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Salman LA, Ahmed G, Dakin SG, Kendrick B, Price A. Osteoarthritis: a narrative review of molecular approaches to disease management. Arthritis Res Ther 2023; 25:27. [PMID: 36800974 PMCID: PMC9938549 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-023-03006-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic, progressive degenerative whole joint disease that affects the articular cartilage, subchondral bone, ligaments, capsule, and synovium. While it is still believed to be a mechanically driven disease, the role of underlying co-existing inflammatory processes and mediators in the onset of OA and its progression is now more appreciated. Post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) is a subtype of OA that occurs secondary to traumatic joint insults and is widely used in pre-clinical models to help understand OA in general. There is an urgent need to develop new treatments as the global burden is considerable and expanding. In this review, we focus on the recent pharmacological advances in the treatment of OA and summarize the most significant promising agents based on their molecular effects. Those are classified here into broad categories: anti-inflammatory, modulation of the activity of matrix metalloproteases, anabolic, and unconventional pleiotropic agents. We provide a comprehensive analysis of the pharmacological advances in each of these areas and highlight future insights and directions in the OA field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loay A Salman
- Present Address: Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Windmill Road, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK. .,Orthopedics Department, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Ghalib Ahmed
- Orthopedics Department, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | - Stephanie G Dakin
- Present Address: Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Windmill Road, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Benjamin Kendrick
- Present Address: Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Windmill Road, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Andrew Price
- Present Address: Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Windmill Road, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
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Thampi P, Samulski RJ, Grieger JC, Phillips JN, McIlwraith CW, Goodrich LR. Gene therapy approaches for equine osteoarthritis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:962898. [PMID: 36246316 PMCID: PMC9558289 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.962898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
With an intrinsically low ability for self-repair, articular cartilage injuries often progress to cartilage loss and joint degeneration resulting in osteoarthritis (OA). Osteoarthritis and the associated articular cartilage changes can be debilitating, resulting in lameness and functional disability both in human and equine patients. While articular cartilage damage plays a central role in the pathogenesis of OA, the contribution of other joint tissues to the pathogenesis of OA has increasingly been recognized thus prompting a whole organ approach for therapeutic strategies. Gene therapy methods have generated significant interest in OA therapy in recent years. These utilize viral or non-viral vectors to deliver therapeutic molecules directly into the joint space with the goal of reprogramming the cells' machinery to secrete high levels of the target protein at the site of injection. Several viral vector-based approaches have demonstrated successful gene transfer with persistent therapeutic levels of transgene expression in the equine joint. As an experimental model, horses represent the pathology of human OA more accurately compared to other animal models. The anatomical and biomechanical similarities between equine and human joints also allow for the use of similar imaging and diagnostic methods as used in humans. In addition, horses experience naturally occurring OA and undergo similar therapies as human patients and, therefore, are a clinically relevant patient population. Thus, further studies utilizing this equine model would not only help advance the field of human OA therapy but also benefit the clinical equine patients with naturally occurring joint disease. In this review, we discuss the advancements in gene therapeutic approaches for the treatment of OA with the horse as a relevant patient population as well as an effective and commonly utilized species as a translational model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvathy Thampi
- Orthopaedic Research Center, C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - R. Jude Samulski
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Joshua C. Grieger
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jennifer N. Phillips
- Orthopaedic Research Center, C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - C. Wayne McIlwraith
- Orthopaedic Research Center, C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Laurie R. Goodrich
- Orthopaedic Research Center, C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States,*Correspondence: Laurie R. Goodrich
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Whitty C, Pernstich C, Marris C, McCaskie A, Jones M, Henson F. Sustained delivery of the bone morphogenetic proteins BMP-2 and BMP-7 for cartilage repair and regeneration in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Open 2022; 4:100240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ocarto.2022.100240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Ruediger T, Horbert V, Reuther A, Kumar Kalla P, Burgkart RH, Walther M, Kinne RW, Mika J. Thickness of the Stifle Joint Articular Cartilage in Different Large Animal Models of Cartilage Repair and Regeneration. Cartilage 2021; 13:438S-452S. [PMID: 33269611 PMCID: PMC8721693 DOI: 10.1177/1947603520976763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Regulatory guidelines for preclinical cartilage repair studies suggest large animal models (e.g., sheep, goat, [mini]-pig, or horse) to obtain results representative for humans. However, information about the 3-dimensional thickness of articular cartilage at different implantation sites in these models is limited. DESIGN To identify the most suitable site for experimental surgery, cartilage thickness at the medial femoral condyle (MFC), lateral femoral condyle (LFC), and trochlea in ovine, caprine, and porcine cadaver stifle joints was systematically measured