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Hamashima K, Fan L, Miyagawa R, Hara N, Nishida K, Saitoh H. Examining interactions of animal cells with chloroplasts and their light-induced responses in in vitro cell culture systems. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2025; 758:151622. [PMID: 40117974 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2025.151622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2025] [Accepted: 03/10/2025] [Indexed: 03/23/2025]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are organelles that convert light energy into chemical energy in plants. The potential to integrate chloroplasts into animal cells presents an exciting frontier in synthetic biology, allowing for photo-controllable biochemical processes within these cells. However, the lack of well-established in vitro experimental systems to study chloroplast-animal cell interactions remains a significant challenge. This study investigates the behavior of human cervical cancer HeLa cells and mouse macrophage-like J774.1 cells, along with the light-induced responses of these cells, when introduced into culture media containing spinach-derived chloroplasts. Additionally, we examine isolated cells from Elysia marginata, a sacoglossan sea slug known for its unique ability to acquire and retain functional chloroplasts through a process known as kleptoplasty. Our results show that HeLa cells primarily adhere to chloroplasts with minimal intracellular uptake, while J774.1 cells actively engulf them. Co-incubation with chloroplasts increases the rate of cell death upon light irradiation. In contrast, naturally chloroplast-containing cells from E. marginata exhibit minimal light-induced damage. Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is observed in HeLa and J774.1 cells co-incubated with chloroplasts under light exposure, suggesting that photoinduced ROS generation contributes to cytotoxicity. These findings highlight three different patterns of interactions between animal cells and chloroplasts and underscore the importance of considering ROS generation induced by light exposure when analyzing chloroplast-animal cell interactions in vitro experimental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyota Hamashima
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Lilingman Fan
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Reika Miyagawa
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Natsuki Hara
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Hisato Saitoh
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology (FAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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Pinko D, Langlet D, Sur O, Husnik F, Holzmann M, Rubin-Blum M, Rahav E, Belkin N, Kucera M, Morard R, Abdu U, Upcher A, Abramovich S. Long-term functional kleptoplasty in benthic foraminifera. iScience 2025; 28:112028. [PMID: 40124518 PMCID: PMC11926685 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2025.112028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2024] [Revised: 12/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2025] [Indexed: 03/25/2025] Open
Abstract
Foraminifera are highly diverse rhizarian protists, with some lineages having developed the ability to retain chloroplasts from algal prey (kleptoplasty). Recently, we revealed the evolutionary relationship between kleptoplasty and algal symbiosis in the benthic foraminifera Hauerina diversa. In this study, we explored fundamental aspects of host-kleptoplast interactions. The photosynthetic rates of H. diversa show the sequestered kleptoplast activity under a wide range of light intensities with no signs of photoinhibition. This lack of photoinhibition response may be attributed to the loss of key elements responsible for this process during the acquisition of kleptoplasts. Our study demonstrates the stability and notably extended retention of kleptoplasty in H. diversa, evidenced by its plastid retention under conditions of heterotrophic feeding deprivation for 50 days. The host-kleptoplast interactions suggest that H. diversa is highly committed to this partnership and that this kleptoplasty species likely relies on similar kleptoplast/alga maintenance mechanisms as symbiont-bearing foraminifera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doron Pinko
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Dewi Langlet
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Evolution, Cell Biology, and Symbiosis Unit, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
- University Brest, Ifremer, BEEP, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Olha Sur
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Evolution, Cell Biology, and Symbiosis Unit, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Filip Husnik
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Evolution, Cell Biology, and Symbiosis Unit, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Maria Holzmann
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maxim Rubin-Blum
- National Institute of Oceanography, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Haifa 3102201, Israel
| | - Eyal Rahav
- National Institute of Oceanography, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Haifa 3102201, Israel
| | - Natalia Belkin
- National Institute of Oceanography, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Haifa 3102201, Israel
| | - Michal Kucera
- MARUM-Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Raphaël Morard
- MARUM-Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Uri Abdu
- Department of Life Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Alexander Upcher
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Sigal Abramovich
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
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Fields O, Hammond MJ, Xu X, O'Neill EC. Advances in euglenoid genomics: unravelling the fascinating biology of a complex clade. Trends Genet 2025; 41:251-260. [PMID: 39147613 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2024.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Euglenids have long been studied due to their unique physiology and versatile metabolism, providing underpinnings for much of our understanding of photosynthesis and biochemistry, and a growing opportunity in biotechnology. Until recently there has been a lack of genetic studies due to their large and complex genomes, but recently new technologies have begun to unveil their genetic capabilities. Whilst much research has focused on the model organism Euglena gracilis, other members of the euglenids have now started to receive due attention. Currently only poor nuclear genome assemblies of E. gracilis and Rhabdomonas costata are available, but there are many more plastid genome sequences and an increasing number of transcriptomes. As more assemblies become available, there are great opportunities to understand the fundamental biology of these organisms and to exploit them for biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Fields
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK; Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK; These authors contributed equally
| | - Michael J Hammond
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic; These authors contributed equally
| | - Xiao Xu
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK; Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK; These authors contributed equally
