1
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Trujillo EM, Lee SR, Aguayo A, Torosian TC, Cripps RM. Enhanced expression of the myogenic factor Myocyte enhancer factor-2 in imaginal disc myoblasts activates a partial, but incomplete, muscle development program. Dev Biol 2024; 516:82-95. [PMID: 39111615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
The Myocyte enhancer factor-2 (MEF2) transcription factor plays a vital role in orchestrating muscle differentiation. While MEF2 cannot effectively induce myogenesis in naïve cells, it can potently accelerate myogenesis in mesodermal cells. This includes in Drosophila melanogaster imaginal disc myoblasts, where triggering premature muscle gene expression in these adult muscle progenitors has become a paradigm for understanding the regulation of the myogenic program. Here, we investigated the global consequences of MEF2 overexpression in the imaginal wing disc myoblasts, by combining RNA-sequencing with RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence. We observed the formation of sarcomere-like structures that contained both muscle and cytoplasmic myosin, and significant upregulation of muscle gene expression, especially genes essential for myofibril formation and function. These transcripts were functional since numerous myofibrillar proteins were detected in discs using immunofluorescence. Interestingly, muscle genes whose expression is restricted to the adult stages were not activated in these adult myoblasts. These studies confirm a broad activation of the myogenic program in response to MEF2 expression and suggest that additional regulatory factors are required for promoting the adult muscle-specific program. Our findings contribute to understanding the regulatory mechanisms governing muscle development and highlight the multifaceted role of MEF2 in orchestrating this intricate process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel R Lee
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Antonio Aguayo
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Tylee C Torosian
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Richard M Cripps
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.
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2
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Goh KY, Lee WX, Choy SM, Priyadarshini GK, Chua K, Tan QH, Low SY, Chin HS, Wong CS, Huang SY, Fu NY, Nishiyama J, Harmston N, Tang HW. FOXO-regulated DEAF1 controls muscle regeneration through autophagy. Autophagy 2024; 20:2632-2654. [PMID: 38963021 PMCID: PMC11587838 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2374693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The commonality between various muscle diseases is the loss of muscle mass, function, and regeneration, which severely restricts mobility and impairs the quality of life. With muscle stem cells (MuSCs) playing a key role in facilitating muscle repair, targeting regulators of muscle regeneration has been shown to be a promising therapeutic approach to repair muscles. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms driving muscle regeneration are complex and poorly understood. Here, we identified a new regulator of muscle regeneration, Deaf1 (Deformed epidermal autoregulatory factor-1) - a transcriptional factor downstream of foxo signaling. We showed that Deaf1 is transcriptionally repressed by FOXOs and that DEAF1 targets to Pik3c3 and Atg16l1 promoter regions and suppresses their expression. Deaf1 depletion therefore induces macroautophagy/autophagy, which in turn blocks MuSC survival and differentiation. In contrast, Deaf1 overexpression inactivates autophagy in MuSCs, leading to increased protein aggregation and cell death. The fact that Deaf1 depletion and its overexpression both lead to defects in muscle regeneration highlights the importance of fine tuning DEAF1-regulated autophagy during muscle regeneration. We further showed that Deaf1 expression is altered in aging and cachectic MuSCs. Manipulation of Deaf1 expression can attenuate muscle atrophy and restore muscle regeneration in aged mice or mice with cachectic cancers. Together, our findings unveil an evolutionarily conserved role for DEAF1 in muscle regeneration, providing insights into the development of new therapeutic strategies against muscle atrophy.Abbreviations: DEAF1: Deformed epidermal autoregulatory factor-1; FOXO: Forkhead box O; MuSC: Muscle Stem Cell; PAX7: Paired box 7; PIK3C3: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Yong Goh
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wen Xing Lee
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sze Mun Choy
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Kenon Chua
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Programme in Musculoskeletal Sciences Academic Clinical Program, SingHealth/Duke-NUS, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qian Hui Tan
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shin Yi Low
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hui San Chin
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chee Seng Wong
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shu-Yi Huang
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Nai Yang Fu
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jun Nishiyama
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nathan Harmston
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore
- Molecular Biosciences Division, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Hong-Wen Tang
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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3
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Zambrano-Tipan D, Narváez-Padilla V, Reynaud E. Escargot a Snail superfamily member and its multiple roles in Drosophila melanogaster development. J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:e31269. [PMID: 38572978 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The Snail superfamily of transcription factors plays a crucial role in metazoan development; one of the most important vertebrate members of this family is Snai1 which is orthologous to the Drosophila melanogaster esg gene. This review offers a comprehensive examination of the roles of the esg gene in Drosophila development, covering its expression pattern and downstream targets, and draws parallels between the vertebrate Snai1 family proteins on controlling the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and esg. This gene regulates stemness, ploidy, and pluripontency. esg is expressed in various tissues during development, including the gut, imaginal discs, and neuroblasts. The functions of the esg include the suppression of differentiation in intestinal stem cells and the preservation of diploidy in imaginal cells. In the nervous system development, esg expression also inhibits neuroblast differentiation, thus regulating the number of neurons and the moment in development of neuronal differentiation. Loss of esg function results in diverse developmental defects, including defects in intestinal stem cell maintenance and differentiation, and alters imaginal disc and nervous system development. Expression levels of esg also play a role in regulating longevity and metabolism in adult stages. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of esg's developmental role, emphasizing cellular and tissue effects that arise from its loss of function. The insights gained may contribute to a better understanding of evolutionary conserved developmental mechanisms and certain metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Zambrano-Tipan