using hematoxylin-eosin staining of 6 µm paraffin sections and software-based image analysis. RESULTS Regarding all ventral-dorsal regions of the MFC, goat showed the thickest articular cartilage (maximal mean thickness: 1299 µm), followed by sheep (1096 µm) and mini-pig (604 µm), with the highest values in the most ventral and dorsal regions. Also for the LFC, the most ventral regions showed the thickest cartilage in goat (maximal mean thickness: 1118 µm), followed by sheep (678 µm) and mini-pig (607 µm). Except for the mini-pig, however, the cartilage thickness on the LFC was consistently lower than that on the MFC. The 3 species also differed along the transversal measuring points on the MFC and LFC. In contrast, there were no consistent differences for the regional cartilage thickness of the trochlea among goat and sheep (≥780 µm) and mini-pig (≤500 µm). CONCLUSIONS Based on their cartilage thickness, experimental defects on goat and sheep MFC may be viable options for preclinical cartilage repair studies, in addition to well-established horse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Ruediger
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit,
Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkliniken Eisenberg GmbH,
Eisenberg, Germany
| | - Victoria Horbert
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit,
Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkliniken Eisenberg GmbH,
Eisenberg, Germany
| | - Anne Reuther
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit,
Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkliniken Eisenberg GmbH,
Eisenberg, Germany
| | - Pavan Kumar Kalla
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit,
Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkliniken Eisenberg GmbH,
Eisenberg, Germany
| | - Rainer H. Burgkart
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Chair of
Orthopedics and Sport Orthopedics, Technische Universität München, Munich,
Germany
| | - Mario Walther
- Department of Medical Statistics,
Computer Sciences and Documentation, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany,Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena, University
of Applied Sciences, Jena, Germany
| | - Raimund W. Kinne
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit,
Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkliniken Eisenberg GmbH,
Eisenberg, Germany,Raimund W. Kinne, Experimental Rheumatology
Unit, Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkliniken
Eisenberg GmbH, Klosterlausnitzer Straße 81, Eisenberg, 07607, Germany.
| | - Joerg Mika
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit,
Department of Orthopedics, Jena University Hospital, Waldkliniken Eisenberg GmbH,
Eisenberg, Germany
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Abstract
Namely, in the last two decades, large animal models - small ruminants (sheep and goats), pigs, dogs and horses - have been used to study the physiopathology and to develop new therapeutic procedures to treat human clinical osteoarthritis. For that purpose, cartilage and/or osteochondral defects are generally performed in the stifle joint of selected large animal models at the condylar and trochlear femoral areas where spontaneous regeneration should be excluded. Experimental animal care and protection legislation and guideline documents of the US Food and Drug Administration, the American Society for Testing and Materials and the International Cartilage Repair Society should be followed, and also the specificities of the animal species used for these studies must be taken into account, such as the cartilage thickness of the selected defect localization, the defined cartilage critical size defect and the joint anatomy in view of the post-operative techniques to be performed to evaluate the chondral/osteochondral repair. In particular, in the articular cartilage regeneration and repair studies with animal models, the subchondral bone plate should always be taken into consideration. Pilot studies for chondral and osteochondral bone tissue engineering could apply short observational periods for evaluation of the cartilage regeneration up to 12 weeks post-operatively, but generally a 6- to 12-month follow-up period is used for these types of studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel R Dias
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences School, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal. .,3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark - Parque da Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco - Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal. .,Department of Veterinary Medicine, ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Carlos A Viegas
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences School, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.,3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark - Parque da Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco - Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Pedro P Carvalho
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University School Vasco da Gama, Av. José R. Sousa Fernandes 197, Lordemão, Coimbra, 3020-210, Portugal.,CIVG - Vasco da Gama Research Center, University School Vasco da Gama, Coimbra, Portugal
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Abstract
Objectives The major problem with repair of an articular cartilage injury
is the extensive difference in the structure and function of regenerated,
compared with normal cartilage. Our work investigates the feasibility
of repairing articular osteochondral defects in the canine knee
joint using a composite lamellar scaffold of nano-ß-tricalcium phosphate
(ß-TCP)/collagen (col) I and II with bone marrow stromal stem cells
(BMSCs) and assesses its biological compatibility. Methods The bone–cartilage scaffold was prepared as a laminated composite,
using hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nano-HAP)/collagen I/copolymer
of polylactic acid–hydroxyacetic acid as the bony scaffold, and
sodium hyaluronate/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) as the cartilaginous
scaffold. Ten-to 12-month-old hybrid canines were randomly divided
into an experimental group and a control group. BMSCs were obtained
from the iliac crest of each animal, and only those of the third
generation were used in experiments. An articular osteochondral
defect was created in the right knee of dogs in both groups. Those
in the experimental group were treated by implanting the composites
consisting of the lamellar scaffold of ß-TCP/col I/col II/BMSCs.