| | - Ellis C O'Neill
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK; Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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AOKI R, INUI Y, OKABE Y, SATO M, TAKEDA-KAMIYA N, TOYOOKA K, SAWADA K, MORITA H, GENOT B, MARUYAMA S, TOMO T, SONOIKE K, MATSUNAGA S. Incorporation of photosynthetically active algal chloroplasts in cultured mammalian cells towards photosynthesis in animals. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2024; 100:524-536. [PMID: 39477444 PMCID: PMC11635087 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.100.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 10/01/2024] [Indexed: 11/12/2024]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are photosynthetic organelles that evolved through the endosymbiosis between cyanobacteria-like symbionts and hosts. Many studies have attempted to isolate intact chloroplasts to analyze their morphological characteristics and photosynthetic activity. Although several studies introduced isolated chloroplasts into the cells of different species, their photosynthetic activities have not been confirmed. In this study, we isolated photosynthetically active chloroplasts from the primitive red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae and incorporated them in cultured mammalian cells via co-cultivation. The incorporated chloroplasts retained their thylakoid structure in intracellular vesicles and were maintained in the cytoplasm, surrounded by the mitochondria near the nucleus. Moreover, the incorporated chloroplasts maintained electron transport activity of photosystem II in cultured mammalian cells for at least 2 days after the incorporation. Our top-down synthetic biology-based approach may serve as a foundation for creating artificially photosynthetic animal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota AOKI
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yayoi INUI
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoji OKABE
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mayuko SATO
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Kiminori TOYOOKA
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Koki SAWADA
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hayato MORITA
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Baptiste GENOT
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinichiro MARUYAMA
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tatsuya TOMO
- Graduate School of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kintake SONOIKE
- Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachihiro MATSUNAGA
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
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Männer L, Schell T, Spies J, Galià-Camps C, Baranski D, Ben Hamadou A, Gerheim C, Neveling K, Helfrich EJN, Greve C. Chromosome-level genome assembly of the sacoglossan sea slug Elysia timida (Risso, 1818). BMC Genomics 2024; 25:941. [PMID: 39375624 PMCID: PMC11460185 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10829-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sequencing and annotating genomes of non-model organisms helps to understand genome architecture, the genetic processes underlying species traits, and how these genes have evolved in closely-related taxa, among many other biological processes. However, many metazoan groups, such as the extremely diverse molluscs, are still underrepresented in the number of sequenced and annotated genomes. Although sequencing techniques have recently improved in quality and quantity, molluscs are still neglected due to difficulties in applying standardized protocols for obtaining genomic data. RESULTS In this study, we present the chromosome-level genome assembly and annotation of the sacoglossan sea slug species Elysia timida, known for its ability to store the chloroplasts of its food algae. In particular, by optimizing the long-read and chromosome conformation capture library preparations, the genome assembly was performed using PacBio HiFi and Arima HiC data. The scaffold and contig N50s, at 41.8 Mb and 1.92 Mb, respectively, are approximately 30-fold and fourfold higher compared to other published sacoglossan genome assemblies. Structural annotation resulted in 19,904 protein-coding genes, which are more contiguous and complete compared to publicly available annotations of Sacoglossa with respect to metazoan BUSCOs. We found no evidence for horizontal gene transfer (HGT), i.e. no photosynthetic genes encoded in the sacoglossan nucleus genome. However, we detected genes encoding polyketide synthases in E. timida, indicating that polypropionates are produced. HPLC-MS/MS analysis confirmed the presence of a large number of polypropionates, including known and yet uncharacterised compounds. CONCLUSIONS We can show that our methodological approach helps to obtain a high-quality genome assembly even for a "difficult-to-sequence" organism, which may facilitate genome sequencing in molluscs. This will enable a better understanding of complex biological processes in molluscs, such as functional kleptoplasty in Sacoglossa, by significantly improving the quality of genome assemblies and annotations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Männer
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt, 60325, Germany.
- Senckenberg Research Institute, Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt, 60325, Germany.
| | - Tilman Schell
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt, 60325, Germany
- Senckenberg Research Institute, Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt, 60325, Germany
| | - Julia Spies
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt, 60325, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Bio Science, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-Von-Laue Straße 9, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany
| | - Carles Galià-Camps
- Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB, CSIC), Accés Cala St. Francesc 14, Blanes, Girona, 17300, Spain
- Institut de Recerca de La Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Damian Baranski
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt, 60325, Germany
- Senckenberg Research Institute, Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt, 60325, Germany
| | - Alexander Ben Hamadou
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt, 60325, Germany
- Senckenberg Research Institute, Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt, 60325, Germany
| | - Charlotte Gerheim
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt, 60325, Germany
- Senckenberg Research Institute, Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt, 60325, Germany
| | - Kornelia Neveling
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Eric J N Helfrich
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt, 60325, Germany
- Senckenberg Research Institute, Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt, 60325, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Bio Science, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-Von-Laue Straße 9, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany
| | - Carola Greve
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt, 60325, Germany.
- Senckenberg Research Institute, Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt, 60325, Germany.