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Verónica Narváez-Padilla
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Enrique Reynaud
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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4
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Moucaud B, Prince E, Ragot E, Renaud Y, Jagla K, Junion G, Soler C. Amalgam plays a dual role in controlling the number of leg muscle progenitors and regulating their interactions with the developing Drosophila tendon. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002842. [PMID: 39374263 PMCID: PMC11486429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 10/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 10/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Formation of functional organs requires cell-cell communication between different cell lineages and failure in this communication can result in severe developmental defects. Hundreds of possible interacting pairs of proteins are known, but identifying the interacting partners that ensure a specific interaction between 2 given cell types remains challenging. Here, we use the Drosophila leg model and our cell type-specific transcriptomic data sets to uncover the molecular mediators of cell-cell communication between tendon and muscle precursors. Through the analysis of gene expression signatures of appendicular muscle and tendon precursor cells, we identify 2 candidates for early interactions between these 2 cell populations: Amalgam (Ama) encoding a secreted protein and Neurotactin (Nrt) known to encode a membrane-bound protein. Developmental expression and function analyses reveal that: (i) Ama is expressed in the leg myoblasts, whereas Nrt is expressed in adjacent tendon precursors; and (ii) in Ama and Nrt mutants, myoblast-tendon cell-cell association is lost, leading to tendon developmental defects. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Ama acts downstream of the FGFR pathway to maintain the myoblast population by promoting cell survival and proliferation in an Nrt-independent manner. Together, our data pinpoint Ama and Nrt as molecular actors ensuring early reciprocal communication between leg muscle and tendon precursors, a prerequisite for the coordinated development of the appendicular musculoskeletal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blandine Moucaud
- GReD Institute, UMR CNRS 6293, INSERM U1103, University of Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Elodie Prince
- GReD Institute, UMR CNRS 6293, INSERM U1103, University of Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Elia Ragot
- GReD Institute, UMR CNRS 6293, INSERM U1103, University of Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yoan Renaud
- GReD Institute, UMR CNRS 6293, INSERM U1103, University of Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Krzysztof Jagla
- GReD Institute, UMR CNRS 6293, INSERM U1103, University of Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Guillaume Junion
- GReD Institute, UMR CNRS 6293, INSERM U1103, University of Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cedric Soler
- GReD Institute, UMR CNRS 6293, INSERM U1103, University of Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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5
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Musgrove L, Bhojwani A, Hyde C, Glendinning S, Nocillado J, Russell FD, Ventura T. Transcriptomic Analysis across Crayfish ( Cherax quadricarinatus) Claw Regeneration Reveals Potential Stem Cell Sources for Cultivated Crustacean Meat. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8623. [PMID: 39201309 PMCID: PMC11354258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
In the face of rising global demand and unsustainable production methods, cultivated crustacean meat (CCM) is proposed as an alternative means to produce delicious lobster, shrimp, and crab products. Cultivated meat requires starting stem cells that may vary in terms of potency and the propensity to proliferate or differentiate into myogenic (muscle-related) tissues. Recognizing that regenerating limbs are a non-lethal source of tissue and may harbor relevant stem cells, we selected those of the crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus as our model. To investigate stem cell activity, we conducted RNA-Seq analysis across six stages of claw regeneration (four pre-molt and two post-molt stages), along with histology and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). Our results showed that while genes related to energy production, muscle hypertrophy, and exoskeletal cuticle synthesis dominated the post-molt stages, growth factor receptors (FGFR, EGFR, TGFR, and BMPR) and those related to stem cell proliferation and potency (Cyclins, CDKs, Wnts, C-Myc, Klf4, Sox2, PCNA, and p53) were upregulated before the molt. Pre-molt upregulation in several genes occurred in two growth peaks; Stages 2 and 4. We therefore propose that pre-molt limb regeneration tissues, particularly those in the larger Stage 4, present a prolific and non-lethal source of stem cells for CCM development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Musgrove
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast (UniSC), 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore, QLD 4558, Australia; (L.M.)
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast (UniSC), 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore, QLD 4558, Australia
| | - Avani Bhojwani
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast (UniSC), 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore, QLD 4558, Australia; (L.M.)
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast (UniSC), 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore, QLD 4558, Australia
| | - Cameron Hyde
- Queensland Cyber Infrastructure Foundation (QCIF) Ltd., The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Susan Glendinning
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast (UniSC), 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore, QLD 4558, Australia; (L.M.)
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast (UniSC), 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore, QLD 4558, Australia
| | - Josephine Nocillado
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast (UniSC), 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore, QLD 4558, Australia; (L.M.)
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast (UniSC), 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore, QLD 4558, Australia
| | - Fraser D. Russell
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast (UniSC), 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore, QLD 4558, Australia; (L.M.)
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast (UniSC), 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore, QLD 4558, Australia
| | - Tomer Ventura
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast (UniSC), 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore, QLD 4558, Australia; (L.M.)