Those in the control group were left untreated. Results After 12 weeks of implantation, defects in the experimental group
were filled with white semi-translucent tissue, protruding slightly
over the peripheral cartilage surface. After 24 weeks, the defect
space in the experimental group was filled with new cartilage tissues, finely
integrated into surrounding normal cartilage. The lamellar scaffold
of ß-TCP/col I/col II was gradually degraded and absorbed, while
new cartilage tissue formed. In the control group, the defects were
not repaired. Conclusion This method can be used as a suitable scaffold material for the
tissue-engineered repair of articular cartilage defects. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2015;4:56–64
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Lv
- The Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Q S Yu
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
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Mori Y, Saito T, Chang SH, Kobayashi H, Ladel CH, Guehring H, Chung UI, Kawaguchi H. Identification of fibroblast growth factor-18 as a molecule to protect adult articular cartilage by gene expression profiling. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:10192-200. [PMID: 24577103 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.524090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify genes that maintain the homeostasis of adult articular cartilage and regenerate its lesions, we initially compared four types of chondrocytes: articular (AA) versus growth plate (AG) cartilage chondrocytes in adult rats, and superficial layer (IS) versus deep layer (ID) chondrocytes of epiphyseal cartilage in infant rats. Microarray analyses revealed that 40 and 186 genes had ≥10-fold higher expression ratios of AA/AG and IS/ID, respectively, and 16 genes showed ≥10-fold of both AA/AG and IS/ID ratios. The results were validated by real-time RT-PCR analysis. Among them, Hoxd1, Fgf18, and Esm1 were expressed more strongly in AA than in IS. Fgf18 was the extracellular and secreted factor that decreased glycosaminoglycan release and depletion from the cartilage, and enhanced proliferation of articular chondrocytes. Fgf18 was strongly expressed in the articular cartilage chondrocytes of adult rats. In a surgical rat osteoarthritis model, a once-weekly injection of recombinant human FGF18 (rhFGF18) given 3 weeks after surgery prevented cartilage degeneration in a dose-dependent manner at 6 and 9 weeks after surgery, with significant effect at 10 μg/week of rhFGF18. As the underlying mechanism, rhFGF18 strongly up-regulated Timp1 expression in the cell and organ cultures, and inhibition of aggrecan release by rhFGF18 was restored by addition of an antibody to Timp1. In conclusion, we have identified Fgf18 as a molecule that protects articular cartilage by gene expression profiling, and the anticatabolic effects may at least partially be mediated by the Timp1 expression.
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Patil S, Steklov N, Song L, Bae WC, D'Lima DD. Comparative biomechanical analysis of human and caprine knee articular cartilage. Knee 2014; 21:119-25. [PMID: 23583005 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goat is one of the most commonly used preclinical models for focal defect repair and regeneration. While the biomechanics of the human knee has been studied extensively, less is known about the biomechanics of the caprine knee. Differences between human and caprine knees have not been quantified and their significance is largely unknown. METHODS We conducted a biomechanical analysis of the differences in goat and human knees to assess the validity of these preclinical in vivo models. RESULTS CT and MRI scans revealed several differences in articular geometry: the caprine tibial plateaux were more convex and the menisci were significantly thicker and covered a larger proportion of the tibial articular surface. Caprine cartilage thickness was consistently thinner, while elastic modulus on indentation testing was consistently stiffer than human cartilage measured at eight different articular locations. Contact area and pressure were measured with electronic pressure sensors under loads normalized by multiples of body weight and at knee flexion angles reported for walking. The highest peaks in contact pressure were measured in the patellofemoral joint in goat and human knees. Peak contact pressure measured at 2 times body weight at the goat tibiofemoral joint at 70° flexion was significantly higher than for any other condition at the human tibiofemoral joint. CONCLUSION These differences in contact conditions might explain the lower quality of local repair reported for caprine femoral condylar defects relative to trochlear defects. Further comparative analysis, including biologic response, is necessary to determine the extent to which the goat knee reproduces clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Patil
- Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Nikolai Steklov
- Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Lin Song
- Stryker Orthopaedics, Mahwah, NJ, United States
| | - Won C Bae
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Darryl D D'Lima
- Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA, United States.
