1
|
Chan KR, Ismail AA, Thergarajan G, Raju CS, Yam HC, Rishya M, Sekaran SD. Serological cross-reactivity among common flaviviruses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:975398. [PMID: 36189346 PMCID: PMC9519894 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.975398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Flavivirus genus is made up of viruses that are either mosquito-borne or tick-borne and other viruses transmitted by unknown vectors. Flaviviruses present a significant threat to global health and infect up to 400 million of people annually. As the climate continues to change throughout the world, these viruses have become prominent infections, with increasing number of infections being detected beyond tropical borders. These include dengue virus (DENV), West Nile virus (WNV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and Zika virus (ZIKV). Several highly conserved epitopes of flaviviruses had been identified and reported to interact with antibodies, which lead to cross-reactivity results. The major interest of this review paper is mainly focused on the serological cross-reactivity between DENV serotypes, ZIKV, WNV, and JEV. Direct and molecular techniques are required in the diagnosis of Flavivirus-associated human disease. In this review, the serological assays such as neutralization tests, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, hemagglutination-inhibition test, Western blot test, and immunofluorescence test will be discussed. Serological assays that have been developed are able to detect different immunoglobulin isotypes (IgM, IgG, and IgA); however, it is challenging when interpreting the serological results due to the broad antigenic cross-reactivity of antibodies to these viruses. However, the neutralization tests are still considered as the gold standard to differentiate these flaviviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Rol Chan
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Amni Adilah Ismail
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Gaythri Thergarajan
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chandramathi Samudi Raju
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Shamala Devi Sekaran, ; Chandramathi Samudi Raju,
| | - Hock Chai Yam
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Manikam Rishya
- Department of Trauma and Emergency Medicine, University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shamala Devi Sekaran
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Shamala Devi Sekaran, ; Chandramathi Samudi Raju,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Serological Diagnosis of Flavivirus-Associated Human Infections. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10050302. [PMID: 32423058 PMCID: PMC7277941 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10050302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) belonging to the Flavivirus genus of the Flaviviridae family, are a major public health threat in tropical and subtropical regions, and have recently become a medical concern in temperate zones. Most flaviviruses are classified as zoonotic viruses. Human flavivirus infections can be asymptomatic, responsible for unspecific symptoms in the first few days following infection, or responsible for severe complications potentially resulting in death. During the first days following symptom onset, laboratory diagnosis of acute human flavivirus infection is mainly based on molecular detection of the viral genome by RT-PCR methods, followed by the capture of specific antibodies using serological tests after the first week of infection. The detection of antibodies that have virus neutralizing activity can be used to confirm flavivirus infection. However, human flavivirus infections induce the production of cross-reactive antibodies, often making serology inconclusive. Indeed, serological diagnosis of flavivirus infection can be hampered by a patient’s history of flavivirus exposure, particularly in regions where multiple antigenically related flaviviruses co-circulate. We focus our mini review on conventional immunoassays that allow the diagnosis of major flavivirus-associated human infections in basic, routine and high-profile central health centers; and the interpretation of diagnostic serology tests for patients living within different epidemiological situations.
Collapse
|
3
|
Basile AJ, Goodman C, Horiuchi K, Sloan A, Johnson BW, Kosoy O, Laven J, Panella AJ, Sheets I, Medina F, Mendoza EJ, Epperson M, Maniatis P, Semenova V, Steward-Clark E, Wong E, Biggerstaff BJ, Lanciotti R, Drebot M, Safronetz D, Schiffer J. Multi-laboratory comparison of three commercially available Zika IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. J Virol Methods 2018; 260:26-33. [PMID: 29964076 PMCID: PMC7176053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alison Jane Basile
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, United States.
| | - Christin Goodman
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Kalanthe Horiuchi
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Angela Sloan
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Barbara W Johnson
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Olga Kosoy
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Janeen Laven
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Amanda J Panella
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Isabel Sheets
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Freddy Medina
- Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States
| | - Emelissa J Mendoza
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Monica Epperson
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immune Response Laboratory, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Panagiotis Maniatis
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immune Response Laboratory, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Vera Semenova
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immune Response Laboratory, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Evelene Steward-Clark
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immune Response Laboratory, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Emily Wong
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immune Response Laboratory, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Brad J Biggerstaff
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Robert Lanciotti
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Michael Drebot
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - David Safronetz
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jarad Schiffer
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immune Response Laboratory, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Asad H, Carpenter DO. Effects of climate change on the spread of zika virus: a public health threat. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2018; 33:31-42. [PMID: 29500926 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2017-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Zika is a vector-borne viral disease transmitted to humans primarily by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The increased climate instability has contributed to the emergence of infections carried by mosquitoes like dengue, chikungunya and zika. While infection with the zika virus is not new, the recent epidemic of microcephaly in Brazil and other countries in South America resulting from the infection of pregnant women with the zika virus raise a number of serious public health concerns. These include the question of how climate change affects the range of zika vectors, what can we do to shorten the length of mosquito season, how and why the symptoms of zika infection have changed and what can be done to reduce the burden of human disease from this infection? Another important question that needs to be answered is what are the factors that caused the zika virus to leave the non-human primates and/or other mammals and invade the human population?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hina Asad
- Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - David O Carpenter
- Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|