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast (UniSC), 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore, QLD 4558, Australia
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6
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Musgrove L, Russell FD, Ventura T. Considerations for cultivated crustacean meat: potential cell sources, potential differentiation and immortalization strategies, and lessons from crustacean and other animal models. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024; 65:2431-2455. [PMID: 38733287 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2342480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Cultivated crustacean meat (CCM) is a means to create highly valued shrimp, lobster, and crab products directly from stem cells, thus removing the need to farm or fish live animals. Conventional crustacean enterprises face increasing pressures in managing overfishing, pollution, and the warming climate, so CCM may provide a way to ensure sufficient supply as global demand for these products grows. To support the development of CCM, this review briefly details crustacean cell culture work to date, before addressing what is presently known about crustacean muscle development, particularly the molecular mechanisms involved, and how this might relate to recent work on cultivated meat production in vertebrate species. Recognizing the current lack of cell lines available to establish CCM cultures, we also consider primary stem cell sources that can be obtained non-lethally including tissues from limbs which are readily released and regrown, and putative stem cells in circulating hemolymph. Molecular approaches to inducing myogenic differentiation and immortalization of putative stem cells are also reviewed. Finally, we assess the current status of tools available to CCM researchers, particularly antibodies, and propose avenues to address existing shortfalls in order to see the field progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Musgrove
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast (UniSC), Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast (UniSC), Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
| | - Fraser D Russell
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast (UniSC), Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast (UniSC), Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
| | - Tomer Ventura
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast (UniSC), Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast (UniSC), Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
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7
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Hof-Michel S, Cigoja L, Huhn S, Bökel C. Rel governs loser elimination during stem cell competition in the Drosophila testis. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151375. [PMID: 37995529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In the Drosophila testis, a group of stromal cells termed hub provides multiple niche signals for the surrounding germline and somatic stem cells. Stem cells of both populations compete for physical retention in the niche, and clones unable to transduce any one niche signal are rapidly eliminated from the stem cell pool by differentiation. We have mapped the transcriptomes of isolated somatic cyst stem cells and differentiated cyst cells, and found that the stem cells but not their differentiated progeny exhibit the signature of an innate immune response including the NF-κB transcription factor Relish (Rel). Related signalling pathways had previously implicated in cell competition in larval epithelia, prompting the question of whether NF-κB signalling was, despite the clear differences between the two competition scenarios, also involved in stem cell competition in the testis. Here we show i) that in the testis Rel is dispensable for stemness, ii) that loss of Rel or the upstream receptor Toll suppresses loser elimination following a variety of different triggers used to induce loser fate, and iii) that clonal Rel activation is sufficient for the displacement of neutral or winner cells from the niche, even if these cells otherwise retain stem cell properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Hof-Michel
- Dept. of Developmental Genetics, Philipps University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ljubinka Cigoja
- Dept. of Developmental Genetics, Philipps University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sabina Huhn
- Dept. of Developmental Genetics, Philipps University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Christian Bökel
- Core Facility Confocal and Multiphoton Microscopy, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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8
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Townson JM, Gomez-Lamarca MJ, Santa Cruz Mateos C, Bray SJ. OptIC-Notch reveals mechanism that regulates receptor interactions with CSL. Development 2023; 150:dev201785. [PMID: 37294169 PMCID: PMC10309584 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Active Notch signalling is elicited through receptor-ligand interactions that result in release of the Notch intracellular domain (NICD), which translocates into the nucleus. NICD activates transcription at target genes, forming a complex with the DNA-binding transcription factor CSL [CBF1/Su(H)/LAG-1] and co-activator Mastermind. However, CSL lacks its own nuclear localisation sequence, and it remains unclear where the tripartite complex is formed. To probe the mechanisms involved, we designed an optogenetic approach to control NICD release (OptIC-Notch) and monitored the subsequent complex formation and target gene activation. Strikingly, we observed that, when uncleaved, OptIC-Notch sequestered CSL in the cytoplasm. Hypothesising that exposure of a juxta membrane ΦWΦP motif is key to sequestration, we masked this motif with a second light-sensitive domain (OptIC-Notch{ω}), which was sufficient to prevent CSL sequestration. Furthermore, NICD produced by light-induced cleavage of OptIC-Notch or OptIC-Notch{ω} chaperoned CSL into the nucleus and induced target gene expression, showing efficient light-controlled activation. Our results demonstrate that exposure of the ΦWΦP motif leads to CSL recruitment and suggest this can occur in the cytoplasm prior to nuclear entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Townson
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Maria J. Gomez-Lamarca
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Carmen Santa Cruz Mateos
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Sarah J. Bray
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
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9
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Catalani E, Zecchini S, Giovarelli M, Cherubini A, Del Quondam S, Brunetti K, Silvestri F, Roux-Biejat P, Napoli A, Casati SR, Ceci M, Romano N, Bongiorni S, Prantera G, Clementi E, Perrotta C, De Palma C, Cervia D. RACK1 is evolutionary conserved in satellite stem cell activation and adult skeletal muscle regeneration. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:459. [PMID: 36396939 PMCID: PMC9672362 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01250-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle growth and regeneration involves the activity of resident adult stem cells, namely satellite cells (SC). Despite numerous mechanisms have been described, different signals are emerging as relevant in SC homeostasis. Here we demonstrated that the Receptor for Activated C-Kinase 1 (RACK1) is important in SC function. RACK1 was expressed transiently in the skeletal muscle of post-natal mice, being abundant in the early phase of muscle growth and almost disappearing in adult mature fibers. The presence of RACK1 in interstitial SC was also detected. After acute injury in muscle of both mouse and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster (used as alternative in vivo model) we found that RACK1 accumulated in regenerating fibers while it declined with the progression of repair process. To note, RACK1 also localized in the active SC that populate recovering tissue. The dynamics of RACK1 levels in isolated adult SC of mice, i.e., progressively high during differentiation and low compared to proliferating conditions, and RACK1 silencing indicated that RACK1 promotes both the formation of myotubes and the accretion of nascent myotubes. In Drosophila with depleted RACK1 in all muscle cells or, specifically, in SC lineage we observed a delayed recovery of skeletal muscle after physical damage as well as the low presence of active SC in the wound area. Our results also suggest the coupling of RACK1 to muscle unfolded protein response during SC activation. Collectively, we provided the first evidence that transient levels of the evolutionarily conserved factor RACK1 are critical for adult SC activation and proper skeletal muscle regeneration, favoring the efficient progression of SC from a committed to a fully differentiated state.