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Abstract
Joint injuries are common, especially among young adults aged 18 to 44 years. They are accompanied by a cascade of events that increase the risk of posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). Therefore, understanding of biological responses that predispose to PTOA should help in determining treatment modalities to delay and/or prevent the onset and progression of the disease. The vast majority of the literature pointed to chondrocyte death and apoptosis, inflammation and matrix damage/fragmentation being the earliest events that follow joint trauma. Together these events lead to the development of osteoarthritis-like focal cartilage lesions that if untreated have a tendency to expand and progress to fully developed disease. Currently, the only treatments available for joint trauma are surgical interventions. Experimental biologic approaches involve engineering of cartilage with the use of cells (stem cells or chondrocytes), juvenile or adult cartilage pieces, scaffolds, and various polymeric matrices. The major challenge for all of them is regeneration of normal functional mature hyaline cartilage that can sustain the load, resist compression, and most important, integrate with the host tissue. If the tissue is spontaneously repaired it fails to reproduce original structure and function and thus, may be more susceptible to re-injury. Thus, there is a critical need to develop novel molecular mechanism-based therapeutic approaches to biologic chondral and/or osteochondral repair. The focus of this review is on the earliest molecular and cellular manifestations of injury that can be grouped based on the following therapeutic options for PTOA: chondroprotection, anti-inflammatory, matrix protection, and matrix remodeling/matrix synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Chubinskaya
- Department of Biochemistry, Internal Medicine (Section of Rheumatology), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Markus A. Wimmer
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Mori H, Kondo E, Kawaguchi Y, Kitamura N, Nagai N, Iida H, Yasuda K. Development of a salmon-derived crosslinked atelocollagen sponge disc containing osteogenic protein-1 for articular cartilage regeneration: in vivo evaluations with rabbits. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2013; 14:174. [PMID: 23721417 PMCID: PMC3702415 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-14-174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have developed crosslinked salmon-derived atelocollagen sponge, which has a denaturation temperature of 47 degrees Celsius. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the fundamental in vivo efficacy of the osteogenic protein (OP) -1 containing salmon-derived collagen sponge disc (SCS) on cartilage regeneration, using a rabbit model. Methods A total of 24 rabbits were used in this study. In each animal, a full-thickness osteochondral defect was created in each femoral trochlea. Then, each 12 rabbits were randomly divided into the two groups. In Group I, an OP1-SCS disc was implanted into the defect in the right knee. In Group II, a SCS disc without OP-1 was implanted into the defect in the right knee. A control group of 12 rabbits was assembled from randomly-selected left knees from among the first two groups. In Group-III, we applied no treatment for a defect in the left knee to obtain the untreated control. All rabbits were sacrificed at 12 weeks after surgery. In each group, 10 animals were used for histological and immunohistological evaluations, and the remaining 2 were used for real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses. Results In Group I, a regenerated cartilage tissue rich in proteoglycan and type-2 collagen was found at 12 weeks, although the width was thicker than that of Group II. In Group II, the defect was filled with thick inhomogeneous tissues, including cartilage, fibrous, and bone tissues at 12 weeks. Concerning the gross observation and histological scores at 12 weeks, the ANOVA showed significant differences (p < 0.0001, and p < 0.0001, respectively). The post-hoc test indicated that the gross observation and histological scores of Group I was significantly greater than those of Groups II (p = 0.035, and p = 0.0104, respectively) and III (p < 0.0001, and p < 0.0001, respectively), while Group II was significantly greater than Group III (p = 0.0069, and p = 0.005, respectively). The real time PCR analysis showed that gene expression of type-2 collagen and aggrecan of Group I was greater than that of Group II. Conclusions The present study clearly demonstrated that the implantation of the OP1-SCS disc without any cultured cells may induce spontaneous hyaline-like cartilage regeneration to greater degrees than implantation of only the salmon-derived collagen sponge disc.