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Morelli L, Cartaxana P, Cruz S. Food shaped photosynthesis: Photophysiology of the sea slug Elysia viridis fed with two alternative chloroplast donors. OPEN RESEARCH EUROPE 2024; 3:107. [PMID: 38725452 PMCID: PMC11079582 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.16162.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Background Some Sacoglossa sea slugs steal and integrate chloroplasts derived from the algae they feed on into their cells where they continue to function photosynthetically, a process termed kleptoplasty. The stolen chloroplasts - kleptoplasts - can maintain their functionality up to several months and support animal metabolism. However, chloroplast longevity can vary depending on sea slug species and algal donor. In this study, we focused on Elysia viridis, a polyphagous species that is mostly found associated with the macroalga Codium tomentosum, but that was reported to eat other macroalgae, including Chaetomorpha sp. Methods We have investigated the changes in E. viridis physiology when provided with the two different food sources to evaluate to which extent the photosynthetic and photoprotective mechanisms of the algae chloroplasts matched those of the plastids once in the animal cells. To perform the study, we rely on the evaluation of chlorophyll a variable fluorescence to study the photophysiological state of the integrated kleptoplasts and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to study variations in the photosynthetic pigments. Results We observed that the photosynthetic efficiency of E. viridis is lower when fed with Chaetomorpha. Also, significant differences were observed in the non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) abilities of the sea slugs. While sea slugs fed with C. tomentosum react similarly to high-light stress as the alga, E. viridis hosting Chaetomorpha chloroplasts were unable to properly recover from photoinhibition or perform a functional xanthophyll cycle (XC). Conclusions Our results showed that, even if the sea slugs fed with the two algae show photosynthetic activities like the respective algal donors, not all the photoprotective mechanisms present in Chaetomorpha can be maintained in E. viridis. This indicates that the functionality of the kleptoplasts does not depend solely on their origin but also on the degree of compatibility with the animal species integrating them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Morelli
- CESAM – Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Aveiro District, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Paulo Cartaxana
- CESAM – Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Aveiro District, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Sónia Cruz
- CESAM – Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Aveiro District, 3810-193, Portugal
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Morelli L, Cartaxana P, Cruz S. Food shaped photosynthesis: Photophysiology of the sea slug Elysia viridis fed with two alternative chloroplast donors. OPEN RESEARCH EUROPE 2024; 3:107. [PMID: 38725452 PMCID: PMC11079582 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.16162.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some Sacoglossa sea slugs steal and integrate chloroplasts derived from the algae they feed on into their cells where they continue to function photosynthetically, a process termed kleptoplasty. The stolen chloroplasts - kleptoplasts - can maintain their functionality up to several months and support animal metabolism. However, chloroplast longevity can vary depending on sea slug species and algal donor. In this study, we focused on Elysia viridis, a polyphagous species that is mostly found associated with the macroalga Codium tomentosum, but that was reported to eat other macroalgae, including Chaetomorpha sp. METHODS We have investigated the changes in E. viridis physiology when provided with the two different food sources to evaluate to which extent the photosynthetic and photoprotective mechanisms of the algae chloroplasts matched those of the plastids once in the animal cells. To perform the study, we rely on the evaluation of chlorophyll a variable fluorescence to study the photophysiological state of the integrated kleptoplasts and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to study variations in the photosynthetic pigments. RESULTS We observed that the photosynthetic efficiency of E. viridis is lower when fed with Chaetomorpha. Also, significant differences were observed in the non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) abilities of the sea slugs. While sea slugs fed with C. tomentosum react similarly to high-light stress as the alga, E. viridis hosting Chaetomorpha chloroplasts were unable to properly recover from photoinhibition or perform a functional xanthophyll cycle (XC). CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that, even if the sea slugs fed with the two algae show photosynthetic activities like the respective algal donors, not all the photoprotective mechanisms present in Chaetomorpha can be maintained in E. viridis. This indicates that the functionality of the kleptoplasts does not depend solely on their origin but also on the degree of compatibility with the animal species integrating them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Morelli
- CESAM – Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Aveiro District, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Paulo Cartaxana
- CESAM – Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Aveiro District, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Sónia Cruz
- CESAM – Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Aveiro District, 3810-193, Portugal
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Pennance T, Calvelo J, Tennessen JA, Burd R, Cayton J, Bollmann SR, Blouin MS, Spaan JM, Hoffmann FG, Ogara G, Rawago F, Andiego K, Mulonga B, Odhiambo M, Loker ES, Laidemitt MR, Lu L, Iriarte A, Odiere MR, Steinauer ML. The genome and transcriptome of the snail Biomphalaria sudanica s.l.: immune gene diversification and highly polymorphic genomic regions in an important African vector of Schistosoma mansoni. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:192. [PMID: 38373909 PMCID: PMC10875847 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10103-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Control and elimination of schistosomiasis is an arduous task, with current strategies proving inadequate to break transmission. Exploration of genetic approaches to interrupt Schistosoma mansoni transmission, the causative agent for human intestinal schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa and South America, has led to genomic research of the snail vector hosts of the genus Biomphalaria. Few complete genomic resources exist, with African Biomphalaria species being particularly underrepresented despite this being where the majority of S. mansoni infections occur. Here we generate and annotate the first genome assembly of Biomphalaria sudanica sensu lato, a species responsible for S. mansoni transmission in lake and marsh habitats of the African Rift Valley. Supported by whole-genome diversity data among five inbred lines, we describe orthologs of immune-relevant gene regions in the South American vector B. glabrata and present a bioinformatic pipeline to identify candidate novel pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs). RESULTS De novo genome and transcriptome assembly of inbred B. sudanica originating from the shoreline of Lake Victoria (Kisumu, Kenya) resulted in a haploid genome size of ~ 944.2 Mb (6,728 fragments, N50 = 1.067 Mb), comprising 23,598 genes (BUSCO = 93.6% complete). The B. sudanica genome contains orthologues to all described immune genes/regions tied to protection against S. mansoni in B. glabrata, including the polymorphic transmembrane clusters (PTC1 and PTC2), RADres, and other loci. The B. sudanica PTC2 candidate immune genomic region contained many PRR-like genes across a much wider genomic region than has been shown in B. glabrata, as well as a large inversion between species. High levels of intra-species nucleotide diversity were seen in PTC2, as well as in regions linked to PTC1 and RADres orthologues. Immune related and putative PRR gene families were significantly over-represented in the sub-set of B. sudanica genes determined as hyperdiverse, including high extracellular diversity in transmembrane genes, which could be under pathogen-mediated balancing selection. However, no overall expansion in immunity related genes was seen in African compared to South American lineages. CONCLUSIONS The B. sudanica genome and analyses presented here will facilitate future research in vector immune defense mechanisms against pathogens. This genomic/transcriptomic resource provides necessary data for the future development of molecular snail vector control/surveillance tools, facilitating schistosome transmission interruption mechanisms in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Pennance
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific - Northwest, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon, OR, USA.
| | - Javier Calvelo
- Laboratorio de Biología Computacional, Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Higiene, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, 11600, Uruguay
| | | | - Ryan Burd
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific - Northwest, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon, OR, USA
| | - Jared Cayton
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific - Northwest, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon, OR, USA
| | | | | | - Johannie M Spaan
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific - Northwest, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon, OR, USA
| | - Federico G Hoffmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - George Ogara
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P. O. Box 1578-40100, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Fredrick Rawago
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P. O. Box 1578-40100, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Kennedy Andiego
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P. O. Box 1578-40100, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Boaz Mulonga
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P. O. Box 1578-40100, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Meredith Odhiambo
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P. O. Box 1578-40100, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Eric S Loker
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Parasite Division Museum of Southwestern Biology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Martina R Laidemitt
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Parasite Division Museum of Southwestern Biology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Lijun Lu
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Parasite Division Museum of Southwestern Biology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Andrés Iriarte
- Laboratorio de Biología Computacional, Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Higiene, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, 11600, Uruguay
| | - Maurice R Odiere
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P. O. Box 1578-40100, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Michelle L Steinauer
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific - Northwest, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon, OR, USA.
