiousness of particles pseudotyped with the G envelope of vesicular stomatitis virus. The cholesterol-chelating compound nystatin had a similar effect. Cholesterol-depleted HIV-1 virions exhibited wild-type patterns of viral proteins and contained normal levels of cyclophilin A and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins. Nevertheless, and although they could still bind target cells, these virions were markedly defective for internalization. These results indicate that the cholesterol present in the HIV-1 membrane plays a prominent role in the fusion process that is key to viral entry and suggest that drugs capable of disturbing the lipid composition of virions could serve as a basis for the development of microbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Guyader
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Fivaz M, Vilbois F, Thurnheer S, Pasquali C, Abrami L, Bickel PE, Parton RG, van der Goot FG. Differential sorting and fate of endocytosed GPI-anchored proteins. EMBO J 2002; 21:3989-4000. [PMID: 12145200 PMCID: PMC126144 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdf398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we studied the fate of endocytosed glycosylphosphatidyl inositol anchored proteins (GPI- APs) in mammalian cells, using aerolysin, a bacterial toxin that binds to the GPI anchor, as a probe. We find that GPI-APs are transported down the endocytic pathway to reducing late endosomes in BHK cells, using biochemical, morphological and functional approaches. We also find that this transport correlates with the association to raft-like membranes and thus that lipid rafts are present in late endosomes (in addition to the Golgi and the plasma membrane). In marked contrast, endocytosed GPI-APs reach the recycling endosome in CHO cells and this transport correlates with a decreased raft association. GPI-APs are, however, diverted from the recycling endosome and routed to late endosomes in CHO cells, when their raft association is increased by clustering seven or less GPI-APs with an aerolysin mutant. We conclude that the different endocytic routes followed by GPI-APs in different cell types depend on the residence time of GPI-APs in lipid rafts, and hence that raft partitioning regulates GPI-APs sorting in the endocytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francis Vilbois
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, 1 rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4,
Serono Pharmaceutical Research Institute S.A., 14 Chemin des Aulx, CH-1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland, Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology and Physiology, St Louis, MO 63110, USA and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Corresponding author e-mail:
| | | | - Christian Pasquali
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, 1 rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4,
Serono Pharmaceutical Research Institute S.A., 14 Chemin des Aulx, CH-1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland, Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology and Physiology, St Louis, MO 63110, USA and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Corresponding author e-mail:
| | | | - Perry E. Bickel
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, 1 rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4,
Serono Pharmaceutical Research Institute S.A., 14 Chemin des Aulx, CH-1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland, Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology and Physiology, St Louis, MO 63110, USA and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Robert G. Parton
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, 1 rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4,
Serono Pharmaceutical Research Institute S.A., 14 Chemin des Aulx, CH-1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland, Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology and Physiology, St Louis, MO 63110, USA and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - F. Gisou van der Goot
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, 1 rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4,
Serono Pharmaceutical Research Institute S.A., 14 Chemin des Aulx, CH-1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland, Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology and Physiology, St Louis, MO 63110, USA and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Corresponding author e-mail:
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40
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Abrami L, Velluz MC, Hong Y, Ohishi K, Mehlert A, Ferguson M, Kinoshita T, Gisou van der Goot F. The glycan core of GPI-anchored proteins modulates aerolysin binding but is not sufficient: the polypeptide moiety is required for the toxin-receptor interaction. FEBS Lett 2002; 512:249-54. [PMID: 11852090 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)02274-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sensitivity of mammalian cells to the bacterial toxin aerolysin is due to the presence at their surface of glycosylphosphatidyl inositol (GPI)-anchored proteins which act as receptors. Using a panel of mutants that are affected in the GPI biosynthetic pathway and Trypanosoma brucei variant surface glycoproteins, we show that addition of an ethanolamine phosphate residue on the first mannose of the glycan core does not affect binding. In contrast, the addition of a side chain of up to four galactose residues at position 3 of this same mannose leads to an increase in binding. However, protein free GPIs, which accumulate in mutant cells deficient in the transamidase that transfers the protein to the pre-formed GPI-anchor, were unable to bind the toxin indicating a requirement for the polypeptide moiety, the nature and size of which seem of little importance although two exceptions have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Abrami
