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Fukuda H, Mamiya R, Akamatsu A, Takeda N. Two LysM receptor-like kinases regulate arbuscular mycorrhiza through distinct signaling pathways in Lotus japonicus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 38796729 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Fukuda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan
| | - Rin Mamiya
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan
| | - Akira Akamatsu
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan
| | - Naoya Takeda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan
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Molina A, Jordá L, Torres MÁ, Martín-Dacal M, Berlanga DJ, Fernández-Calvo P, Gómez-Rubio E, Martín-Santamaría S. Plant cell wall-mediated disease resistance: Current understanding and future perspectives. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:699-724. [PMID: 38594902 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Beyond their function as structural barriers, plant cell walls are essential elements for the adaptation of plants to environmental conditions. Cell walls are dynamic structures whose composition and integrity can be altered in response to environmental challenges and developmental cues. These wall changes are perceived by plant sensors/receptors to trigger adaptative responses during development and upon stress perception. Plant cell wall damage caused by pathogen infection, wounding, or other stresses leads to the release of wall molecules, such as carbohydrates (glycans), that function as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). DAMPs are perceived by the extracellular ectodomains (ECDs) of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to activate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and disease resistance. Similarly, glycans released from the walls and extracellular layers of microorganisms interacting with plants are recognized as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) by specific ECD-PRRs triggering PTI responses. The number of oligosaccharides DAMPs/MAMPs identified that are perceived by plants has increased in recent years. However, the structural mechanisms underlying glycan recognition by plant PRRs remain limited. Currently, this knowledge is mainly focused on receptors of the LysM-PRR family, which are involved in the perception of various molecules, such as chitooligosaccharides from fungi and lipo-chitooligosaccharides (i.e., Nod/MYC factors from bacteria and mycorrhiza, respectively) that trigger differential physiological responses. Nevertheless, additional families of plant PRRs have recently been implicated in oligosaccharide/polysaccharide recognition. These include receptor kinases (RKs) with leucine-rich repeat and Malectin domains in their ECDs (LRR-MAL RKs), Catharanthus roseus RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 1-LIKE group (CrRLK1L) with Malectin-like domains in their ECDs, as well as wall-associated kinases, lectin-RKs, and LRR-extensins. The characterization of structural basis of glycans recognition by these new plant receptors will shed light on their similarities with those of mammalians involved in glycan perception. The gained knowledge holds the potential to facilitate the development of sustainable, glycan-based crop protection solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Lucía Jordá
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miguel Ángel Torres
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Martín-Dacal
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego José Berlanga
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Fernández-Calvo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Elena Gómez-Rubio
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonsoles Martín-Santamaría
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Tao K, Jensen IT, Zhang S, Villa-Rodríguez E, Blahovska Z, Salomonsen CL, Martyn A, Björgvinsdóttir ÞN, Kelly S, Janss L, Glasius M, Waagepetersen R, Radutoiu S. Nitrogen and Nod factor signaling determine Lotus japonicus root exudate composition and bacterial assembly. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3436. [PMID: 38653767 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47752-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Symbiosis with soil-dwelling bacteria that fix atmospheric nitrogen allows legume plants to grow in nitrogen-depleted soil. Symbiosis impacts the assembly of root microbiota, but it is unknown how the interaction between the legume host and rhizobia impacts the remaining microbiota and whether it depends on nitrogen nutrition. Here, we use plant and bacterial mutants to address the role of Nod factor signaling on Lotus japonicus root microbiota assembly. We find that Nod factors are produced by symbionts to activate Nod factor signaling in the host and that this modulates the root exudate profile and the assembly of a symbiotic root microbiota. Lotus plants with different symbiotic abilities, grown in unfertilized or nitrate-supplemented soils, display three nitrogen-dependent nutritional states: starved, symbiotic, or inorganic. We find that root and rhizosphere microbiomes associated with these states differ in composition and connectivity, demonstrating that symbiosis and inorganic nitrogen impact the legume root microbiota differently. Finally, we demonstrate that selected bacterial genera characterizing state-dependent microbiomes have a high level of accurate prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Tao
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ib T Jensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Aalborg University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sha Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Eber Villa-Rodríguez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Zuzana Blahovska
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Anna Martyn
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Simon Kelly
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Biotechnology, Lincoln Agritech, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Luc Janss
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Simona Radutoiu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Zhang J, Sun J, Chiu CH, Landry D, Li K, Wen J, Mysore KS, Fort S, Lefebvre B, Oldroyd GED, Feng F. A receptor required for chitin perception facilitates arbuscular mycorrhizal associations and distinguishes root symbiosis from immunity. Curr Biol 2024; 34:1705-1717.e6. [PMID: 38574729 PMCID: PMC11037463 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Plants establish symbiotic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to facilitate nutrient uptake, particularly in nutrient-limited conditions. This partnership is rooted in the plant's ability to recognize fungal signaling molecules, such as chitooligosaccharides (chitin) and lipo-chitooligosaccharides. In the legume Medicago truncatula, chitooligosaccharides trigger both symbiotic and immune responses via the same lysin-motif-receptor-like kinases (LysM-RLKs), notably CERK1 and LYR4. The nature of plant-fungal engagement is opposite according to the outcomes of immunity or symbiosis signaling, and as such, discrimination is necessary, which is challenged by the dual roles of CERK1/LYR4 in both processes. Here, we describe a LysM-RLK, LYK8, that is functionally redundant with CERK1 for mycorrhizal colonization but is not involved in chitooligosaccharides-induced immunity. Genetic mutation of both LYK8 and CERK1 blocks chitooligosaccharides-triggered symbiosis signaling, as well as mycorrhizal colonization, but shows no further impact on immunity signaling triggered by chitooligosaccharides, compared with the mutation of CERK1 alone. LYK8 interacts with CERK1 and forms a receptor complex that appears essential for chitooligosaccharides activation of symbiosis signaling, with the lyk8/cerk1 double mutant recapitulating the impact of mutations in the symbiosis signaling pathway. We conclude that this novel receptor complex allows chitooligosaccharides activation specifically of symbiosis signaling and helps the plant to differentiate between activation of these opposing signaling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Jongho Sun
- Crop Science Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0LE, UK
| | - Chai Hao Chiu
- Crop Science Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0LE, UK
| | - David Landry
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe-Environment Interactions (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France
| | - Kangping Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA; Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Kirankumar S Mysore
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Sébastien Fort
- Université de Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Benoit Lefebvre
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe-Environment Interactions (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France
| | - Giles E D Oldroyd
- Crop Science Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0LE, UK.
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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Jia H, Lin J, Lin Z, Wang Y, Xu L, Ding W, Ming R. Haplotype-resolved genome of Mimosa bimucronata revealed insights into leaf movement and nitrogen fixation. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:334. [PMID: 38570736 PMCID: PMC10993578 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10264-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mimosa bimucronata originates from tropical America and exhibits distinctive leaf movement characterized by a relative slow speed. Additionally, this species possesses the ability to fix nitrogen. Despite these intriguing traits, comprehensive studies have been hindered by the lack of genomic resources for M. bimucronata. RESULTS To unravel the intricacies of leaf movement and nitrogen fixation, we successfully assembled a high-quality, haplotype-resolved, reference genome at the chromosome level, spanning 648 Mb and anchored in 13 pseudochromosomes. A total of 32,146 protein-coding genes were annotated. In particular, haplotype A was annotated with 31,035 protein-coding genes, and haplotype B with 31,440 protein-coding genes. Structural variations (SVs) and allele specific expression (ASE) analyses uncovered the potential role of structural variants in leaf movement and nitrogen fixation in M. bimucronata. Two whole-genome duplication (WGD) events were detected, that occurred ~ 2.9 and ~ 73.5 million years ago. Transcriptome and co-expression network analyses revealed the involvement of aquaporins (AQPs) and Ca2+-related ion channel genes in leaf movement. Moreover, we also identified nodulation-related genes and analyzed the structure and evolution of the key gene NIN in the process of symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF). CONCLUSION The detailed comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses provided insights into the mechanisms governing leaf movement and nitrogen fixation in M. bimucronata. This research yielded genomic resources and provided an important reference for functional genomic studies of M. bimucronata and other legume species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Jia
- College of Agriculture, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jishan Lin
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 570100, China
| | - Zhicong Lin
- College of Environment and Biological Engineering, Putian University, Putian, 351100, China
| | - Yibin Wang
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Liangwei Xu
- College of Agriculture, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wenjie Ding
- College of Agriculture, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Ray Ming
- College of Agriculture, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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Fang C, Du H, Wang L, Liu B, Kong F. Mechanisms underlying key agronomic traits and implications for molecular breeding in soybean. J Genet Genomics 2024; 51:379-393. [PMID: 37717820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) is an important crop that provides protein and vegetable oil for human consumption. As soybean is a photoperiod-sensitive crop, its cultivation and yield are limited by the photoperiodic conditions in the field. In contrast to other major crops, soybean has a special plant architecture and a special symbiotic nitrogen fixation system, representing two unique breeding directions. Thus, flowering time, plant architecture, and symbiotic nitrogen fixation are three critical or unique yield-determining factors. This review summarizes the progress made in our understanding of these three critical yield-determining factors in soybean. Meanwhile, we propose potential research directions to increase soybean production, discuss the application of genomics and genomic-assisted breeding, and explore research directions to address future challenges, particularly those posed by global climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Fang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Haiping Du
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Lingshuang Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Baohui Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Fanjiang Kong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
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Ferrer-Orgaz S, Tiwari M, Isidra-Arellano MC, Pozas-Rodriguez EA, Vernié T, Rich MK, Mbengue M, Formey D, Delaux PM, Ané JM, Valdés-López O. Early Phosphorylated Protein 1 is required to activate the early rhizobial infection program. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:962-968. [PMID: 38009302 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susana Ferrer-Orgaz
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, 54090, Mexico
- Department of Plant Pathology, Russell Laboratories, University of Wisconsin, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Manish Tiwari
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Microbial Science Building, 1550 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Mariel C Isidra-Arellano
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, 54090, Mexico
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK
| | - Eithan A Pozas-Rodriguez
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, 54090, Mexico
- Department of Plant Pathology, Russell Laboratories, University of Wisconsin, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Tatiana Vernié
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617, 3126, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Mélanie K Rich
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617, 3126, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Malick Mbengue
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617, 3126, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Damien Formey
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, 62210, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Pierre-Marc Delaux
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617, 3126, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Jean-Michel Ané
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Microbial Science Building, 1550 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, 1575 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Oswaldo Valdés-López
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, 54090, Mexico
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Dong X, Gifford ML, Su C. Ca2+ signatures in symbiosis: another level of dynamism for this key messenger. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:508-510. [PMID: 38197461 PMCID: PMC10773991 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
This article comments on:
Binci F, Offer E, Crosino A, Sciascia I, Kleine-Vehn J, Genre A, Giovannetti M, Navazio L. 2024. Spatially and temporally distinct Ca2+ changes in Lotus japonicus roots orient fungal-triggered signalling pathways towards symbiosis or immunity. Journal of Experimental Botany 75,605–619.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Dong
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Miriam L Gifford
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Chao Su
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Shumilina J, Soboleva A, Abakumov E, Shtark OY, Zhukov VA, Frolov A. Signaling in Legume-Rhizobia Symbiosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17397. [PMID: 38139226 PMCID: PMC10743482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Legumes represent an important source of food protein for human nutrition and animal feed. Therefore, sustainable production of legume crops is an issue of global importance. It is well-known that legume-rhizobia symbiosis allows an increase in the productivity and resilience of legume crops. The efficiency of this mutualistic association strongly depends on precise regulation of the complex interactions between plant and rhizobia. Their molecular dialogue represents a complex multi-staged process, each step of which is critically important for the overall success of the symbiosis. In particular, understanding the details of the molecular mechanisms behind the nodule formation and functioning might give access to new legume cultivars with improved crop productivity. Therefore, here we provide a comprehensive literature overview on the dynamics of the signaling network underlying the development of the legume-rhizobia symbiosis. Thereby, we pay special attention to the new findings in the field, as well as the principal directions of the current and prospective research. For this, here we comprehensively address the principal signaling events involved in the nodule inception, development, functioning, and senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Shumilina
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia; (J.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Alena Soboleva
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia; (J.S.); (A.S.)