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Goodheart JA, Rio RA, Taraporevala NF, Fiorenza RA, Barnes SR, Morrill K, Jacob MAC, Whitesel C, Masterson P, Batzel GO, Johnston HT, Ramirez MD, Katz PS, Lyons DC. A chromosome-level genome for the nudibranch gastropod Berghia stephanieae helps parse clade-specific gene expression in novel and conserved phenotypes. BMC Biol 2024; 22:9. [PMID: 38233809 PMCID: PMC10795318 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01814-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND How novel phenotypes originate from conserved genes, processes, and tissues remains a major question in biology. Research that sets out to answer this question often focuses on the conserved genes and processes involved, an approach that explicitly excludes the impact of genetic elements that may be classified as clade-specific, even though many of these genes are known to be important for many novel, or clade-restricted, phenotypes. This is especially true for understudied phyla such as mollusks, where limited genomic and functional biology resources for members of this phylum have long hindered assessments of genetic homology and function. To address this gap, we constructed a chromosome-level genome for the gastropod Berghia stephanieae (Valdés, 2005) to investigate the expression of clade-specific genes across both novel and conserved tissue types in this species. RESULTS The final assembled and filtered Berghia genome is comparable to other high-quality mollusk genomes in terms of size (1.05 Gb) and number of predicted genes (24,960 genes) and is highly contiguous. The proportion of upregulated, clade-specific genes varied across tissues, but with no clear trend between the proportion of clade-specific genes and the novelty of the tissue. However, more complex tissue like the brain had the highest total number of upregulated, clade-specific genes, though the ratio of upregulated clade-specific genes to the total number of upregulated genes was low. CONCLUSIONS Our results, when combined with previous research on the impact of novel genes on phenotypic evolution, highlight the fact that the complexity of the novel tissue or behavior, the type of novelty, and the developmental timing of evolutionary modifications will all influence how novel and conserved genes interact to generate diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Goodheart
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA.
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Robin A Rio
- Bioengineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Neville F Taraporevala
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Rose A Fiorenza
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Seth R Barnes
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Morrill
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark Allan C Jacob
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Carl Whitesel
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Park Masterson
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Grant O Batzel
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hereroa T Johnston
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - M Desmond Ramirez
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Paul S Katz
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Deirdre C Lyons
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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10
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Eastman KE, Pendleton AL, Shaikh MA, Suttiyut T, Ogas R, Tomko P, Gavelis G, Widhalm JR, Wisecaver JH. A reference genome for the long-term kleptoplast-retaining sea slug Elysia crispata morphotype clarki. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad234. [PMID: 37816307 PMCID: PMC10700116 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Several species of sacoglossan sea slugs possess the incredible ability to sequester chloroplasts from the algae they consume. These "photosynthetic animals" incorporate stolen chloroplasts, called kleptoplasts, into the epithelial cells of tubules that extend from their digestive tracts throughout their bodies. The mechanism by which these slugs maintain functioning kleptoplasts in the absence of an algal nuclear genome is unknown. Here, we report a draft genome of the sacoglossan slug Elysia crispata morphotype clarki, a morphotype native to the Florida Keys that can retain photosynthetically active kleptoplasts for several months without feeding. We used a combination of Oxford Nanopore Technologies long reads and Illumina short reads to produce a 786-Mb assembly (N50 = 0.459 Mb) containing 68,514 predicted protein-coding genes. A phylogenetic analysis found no evidence of horizontal acquisition of genes from algae. We performed gene family and gene expression analyses to identify E. crispata genes unique to kleptoplast-containing slugs that were more highly expressed in fed versus unfed developmental life stages. Consistent with analyses in other kleptoplastic slugs, our investigation suggests that genes encoding lectin carbohydrate-binding proteins and those involved in regulation of reactive oxygen species and immunity may play a role in kleptoplast retention. Lastly, we identified four polyketide synthase genes that could potentially encode proteins producing UV- and oxidation-blocking compounds in slug cell membranes. The genome of E. crispata is a quality resource that provides potential targets for functional analyses and enables further investigation into the evolution and mechanisms of kleptoplasty in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine E Eastman
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Amanda L Pendleton
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Mearaj A Shaikh
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Thiti Suttiyut
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Raeya Ogas
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Paxton Tomko
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Gregory Gavelis
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Joshua R Widhalm
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jennifer H Wisecaver
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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11
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Pennance T, Calvelo J, Tennessen JA, Burd R, Cayton J, Bollmann SR, Blouin MS, Spaan JM, Hoffmann FG, Ogara G, Rawago F, Andiego K, Mulonga B, Odhiambo M, Loker ES, Laidemitt MR, Lu L, Iriarte A, Odiere M, Steinauer ML. The genome and transcriptome of the snail Biomphalaria sudanica s.l.: Immune gene diversification and highly polymorphic genomic regions in an important African vector of Schistosoma mansoni. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.01.565203. [PMID: 37961413 PMCID: PMC10635097 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.01.565203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Background Control and elimination of schistosomiasis is an arduous task, with current strategies proving inadequate to break transmission. Exploration of genetic approaches to interrupt Schistosoma mansoni transmission, the causative agent for human intestinal schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa and South America, has led to genomic research of the snail vector hosts of the genus Biomphalaria. Few complete genomic resources exist, with African Biomphalaria species being particularly underrepresented despite this being where the majority of S. mansoni infections occur. Here we generate and annotate the first genome assembly of Biomphalaria sudanica sensu lato, a species responsible for S. mansoni transmission in lake and marsh habitats of the African Rift Valley. Supported by whole-genome diversity data among five inbred lines, we describe orthologs of immune-relevant gene regions in the South American vector B. glabrata and present a bioinformatic pipeline to identify candidate novel pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs). Results De novo genome and transcriptome assembly of inbred B. sudanica originating from the shoreline of Lake Victoria (Kisumu, Kenya) resulted in a haploid genome size of ~944.2 Mb (6732 fragments, N50=1.067 Mb), comprising 23,598 genes (BUSCO=93.6% complete). The B. sudanica genome contains orthologues to all described immune genes/regions tied to protection against S. mansoni in B. glabrata. The B. sudanica PTC2 candidate immune genomic region contained many PRR-like genes across a much wider genomic region than has been shown in B. glabrata, as well as a large inversion between species. High levels of intra-species nucleotide diversity were seen in PTC2, as well as in regions linked to PTC1 and RADres orthologues. Immune related and putative PRR gene families were significantly over-represented in the sub-set of B. sudanica genes determined as hyperdiverse, including high extracellular diversity in transmembrane genes, which could be under pathogen-mediated balancing selection. However, no overall expansion in immunity related genes were seen in African compared to South American lineages. Conclusions The B. sudanica genome and analyses presented here will facilitate future research in vector immune defense mechanisms against pathogens. This genomic/transcriptomic resource provides necessary data for the future development of molecular snail vector control/surveillance tools, facilitating schistosome transmission interruption mechanisms in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Pennance