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10
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Zhang JL, Chen SJ, Liu XY, Moczek AP, Xu HJ. The transcription factor Zfh1 acts as a wing-morph switch in planthoppers. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5670. [PMID: 36167844 PMCID: PMC9515195 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33422-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect wing polyphenism is characterized by its ability to produce two or more distinct wing morphs from a single genotype in response to changing environments. However, the molecular basis of this phenomenon remains poorly understood. Here, we identified a zinc finger homeodomain transcription factor Zfh1 that acts as an upstream regulator for the development of long-winged (LW) or shorted-winged (SW) morphs in planthoppers. Knockdown of Zfh1 directs SW-destined nymphs to develop into LW morphs by down-regulating the transcriptional level of FoxO, a prominent downstream effector of the insulin/IGF signaling (IIS) pathway. The balance between transcriptional regulation via the Zfh1-FoxO cascade and post-translational regulation via the IIS-FoxO cascade provides a flexible regulatory mechanism for the development of alternative wing morphs. These findings help us understand how phenotypic diversity is generated by altering the activity of conserved proteins, and provide an extended framework for the evolution of wing morphological diversity in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Ave, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sun-Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Ave, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Ave, Hangzhou, China
| | - Armin P Moczek
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 915 East 3rd Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Hai-Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Ave, Hangzhou, China.
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11
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Hanly JJ, Livraghi L, Heryanto C, McMillan WO, Jiggins CD, Gilbert LE, Martin A. A large deletion at the cortex locus eliminates butterfly wing patterning. G3 GENES|GENOMES|GENETICS 2022; 12:6517782. [PMID: 35099556 PMCID: PMC8982378 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As the genetic basis of natural and domesticated variation has been described in recent years, a number of hotspot genes have been repeatedly identified as the targets of selection, Heliconius butterflies display a spectacular diversity of pattern variants in the wild and the genetic basis of these patterns has been well-described. Here, we sought to identify the mechanism behind an unusual pattern variant that is instead found in captivity, the ivory mutant, in which all scales on both the wings and body become white or yellow. Using a combination of autozygosity mapping and coverage analysis from 37 captive individuals, we identify a 78-kb deletion at the cortex wing patterning locus, a gene which has been associated with wing pattern evolution in H. melpomene and 10 divergent lepidopteran species. This deletion is undetected among 458 wild Heliconius genomes samples, and its dosage explains both homozygous and heterozygous ivory phenotypes found in captivity. The deletion spans a large 5′ region of the cortex gene that includes a facultative 5′UTR exon detected in larval wing disk transcriptomes. CRISPR mutagenesis of this exon replicates the wing phenotypes from coding knock-outs of cortex, consistent with a functional role of ivory-deleted elements in establishing scale color fate. Population demographics reveal that the stock giving rise to the ivory mutant has a mixed origin from across the wild range of H. melpomene, and supports a scenario where the ivory mutation occurred after the introduction of cortex haplotypes from Ecuador. Homozygotes for the ivory deletion are inviable while heterozygotes are the targets of artificial selection, joining 40 other examples of allelic variants that provide heterozygous advantage in animal populations under artificial selection by fanciers and breeders. Finally, our results highlight the promise of autozygosity and association mapping for identifying the genetic basis of aberrant mutations in captive insect populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Hanly
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama 0843-03092, Republic of Panama
| | - Luca Livraghi
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama 0843-03092, Republic of Panama
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Christa Heryanto
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - W Owen McMillan
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama 0843-03092, Republic of Panama
| | - Chris D Jiggins
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Lawrence E Gilbert
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Arnaud Martin
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
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12
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Drosophila melanogaster: A Model System to Study Distinct Genetic Programs in Myoblast Fusion. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030321. [PMID: 35159130 PMCID: PMC8834112 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle fibers are multinucleated cells that arise during embryogenesis through the fusion of mononucleated myoblasts. Myoblast fusion is a lifelong process that is crucial for the growth and regeneration of muscles. Understanding the molecular mechanism of myoblast fusion may open the way for novel therapies in muscle wasting and weakness. Recent reports in Drosophila and mammals have provided new mechanistic insights into myoblast fusion. In Drosophila, muscle formation occurs twice: during embryogenesis and metamorphosis. A fundamental feature is the formation of a cell–cell communication structure that brings the apposing membranes into close proximity and recruits possible fusogenic proteins. However, genetic studies suggest that myoblast fusion in Drosophila is not a uniform process. The complexity of the players involved in myoblast fusion can be modulated depending on the type of muscle that is formed. In this review, we introduce the different types of multinucleated muscles that form during Drosophila development and provide an overview in advances that have been made to understand the mechanism of myoblast fusion. Finally, we will discuss conceptual frameworks in cell–cell fusion in Drosophila and mammals.
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13
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Della Gaspera B, Weill L, Chanoine C. Evolution of Somite Compartmentalization: A View From Xenopus. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:790847. [PMID: 35111756 PMCID: PMC8802780 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.790847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Somites are transitory metameric structures at the basis of the axial organization of vertebrate musculoskeletal system. During evolution, somites appear in the chordate phylum and compartmentalize mainly into the dermomyotome, the myotome, and the sclerotome in vertebrates. In this review, we summarized the existing literature about somite compartmentalization in Xenopus and compared it with other anamniote and amniote vertebrates. We also present and discuss a model that describes the evolutionary history of somite compartmentalization from ancestral chordates to amniote vertebrates. We propose that the ancestral organization of chordate somite, subdivided into a lateral compartment of multipotent somitic cells (MSCs) and a medial primitive myotome, evolves through two major transitions. From ancestral chordates to vertebrates, the cell potency of MSCs may have evolved and gave rise to all new vertebrate compartments, i.e., the dermomyome, its hypaxial region, and the sclerotome. From anamniote to amniote vertebrates, the lateral MSC territory may expand to the whole somite at the expense of primitive myotome and may probably facilitate sclerotome formation. We propose that successive modifications of the cell potency of some type of embryonic progenitors could be one of major processes of the vertebrate evolution.