- Biological Faculty, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Evgeny Abakumov
- Biological Faculty, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Oksana Y. Shtark
- Laboratory of Genetics of Plant-Microbe Interactions, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (O.Y.S.); (V.A.Z.)
| | - Vladimir A. Zhukov
- Laboratory of Genetics of Plant-Microbe Interactions, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (O.Y.S.); (V.A.Z.)
| | - Andrej Frolov
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia; (J.S.); (A.S.)
- Biological Faculty, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
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Singh J, Isidra-Arellano MC, Valdés-López O. Harnessing the Potential of Symbiotic Associations of Plants in Phosphate-Deficient Soil for Sustainable Agriculture. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:850-857. [PMID: 37300552 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Many plants associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi for nutrient acquisition, and most legumes also associate with nitrogen-fixing rhizobial bacteria for nitrogen acquisition. The association of plants with AM fungi and rhizobia depends on the perception of lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs) produced by these micro-symbionts. Recent studies reveal that cereals can perceive LCOs better in soil deprived of phosphate (Pi) and nitrogen to activate symbiosis signaling and form efficient AM symbiosis. Nevertheless, the Pi deficiency in the soil hinders the symbiotic association of legumes with rhizobia, ultimately reducing nitrogen fixation. Here, we discuss a mechanistic overview of the factors regulating root nodule symbiosis under Pi-deficient conditions and further emphasize the possible ways to overcome this hurdle. Ignoring the low Pi problem not only can compromise the functionality of the nitrogen cycle by nitrogen fixation through legumes but can also put food security at risk globally. This review aims to bring the scientific community's attention toward the detrimental response of legumes toward Pi-deficient soil for the formation of root nodule symbiosis and hence reduced nitrogen fixation. In this review, we have highlighted the recent studies that have advanced our understanding of these critical areas and discussed some future directions. Furthermore, this review highlights the importance of communicating science with farmers and the agriculture community to fully harness the potential of the symbiotic association of plants in nutrient-deficient soil for sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawahar Singh
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Department of Biology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, México
| | - Mariel C Isidra-Arellano
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Department of Trait Diversity and Function, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, UK
| | - Oswaldo Valdés-López
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Department of Biology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, México
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Lecona AM, Nanjareddy K, Blanco L, Piazza V, Vera-Núñez JA, Lara M, Arthikala MK. CRK12: A Key Player in Regulating the Phaseolus vulgaris- Rhizobium tropici Symbiotic Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11720. [PMID: 37511479 PMCID: PMC10380779 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine-rich receptor-like kinases (CRKs) are a type of receptor-like kinases (RLKs) that are important for pathogen resistance, extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling, and programmed cell death in plants. In a previous study, we identified 46 CRK family members in the Phaseolus vulgaris genome and found that CRK12 was highly upregulated under root nodule symbiotic conditions. To better understand the role of CRK12 in the Phaseolus-Rhizobia symbiotic interaction, we functionally characterized this gene by overexpressing (CRK12-OE) and silencing (CRK12-RNAi) it in a P. vulgaris hairy root system. We found that the constitutive expression of CRK12 led to an increase in root hair length and the expression of root hair regulatory genes, while silencing the gene had the opposite effect. During symbiosis, CRK12-RNAi resulted in a significant reduction in nodule numbers, while CRK12-OE roots showed a dramatic increase in rhizobial infection threads and the number of nodules. Nodule cross sections revealed that silenced nodules had very few infected cells, while CRK12-OE nodules had enlarged infected cells, whose numbers had increased compared to controls. As expected, CRK12-RNAi negatively affected nitrogen fixation, while CRK12-OE nodules fixed 1.5 times more nitrogen than controls. Expression levels of genes involved in symbiosis and ROS signaling, as well as nitrogen export genes, supported the nodule phenotypes. Moreover, nodule senescence was prolonged in CRK12-overexpressing roots. Subcellular localization assays showed that the PvCRK12 protein localized to the plasma membrane, and the spatiotemporal expression patterns of the CRK12-promoter::GUS-GFP analysis revealed a symbiosis-specific expression of CRK12 during the early stages of rhizobial infection and in the development of nodules. Our findings suggest that CRK12, a membrane RLK, is a novel regulator of Phaseolus vulgaris-Rhizobium tropici symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino M Lecona
- Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), León 37689, GTO, Mexico
| | - Kalpana Nanjareddy
- Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), León 37689, GTO, Mexico
| | - Lourdes Blanco
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca 62210, MOR, Mexico
| | - Valeria Piazza
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A. C., Loma del Bosque 115, León 37150, GTO, Mexico
| | - José Antonio Vera-Núñez
- Departamento Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato 36821, GTO, Mexico
| | - Miguel Lara
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca 62210, MOR, Mexico
| | - Manoj-Kumar Arthikala
- Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), León 37689, GTO, Mexico
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12
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Luu TB, Carles N, Bouzou L, Gibelin-Viala C, Remblière C, Gasciolli V, Bono JJ, Lefebvre B, Pauly N, Cullimore J. Analysis of the structure and function of the LYK cluster of Medicago truncatula A17 and R108. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 332:111696. [PMID: 37019339 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of the Legume-Rhizobia symbiosis is generally dependent on the production of rhizobial lipochitooligosaccharidic Nod factors (NFs) and their perception by plant Lysin Motif Receptor-Like Kinases (LysM-RLKs). In this study, we characterized a cluster of LysM-RLK genes implicated in strain-specific recognition in two highly divergent and widely-studied Medicago truncatula genotypes, A17 and R108. We then used reverse genetic approaches and biochemical analyses to study the function of selected genes in the clusters and the ability of their encoded proteins to bind NFs. Our study has revealed that the LYK cluster exhibits a high degree of variability among M. truncatula genotypes, which in A17 and R108 includes recent recombination events within the cluster and a transposon insertion in A17. The essential role of LYK3 in nodulation in A17 is not conserved in R108 despite similar sequences and good nodulation expression profiles. Although, LYK2, LYK5 and LYK5bis are not essential for nodulation of the two genotypes, some evidence points to accessory roles in nodulation, but not through high-affinity NF binding. This work shows that recent evolution in the LYK cluster provides a source of variation for nodulation, and potential robustness of signaling through genetic redundancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Bich Luu
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe-Environment Interactions (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Noémie Carles
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe-Environment Interactions (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Louis Bouzou
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe-Environment Interactions (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Chrystel Gibelin-Viala
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe-Environment Interactions (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Céline Remblière
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe-Environment Interactions (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Virginie Gasciolli
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe-Environment Interactions (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Bono
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe-Environment Interactions (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Benoit Lefebvre
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe-Environment Interactions (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Nicolas Pauly
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe-Environment Interactions (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France; Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
| | - Julie Cullimore
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe-Environment Interactions (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Bender KW, Zipfel C. Paradigms of receptor kinase signaling in plants. Biochem J 2023; 480:835-854. [PMID: 37326386 PMCID: PMC10317173 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant receptor kinases (RKs) function as key plasma-membrane localized receptors in the perception of molecular ligands regulating development and environmental response. Through the perception of diverse ligands, RKs regulate various aspects throughout the plant life cycle from fertilization to seed set. Thirty years of research on plant RKs has generated a wealth of knowledge on how RKs perceive ligands and activate downstream signaling. In the present review, we synthesize this body of knowledge into five central paradigms of plant RK signaling: (1) RKs are encoded by expanded gene families, largely conserved throughout land plant evolution; (2) RKs perceive many different kinds of ligands through a range of ectodomain architectures; (3) RK complexes are typically activated by co-receptor recruitment; (4) post-translational modifications fulfill central roles in both the activation and attenuation of RK-mediated signaling; and, (5) RKs activate a common set of downstream signaling processes through receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs). For each of these paradigms, we discuss key illustrative examples and also highlight known exceptions. We conclude by presenting five critical gaps in our understanding of RK function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W. Bender
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH Norwich, U.K
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14
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Ruman H, Kawaharada Y. A New Classification of Lysin Motif Receptor-Like Kinases in Lotus japonicus. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:176-190. [PMID: 36334262 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lysin motif receptor-like kinases (LysM-RLKs) are a plant-specific receptor protein family that sense components from soil microorganisms, regulating innate immunity and symbiosis. Every plant species possesses multiple LysM-RLKs in order to interact with a variety of soil microorganisms; however, most receptors have not been characterized yet. Therefore, we tried to identify LysM-RLKs from diverse plant species and proposed a new classification to indicate their evolution and characteristics, as well as to predict new functions. In this study, we have attempted to explore and update LysM-RLKs in Lotus japonicus using the latest genome sequencing and divided 20 LysM-RLKs into 11 clades based on homolog identity and phylogenetic analysis. We further identified 193 LysM-RLKs from 16 Spermatophyta species including L. japonicus and divided these receptors into 14 clades and one out-group special receptor based on the classification of L. japonicus LysM-RLKs. All plant species not only have clade I receptors such as Nod factor or chitin receptors but also have clade III receptors where most of the receptors are uncharacterized. We also identified dicotyledon- and monocotyledon-specific clades and predicted evolutionary trends in LysM-RLKs. In addition, we found a strong correlation between plant species that did not possess clade II receptors and those that lost symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. A clade II receptor in L. japonicus Lys8 was predicted to express during arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Our proposed new inventory classification suggests the evolutionary pattern of LysM-RLKs and might help in elucidating novel receptor functions in various plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafijur Ruman
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, 3-18-8, Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550 Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kawaharada
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, 3-18-8, Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550 Japan
- Department of Plant BioSciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8, Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550 Japan
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15