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific – Northwest, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon OR, USA
| | - Javier Calvelo
- Laboratorio Biología Computacional, Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | | | - Ryan Burd
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific – Northwest, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon OR, USA
| | - Jared Cayton
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific – Northwest, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon OR, USA
| | | | | | - Johannie M. Spaan
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific – Northwest, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon OR, USA
| | - Federico G Hoffmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS USA
| | - George Ogara
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P. O. Box 1578-40100, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Fredrick Rawago
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P. O. Box 1578-40100, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Kennedy Andiego
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P. O. Box 1578-40100, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Boaz Mulonga
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P. O. Box 1578-40100, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Meredith Odhiambo
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P. O. Box 1578-40100, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Eric S. Loker
- Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Parasite Division Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, U.S.A
| | - Martina R. Laidemitt
- Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Parasite Division Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, U.S.A
| | - Lijun Lu
- Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Parasite Division Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, U.S.A
| | - Andrés Iriarte
- Laboratorio Biología Computacional, Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | - Maurice Odiere
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS USA
| | - Michelle L. Steinauer
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific – Northwest, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon OR, USA
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12
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Zhao H, Zhang R, Wu J, Meng L, Okazaki Y, Hikida H, Ogata H. A 1.5-Mb continuous endogenous viral region in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. Virus Evol 2023; 9:vead064. [PMID: 37953976 PMCID: PMC10640383 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vead064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Most fungal viruses are RNA viruses, and no double-stranded DNA virus that infects fungi is known to date. A recent study detected DNA polymerase genes that originated from large dsDNA viruses in the genomes of basal fungi, suggestive of the existence of dsDNA viruses capable of infecting fungi. In this study, we searched for viral infection signatures in chromosome-level genome assemblies of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. We identified a continuous 1.5-Mb putative viral region on a chromosome in R. irregularis strain 4401. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the viral region is related to viruses in the family Asfarviridae of the phylum Nucleocytoviricota. This viral region was absent in the genomes of four other R. irregularis strains and had fewer signals of fungal transposable elements than the other genomic regions, suggesting a recent and single insertion of a large dsDNA viral genome in the genome of this fungal strain. We also incidentally identified viral-like sequences in the genome assembly of the sea slug Elysia marginata that are evolutionally close to the 1.5-Mb putative viral region. In conclusion, our findings provide strong evidence of the recent infection of the fungus by a dsDNA virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongda Zhao
- Chemical Life Science, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Ruixuan Zhang
- Chemical Life Science, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Junyi Wu
- Chemical Life Science, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Lingjie Meng
- Chemical Life Science, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yusuke Okazaki
- Chemical Life Science, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hikida
- Chemical Life Science, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ogata
- Chemical Life Science, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
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13
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Farhat S, Modica MV, Puillandre N. Whole Genome Duplication and Gene Evolution in the Hyperdiverse Venomous Gastropods. Mol Biol Evol 2023; 40:msad171. [PMID: 37494290 PMCID: PMC10401626 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msad171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The diversity of venomous organisms and the toxins they produce have been increasingly investigated, but taxonomic bias remains important. Neogastropods, a group of marine predators representing almost 22% of the known gastropod diversity, evolved a wide range of feeding strategies, including the production of toxins to subdue their preys. However, whether the diversity of these compounds is at the origin of the hyperdiversification of the group and how genome evolution may correlate with both the compounds and species diversities remain understudied. Among the available gastropods genomes, only eight, with uneven quality assemblies, belong to neogastropods. Here, we generated chromosome-level assemblies of two species belonging to the Tonnoidea and Muricoidea superfamilies (Monoplex corrugatus and Stramonita haemastoma). The two obtained high-quality genomes had 3 and 2.2 Gb, respectively, and 92-89% of the total assembly conformed 35 pseudochromosomes in each species. Through the analysis of syntenic blocks, Hox gene cluster duplication, and synonymous substitutions distribution pattern, we inferred the occurrence of a whole genome duplication event in both genomes. As these species are known to release venom, toxins were annotated in both genomes, but few of them were found in homologous chromosomes. A comparison of the expression of ohnolog genes (using transcriptomes from osphradium and salivary glands in S. haemastoma), where both copies were differentially expressed, showed that most of them had similar expression profiles. The high quality of these genomes makes them valuable reference in their respective taxa, facilitating the identification of genome-level processes at the origin of their evolutionary success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Farhat
- Institut Systématique Evolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Maria Vittoria Modica
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms (BEOM), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Roma, Italy
| | - Nicolas Puillandre
- Institut Systématique Evolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
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14
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Patra AK, Ho PT, Jun S, Lee SJ, Kim Y, Won YJ. Genome assembly of the Korean intertidal mud-creeper Batillaria attramentaria. Sci Data 2023; 10:498. [PMID: 37507420 PMCID: PMC10382545 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02403-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Batillaridae is a common gastropod family that occurs abundantly in the shallow coastal zone of the intertidal mudflats of the northwest Pacific Ocean, Australasia, and North America. In this family, Batillaria attramentaria is known for its biological invasion and colonization in estuarine and intertidal zones. It can endure and adapt the harsh intertidal conditions such as frequent temperature alteration, salinity, and air exposure. Therefore, we sequenced and assembled this Korean batillariid genome to get insight into its intertidal adaptive features. Approximately 53 Gb of DNA sequences were generated, and 863 scaffolds were assembled into a draft genome of 0.715 Gb with 97.1% BUSCO completeness value. A total of 40,596 genes were predicted. We estimated that B. attramentaria and Conus consors diverged about 230 million years ago (MYA) based on the phylogenetic analysis of closely related gastropod species. This genome study sets the footstep for genomics studies among native and introduced Batillaria populations and the Batillaridae family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Kumar Patra
- Department of Life Science, Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Phuong-Thao Ho
- Department of Life Science, Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
- Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Management, Science and Technology Advanced Institute, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Department of International Program, US Vietnam Talent International School, Ho Chi Minh city, Viet Nam