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14
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Ledru M, Clark CA, Brown J, Verghese S, Ferrara S, Goodspeed A, Su TT. Differential gene expression analysis identified determinants of cell fate plasticity during radiation-induced regeneration in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1009989. [PMID: 34990447 PMCID: PMC8769364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) is used to treat half of all cancer patients because of its ability to kill cells. IR, however, can induce stem cell-like properties in non-stem cancer cells, potentiating tumor regrowth and reduced therapeutic success. We identified previously a subpopulation of cells in Drosophila larval wing discs that exhibit IR-induced stem cell-like properties. These cells reside in the future wing hinge, are resistant to IR-induced apoptosis, and are capable of translocating, changing fate, and participating in regenerating the pouch that suffers more IR-induced apoptosis. We used here a combination of lineage tracing, FACS-sorting of cells that change fate, genome-wide RNAseq, and functional testing of 42 genes, to identify two key changes that are required cell-autonomously for IR-induced hinge-to-pouch fate change: (1) repression of hinge determinants Wg (Drosophila Wnt1) and conserved zinc-finger transcription factor Zfh2 and (2) upregulation of three ribosome biogenesis factors. Additional data indicate a role for Myc, a transcriptional activator of ribosome biogenesis genes, in the process. These results provide a molecular understanding of IR-induced cell fate plasticity that may be leveraged to improve radiation therapy. Ionizing radiation (IR) is used to treat half of all cancer patients because of its ability to kill cells but treatment failures are common because tumors grow back (regenerate). Here, we asked which changes in the properties of cells facilitate regeneration in Drosophila (fruit flies) after exposure to radiation. We identified six genes whose products increase or decrease the regenerative potential of cells. These results help us understand how tissues regenerate after IR damage and will aid in designing better therapies that involve radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Ledru
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Caitlin A. Clark
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Brown
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Shilpi Verghese
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sarah Ferrara
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Andrew Goodspeed
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Tin Tin Su
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Drosophila, an Integrative Model to Study the Features of Muscle Stem Cells in Development and Regeneration. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082112. [PMID: 34440881 PMCID: PMC8394675 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle stem cells (MuSCs) are essential for muscle growth, maintenance and repair. Over the past decade, experiments in Drosophila have been instrumental in understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating MuSCs (also known as adult muscle precursors, AMPs) during development. A large number of genetic tools available in fruit flies provides an ideal framework to address new questions which could not be addressed with other model organisms. This review reports the main findings revealed by the study of Drosophila AMPs, with a specific focus on how AMPs are specified and properly positioned, how they acquire their identity and which are the environmental cues controlling their behavior and fate. The review also describes the recent identification of the Drosophila adult MuSCs that have similar characteristics to vertebrates MuSCs. Integration of the different levels of MuSCs analysis in flies is likely to provide new fundamental knowledge in muscle stem cell biology largely applicable to other systems.
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16
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Interaction between Ras and Src clones causes interdependent tumor malignancy via Notch signaling in Drosophila. Dev Cell 2021; 56:2223-2236.e5. [PMID: 34324859 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer tissue often comprises multiple tumor clones with distinct oncogenic alterations such as Ras or Src activation, yet the mechanism by which tumor heterogeneity drives cancer progression remains elusive. Here, we show in Drosophila imaginal epithelium that clones of Ras- or Src-activated benign tumors interact with each other to mutually promote tumor malignancy. Mechanistically, Ras-activated cells upregulate the cell-surface ligand Delta while Src-activated cells upregulate its receptor Notch, leading to Notch activation in Src cells. Elevated Notch signaling induces the transcriptional repressor Zfh1/ZEB1, which downregulates E-cadherin and cell death gene hid, leading to Src-activated invasive tumors. Simultaneously, Notch activation in Src cells upregulates the cytokine Unpaired/IL-6, which activates JAK-STAT signaling in neighboring Ras cells. Elevated JAK-STAT signaling upregulates the BTB-zinc-finger protein Chinmo, which downregulates E-cadherin and thus generates Ras-activated invasive tumors. Our findings provide a mechanistic explanation for how tumor heterogeneity triggers tumor progression via cell-cell interactions.