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Singh J, Verma PK. Role of Nod factor receptors and its allies involved in nitrogen fixation. PLANTA 2023; 257:54. [PMID: 36780015 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04090-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Lysin motif (LysM)-receptor-like kinase (RLK) and leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-RLK mediated signaling play important roles in the development and regulation of root nodule symbiosis in legumes. The availability of water and nutrients in the soil is a major limiting factor affecting crop productivity. Plants of the Leguminosae family form a symbiotic association with nitrogen-fixing Gram-negative soil bacteria, rhizobia for nitrogen fixation. This symbiotic relationship between legumes and rhizobia depends on the signal exchange between them. Plant receptor-like kinases (RLKs) containing lysin motif (LysM) and/or leucine-rich repeat (LRR) play an important role in the perception of chemical signals from rhizobia for initiation and establishment of root nodule symbiosis (RNS) that results in nitrogen fixation. This review highlights the diverse aspects of LysM-RLK and LRR receptors including their specificity, functions, interacting partners, regulation, and associated signaling in RNS. The activation of LysM-RLKs and LRR-RLKs is important for ensuring the successful interaction between legume roots and rhizobia. The intracellular regions of the receptors enable additional layers of signaling that help in the transduction of signals intracellularly. Additionally, symbiosis receptor-like kinase (SYMRK) containing the LRR motif acts as a co-receptor with Nod factors receptors (LysM-RLK). Cleavage of the malectin-like domain from the SYMRK ectodomain is a mechanism for controlling SYMRK stability. Overall, this review has discussed different aspects of legume receptors that are critical to the perception of signals from rhizobia and their subsequent role in creating the mutualistic relationship necessary for nitrogen fixation. Additionally, it has been discussed how crucial it is to extrapolate the knowledge gained from model legumes to crop legumes such as chickpea and common bean to better understand the mechanism underlying nodule formation in crop legumes. Future directions have also been proposed in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawahar Singh
- Plant-Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 54090, Tlalnepantla, State of Mexico, Mexico.
| | - Praveen Kumar Verma
- Plant-Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
- Plant-Immunity Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 10067, India.
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Liu M, Kameoka H, Oda A, Maeda T, Goto T, Yano K, Soyano T, Kawaguchi M. The effects of ERN1 on gene expression during early rhizobial infection in Lotus japonicus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:995589. [PMID: 36733592 PMCID: PMC9888413 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.995589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Legumes develop root nodules in association with compatible rhizobia to overcome nitrogen deficiency. Rhizobia enter the host legume, mainly through infection threads, and induce nodule primordium formation in the root cortex. Multiple transcription factors have been identified to be involved in the regulation of the establishment of root nodule symbiosis, including ERF Required for Nodulation1 (ERN1). ERN1 is involved in a transcription network with CYCLOPS and NODULE INCEPTION (NIN). Mutation of ERN1 often results in misshapen root hair tips, deficient infection thread formation, and immature root nodules. ERN1 directly activates the expression of ENOD11 in Medicago truncatula to assist cell wall remodeling and Epr3 in Lotus japonicus to distinguish rhizobial exopolysaccharide signals. However, aside from these two genes, it remains unclear which genes are regulated by LjERN1 or what role LjERN1 plays during root nodule symbiosis. Thus, we conducted RNA sequencing to compare the gene expression profiles of wild-type L. japonicus and Ljern1-6 mutants. In total, 234 differentially expressed genes were identified as candidate LjERN1 target genes. These genes were found to be associated with cell wall remodeling, signal transduction, phytohormone metabolism, and transcription regulation, suggesting that LjERN1 is involved in multiple processes during the early stages of the establishment of root nodule symbiosis. Many of these candidate genes including RINRK1 showed decreased expression levels in Ljnin-2 mutants based on a search of a public database, suggesting that LjERN1 and LjNIN coordinately regulate gene expression. Our data extend the current understanding of the pleiotropic role of LjERN1 in root nodule symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Liu
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiromu Kameoka
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akiko Oda
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Taro Maeda
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takashi Goto
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Koji Yano
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takashi Soyano
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
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Signaling and Detoxification Strategies in Plant-Microbes Symbiosis under Heavy Metal Stress: A Mechanistic Understanding. Microorganisms 2022; 11:microorganisms11010069. [PMID: 36677361 PMCID: PMC9865731 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants typically interact with a variety of microorganisms, including bacteria, mycorrhizal fungi, and other organisms, in their above- and below-ground parts. In the biosphere, the interactions of plants with diverse microbes enable them to acquire a wide range of symbiotic advantages, resulting in enhanced plant growth and development and stress tolerance to toxic metals (TMs). Recent studies have shown that certain microorganisms can reduce the accumulation of TMs in plants through various mechanisms and can reduce the bioavailability of TMs in soil. However, relevant progress is lacking in summarization. This review mechanistically summarizes the common mediating pathways, detoxification strategies, and homeostatic mechanisms based on the research progress of the joint prevention and control of TMs by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)-plant and Rhizobium-plant interactions. Given the importance of tripartite mutualism in the plant-microbe system, it is necessary to further explore key signaling molecules to understand the role of plant-microbe mutualism in improving plant tolerance under heavy metal stress in the contaminated soil environments. It is hoped that our findings will be useful in studying plant stress tolerance under a broad range of environmental conditions and will help in developing new technologies for ensuring crop health and performance in future.
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Sánchez-Correa MDS, Isidra-Arellano MC, Pozas-Rodríguez EA, Reyero-Saavedra MDR, Morales-Salazar A, del Castillo SMLC, Sanchez-Flores A, Jiménez-Jacinto V, Reyes JL, Formey D, Valdés-López O. Argonaute5 and its associated small RNAs modulate the transcriptional response during the rhizobia- Phaseolus vulgaris symbiosis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1034419. [PMID: 36466235 PMCID: PMC9714512 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1034419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Both plant- and rhizobia-derived small RNAs play an essential role in regulating the root nodule symbiosis in legumes. Small RNAs, in association with Argonaute proteins, tune the expression of genes participating in nodule development and rhizobial infection. However, the role of Argonaute proteins in this symbiosis has been overlooked. In this study, we provide transcriptional evidence showing that Argonaute5 (AGO5) is a determinant genetic component in the root nodule symbiosis in Phaseolus vulgaris. A spatio-temporal transcriptional analysis revealed that the promoter of PvAGO5 is active in lateral root primordia, root hairs from rhizobia-inoculated roots, nodule primordia, and mature nodules. Transcriptional analysis by RNA sequencing revealed that gene silencing of PvAGO5 affected the expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of the cell wall and phytohormones participating in the rhizobial infection process and nodule development. PvAGO5 immunoprecipitation coupled to small RNA sequencing revealed the small RNAs bound to PvAGO5 during the root nodule symbiosis. Identification of small RNAs associated to PvAGO5 revealed miRNAs previously known to participate in this symbiotic process, further supporting a role for AGO5 in this process. Overall, the data presented shed light on the roles that PvAGO5 plays during the root nodule symbiosis in P. vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- María del Socorro Sánchez-Correa
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Mariel C. Isidra-Arellano
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Eithan A. Pozas-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - María del Rocío Reyero-Saavedra
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Morales-Salazar
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
| | | | - Alejandro Sanchez-Flores
- Unidad Universitaria de Secuenciación Masiva y Bioinformática, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Verónica Jiménez-Jacinto
- Unidad Universitaria de Secuenciación Masiva y Bioinformática, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Jose L. Reyes
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Damien Formey
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Oswaldo Valdés-López
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
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19
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Zarrabian M, Montiel J, Sandal N, Ferguson S, Jin H, Lin YY, Klingl V, Marín M, James EK, Parniske M, Stougaard J, Andersen SU. A Promiscuity Locus Confers Lotus burttii Nodulation with Rhizobia from Five Different Genera. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:1006-1017. [PMID: 35852471 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-22-0124-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Legumes acquire access to atmospheric nitrogen through nitrogen fixation by rhizobia in root nodules. Rhizobia are soil-dwelling bacteria and there is a tremendous diversity of rhizobial species in different habitats. From the legume perspective, host range is a compromise between the ability to colonize new habitats, in which the preferred symbiotic partner may be absent, and guarding against infection by suboptimal nitrogen fixers. Here, we investigate natural variation in rhizobial host range across Lotus species. We find that Lotus burttii is considerably more promiscuous than Lotus japonicus, represented by the Gifu accession, in its interactions with rhizobia. This promiscuity allows Lotus burttii to form nodules with Mesorhizobium, Rhizobium, Sinorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, and Allorhizobium species that represent five distinct genera. Using recombinant inbred lines, we have mapped the Gifu/burttii promiscuity quantitative trait loci (QTL) to the same genetic locus regardless of rhizobial genus, suggesting a general genetic mechanism for symbiont-range expansion. The Gifu/burttii QTL now provides an opportunity for genetic and mechanistic understanding of promiscuous legume-rhizobia interactions. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zarrabian
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Jesús Montiel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
- Center for Genomic Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico. Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Niels Sandal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Shaun Ferguson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Haojie Jin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Yen-Yu Lin
- Faculty of Biology, University of Munich, Großhaderner Straße 2-4, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Verena Klingl
- Faculty of Biology, University of Munich, Großhaderner Straße 2-4, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Macarena Marín
- Faculty of Biology, University of Munich, Großhaderner Straße 2-4, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Euan K James
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, U.K
| | - Martin Parniske
- Faculty of Biology, University of Munich, Großhaderner Straße 2-4, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Stig U Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
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20
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Ji L, Yang X, Qi F. Distinct Responses to Pathogenic and Symbionic Microorganisms: The Role of Plant Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810427. [PMID: 36142339 PMCID: PMC9499406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants must balance both beneficial (symbiotic) and pathogenic challenges from microorganisms, the former benefitting the plant and agriculture and the latter causing disease and economic harm. Plant innate immunity describes a highly conserved set of defense mechanisms that play pivotal roles in sensing immunogenic signals associated with both symbiotic and pathogenic microbes and subsequent downstream activation of signaling effector networks that protect the plant. An intriguing question is how the innate immune system distinguishes “friends” from “foes”. Here, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the role and spectrum of innate immunity in recognizing and responding to different microbes. In addition, we also review some of the strategies used by microbes to manipulate plant signaling pathways and thus evade immunity, with emphasis on the use of effector proteins and micro-RNAs (miRNAs). Furthermore, we discuss potential questions that need addressing to advance the field of plant–microbe interactions.