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 4, Geneva, Switzerland
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41
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Abrami L, Gisou van der Goot F, Lafont F. La vie sans cavéoles. Med Sci (Paris) 2002. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/200218128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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42
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Abstract
Like a variety of other pathogenic bacteria, Aeromonas hydrophila secretes a pore-forming toxin that contribute to its virulence. The last decade has not only increased our knowledge about the structure of this toxin, called aerolysin, but has also shed light on how it interacts with its target cell and how the cell reacts to this stress. Whereas pore-forming toxins are generally thought to lead to brutal death by osmotic lysis of the cell, based on what is observed for erythrocytes, recent studies have started to reveal far more complicated pathways leading to death of nucleated mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fivaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 quai E. Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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43
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Abrami L, Fivaz M, Kobayashi T, Kinoshita T, Parton RG, van der Goot FG. Cross-talk between caveolae and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-rich domains. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:30729-36. [PMID: 11406621 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m102039200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Most mammalian cells have in their plasma membrane at least two types of lipid microdomains, non-invaginated lipid rafts and caveolae. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins constitute a class of proteins that are enriched in rafts but not caveolae at steady state. We have analyzed the effects of abolishing GPI biosynthesis on rafts, caveolae, and cholesterol levels. GPI-deficient cells were obtained by screening for resistance to the pore-forming toxin aerolysin, which uses this class of proteins as receptors. Despite the absence of GPI-anchored proteins, mutant cells still contained lipid rafts, indicating that GPI-anchored proteins are not crucial structural elements of these domains. Interestingly, the caveolae-specific membrane proteins, caveolin-1 and 2, were up-regulated in GPI-deficient cells, in contrast to flotillin-1 and GM1, which were expressed at normal levels. Additionally, the number of surface caveolae was increased. This effect was specific since recovery of GPI biosynthesis by gene recomplementation restored caveolin expression and the number of surface caveolae to wild type levels. The inverse correlation between the expression of GPI-anchored proteins and caveolin-1 was confirmed by the observation that overexpression of caveolin-1 in wild type cells led to a decrease in the expression of GPI-anchored proteins. In cells lacking caveolae, the absence of GPI-anchored proteins caused an increase in cholesterol levels, suggesting a possible role of GPI-anchored proteins in cholesterol homeostasis, which in some cells, such as Chinese hamster ovary cells, can be compensated by caveolin up-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Abrami
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai E. Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fivaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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45
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Abstract
Aerolysin secreted by the human pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila belongs to a group of bacterial toxins that are hemolytic and form channels in biological membranes. The toxin is secreted as an inactive precursor proaerolysin that must be proteolytically processed at its C-terminus to become active. The toxin then polymerizes into a heptameric ring that is amphipathic and can insert into a lipid bilayer and form a pore. We have examined these various steps at the surface of target cells. The toxin binds to specific receptors. Various receptors have been identified, all of which are anchored to the plasma membrane via a glycosylphosphatidyl inositol (GPI)-anchored moiety. The GPI anchor confers to the protein that is linked to it two usual properties: (i) the protein has a higher lateral mobility in a phospholipid bilayer than its transmembrane counterpart, (ii) the protein has the capacity to transiently associate with cholesterol-glycosphingolipid-rich microdomains. We have shown that both these properties of GPI-anchored proteins are exploited by proaerolysin bound to its receptor. The high lateral mobility within the phosphoglyceride region of the plasma membrane favors the encounter of the protoxin with its converting enzyme furin. The ability to associate with microdomains on the other hand favors the oligomerization process presumably by concentrating the toxin locally.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Abrami
- Département de Biochimie, Université de Genève, Switzerland
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46
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Abstract
The past three years have shed light on how the pore-forming toxin aerolysin binds to its target cell and then hijacks cellular devices to promote its own polymerization and pore formation. This selective permeabilization of the plasma membrane has unexpected intracellular consequences that might explain the importance of aerolysin in Aeromonas pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Abrami