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17
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Zmojdzian M, Jagla K. The relationship between muscle stem cells and motor neurons. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5043-5049. [PMID: 33861361 PMCID: PMC11072985 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03838-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuromuscular system is constituted of multi-fibrillar muscles, tendons, motor neurons and associated muscle stem cells. Stereotyped pattern of muscle innervation and muscle-specific interactions with tendon cells suggest that neuromuscular system develops in a coordinated way. Remarkably, upon regeneration, coordinated assembly of all neuromuscular components is also critical to rebuild functional muscle. Thus, to ensure muscle function, the neuromuscular system components need to interact both during development and regeneration. Over the last decades, interactions between muscles and tendons, muscles and motor neurons and between muscles and muscle stem cells have been extensively analysed and documented. However, only recent evidence indicates that muscle stem cells interact with motor neurons and that these interactions contribute to building functional muscle both during development and regeneration. From this perspective, we discuss here the relationship between muscle stem cells and motor neurons during Drosophila neuromuscular system development and adverse impact of affected muscle stem cell-motor neuron interactions in regenerating vertebrate muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Zmojdzian
- GReD Institute-INSERM U1103, CNRS UMR6293, Université Clermont Auvergne, 28, place Henri-Dunant, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Krzysztof Jagla
- GReD Institute-INSERM U1103, CNRS UMR6293, Université Clermont Auvergne, 28, place Henri-Dunant, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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18
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Montigny A, Tavormina P, Duboe C, San Clémente H, Aguilar M, Valenti P, Lauressergues D, Combier JP, Plaza S. Drosophila primary microRNA-8 encodes a microRNA-encoded peptide acting in parallel of miR-8. Genome Biol 2021; 22:118. [PMID: 33892772 PMCID: PMC8063413 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-021-02345-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent genome-wide studies of many species reveal the existence of a myriad of RNAs differing in size, coding potential and function. Among these are the long non-coding RNAs, some of them producing functional small peptides via the translation of short ORFs. It now appears that any kind of RNA presumably has a potential to encode small peptides. Accordingly, our team recently discovered that plant primary transcripts of microRNAs (pri-miRs) produce small regulatory peptides (miPEPs) involved in auto-regulatory feedback loops enhancing their cognate microRNA expression which in turn controls plant development. Here we investigate whether this regulatory feedback loop is present in Drosophila melanogaster. RESULTS We perform a survey of ribosome profiling data and reveal that many pri-miRNAs exhibit ribosome translation marks. Focusing on miR-8, we show that pri-miR-8 can produce a miPEP-8. Functional assays performed in Drosophila reveal that miPEP-8 affects development when overexpressed or knocked down. Combining genetic and molecular approaches as well as genome-wide transcriptomic analyses, we show that miR-8 expression is independent of miPEP-8 activity and that miPEP-8 acts in parallel to miR-8 to regulate the expression of hundreds of genes. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results reveal that several Drosophila pri-miRs exhibit translation potential. Contrasting with the mechanism described in plants, these data shed light on the function of yet undescribed primary-microRNA-encoded peptides in Drosophila and their regulatory potential on genome expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Montigny
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse 3, CNRS UMR5546, 31320, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Patrizia Tavormina
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse 3, CNRS UMR5546, 31320, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Carine Duboe
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse 3, CNRS UMR5546, 31320, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Hélène San Clémente
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse 3, CNRS UMR5546, 31320, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Marielle Aguilar
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse 3, CNRS UMR5546, 31320, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Philippe Valenti
- Laboratoire MCD, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse 3, CNRS UMR5077, Bat 4R4, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Dominique Lauressergues
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse 3, CNRS UMR5546, 31320, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Combier
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse 3, CNRS UMR5546, 31320, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Serge Plaza
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse 3, CNRS UMR5546, 31320, Auzeville-Tolosane, France.
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19
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An insight on Drosophila myogenesis and its assessment techniques. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:9849-9863. [PMID: 33263930 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-06006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Movement assisted by muscles forms the basis of various behavioural traits seen in Drosophila. Myogenesis involves developmental processes like cellular specification, differentiation, migration, fusion, adherence to tendons and neuronal innervation in a series of coordinated event well defined in body space and time. Gene regulatory networks are switched on-off, fine tuning at the right developmental stage to assist each cellular event. Drosophila is a holometabolous organism that undergoes myogenesis waves at two developmental stages, and is ideal for comparative analysis of the role of genes and genetic pathways conserved across phyla. In this review we have summarized myogenic events from the embryo to adult focussing on the somatic muscle development during the early embryonic stage and then on indirect flight muscles (IFM) formation required for adult life, emphasizing on recent trends of analysing muscle mutants and advances in Drosophila muscle biology.
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20
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Magadi SS, Voutyraki C, Anagnostopoulos G, Zacharioudaki E, Poutakidou IK, Efraimoglou C, Stapountzi M, Theodorou V, Nikolaou C, Koumbanakis KA, Fullard JF, Delidakis C. Dissecting Hes-centred transcriptional networks in neural stem cell maintenance and tumorigenesis in Drosophila. Development 2020; 147:147/22/dev191544. [PMID: 33229432 DOI: 10.1242/dev.191544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cells divide during embryogenesis and juvenile life to generate the entire complement of neurons and glia in the nervous system of vertebrates and invertebrates. Studies of the mechanisms controlling the fine balance between neural stem cells and more differentiated progenitors have shown that, in every asymmetric cell division, progenitors send a Delta-Notch signal to their sibling stem cells. Here, we show that excessive activation of Notch or overexpression of its direct targets of the Hes family causes stem-cell hyperplasias in the Drosophila larval central nervous system, which can progress to malignant tumours after allografting to adult hosts. We combined transcriptomic data from these hyperplasias with chromatin occupancy data for Dpn, a Hes transcription factor, to identify genes regulated by Hes factors in this process. We show that the Notch/Hes axis represses a cohort of transcription factor genes. These are excluded from the stem cells and promote early differentiation steps, most likely by preventing the reversion of immature progenitors to a stem-cell fate. We describe the impact of two of these 'anti-stemness' factors, Zfh1 and Gcm, on Notch/Hes-triggered tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srivathsa S Magadi
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Department of Biology, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Chrysanthi Voutyraki
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Department of Biology, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Anagnostopoulos