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21
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Darwish DBE, Ali M, Abdelkawy AM, Zayed M, Alatawy M, Nagah A. Constitutive overexpression of GsIMaT2 gene from wild soybean enhances rhizobia interaction and increase nodulation in soybean (Glycine max). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:431. [PMID: 36076165 PMCID: PMC9461152 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03811-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the root nodules formation is regulated by specific and complex interactions of legume and rhizobial genes, there are still too many questions to be answered about the role of the genes involved in the regulation of the nodulation signaling pathway. RESULTS The genetic and biological roles of the isoflavone-7-O-beta-glucoside 6″-O-malonyltransferase gene GsIMaT2 from wild soybean (Glycine soja) in the regulation of nodule and root growth in soybean (Glycine max) were examined in this work. The effect of overexpressing GsIMaT2 from G. soja on the soybean nodulation signaling system and strigolactone production was investigated. We discovered that the GsIMaT2 increased nodule numbers, fresh nodule weight, root weight, and root length by boosting strigolactone formation. Furthermore, we examined the isoflavone concentration of transgenic G. max hairy roots 10 and 20 days after rhizobial inoculation. Malonyldaidzin, malonylgenistin, daidzein, and glycitein levels were considerably higher in GsMaT2-OE hairy roots after 10- and 20-days of Bradyrhizobium japonicum infection compared to the control. These findings suggest that isoflavones and their biosynthetic genes play unique functions in the nodulation signaling system in G. max. CONCLUSIONS Finally, our results indicate the potential effects of the GsIMaT2 gene on soybean root growth and nodulation. This study provides novel insights for understanding the epistatic relationship between isoflavones, root development, and nodulation in soybean. HIGHLIGHTS * Cloning and Characterization of 7-O-beta-glucoside 6″-O-malonyltransferase (GsIMaT2) gene from wild soybean (G. soja). * The role of GsIMaT2 gene in the regulation of root nodule development. *Overexpression of GsMaT2 gene increases the accumulation of isoflavonoid in transgenic soybean hairy roots. * This gene could be used for metabolic engineering of useful isoflavonoid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa Bahaa Eldin Darwish
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35511 Egypt
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Tabuk University, Tabuk, 74191 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ali
- Department of Genetic Resources, Desert Research Center, Egyptian Deserts Gene Bank, North Sinai Research Station, 1 Mathaf El-Matarya St., El-Matareya, Cairo, 11753 Egypt
| | - Aisha M. Abdelkawy
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University (Girls Branch), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Zayed
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Shebin El-Kom, 32511 Egypt
| | - Marfat Alatawy
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Tabuk University, Tabuk, 74191 Saudi Arabia
| | - Aziza Nagah
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Banha University, Qalyubia Governorate, Benha, 13518 Egypt
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22
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Ali M, Miao L, Soudy FA, Darwish DBE, Alrdahe SS, Alshehri D, Benedito VA, Tadege M, Wang X, Zhao J. Overexpression of Terpenoid Biosynthesis Genes Modifies Root Growth and Nodulation in Soybean (Glycine max). Cells 2022; 11:cells11172622. [PMID: 36078031 PMCID: PMC9454526 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Root nodule formation in many leguminous plants is known to be affected by endogen ous and exogenous factors that affect formation, development, and longevity of nodules in roots. Therefore, it is important to understand the role of the genes which are involved in the regulation of the nodulation signaling pathway. This study aimed to investigate the effect of terpenoids and terpene biosynthesis genes on root nodule formation in Glycine max. The study aimed to clarify not only the impact of over-expressing five terpene synthesis genes isolated from G. max and Salvia guaranitica on soybean nodulation signaling pathway, but also on the strigolactones pathway. The obtained results revealed that the over expression of GmFDPS, GmGGPPS, SgGPS, SgFPPS, and SgLINS genes enhanced the root nodule numbers, fresh weight of nodules, root, and root length. Moreover, the terpene content in the transgenic G. max hairy roots was estimated. The results explored that the monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and diterpenes were significantly increased in transgenic soybean hairy roots in comparison with the control. Our results indicate the potential effects of terpenoids and terpene synthesis genes on soybean root growth and nodulation. The study provides novel insights for understanding the epistatic relationship between terpenoids, root development, and nodulation in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ali
- Egyptian Deserts Gene Bank, North Sinai Research Station, Desert Research Center, Department of Genetic Resources, Cairo 11753, Egypt
| | - Long Miao
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Fathia A. Soudy
- Department of Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh 13736, Egypt
| | - Doaa Bahaa Eldin Darwish
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35511, Egypt
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salma Saleh Alrdahe
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dikhnah Alshehri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vagner A. Benedito
- Plant and Soil Sciences Division, Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Million Tadege
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (J.Z.); Tel.: +86-186-7404-7685 (J.Z.)
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (J.Z.); Tel.: +86-186-7404-7685 (J.Z.)
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23
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Huo H, Zong L, Liu Y, Chen W, Chen J, Wei G. Rhizobial HmuS pSym as a heme-binding factor is required for optimal symbiosis between Mesorhizobium amorphae CCNWGS0123 and Robinia pseudoacacia. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:2191-2210. [PMID: 35419804 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-fixing root nodules are formed by symbiotic association of legume hosts with rhizobia in nitrogen-deprived soils. Successful symbiosis is regulated by signals from both legume hosts and their rhizobial partners. HmuS is a heme degrading factor widely distributed in bacteria, but little is known about the role of rhizobial hmuS in symbiosis with legumes. Here, we found that inactivation of hmuSpSym in the symbiotic plasmid of Mesorhizobium amorphae CCNWGS0123 disrupted rhizobial infection, primordium formation, and nitrogen fixation in symbiosis with Robinia pseudoacacia. Although there was no difference in bacteroids differentiation, infected plant cells were shrunken and bacteroids were disintegrated in nodules of plants infected by the ΔhmuSpSym mutant strain. The balance of defence reaction was also impaired in ΔhmuSpSym strain-infected root nodules. hmuSpSym was strongly expressed in the nitrogen-fixation zone of mature nodules. Furthermore, the HmuSpSym protein could bind to heme but not degrade it. Inactivation of hmuSpSym led to significantly decreased expression levels of oxygen-sensing related genes in nodules. In summary, hmuSpSym of M. amorphae CCNWGS0123 plays an essential role in nodule development and maintenance of bacteroid survival within R. pseudoacacia cells, possibly through heme-binding in symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Le Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences and Rhizobium Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gehong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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24
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Roy Choudhury S, Pandey S. SymRK-dependent phosphorylation of Gα protein and its role in signaling during soybean (Glycine max) nodulation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:277-291. [PMID: 35048428 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G proteins, comprised of Gα, Gβ and Gγ subunits, influence signaling in most eukaryotes. In metazoans, G proteins are activated by G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-mediated GDP to GTP exchange on Gα; however, the role(s) of GPCRs in regulating plant G-protein signaling remains equivocal. Mounting evidence suggests the involvement of receptor-like kinases (RLKs) in regulating plant G-protein signaling, but their mechanistic details remain scarce. We have previously shown that during Glycine max (soybean) nodulation, the nod factor receptor 1 (NFR1) interacts with G-protein components and indirectly affects signaling. We explored the direct regulation of G-protein signaling by RLKs using protein-protein interactions, receptor-mediated in vitro phosphorylations and the effects of such phosphorylations on soybean nodule formation. Results presented in this study demonstrate a direct, phosphorylation-based regulation of Gα by symbiosis receptor kinase (SymRK). SymRKs interact with and phosphorylate Gα at multiple residues in vitro, including two in its active site, which abolishes GTP binding. Additionally, phospho-mimetic Gα fails to interact with Gβγ, potentially allowing for constitutive signaling by the freed Gβγ. These results uncover an unusual mechanism of G-protein cycle regulation in plants where the receptor-mediated phosphorylation of Gα not only affects its activity but also influences the availability of its signaling partners, thereby exerting a two-pronged check on signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarup Roy Choudhury
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N. Warson Road, St. Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Sona Pandey
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N. Warson Road, St. Louis, MO, 63132, USA
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25
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Kinetic proofreading of lipochitooligosaccharides determines signal activation of symbiotic plant receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2111031118. [PMID: 34716271 PMCID: PMC8612216 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2111031118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants and animals use cell surface receptors to sense and interpret environmental signals. In legume symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, the specific recognition of bacterial lipochitooligosaccharide (LCO) signals by single-pass transmembrane receptor kinases determines compatibility. Here, we determine the structural basis for LCO perception from the crystal structures of two lysin motif receptor ectodomains and identify a hydrophobic patch in the binding site essential for LCO recognition and symbiotic function. We show that the receptor monitors the composition of the amphiphilic LCO molecules and uses kinetic proofreading to control receptor activation and signaling specificity. We demonstrate engineering of the LCO binding site to fine-tune ligand selectivity and correct binding kinetics required for activation of symbiotic signaling in plants. Finally, the hydrophobic patch is found to be a conserved structural signature in this class of LCO receptors across legumes that can be used for in silico predictions. Our results provide insights into the mechanism of cell-surface receptor activation by kinetic proofreading of ligands and highlight the potential in receptor engineering to capture benefits in plant-microbe interactions.