| | - Siyeong Jun
- Department of Life Science, Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Yuseob Kim
- Department of Life Science, Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Yong-Jin Won
- Department of Life Science, Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea.
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15
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Fu P, Mei YS, Liu WJ, Chen P, Jin QC, Guo SQ, Wang HY, Xu JP, Zhang YCF, Ding XY, Liu CP, Liu CY, Mao RT, Zhang G, Jing J. Identification of three elevenin receptors and roles of elevenin disulfide bond and residues in receptor activation in Aplysia californica. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7662. [PMID: 37169790 PMCID: PMC10175484 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34596-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides are ubiquitous intercellular signaling molecules in the CNS and play diverse roles in modulating physiological functions by acting on specific G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Among them, the elevenin signaling system is now believed to be present primarily in protostomes. Although elevenin was first identified from the L11 neuron of the abdominal ganglion in mollusc Aplysia californica, no receptors have been described in Aplysia, nor in any other molluscs. Here, using two elevenin receptors in annelid Platynereis dumerilii, we found three putative elevenin GPCRs in Aplysia. We cloned the three receptors and tentatively named them apElevR1, apElevR2, and apElevR3. Using an inositol monophosphate (IP1) accumulation assay, we demonstrated that Aplysia elevenin with the disulfide bond activated the three putative receptors with low EC50 values (ranging from 1.2 to 25 nM), supporting that they are true receptors for elevenin. In contrast, elevenin without the disulfide bond could not activate the receptors, indicating that the disulfide bond is required for receptor activity. Using alanine substitution of individual conserved residues other than the two cysteines, we showed that these residues appear to be critical to receptor activity, and the three different receptors had different sensitivities to the single residue substitution. Finally, we examined the roles of those residues outside the disulfide bond ring by removing these residues and found that they also appeared to be important to receptor activity. Thus, our study provides an important basis for further study of the functions of elevenin and its receptors in Aplysia and other molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medical Psychology and Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Institute for Brain Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Extracellular RNA, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu-Shuo Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medical Psychology and Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Institute for Brain Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Extracellular RNA, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei-Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medical Psychology and Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Institute for Brain Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Extracellular RNA, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medical Psychology and Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Institute for Brain Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Extracellular RNA, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing-Chun Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medical Psychology and Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Institute for Brain Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Extracellular RNA, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shi-Qi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medical Psychology and Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Institute for Brain Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Extracellular RNA, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui-Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medical Psychology and Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Institute for Brain Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Extracellular RNA, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ju-Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medical Psychology and Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Institute for Brain Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Extracellular RNA, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan-Chu-Fei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medical Psychology and Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Institute for Brain Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Extracellular RNA, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xue-Ying Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medical Psychology and Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Institute for Brain Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Extracellular RNA, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cui-Ping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medical Psychology and Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Institute for Brain Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Extracellular RNA, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng-Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medical Psychology and Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Institute for Brain Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Extracellular RNA, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui-Ting Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medical Psychology and Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Institute for Brain Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Extracellular RNA, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medical Psychology and Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Institute for Brain Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Extracellular RNA, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jian Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medical Psychology and Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Institute for Brain Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Extracellular RNA, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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16
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Li M, Tang J, Yuan M, Huang B, Liu Y, Wei L, Han Y, Zhang X, Wang X, Yu G, Sang X, Fan N, Cai S, Zheng Y, Zhang M, Wang X. Outer fold is sole effective tissue among three mantle folds with regard to oyster shell colour. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 241:124655. [PMID: 37121412 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Molluscs constitute the second largest phylum of animals in the world, and shell colour is one of their most important phenotypic characteristics. In this study, we found among three folds on the mantle edge of oyster, only the outer fold had the same colour as the shell. Transcriptome and mantle cutting experiment indicated that the outer fold may be mainly reflected in chitin framework formation and biomineralisation. There were obvious differences in SEM structure and protein composition between the black and white shell periostraca. The black shell periostraca had more proteins related to melanin biosynthesis and chitin binding. Additionally, we identified an uncharacterized protein gene (named as CgCBP) ultra-highly expressed only in the black outer fold and confirmed its function of chitin-binding and CaCO3 precipitation promoting. RNAi also indicated that CgCBP knockdown could change the structure of shell periostracum and reduce shell pigmentation. All these results suggest that the mantle outer fold plays multiple key roles in shell periostraca bioprocessing, and shell periostracum structure affected by chitin-binding protein is functionally correlated with shell pigmentation. The investigation of oyster shell periostracum structure and shell colour will provide a better understanding in pigmentation during biological mineralisation in molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Li
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Juyan Tang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | | | - Baoyu Huang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Yaqiong Liu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Lei Wei
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Yijing Han
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Xuekai Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiaona Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Guoxu Yu
- Changdao National Marine Park Management Center, Yantai, China
| | - Xiuxiu Sang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Nini Fan
- Changdao Enhancement and Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Shuai Cai
- Changdao Enhancement and Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Yanxin Zheng
- Changdao Enhancement and Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Meiwei Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China.