- Dept of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai E. Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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47
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Abstract
It has been proposed that the plasma membrane of many cell types contains cholesterol-sphingolipid-rich microdomains. Here, we analyze the role of these microdomains in promoting oligomerization of the bacterial pore-forming toxin aerolysin. Aerolysin binds to cells, via glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-anchored receptors, as a hydrophilic soluble protein that must polymerize into an amphipathic ring-like complex to form a pore. We first show that oligomerization can occur at >10(5)-fold lower toxin concentration at the surface of living cells than in solution. Our observations indicate that it is not merely the number of receptors on the target cell that is important for toxin sensitivity, but their ability to associate transiently with detergent resistant microdomains. Oligomerization appears to be promoted by the fact that the toxin bound to its glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-anchored receptors, can be recruited into these microdomains, which act as concentration devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Abrami
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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48
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49
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Abrami L, Fivaz M, Decroly E, Seidah NG, Jean F, Thomas G, Leppla SH, Buckley JT, van der Goot FG. The pore-forming toxin proaerolysin is activated by furin. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:32656-61. [PMID: 9830006 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.49.32656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerolysin is secreted as an inactive dimeric precursor by the bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila. Proteolytic cleavage within a mobile loop near the C terminus of the protoxin is required for oligomerization and channel formation. This loop contains the sequence KVRRAR432, which should be recognized by mammalian proprotein convertases such as furin, PACE4, and PC5/6A. Here we show that these three proteases cleave proaerolysin after Arg-432 in vitro, yielding active toxin. We also investigated the potential role of these enzymes in the in vivo activation of the protoxin. We found that Chinese hamster ovary cells were able to convert the protoxin to aerolysin in the absence of exogenous proteases and that activation did not require internalization of the toxin. The furin inhibitor alpha1-antitrypsin Portland reduced the rate of proaerolysin activation in vivo, and proaerolysin processing was even further reduced in furin-deficient FD11 Chinese hamster ovary cells. The cells were also less sensitive to proaerolysin than wild type cells; however, transient transfection of FD11 cells with the cDNA encoding furin conferred normal sensitivity to the protoxin. Together these findings argue that furin catalyzes the cell-surface activation of proaerolysin in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Abrami
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai E. Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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50
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Abrami L, Fivaz M, Glauser PE, Parton RG, van der Goot FG. A pore-forming toxin interacts with a GPI-anchored protein and causes vacuolation of the endoplasmic reticulum. J Cell Biol 1998; 140:525-40. [PMID: 9456314 PMCID: PMC2140172 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.140.3.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we have investigated the effects of the pore-forming toxin aerolysin, produced by Aeromonas hydrophila, on mammalian cells. Our data indicate that the protoxin binds to an 80-kD glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein on BHK cells, and that the bound toxin is associated with specialized plasma membrane domains, described as detergent-insoluble microdomains, or cholesterol-glycolipid "rafts." We show that the protoxin is then processed to its mature form by host cell proteases. We propose that the preferential association of the toxin with rafts, through binding to GPI-anchored proteins, is likely to increase the local toxin concentration and thereby promote oligomerization, a step that it is a prerequisite for channel formation. We show that channel formation does not lead to disruption of the plasma membrane but to the selective permeabilization to small ions such as potassium, which causes plasma membrane depolarization. Next we studied the consequences of channel formation on the organization and dynamics of intracellular membranes. Strikingly, we found that the toxin causes dramatic vacuolation of the ER, but does not affect other intracellular compartments. Concomitantly we find that the COPI coat is released from biosynthetic membranes and that biosynthetic transport of newly synthesized transmembrane G protein of vesicular stomatitis virus is inhibited. Our data indicate that binding of proaerolysin to GPI-anchored proteins and processing of the toxin lead to oligomerization and channel formation in the plasma membrane, which in turn causes selective disorganization of early biosynthetic membrane dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Abrami
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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