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26
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Khokhani D, Carrera Carriel C, Vayla S, Irving TB, Stonoha-Arther C, Keller NP, Ané JM. Deciphering the Chitin Code in Plant Symbiosis, Defense, and Microbial Networks. Annu Rev Microbiol 2021; 75:583-607. [PMID: 34623896 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-051921-114809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chitin is a structural polymer in many eukaryotes. Many organisms can degrade chitin to defend against chitinous pathogens or use chitin oligomers as food. Beneficial microorganisms like nitrogen-fixing symbiotic rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi produce chitin-based signal molecules called lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs) and short chitin oligomers to initiate a symbiotic relationship with their compatible hosts and exchange nutrients. A recent study revealed that a broad range of fungi produce LCOs and chitooligosaccharides (COs), suggesting that these signaling molecules are not limited to beneficial microbes. The fungal LCOs also affect fungal growth and development, indicating that the roles of LCOs beyond symbiosis and LCO production may predate mycorrhizal symbiosis. This review describes the diverse structures of chitin; their perception by eukaryotes and prokaryotes; and their roles in symbiotic interactions, defense, and microbe-microbe interactions. We also discuss potential strategies of fungi to synthesize LCOs and their roles in fungi with different lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devanshi Khokhani
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA; , , , , , .,Current affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA;
| | - Cristobal Carrera Carriel
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA; , , , , ,
| | - Shivangi Vayla
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA; , , , , ,
| | - Thomas B Irving
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA; , , , , ,
| | - Christina Stonoha-Arther
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA; , , , , ,
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA; , , , , , .,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Ané
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA; , , , , , .,Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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27
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Krönauer C, Radutoiu S. Understanding Nod factor signalling paves the way for targeted engineering in legumes and non-legumes. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 62:102026. [PMID: 33684882 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Legumes evolved LysM receptors for recognition of rhizobial Nod factors and initiation of signalling pathways for nodule organogenesis and infection. Intracellularly hosted bacteria are supplied with carbon resources in exchange for fixed nitrogen. Nod factor recognition is crucial for initial signalling, but is reiterated in growing roots initiating novel symbiotic events, and in developing primordia until symbiosis is well-established. Understanding how this signalling coordinates the entire process from cellular to plant level is key for de novo engineering in non-legumes and for improved efficiency in legumes. Here we discuss how recent studies bring new insights into molecular determinants of specificity and sensitivity in Nod factor signalling in legumes, and present some of the unknowns and challenges for engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Krönauer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds vej 10, 8000C, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Simona Radutoiu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds vej 10, 8000C, Aarhus, Denmark.
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28
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Kawaharada Y, Sandal N, Gupta V, Jin H, Kawaharada M, Taniuchi M, Ruman H, Nadzieja M, Andersen KR, Schneeberger K, Stougaard J, Andersen SU. Natural variation identifies a Pxy gene controlling vascular organisation and formation of nodules and lateral roots in Lotus japonicus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:2459-2473. [PMID: 33759450 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Forward and reverse genetics using the model legumes Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula have been instrumental in identifying the essential genes governing legume-rhizobia symbiosis. However, little information is known about the effects of intraspecific variation on symbiotic signalling. Here, we use quantitative trait locus sequencing (QTL-seq) to investigate the genetic basis of the differentiated phenotypic responses shown by the Lotus accessions Gifu and MG20 to inoculation with the Mesorhizobium loti exoU mutant that produces truncated exopolysaccharides. We identified through genetic complementation the Pxy gene as a component of this differential exoU response. Lotus Pxy encodes a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase similar to Arabidopsis thaliana PXY, which regulates stem vascular development. We show that Lotus pxy insertion mutants displayed defects in root and stem vascular organisation, as well as lateral root and nodule formation. Our work links Pxy to de novo organogenesis in the root, highlights the genetic overlap between regulation of lateral root and nodule formation, and demonstrates that natural variation in Pxy affects nodulation signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Kawaharada
- Department of Plant BioSciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Niels Sandal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Vikas Gupta
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Haojie Jin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Maya Kawaharada
- Department of Plant BioSciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Makoto Taniuchi
- Department of Plant BioSciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Hafijur Ruman
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Marcin Nadzieja
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kasper R Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Korbinian Schneeberger
- Department for Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Stig U Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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29
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Huo H, Wang X, Liu Y, Chen J, Wei G. A Nod factor- and type III secretion system-dependent manner for Robinia pseudoacacia to establish symbiosis with Mesorhizobium amorphae CCNWGS0123. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:817-835. [PMID: 33219377 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Under nitrogen-limiting conditions, symbiotic nodulation promotes the growth of legume plants via the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia by rhizobia in root nodules. The rhizobial Nod factor (NF) and type III secretion system (T3SS) are two key signaling pathways for establishing the legume-rhizobium symbiosis. However, whether NF signaling is involved in the nodulation of Robinia pseudoacacia and Mesorhizobium amorphae CCNWGS0123, and its symbiotic differences compared with T3SS signaling remain unclear. Therefore, to elucidate the function of NF signaling in nodulation, we mutated nodC in M. amorphae CCNWGS0123, which aborted NF synthesis. Compared with the plants inoculated with the wild type strain, the plants inoculated with the NF-deficient strain exhibited shorter shoots with etiolated leaves. These phenotypic characteristics were similar to those of the plants inoculated with the T3SS-deficient strain, which served as a Nod- (non-effective nodulation) control. The plants inoculated with both the NF- and T3SS-deficient strains formed massive root hair swellings, but no normal infection threads were detected. Sections of the nodules showed that inoculation with the NF- and T3SS-deficient strains induced small, white bumps without any rhizobia inside. Analyzing the accumulation of 6 plant hormones and the expression of 10 plant genes indicated that the NF- and T3SS-deficient strains activated plant defense reactions while suppressing plant symbiotic signaling during the perception and nodulation processes. The requirement for NF signaling appeared to be conserved in two other leguminous trees that can establish symbiosis with M. amorphae CCNWGS0123. In contrast, the function of the T3SS might differ among species, even within the same subfamily (Faboideae). Overall, this work demonstrated that nodulation of R. pseudoacacia and M. amorphae CCNWGS0123 was both NF and T3SS dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water conservation, Northwest A&F University, 26 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Gehong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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30
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Montiel J, Reid D, Grønbæk TH, Benfeldt CM, James EK, Ott T, Ditengou FA, Nadzieja M, Kelly S, Stougaard J. Distinct signaling routes mediate intercellular and intracellular rhizobial infection in Lotus japonicus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:1131-1147. [PMID: 33793909 PMCID: PMC8133683 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Rhizobial infection of legume roots during the development of nitrogen-fixing root nodules can occur intracellularly, through plant-derived infection threads traversing cells, or intercellularly, via bacterial entry between epidermal plant cells. Although it is estimated that around 25% of all legume genera are intercellularly infected, the pathways and mechanisms supporting this process have remained virtually unexplored due to a lack of genetically amenable legumes that exhibit this form of infection. In this study, we report that the model legume Lotus japonicus is infected intercellularly by the IRBG74 strain, recently proposed to belong to the Agrobacterium clade of the Rhizobiaceae. We demonstrate that the resources available for L. japonicus enable insight into the genetic requirements and fine-tuning of the pathway governing intercellular infection in this species. Inoculation of L. japonicus mutants shows that Ethylene-responsive factor required for nodulation 1 (Ern1) and Leu-rich Repeat Receptor-Like Kinase (RinRK1) are dispensable for intercellular infection in contrast to intracellular infection. Other symbiotic genes, including nod factor receptor 5 (NFR5), symbiosis receptor-like kinase (SymRK), Ca2+/calmodulin dependent kinase (CCaMK), exopolysaccharide receptor 3 (Epr3), Cyclops, nodule inception (Nin), nodulation signaling pathway 1 (Nsp1), nodulation signaling pathway 2 (Nsp2), cystathionine-β-synthase (Cbs), and Vapyrin are equally important for both entry modes. Comparative RNAseq analysis of roots inoculated with IRBG74 revealed a distinctive transcriptome response compared with intracellular colonization. In particular, several cytokinin-related genes were differentially regulated. Corroborating this observation, cyp735A and ipt4 cytokinin biosynthesis mutants were significantly affected in their nodulation with IRBG74, whereas lhk1 cytokinin receptor mutants formed no nodules. These results indicate a differential requirement for cytokinin signaling during intercellular rhizobial entry and highlight distinct modalities of inter- and intracellular infection mechanisms in L. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Montiel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Dugald Reid
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Thomas H Grønbæk
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Caroline M Benfeldt
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Euan K James
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Thomas Ott
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Franck A Ditengou
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marcin Nadzieja
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Simon Kelly
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Author for ommunication:
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31
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Rutten L, Miyata K, Roswanjaya YP, Huisman R, Bu F, Hartog M, Linders S, van Velzen R, van Zeijl A, Bisseling T, Kohlen W, Geurts R. Duplication of Symbiotic Lysin Motif Receptors Predates the Evolution of Nitrogen-Fixing Nodule Symbiosis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:1004-1023. [PMID: 32669419 PMCID: PMC7536700 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Rhizobium nitrogen-fixing nodule symbiosis occurs in two taxonomic lineages: legumes (Fabaceae) and the genus Parasponia (Cannabaceae). Both symbioses are initiated upon the perception of rhizobium-secreted lipochitooligosaccharides (LCOs), called Nod factors. Studies in the model legumes Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula showed that rhizobium LCOs are perceived by a heteromeric receptor complex of distinct Lys motif (LysM)-type transmembrane receptors named NOD FACTOR RECEPTOR1 (LjNFR1) and LjNFR5 (L. japonicus) and LYSM DOMAIN CONTAINING RECEPTOR KINASE3 (MtLYK3)-NOD FACTOR PERCEPTION (MtNFP; M. truncatula). Recent phylogenomic comparative analyses indicated that the nodulation traits of legumes, Parasponia spp., as well as so-called actinorhizal plants that establish a symbiosis with diazotrophic Frankia spp. bacteria share an evolutionary origin about 110 million years ago. However, the evolutionary trajectory of LysM-type LCO receptors remains elusive. By conducting phylogenetic analysis, transcomplementation studies, and CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis in Parasponia andersonii, we obtained insight into the origin of LCO receptors essential for nodulation. We identified four LysM-type receptors controlling nodulation in P. andersonii: PanLYK1, PanLYK3, PanNFP1, and PanNFP2 These genes evolved from ancient duplication events predating and coinciding with the origin of nodulation. Phylogenetic and functional analyses associated the occurrence of a functional NFP2-orthologous receptor to LCO-driven nodulation. Legumes and Parasponia spp. use orthologous LysM-type receptors to perceive rhizobium LCOs, suggesting a shared evolutionary origin of LCO-driven nodulation. Furthermore, we found that both PanLYK1 and PanLYK3 are essential for intracellular arbuscule formation of mutualistic endomycorrhizal fungi. PanLYK3 also acts as a chitin oligomer receptor essential for innate immune signaling, demonstrating functional analogy to CHITIN ELECITOR RECEPTOR KINASE-type receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luuk Rutten