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China.
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17
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Hannat S, La Scola B, Andreani J, Aherfi S. Asfarviruses and Closely Related Giant Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:v15041015. [PMID: 37112995 PMCID: PMC10146109 DOI: 10.3390/v15041015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus, so called because of its "mimicking microbe", was discovered in 2003 and was the founding member of the first family of giant viruses isolated from amoeba. These giant viruses, present in various environments, have opened up a previously unexplored field of virology. Since 2003, many other giant viruses have been isolated, founding new families and taxonomical groups. These include a new giant virus which was isolated in 2015, the result of the first co-culture on Vermamoeba vermiformis. This new giant virus was named "Faustovirus". Its closest known relative at that time was African Swine Fever Virus. Pacmanvirus and Kaumoebavirus were subsequently discovered, exhibiting phylogenetic clustering with the two previous viruses and forming a new group with a putative common ancestor. In this study, we aimed to summarise the main features of the members of this group of giant viruses, including Abalone Asfarvirus, African Swine Fever Virus, Faustovirus, Pacmanvirus, and Kaumoebavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihem Hannat
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- MEPHI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Aix-Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Bernard La Scola
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- MEPHI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Aix-Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Julien Andreani
- CHU Grenoble Alpes, 27 Boulevard de la Chantourne, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Sarah Aherfi
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- MEPHI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Aix-Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), 13005 Marseille, France
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18
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A methodological note on using next generation sequencing technology to identify the algal sources of stolen chloroplasts in a single sea slug specimen (Elysia crispata) to provide a comprehensive view of the animal’s kleptoplast population. Symbiosis 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-023-00895-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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19
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Fei F, Zhang P, Li X, Wang S, Feng E, Wan Y, Xie C. Effect of static magnetic field on marine mollusc Elysia leucolegnote. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 9:1103648. [PMID: 36703918 PMCID: PMC9871387 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1103648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial magnetic fields are unavoidable environment for offshore marine organisms. With the substantially increasing submarine cables, the impact of magnetic field generated by cables on marine organisms has gradually attracted people's attention. However, there are few studies on the effect of magnetic field on molluscs. To explore whether magnetic fields could interfere with the physiological functions of offshore molluscs, here we systematically analyzed the change of metabolism and transcriptome of Elysia leucolegnote exposed to either geomagnetic field or 1.1 T static magnetic field. The blood glucose and lipid levels, as well as the activities of antioxidant enzymes in E. leucolegnote were significantly increased upon the exposure to high static magnetic field for 10 days. Meanwhile, the activities of enzymes related to digestive performance and liver functions were decreased. Possible mechanisms were further revealed through comparative transcriptome analysis. A total of 836 differentially expressed genes were identified, 352 of which were up-regulated and 484 of which were down-regulated after exposure to the high static magnetic field. The up-regulated differential genes were mainly concentrated in lysosomal and apoptotic pathways, and down-regulated differential genes were mainly involved in digestive and immune systems including phagocytosis. This pattern was further confirmed by RT-qPCR analysis. In conclusion, prolonged exposure to a 1.1 T static magnetic field increased oxidative stress and blood glucose and lipid levels, and decreased immunity and physiological conditions in E. leucolegnote. The data we presented here provides a comprehensive view of metabolism change and gene expression pattern of E. leucolegnote exposed to static magnetic field. It may expand our knowledge on the magnetic field effects on offshore mollusc at molecular level, and contribute to clarification of the interaction between marine animals and artificial magnetic fields, which is certainly ecologically important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Fei
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Shun Wang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China,Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Erhui Feng
- Hainan Dong Zhai Gang National Nature Reserve Authority, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yinglang Wan
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Can Xie
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China,International Magnetobiology Frontier Research Center, Science Island, Hefei, China,*Correspondence: Can Xie,
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20
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Abstract
Kleptoplasty, the process by which a host organism sequesters and retains algal chloroplasts, is relatively common in protists. The origin of the plastid varies, as do the length of time it is retained in the host and the functionality of the association. In metazoa, the capacity for long-term (several weeks to months) maintenance of photosynthetically active chloroplasts is a unique characteristic of a handful of sacoglossan sea slugs. This capability has earned these slugs the epithets "crawling leaves" and "solar-powered sea slugs." This Unsolved Mystery explores the basis of chloroplast maintenance and function and attempts to clarify contradictory results in the published literature. We address some of the mysteries of this remarkable association. Why are functional chloroplasts retained? And how is the function of stolen chloroplasts maintained without the support of the algal nucleus?