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Ha CW, Noh MJ, Choi KB, Lee KH. Initial phase I safety of retrovirally transduced human chondrocytes expressing transforming growth factor-beta-1 in degenerative arthritis patients. Cytotherapy 2012; 14:247-56. [PMID: 22242865 PMCID: PMC3793276 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2011.629645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background aims. TissueGene-C (TG-C) represents a cell-mediated gene therapy for localized delivery of allogeneic chondrocytes expressing transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 directly to the damaged knee joint. Untransduced human chondrocytes (hChonJ cells) have also been incorporated into the TG-C product at a 3:1 ratio with TGF-β1-expressing chondrocytes (hChonJb#7) in order to help fill in the defect and as target cells for the actions of the expressed TGF-β1. Methods. A phase I dose-escalating clinical trial was performed to evaluate the safety and biologic activity of TG-C in patients with advanced osteoarthritis of the knee joint (full thickness cartilage defect) that was refractory to existing non-operative therapies. Following a single intra-articular injection into the joint space of the damaged knee, patients were monitored for safety, and an evaluation was performed to assess the pharmacokinetics and biologic activity of TG-C. Results. There were no treatment-related serious adverse events. Swelling, effusion and minor localized reactions such as warming sensation or itching were observed in a dose-dependent manner at the injection site. Knee evaluation scores seemed to indicate a dose-dependent trend toward efficacy; however, patient numbers were not sufficient to determine statistical significance. Conclusions. Overall, there were no significant safety issues related to the administration of TG-C, with only some minor injection site reactions observed. Additionally, knee scoring analyzes indicated a possibility that TG-C may contribute to improvement of arthritic symptoms. More study is warranted to evaluate further the safety and determine the potential efficacy of TG-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Won Ha
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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12
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Abstract
Osteochondral injury occurs predominantly in physically active young adult males. Injury to the articular cartilage and/or subchondral bone may not only cause acute joint disease resulting in osseous intracapsular (synovitis) or extracapsular pain, but may also act to spawn arthritic conditions in later life. Since the 18th century, such injury has proven difficult to treat clinically, and much therapy has been essentially palliative. Past treatments such as abrasion arthroplasty, drilling, microfracture and arthroscopic lavage have been useful in removing articular debris and promoting the formation of the fibrin clot used in most native repair mechanisms. However, the limitation of these techniques is their inability to restore the damaged cartilage and subchondral bone to their normal tissue architecture. Recent developments in tissue engineering have concentrated on the utilization of autologous chondrocyte implantation, biomaterials and growth factors to promote the regeneration of biomechanically superior hyaline articular cartilage. This paper reviews the etiology, repair biology and therapeutic techniques of cartilage and/or osteochondral injury over the previous decades, and attempts to provide insight into interesting new research directions which offer much potential for improved treatment of these troublesome lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Willers
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Surgery and Pathology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009, W.A., Australia
| | - David J. Wood
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Surgery and Pathology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009, W.A., Australia
| | - Ming H. Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Surgery and Pathology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009, W.A., Australia
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Boon MR, van der Horst G, van der Pluijm G, Tamsma JT, Smit JW, Rensen PC. Bone morphogenetic protein 7: a broad-spectrum growth factor with multiple target therapeutic potency. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2011; 22:221-9. [PMID: 21924665 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) is a member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily of growth factors. In recent years, it has become clear that BMP7 is a very pleiotropic growth factor. As described in this review, it plays a pivotal role in the development of bone and kidney, and has only recently been demonstrated to also be crucially involved in differentiation of brown adipose tissue. Because BMP7 thus controls the development and maintenance of many physiological processes in the human body, aberrant expression of BMP7 is associated with a variety of diseases. This review gives a broad overview on the involvement of BMP7 in several pathological conditions, such as incomplete fracture healing, osteoarthritis, the development of bone metastases, renal fibrosis and obesity. Furthermore, the therapeutic potential of BMP7 in these disease states is discussed.