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kana Miyata
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yuda Purwana Roswanjaya
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre of Technology for Agricultural Production, Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology, 10340 Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rik Huisman
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fengjiao Bu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marijke Hartog
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sidney Linders
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robin van Velzen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Biosystematics Group, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan van Zeijl
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ton Bisseling
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Kohlen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rene Geurts
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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32
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Bozsoki Z, Gysel K, Hansen SB, Lironi D, Krönauer C, Feng F, de Jong N, Vinther M, Kamble M, Thygesen MB, Engholm E, Kofoed C, Fort S, Sullivan JT, Ronson CW, Jensen KJ, Blaise M, Oldroyd G, Stougaard J, Andersen KR, Radutoiu S. Ligand-recognizing motifs in plant LysM
receptors are major determinants of
specificity. Science 2020; 369:663-670. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abb3377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants evolved lysine motif (LysM)
receptors to recognize and parse microbial
elicitors and drive intracellular signaling to
limit or facilitate microbial colonization. We
investigated how chitin and nodulation (Nod)
factor receptors of Lotus
japonicus initiate differential
signaling of immunity or root nodule symbiosis.
Two motifs in the LysM1 domains of these receptors
determine specific recognition of ligands and
discriminate between their in planta functions.
These motifs define the ligand-binding site and
make up the most structurally divergent regions in
cognate Nod factor receptors. An adjacent motif
modulates the specificity for Nod factor
recognition and determines the selection of
compatible rhizobial symbionts in legumes. We also
identified how binding specificities in LysM
receptors can be altered to facilitate Nod factor
recognition and signaling from a chitin receptor,
advancing the prospects of engineering rhizobial
symbiosis into nonlegumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Bozsoki
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kira Gysel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Simon B. Hansen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Damiano Lironi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Christina Krönauer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Feng Feng
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Noor de Jong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Maria Vinther
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Manoj Kamble
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mikkel B. Thygesen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ebbe Engholm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Christian Kofoed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Sébastien Fort
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - John T. Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Clive W. Ronson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Knud J. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Mickaël Blaise
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Giles Oldroyd
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kasper R. Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Simona Radutoiu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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33
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Isidra-Arellano MC, Pozas-Rodríguez EA, Del Rocío Reyero-Saavedra M, Arroyo-Canales J, Ferrer-Orgaz S, Del Socorro Sánchez-Correa M, Cardenas L, Covarrubias AA, Valdés-López O. Inhibition of legume nodulation by Pi deficiency is dependent on the autoregulation of nodulation (AON) pathway. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:1125-1139. [PMID: 32344464 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of nodule development is one of the main adverse effects of phosphate (Pi) deficiency in legumes. Despite all of the efforts made over the last decades to understand how root nodules cope with Pi deficiency, the molecular mechanisms leading to the reduction in nodule number under Pi deficiency remain elusive. In the present study, we provide experimental evidence indicating that Pi deficiency activates the autoregulation of nodulation (AON) pathway, leading to a reduction in nodule numbers in both common bean and soybean. A transcriptional profile analysis revealed that the expression of the AON-related genes PvNIN, PvRIC1, PvRIC2, and PvTML is upregulated under Pi deficiency conditions. The downregulation of the MYB transcription factor PvPHR1 in common bean roots significantly reduced the expression of these four AON-related genes. Physiological analyses indicated that Pi deficiency does not affect the establishment of the root nodule symbiosis in the supernodulation mutant lines Pvnark and Gmnark. Reciprocal grafting and split-roots analyses determined that the activation of the AON pathway was required for the inhibitory effect of Pi deficiency. Altogether, these data improve our understanding of the genetic mechanisms controlling the establishment of the root nodule symbiosis under Pi deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariel C Isidra-Arellano
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla, 54090, México
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Coyoacan, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Eithan A Pozas-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla, 54090, México
| | - María Del Rocío Reyero-Saavedra
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla, 54090, México
| | - Jazmin Arroyo-Canales
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla, 54090, México
| | - Susana Ferrer-Orgaz
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla, 54090, México
| | - María Del Socorro Sánchez-Correa
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla, 54090, México
| | - Luis Cardenas
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico
| | - Alejandra A Covarrubias
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico
| | - Oswaldo Valdés-López
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla, 54090, México
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34
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Wong JEMM, Gysel K, Birkefeldt TG, Vinther M, Muszyński A, Azadi P, Laursen NS, Sullivan JT, Ronson CW, Stougaard J, Andersen KR. Structural signatures in EPR3 define a unique class of plant carbohydrate receptors. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3797. [PMID: 32732998 PMCID: PMC7392887 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17568-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-mediated perception of surface-exposed carbohydrates like lipo- and exo-polysaccharides (EPS) is important for non-self recognition and responses to microbial associated molecular patterns in mammals and plants. In legumes, EPS are monitored and can either block or promote symbiosis with rhizobia depending on their molecular composition. To establish a deeper understanding of receptors involved in EPS recognition, we determined the structure of the Lotus japonicus (Lotus) exopolysaccharide receptor 3 (EPR3) ectodomain. EPR3 forms a compact structure built of three putative carbohydrate-binding modules (M1, M2 and LysM3). M1 and M2 have unique βαββ and βαβ folds that have not previously been observed in carbohydrate binding proteins, while LysM3 has a canonical βααβ fold. We demonstrate that this configuration is a structural signature for a ubiquitous class of receptors in the plant kingdom. We show that EPR3 is promiscuous, suggesting that plants can monitor complex microbial communities though this class of receptors. Exopolysaccharides (EPS) are perceived by legumes and regulate symbiosis with rhizobia. Here the authors describe the structure of the Lotus EPS receptor, EPR3 and show that it has atypical βαββ and βαβ folds that represent a structural signature for a unique class of EPS receptors in the plant kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaslyn E M M Wong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.,MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Kira Gysel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Thea G Birkefeldt
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Maria Vinther
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Artur Muszyński
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Nick S Laursen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - John T Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Clive W Ronson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kasper R Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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35
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Skiada V, Avramidou M, Bonfante P, Genre A, Papadopoulou KK. An endophytic Fusarium-legume association is partially dependent on the common symbiotic signalling pathway. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:1429-1444. [PMID: 31997356 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Legumes interact with a wide range of microbes in their root systems, ranging from beneficial symbionts to pathogens. Symbiotic rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal glomeromycetes trigger a so-called common symbiotic signalling pathway (CSSP), including the induction of nuclear calcium spiking in the root epidermis. By combining gene expression analysis, mutant phenotypic screening and analysis of nuclear calcium elevations, we demonstrate that recognition of an endophytic Fusarium solani strain K (FsK) in model legumes is initiated via perception of chitooligosaccharidic molecules and is, at least partially, CSSP-dependent. FsK induced the expression of Lysin-motif receptors for chitin-based molecules, CSSP members and CSSP-dependent genes in Lotus japonicus. In LysM and CSSP mutant/RNAi lines, root penetration and fungal intraradical progression was either stimulated or limited, whereas FsK exudates triggered CSSP-dependent nuclear calcium spiking, in epidermal cells of Medicago truncatula root organ cultures. Our results corroborate CSSP being involved in the perception of signals from other microbes beyond the restricted group of symbiotic interactions sensu stricto.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Skiada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Larissa, 41500, Greece
| | - Marianna Avramidou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Larissa, 41500, Greece
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, 10125, Italy
| | - Andrea Genre
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, 10125, Italy
| | - Kalliope K Papadopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Larissa, 41500, Greece
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36
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Chiu CH, Paszkowski U. Receptor-Like Kinases Sustain Symbiotic Scrutiny. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 182:1597-1612. [PMID: 32054781 PMCID: PMC7140970 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant receptor-like kinases (RLKs) control the initiation, development, and maintenance of symbioses with beneficial mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Carbohydrate perception activates symbiosis signaling via Lysin-motif RLKs and subsequently the common symbiosis signaling pathway. As the receptors activated are often also immune receptors in multiple species, exactly how carbohydrate identities avoid immune activation and drive symbiotic outcome is still not fully understood. This may involve the coincident detection of additional signaling molecules that provide specificity. Because of the metabolic costs of supporting symbionts, the level of symbiosis development is fine-tuned by a range of local and mobile signals that are activated by various RLKs. Beyond early, precontact symbiotic signaling, signal exchanges ensue throughout infection, nutrient exchange, and turnover of symbiosis. Here, we review the latest understanding of plant symbiosis signaling from the perspective of RLK-mediated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chai Hao Chiu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Uta Paszkowski
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
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37