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21
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Okabe Y, Matsunaga S. Natural and Artificial Photosymbiosis in Vertebrates. CYTOLOGIA 2022. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.87.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoji Okabe
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Sachihiro Matsunaga
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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22
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Chen Z, Schrödl M. How many single-copy orthologous genes from whole genomes reveal deep gastropod relationships? PeerJ 2022; 10:e13285. [PMID: 35497189 PMCID: PMC9048639 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Gastropoda contains 80% of existing mollusks and is the most diverse animal class second only to the Insecta. However, the deep phylogeny of gastropods has been controversial for a long time. Especially the position of Patellogastropoda is a major uncertainty. Morphology and some mitochondria studies concluded that Patellogastropoda is likely to be sister to all other gastropods (Orthogastropoda hypothesis), while transcriptomic and other mitogenomic studies indicated that Patellogastropoda and Vetigastropoda are sister taxa (Psilogastropoda). With the release of high-quality genomes, orthologous genes can be better identified and serve as powerful candidates for phylogenetic analysis. The question is, given the current limitations on the taxon sampling side, how many markers are needed to provide robust results. Here, we identified single-copy orthologous genes (SOGs) from 14 gastropods species with whole genomes available which cover five main gastropod subclasses. We generated different datasets from 395 to 1610 SOGs by allowing species missing in different levels. We constructed gene trees of each SOG, and inferred species trees from different collections of gene trees. We found as the number of SOGs increased, the inferred topology changed from Patellogastropoda being sister to all other gastropods to Patellogastropoda being sister to Vetigastropoda + Neomphalina (Psilogastropoda s.l.), with considerable support. Our study thus rejects the Orthogastropoda concept showing that the selection of the representative species and use of sufficient informative sites greatly influence the analysis of deep gastropod phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyuan Chen
- Mollusca, SNSB-Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Munich, Bavaria, Germany,Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Michael Schrödl
- Mollusca, SNSB-Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Munich, Bavaria, Germany,Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Bavaria, Germany,GeoBio-Center LMU, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
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23
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Kawanishi Y, Matsunaga S. Synthetic Carbon Fixation: Conversion of Heterotrophs into Autotrophs by Calvin-Benson-Bassham Cycle Induction. CYTOLOGIA 2021. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.86.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kawanishi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Sachihiro Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Integrated Biology, Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences
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24
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Acquisition of bioluminescent trait by non-luminous organisms from luminous organisms through various origins. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:1547-1562. [PMID: 34714534 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00124-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bioluminescence is a natural light emitting phenomenon that occurs due to a chemical reaction between luciferin and luciferase. It is primarily an innate and inherited trait in most terrestrial luminous organisms. However, most luminous organisms produce light in the ocean by acquiring luminous symbionts, luciferin (substrate), and/or luciferase (enzyme) through various transmission pathways. For instance, coelenterazine, a well-known luciferin, is obtained by cnidarians, crustaceans, and deep-sea fish through multi-level dietary linkages from coelenterazine producers such as ctenophores, decapods, and copepods. In contrast, some non-luminous Vibrio bacteria became bioluminescent by obtaining lux genes from luminous Vibrio species by horizontal gene transfer. Various examples detailed in this review show how non-luminescent organisms became luminescent by acquiring symbionts, dietary luciferins and luciferases, and genes. This review highlights three modes (symbiosis, ingestion, and horizontal gene transfer) that allow organisms lacking genes for autonomous bioluminescent systems to obtain the ability to produce light. In addition to bioluminescence, this manuscript discusses the acquisition of other traits such as pigments, fluorescence, toxins, and others, to infer the potential processes of acquisition.
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25
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Cartaxana P, Rey F, LeKieffre C, Lopes D, Hubas C, Spangenberg JE, Escrig S, Jesus B, Calado G, Domingues R, Kühl M, Calado R, Meibom A, Cruz S. Photosynthesis from stolen chloroplasts can support sea slug reproductive fitness. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211779. [PMID: 34583582 PMCID: PMC8479339 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Some sea slugs are able to steal functional chloroplasts (kleptoplasts) from their algal food sources, but the role and relevance of photosynthesis to the animal host remain controversial. While some researchers claim that kleptoplasts are slowly digestible 'snacks', others advocate that they enhance the overall fitness of sea slugs much more profoundly. Our analysis shows light-dependent incorporation of 13C and 15N in the albumen gland and gonadal follicles of the sea slug Elysia timida, representing translocation of photosynthates to kleptoplast-free reproductive organs. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids with reported roles in reproduction were produced in the sea slug cells using labelled precursors translocated from the kleptoplasts. Finally, we report reduced fecundity of E. timida by limiting kleptoplast photosynthesis. The present study indicates that photosynthesis enhances the reproductive fitness of kleptoplast-bearing sea slugs, confirming the biological relevance of this remarkable association between a metazoan and an algal-derived organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Cartaxana
- CESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Felisa Rey
- CESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Charlotte LeKieffre
- Cell and Plant Physiology Laboratory, University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Diana Lopes
- CESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Cédric Hubas
- Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques (UMR BOREA 8067), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Université de Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, CNRS, IRD, Station Marine de Concarneau, Place de la croix, Concarneau 29900, France
| | - Jorge E. Spangenberg
- Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics (IDYST), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Escrig
- Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Jesus
- Laboratoire Mer Molécules Santé, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes, Nantes 44322, France
| | - Gonçalo Calado
- Department of Life Sciences, Lusófona University, Campo Grande 376, Lisbon 1749-024, Portugal
- NOVA School of Science and Technology, MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Campus de Caparica, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Rosário Domingues
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Michael Kühl
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, Helsingør 3000, Denmark
| | - Ricardo Calado
- CESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Anders Meibom
- Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
- Center for Advanced Surface Analysis, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Sónia Cruz
- CESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
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