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Department of Biology, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Evanthia Zacharioudaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Ioanna K Poutakidou
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Department of Biology, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Christina Efraimoglou
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Department of Biology, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Margarita Stapountzi
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Theodorou
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Christoforos Nikolaou
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Department of Biology, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Konstantinos A Koumbanakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Department of Biology, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - John F Fullard
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Christos Delidakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece .,Department of Biology, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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21
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Muscle development : a view from adult myogenesis in Drosophila. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 104:39-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Zhao X, Li X, Shi X, Karpac J. Diet-MEF2 interactions shape lipid droplet diversification in muscle to influence Drosophila lifespan. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13172. [PMID: 32537848 PMCID: PMC7433001 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The number, size, and composition of lipid droplets can be influenced by dietary changes that shift energy substrate availability. This diversification of lipid droplets can promote metabolic flexibility and shape cellular stress responses in unique tissues with distinctive metabolic roles. Using Drosophila, we uncovered a role for myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) in modulating diet-dependent lipid droplet diversification within adult striated muscle, impacting mortality rates. Muscle-specific attenuation of MEF2, whose chronic activation maintains glucose and mitochondrial homeostasis, leads to the accumulation of large, cholesterol ester-enriched intramuscular lipid droplets in response to high calorie, carbohydrate-sufficient diets. The diet-dependent accumulation of these lipid droplets also correlates with both enhanced stress protection in muscle and increases in organismal lifespan. Furthermore, MEF2 attenuation releases an antagonistic regulation of cell cycle gene expression programs, and up-regulation of Cyclin E is required for diet- and MEF2-dependent diversification of intramuscular lipid droplets. The integration of MEF2-regulated gene expression networks with dietary responses thus plays a critical role in shaping muscle metabolism and function, further influencing organismal lifespan. Together, these results highlight a potential protective role for intramuscular lipid droplets during dietary adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular MedicineTexas A&M University Health Science CenterBryanTXUSA
| | - Xiaotong Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular MedicineTexas A&M University Health Science CenterBryanTXUSA
| | - Xiangyu Shi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular MedicineTexas A&M University Health Science CenterBryanTXUSA
| | - Jason Karpac
- Department of Molecular and Cellular MedicineTexas A&M University Health Science CenterBryanTXUSA
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23
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Poovathumkadavil P, Jagla K. Genetic Control of Muscle Diversification and Homeostasis: Insights from Drosophila. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061543. [PMID: 32630420 PMCID: PMC7349286 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, the larval somatic muscles or the adult thoracic flight and leg muscles are the major voluntary locomotory organs. They share several developmental and structural similarities with vertebrate skeletal muscles. To ensure appropriate activity levels for their functions such as hatching in the embryo, crawling in the larva, and jumping and flying in adult flies all muscle components need to be maintained in a functionally stable or homeostatic state despite constant strain. This requires that the muscles develop in a coordinated manner with appropriate connections to other cell types they communicate with. Various signaling pathways as well as extrinsic and intrinsic factors are known to play a role during Drosophila muscle development, diversification, and homeostasis. In this review, we discuss genetic control mechanisms of muscle contraction, development, and homeostasis with particular emphasis on the contractile unit of the muscle, the sarcomere.
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24
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Vishal K, Lovato TL, Bragg C, Chechenova MB, Cripps RM. FGF signaling promotes myoblast proliferation through activation of wingless signaling. Dev Biol 2020; 464:1-10. [PMID: 32445643 PMCID: PMC7648665 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Indirect flight muscles (IFMs) are the largest muscles in Drosophila and are made up of hundreds of myonuclei. The generation of these giant muscles requires a large pool of wing disc associated adult muscle precursors (AMPs), however the factors that control proliferation to form this myoblast pool are incompletely known. Here, we examine the role of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling in the proliferation of wing disc associated myoblasts. We find that the components of FGF signaling are expressed in myoblasts and surrounding epithelial cells of the wing disc. Next, we show that attenuation of FGF signaling results in a diminished myoblast pool. This reduction in the pool size is due to decreased myoblast proliferation. By contrast, activating the FGF signaling pathway increases the myoblast pool size and restores the proliferative capacity of FGF knockdown flies. Finally, our results demonstrate that the FGF receptor Heartless acts through up-regulating β-catenin/Armadillo signaling to promote myoblast proliferation. Our studies identify a novel role for FGF signaling during IFM formation and uncover the mechanism through which FGF coordinates with Wingless signaling to promote myoblast proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Vishal
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - TyAnna L Lovato
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Chandler Bragg
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Maria B Chechenova
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Richard M Cripps
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA; Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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Boukhatmi H, Martins T, Pillidge Z, Kamenova T, Bray S. Notch Mediates Inter-tissue Communication to Promote Tumorigenesis. Curr Biol 2020; 30:1809-1820.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.02.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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26
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Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster has historically been a workhorse model organism for studying developmental biology. In addition, Drosophila is an excellent model for studying how damaged tissues and organs can regenerate. Recently, new precision approaches that enable both highly targeted injury and genetic manipulation have accelerated progress in this field. Here, we highlight these techniques and review examples of recently discovered mechanisms that regulate regeneration in Drosophila larval and adult tissues. We also discuss how, by applying these powerful approaches, studies of Drosophila can continue to guide the future of regeneration research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald T Fox
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Erez Cohen
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rachel Smith-Bolton
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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27