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Roy S, Liu W, Nandety RS, Crook A, Mysore KS, Pislariu CI, Frugoli J, Dickstein R, Udvardi MK. Celebrating 20 Years of Genetic Discoveries in Legume Nodulation and Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:15-41. [PMID: 31649123 PMCID: PMC6961631 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Since 1999, various forward- and reverse-genetic approaches have uncovered nearly 200 genes required for symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) in legumes. These discoveries advanced our understanding of the evolution of SNF in plants and its relationship to other beneficial endosymbioses, signaling between plants and microbes, the control of microbial infection of plant cells, the control of plant cell division leading to nodule development, autoregulation of nodulation, intracellular accommodation of bacteria, nodule oxygen homeostasis, the control of bacteroid differentiation, metabolism and transport supporting symbiosis, and the control of nodule senescence. This review catalogs and contextualizes all of the plant genes currently known to be required for SNF in two model legume species, Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus, and two crop species, Glycine max (soybean) and Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean). We also briefly consider the future of SNF genetics in the era of pan-genomics and genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Roy
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Wei Liu
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | | | - Ashley Crook
- College of Science, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634
| | | | | | - Julia Frugoli
- College of Science, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634
| | - Rebecca Dickstein
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton Texas 76203
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38
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Liu M, Soyano T, Yano K, Hayashi M, Kawaguchi M. ERN1 and CYCLOPS coordinately activate NIN signaling to promote infection thread formation in Lotus japonicus. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2019; 132:641-653. [PMID: 31313020 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-019-01122-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Legumes engage in symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria, collectively called rhizobia, under nitrogen-limited conditions. In many legumes, the root invasion of rhizobia is mediated by infection threads (ITs), tubular invaginations of the host cell wall and plasma membrane, developed from infection foci of deformed root hairs. IT formation is regulated by a series of signal transduction in host root. Nodulation signals activate the host transcription factor (TF), CYCLOPS, which directly induces expression of two TF genes, ERF REQUIRED FOR NODULATION1 (ERN1) and NODULE INCEPTION (NIN), essential for IT development. Here, we explored the relationship among these three symbiotic TF genes in the model legume Lotus japonicus and examined how their interplay contributes to IT formation. qRT-PCR analysis showed that NIN expression induced by rhizobial infection was attenuated in ern1-1, and further declined in cyclops-3 ern1-1. ERN1 overexpression led to induction of NIN expression in cyclops-3 ern1-1 in the presence of rhizobia. Thus, in addition to CYCLOPS, ERN1 is able to increase the NIN expression level depending on infection. Furthermore, consistent with this transcriptional hierarchy, ectopic expression of ERN1 as well as NIN suppressed the IT-deficient cyclops-3 phenotype, but ERN1 failed to confer ITs in the nin-2 root. However, the ern1-1 symbiotic epidermal phenotype was not suppressed by the NIN ectopic expression. The cyclops-3 ern1-1 double mutant was less sensitive to rhizobial infection than the single mutants and defective in the symbiotic root hair response at earlier stages. This more severe phenotype of the double mutant suggests a role for ERN1 that independent of the CYCLOPS-mediated transcriptional regulation. We conclude that ERN1 is involved in regulating NIN expression in addition to CYCLOPS, and these TFs coordinately promote the symbiotic root hair response and IT development. Our data help to reveal the extensive role of ERN1 in root nodule symbiosis signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Liu
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takashi Soyano
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Koji Yano
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Makoto Hayashi
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.
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Jimenez-Jimenez S, Santana O, Lara-Rojas F, Arthikala MK, Armada E, Hashimoto K, Kuchitsu K, Salgado S, Aguirre J, Quinto C, Cárdenas L. Differential tetraspanin genes expression and subcellular localization during mutualistic interactions in Phaseolus vulgaris. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219765. [PMID: 31437164 PMCID: PMC6705802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia association with plants are two of the most successful plant-microbe associations that allow the assimilation of P and N by plants, respectively. These mutualistic interactions require a molecular dialogue, i.e., legume roots exude flavonoids or strigolactones which induce the Nod factors or Myc factors synthesis and secretion from the rhizobia or fungi, respectively. These Nod or Myc factors trigger several responses in the plant root, including calcium oscillations, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, superoxide and H2O2 have emerged as key components that regulate the transitions from proliferation to differentiation in the plant meristems. Similar to the root meristem, the nodule meristem accumulates superoxide and H2O2. Tetraspanins are transmembrane proteins that organize into tetraspanin web regions, where they recruit specific proteins into platforms required for signal transduction, membrane fusion, cell trafficking and ROS generation. Plant tetraspanins are scaffolding proteins associated with root radial patterning, biotic and abiotic stress responses, cell fate determination, and hormonal regulation and recently have been reported as a specific marker of exosomes in animal and plant cells and key players at the site of plant fungal infection. In this study, we conducted transcriptional profiling of the tetraspanin family in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Negro Jamapa) to determine the specific expression patterns and subcellular localization of tetraspanins during nodulation or under mycorrhizal association. Our results demonstrate that the tetraspanins are transcriptionally modulated during the mycorrhizal association, but are also expressed in the infection thread and nodule meristem development. Subcellular localization indicates that tetraspanins have a key role in vesicular trafficking, cell division, and root hair polar growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul Jimenez-Jimenez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Olivia Santana
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Fernando Lara-Rojas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Manoj-Kumar Arthikala
- Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, León, Guanajuato, México
| | - Elisabeth Armada
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kuchitsu
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sandra Salgado
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Jesús Aguirre
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Carmen Quinto
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Luis Cárdenas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
- * E-mail:
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40
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Wong JEMM, Nadzieja M, Madsen LH, Bücherl CA, Dam S, Sandal NN, Couto D, Derbyshire P, Uldum-Berentsen M, Schroeder S, Schwämmle V, Nogueira FCS, Asmussen MH, Thirup S, Radutoiu S, Blaise M, Andersen KR, Menke FLH, Zipfel C, Stougaard J. A Lotus japonicus cytoplasmic kinase connects Nod factor perception by the NFR5 LysM receptor to nodulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:14339-14348. [PMID: 31239345 PMCID: PMC6628658 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1815425116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of nitrogen-fixing root nodules in legume-rhizobia symbiosis requires an intricate communication between the host plant and its symbiont. We are, however, limited in our understanding of the symbiosis signaling process. In particular, how membrane-localized receptors of legumes activate signal transduction following perception of rhizobial signaling molecules has mostly remained elusive. To address this, we performed a coimmunoprecipitation-based proteomics screen to identify proteins associated with Nod factor receptor 5 (NFR5) in Lotus japonicus. Out of 51 NFR5-associated proteins, we focused on a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RLCK), which we named NFR5-interacting cytoplasmic kinase 4 (NiCK4). NiCK4 associates with heterologously expressed NFR5 in Nicotiana benthamiana, and directly binds and phosphorylates the cytoplasmic domains of NFR5 and NFR1 in vitro. At the cellular level, Nick4 is coexpressed with Nfr5 in root hairs and nodule cells, and the NiCK4 protein relocates to the nucleus in an NFR5/NFR1-dependent manner upon Nod factor treatment. Phenotyping of retrotransposon insertion mutants revealed that NiCK4 promotes nodule organogenesis. Together, these results suggest that the identified RLCK, NiCK4, acts as a component of the Nod factor signaling pathway downstream of NFR5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaslyn E M M Wong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marcin Nadzieja
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lene H Madsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christoph A Bücherl
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Svend Dam
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Niels N Sandal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Daniel Couto
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Mette Uldum-Berentsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sina Schroeder
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Veit Schwämmle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Fábio C S Nogueira
- Proteomics Unit, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mette H Asmussen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren Thirup
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Simona Radutoiu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mickaël Blaise
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kasper R Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark;
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Miri M, Janakirama P, Huebert T, Ross L, McDowell T, Orosz K, Markmann K, Szczyglowski K. Inside out: root cortex-localized LHK1 cytokinin receptor limits epidermal infection of Lotus japonicus roots by Mesorhizobium loti. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:1523-1537. [PMID: 30636324 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
During Lotus japonicus-Mesorhizobium loti symbiosis, the LOTUS HISTIDINE KINASE1 (LHK1) cytokinin receptor regulates both the initiation of nodule formation and the scope of root infection. However, the exact spatiotemporal mechanism by which this receptor exerts its symbiotic functions has remained elusive. In this study, we performed cell type-specific complementation experiments in the hyperinfected lhk1-1 mutant background, targeting LHK1 to either the root epidermis or the root cortex. We also utilized various genetic backgrounds to characterize expression of several genes regulating symbiotic infection. We show here that expression of LHK1 in the root cortex is required and sufficient to regulate both nodule formation and epidermal infections. The LHK1-dependent signalling that restricts subsequent infection events is triggered before initial cell divisions for nodule primordium formation. We also demonstrate that AHK4, the Arabidopsis orthologue of LHK1, is able to regulate M. loti infection in L. japonicus, suggesting that an endogenous cytokinin receptor could be sufficient for engineering nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbiosis in nonlegumes. Our data provide experimental evidence for the existence of an LHK1-dependent root cortex-to-epidermis feedback mechanism regulating rhizobial infection. This root-localized regulatory module functionally links with the systemic autoregulation of nodulation (AON) to maintain the homeostasis of symbiotic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandana Miri
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5BF, Canada
| | - Preetam Janakirama
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Terry Huebert
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Loretta Ross
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Tim McDowell
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Kathleen Orosz
- Fanshawe College, 1001 Fanshawe College Boulevard, London, ON, N5Y 5R6, Canada
| | - Katharina Markmann
- The Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Tübingen University, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Szczyglowski
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5BF, Canada
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42
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Schlöffel MA, Käsbauer C, Gust AA. Interplay of plant glycan hydrolases and LysM proteins in plant-Bacteria interactions. Int J Med Microbiol 2019; 309:252-257. [PMID: 31079999 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are always found together with bacteria and other microbes. Although plants can be attacked by phytopathogenic bacteria, they are more often engaged in neutral or mutualistic bacterial interactions. In the soil, plants associate with rhizobia or other plant growth promoting rhizosphere bacteria; above ground, bacteria colonise plants as epi- and endophytes. For mounting appropriate responses, such as permitting colonisation by beneficial symbionts while at the same time fending off pathogenic invaders, plants need to distinguish between the "good" and the "bad". Plants make use of proteins containing the lysin motif (LysM) for perception of N-acetylglucosamine containing carbohydrate structures, such as chitooligosaccharides functioning as symbiotic nodulation factors or bacterial peptidoglycan. Moreover, plant hydrolytic enzymes of the chitinase family, which are able to cleave bacterial peptidoglycan or chitooligosaccharides, are essential for cellular signalling induced by rhizobial nodulation factors during symbiosis as well as bacterial peptidoglycan during pathogenesis. Hence, LysM receptors seem to work in concert with hydrolytic enzymes that fine-tune ligand availability to either allow symbiotic interactions or trigger plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Schlöffel
- Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Käsbauer
- Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrea A Gust
- Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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43
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Valdés-López O, Jayaraman D, Maeda J, Delaux PM, Venkateshwaran M, Isidra-Arellano MC, Reyero-Saavedra MDR, Sánchez-Correa MDS, Verastegui-Vidal MA, Delgado-Buenrostro N, Van Ness L, Mysore KS, Wen J, Sussman MR, Ané JM. A Novel Positive Regulator of the Early Stages of Root Nodule Symbiosis Identified by Phosphoproteomics. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:575-586. [PMID: 30476329 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Signals and signaling pathways underlying the symbiosis between legumes and rhizobia have been studied extensively over the past decades. In a previous phosphoproteomic study on the Medicago truncatula-Sinorhizobium meliloti symbiosis, we identified plant proteins that are differentially phosphorylated upon the perception of rhizobial signals, called Nod factors. In this study, we provide experimental evidence that one of these proteins, Early Phosphorylated Protein 1 (EPP1), is required for the initiation of this symbiosis. Upon inoculation with rhizobia, MtEPP1 expression was induced in curled root hairs. Down-regulation of MtEPP1 in M. truncatula roots almost abolished calcium spiking, reduced the expression of essential symbiosis-related genes (MtNIN, MtNF-YB1, MtERN1 and MtENOD40) and strongly decreased nodule development. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that orthologs of MtEPP1 are present in legumes and specifically in plant species able to host arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, suggesting a possible role in this association too. Short chitin oligomers induced the phosphorylation of MtEPP1 like Nod factors. However, the down-regulation of MtEPP1 affected the colonization of M. truncatula roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi only moderately. Altogether, these findings indicate that MtEPP1 is essential for the establishment of the legume-rhizobia symbiosis but might plays a limited role in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oswaldo Valdés-López
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, México
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dhileepkumar Jayaraman
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Junko Maeda
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Pierre-Marc Delaux
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Muthusubramanian Venkateshwaran
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mariel C Isidra-Arellano
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, México
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, Ciudad de México, México
| | - María del Rocío Reyero-Saavedra
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, México
| | - María del Socorro Sánchez-Correa
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, México
| | - Miguel A Verastegui-Vidal
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, México
| | - Norma Delgado-Buenrostro
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, México
| | - Lori Van Ness
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Jiangqi Wen
- Noble Research Institute, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, USA
| | - Michael R Sussman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Ané
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Gautrat P, Mortier V, Laffont C, De Keyser A, Fromentin J, Frugier F, Goormachtig S. Unraveling new molecular players involved in the autoregulation of nodulation in Medicago truncatula. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:1407-1417. [PMID: 30753553 PMCID: PMC6382332 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The number of legume root nodules resulting from a symbiosis with rhizobia is tightly controlled by the plant. Certain members of the CLAVATA3/Embryo Surrounding Region (CLE) peptide family, specifically MtCLE12 and MtCLE13 in Medicago truncatula, act in the systemic autoregulation of nodulation (AON) pathway that negatively regulates the number of nodules. Little is known about the molecular pathways that operate downstream of the AON-related CLE peptides. Here, by means of a transcriptome analysis, we show that roots ectopically expressing MtCLE13 deregulate only a limited number of genes, including three down-regulated genes encoding lysin motif receptor-like kinases (LysM-RLKs), among which are the nodulation factor (NF) receptor NF Perception gene (NFP) and two up-regulated genes, MtTML1 and MtTML2, encoding Too Much Love (TML)-related Kelch-repeat containing F-box proteins. The observed deregulation was specific for the ectopic expression of nodulation-related MtCLE genes and depended on the Super Numeric Nodules (SUNN) AON RLK. Moreover, overexpression and silencing of these two MtTML genes demonstrated that they play a role in the negative regulation of nodule numbers. Hence, the identified MtTML genes are the functional counterpart of the Lotus japonicus TML gene shown to be central in the AON pathway. Additionally, we propose that the down-regulation of a subset of LysM-RLK-encoding genes, among which is NFP, might contribute to the restriction of further nodulation once the first nodules have been formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Gautrat
- Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay (IPS2), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Diderot, Université d’Evry, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Virginie Mortier
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Carole Laffont
- Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay (IPS2), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Diderot, Université d’Evry, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Annick De Keyser
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Justine Fromentin
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Florian Frugier
- Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay (IPS2), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Diderot, Université d’Evry, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Correspondence: or
| | - Sofie Goormachtig
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence: or
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45
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Isidra-Arellano MC, Reyero-Saavedra MDR, Sánchez-Correa MDS, Pingault L, Sen S, Joshi T, Girard L, Castro-Guerrero NA, Mendoza-Cozatl DG, Libault M, Valdés-López O. Phosphate Deficiency Negatively Affects Early Steps of the Symbiosis between Common Bean and Rhizobia. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E498. [PMID: 30326664 PMCID: PMC6210973 DOI: 10.3390/genes9100498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphate (Pi) deficiency reduces nodule formation and development in different legume species including common bean. Despite significant progress in the understanding of the genetic responses underlying the adaptation of nodules to Pi deficiency, it is still unclear whether this nutritional deficiency interferes with the molecular dialogue between legumes and rhizobia. If so, what part of the molecular dialogue is impaired? In this study, we provide evidence demonstrating that Pi deficiency negatively affects critical early molecular and physiological responses that are required for a successful symbiosis between common bean and rhizobia. We demonstrated that the infection thread formation and the expression of PvNSP2, PvNIN, and PvFLOT2, which are genes controlling the nodulation process were significantly reduced in Pi-deficient common bean seedlings. In addition, whole-genome transcriptional analysis revealed that the expression of hormones-related genes is compromised in Pi-deficient seedlings inoculated with rhizobia. Moreover, we showed that regardless of the presence or absence of rhizobia, the expression of PvRIC1 and PvRIC2, two genes participating in the autoregulation of nodule numbers, was higher in Pi-deficient seedlings compared to control seedlings. The data presented in this study provides a mechanistic model to better understand how Pi deficiency impacts the early steps of the symbiosis between common bean and rhizobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariel C Isidra-Arellano
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Estado de Mexico, Mexico.
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Coyoacan 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.
| | - María Del Rocio Reyero-Saavedra
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Estado de Mexico, Mexico.
| | - Maria Del Socorro Sánchez-Correa
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Estado de Mexico, Mexico.
| | - Lise Pingault
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Beadle Center, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA.
| | - Sidharth Sen
- Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Trupti Joshi
- Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
- Department of Health Management and Informatics, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Lourdes Girard
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas y Biología Sintética, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Norma A Castro-Guerrero
- Division of Plant Sciences, C. S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - David G Mendoza-Cozatl
- Division of Plant Sciences, C. S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Marc Libault
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Beadle Center, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA.
| | - Oswaldo Valdés-López
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Estado de Mexico, Mexico.
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46
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Malolepszy A, Kelly S, Sørensen KK, James EK, Kalisch C, Bozsoki Z, Panting M, Andersen SU, Sato S, Tao K, Jensen DB, Vinther M, Jong ND, Madsen LH, Umehara Y, Gysel K, Berentsen MU, Blaise M, Jensen KJ, Thygesen MB, Sandal N, Andersen KR, Radutoiu S. A plant chitinase controls cortical infection thread progression and nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. eLife 2018; 7:38874. [PMID: 30284535 PMCID: PMC6192697 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphogens provide positional information and their concentration is key to the organized development of multicellular organisms. Nitrogen-fixing root nodules are unique organs induced by Nod factor-producing bacteria. Localized production of Nod factors establishes a developmental field within the root where plant cells are reprogrammed to form infection threads and primordia. We found that regulation of Nod factor levels by Lotus japonicus is required for the formation of nitrogen-fixing organs, determining the fate of this induced developmental program. Our analysis of plant and bacterial mutants shows that a host chitinase modulates Nod factor levels possibly in a structure-dependent manner. In Lotus, this is required for maintaining Nod factor signalling in parallel with the elongation of infection threads within the nodule cortex, while root hair infection and primordia formation are not influenced. Our study shows that infected nodules require balanced levels of Nod factors for completing their transition to functional, nitrogen-fixing organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Malolepszy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Simon Kelly
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Christina Kalisch
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Zoltan Bozsoki
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael Panting
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Stig U Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Shusei Sato
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Japan
| | - Ke Tao
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dorthe Bødker Jensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Maria Vinther
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Noor de Jong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lene Heegaard Madsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Yosuke Umehara
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kira Gysel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mette U Berentsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mickael Blaise
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Knud Jørgen Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Mikkel B Thygesen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Niels Sandal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Simona Radutoiu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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