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Wang C, Spradling AC. An abundant quiescent stem cell population in Drosophila Malpighian tubules protects principal cells from kidney stones. eLife 2020; 9:54096. [PMID: 32175841 PMCID: PMC7093152 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult Drosophila Malpighian tubules have low rates of cell turnover but are vulnerable to damage caused by stones, like their mammalian counterparts, kidneys. We show that Drosophilarenal stem cells (RSCs) in the ureter and lower tubules comprise a unique, unipotent regenerative compartment. RSCs respond only to loss of nearby principal cells (PCs), cells critical for maintaining ionic balance. Large polyploid PCs are outnumbered by RSCs, which replace each lost cell with multiple PCs of lower ploidy. Notably, RSCs do not replenish principal cells or stellate cells in the upper tubules. RSCs generate daughters by asymmetric Notch signaling, yet RSCs remain quiescent (cell cycle-arrested) without damage. Nevertheless, the capacity for RSC-mediated repair extends the lifespan of flies carrying kidney stones. We propose that abundant, RSC-like stem cells exist in other tissues with low rates of turnover where they may have been mistaken for differentiated tissue cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhui Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Research Laboratories, Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, United States
| | - Allan C Spradling
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Research Laboratories, Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, United States
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28
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Nikonova E, Kao SY, Spletter ML. Contributions of alternative splicing to muscle type development and function. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 104:65-80. [PMID: 32070639 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Animals possess a wide variety of muscle types that support different kinds of movements. Different muscles have distinct locations, morphologies and contractile properties, raising the question of how muscle diversity is generated during development. Normal aging processes and muscle disorders differentially affect particular muscle types, thus understanding how muscles normally develop and are maintained provides insight into alterations in disease and senescence. As muscle structure and basic developmental mechanisms are highly conserved, many important insights into disease mechanisms in humans as well as into basic principles of muscle development have come from model organisms such as Drosophila, zebrafish and mouse. While transcriptional regulation has been characterized to play an important role in myogenesis, there is a growing recognition of the contributions of alternative splicing to myogenesis and the refinement of muscle function. Here we review our current understanding of muscle type specific alternative splicing, using examples of isoforms with distinct functions from both vertebrates and Drosophila. Future exploration of the vast potential of alternative splicing to fine-tune muscle development and function will likely uncover novel mechanisms of isoform-specific regulation and a more holistic understanding of muscle development, disease and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Nikonova
- Biomedical Center, Department of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152 Martinsried-Planegg, Germany
| | - Shao-Yen Kao
- Biomedical Center, Department of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152 Martinsried-Planegg, Germany
| | - Maria L Spletter
- Biomedical Center, Department of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152 Martinsried-Planegg, Germany; Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) at the Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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29
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Insulin-dependent Non-canonical Activation of Notch in Drosophila: A Story of Notch-Induced Muscle Stem Cell Proliferation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1227:131-144. [PMID: 32072503 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36422-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Notch plays multiple roles both in development and in adult tissue homeostasis. Notch was first identified in Drosophila in which it has then been extensively studied. Among the flag-ship Notch functions we could mention its capacity to keep precursor and stem cells in a nondifferentiated state but also its ability to activate cell proliferation that in some contexts could led to cancer. In general, both these functions involve, canonical, ligand-dependent Notch activation. However, a ligand-independent Notch activation has also been described in a few cellular contexts. Here, we focus on one of such contexts, Drosophila muscle stem cells, called AMPs, and discuss how insulin-dependent noncanonical activation of Notch pushes quiescent AMPs to proliferation.
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30
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Chaturvedi D, Prabhakar S, Aggarwal A, Atreya KB, VijayRaghavan K. Adult Drosophila muscle morphometry through microCT reveals dynamics during ageing. Open Biol 2019; 9:190087. [PMID: 31238820 PMCID: PMC6597753 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.190087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Indirect flight muscles (IFMs) in adult Drosophila provide the key power stroke for wing beating. They also serve as a valuable model for studying muscle development. An age-dependent decline in Drosophila free flight has been documented, but its relation to gross muscle structure has not yet been explored satisfactorily. Such analyses are impeded by conventional histological preparations and imaging techniques that limit exact morphometry of flight muscles. In this study, we employ microCT scanning on a tissue preparation that retains muscle morphology under homeostatic conditions. Focusing on a subset of IFMs called the dorsal longitudinal muscles (DLMs), we find that DLM volumes increase with age, partially due to the increased separation between myofibrillar fascicles, in a sex-dependent manner. We have uncovered and quantified asymmetry in the size of these muscles on either side of the longitudinal midline. Measurements of this resolution and scale make substantive studies that test the connection between form and function possible. We also demonstrate the application of this method to other insect species making it a valuable tool for histological analysis of insect biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay Chaturvedi
- 1 National Center for Biological Sciences, TIFR , GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560065 , India
| | - Sunil Prabhakar
- 2 microCT and EM Facility, National Center for Biological Sciences, TIFR , GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560065 , India
| | - Aman Aggarwal
- 1 National Center for Biological Sciences, TIFR , GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560065 , India.,3 Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal, Karnataka 576104 , India
| | - Krishan B Atreya
- 1 National Center for Biological Sciences, TIFR , GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560065 , India
| | - K VijayRaghavan
- 1 National Center for Biological Sciences, TIFR , GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560065 , India
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31
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Wu W, Kuo T, Kao C, Girardot C, Hung S, Liu T, Furlong EEM, Liu Y. Expanding the mesodermal transcriptional network by genome‐wide identification of Zinc finger homeodomain 1 (Zfh1) targets. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:1698-1710. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei‐Hang Wu
- Department of Life Sciences College of Bioscience and Biotechnology National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan
| | - Tai‐Hong Kuo
- Department of Life Sciences College of Bioscience and Biotechnology National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan
| | - Chia‐Wei Kao
- Department of Life Sciences College of Bioscience and Biotechnology National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan
| | - Charles Girardot
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Heidelberg Germany
| | - Sheng‐Jou Hung
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences College of Bioscience and Biotechnology National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan
| | - Tsunglin Liu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences College of Bioscience and Biotechnology National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan
| | - Eileen E. M. Furlong
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Heidelberg Germany
| | - Ya‐Hsin Liu
- Department of Life Sciences College of Bioscience and Biotechnology National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan
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