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Gelse K, Klinger P, Koch M, Surmann-Schmitt C, von der Mark K, Swoboda B, Hennig FF, Gusinde J. Thrombospondin-1 prevents excessive ossification in cartilage repair tissue induced by osteogenic protein-1. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:2101-12. [PMID: 21513464 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) on the formation of cartilage repair tissue in combination with stimulation by osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1). In miniature pigs, articular cartilage lesions in the femoral trochlea were treated by the microfracture technique and either received no further treatment (MFX), or were treated by additional application of recombinant osteogenic protein-1 (MFX+OP-1), recombinant TSP-1 (MFX+TSP-1), or a combination of both proteins (MFX+TSP-1+OP-1). Six and 26 weeks after surgery, the repair tissue and the degree of endochondral ossification were assessed by histochemical and immunohistochemical methods detecting collagen types I, II, X, TSP-1, and CD31. Microfracture treatment merely induced the formation of inferior fibrocartilaginous repair tissue. OP-1 stimulated chondrogenesis, but also induced chondrocyte hypertrophy, characterized by synthesis of collagen type X, and excessive bone formation. Application of TSP-1 inhibited inadvertant endochondral ossification, but failed to induce chondrogenesis. In contrast, the simultaneous application of both TSP-1 and OP-1 induced and maintained a permanent, nonhypertrophic chondrocyte-like phenotype within cartilage repair tissue. The data of this study demonstrate that OP-1 and TSP-1 complement each other in a functional manner. While OP-1 induces chondrogenesis of the ingrowing cells, TSP-1 prevents their further hypertrophic differentiation and prevents excessive endochondral ossification within the lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolja Gelse
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
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15
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Abstract
Marker genes are used to monitor chondrogenic differentiation, but little is known about the turnover of their mRNA during this process. We set out to measure the half life of mRNA encoding the transcription factor SOX9, an important marker of chondrocytic phenotype. We dedifferentiated human articular chondrocytes in monolayer culture before placing them in chondrogenic three-dimensional pellet cultures. At the same time, we induced chondrocytic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells under the same three-dimensional conditions. Pellets were cultured in standard chondrogenic media with and without BMP7. We found that SOX9 mRNA half life exhibited an inverse correlation with total SOX9 mRNA levels in both dedifferentiating human articular chondrocytes and chondrogenic pellet cultures. There was no evidence for a specific effect of BMP7 on SOX9 mRNA decay. Our findings provide an insight into a level of gene control rarely explored in regenerative medicine, which could be important in the optimization of in vitro cartilage production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R Tew
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire, United Kingdom.
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Lotz MK, Kraus VB. New developments in osteoarthritis. Posttraumatic osteoarthritis: pathogenesis and pharmacological treatment options. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12:211. [PMID: 20602810 PMCID: PMC2911903 DOI: 10.1186/ar3046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Joint trauma can lead to a spectrum of acute lesions, including osteochondral fractures, ligament or meniscus tears and damage to the articular cartilage. This is often associated with intraarticular bleeding and causes posttraumatic joint inflammation. Although the acute symptoms resolve and some of the lesions can be surgically repaired, joint injury triggers a chronic remodeling process in cartilage and other joint tissues that ultimately manifests as osteoarthritis in a majority of cases. The objective of the present review is to summarize information on pathogenetic mechanisms involved in the acute and chronic consequences of joint trauma and discuss potential pharmacological interventions. The focus of the review is on the early events that follow joint trauma since therapies for posttraumatic joint inflammation are not available and this represents a unique window of opportunity to limit chronic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin K Lotz
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps-Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Badlani N, Oshima Y, Healey R, Coutts R, Amiel D. Use of bone morphogenic protein-7 as a treatment for osteoarthritis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2009; 467:3221-9. [PMID: 18941854 PMCID: PMC2772903 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-008-0569-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disorder resulting from breakdown of articular cartilage. Previous work has shown bone morphogenic protein-7 has a potential protective effect on cartilage during the development of osteoarthritis. The purpose of this study was to determine whether bone morphogenic protein-7 could decrease the amount of cartilage degradation in preexisting osteoarthritis. The rabbit ACLT model was used as a model of osteoarthritis. Bone morphogenic protein-7 was delivered via Alzet osmotic pump to the joint 4 weeks after anterior cruciate ligament transection; thus cartilage injury was preexisting. The experimental group showed less cartilage degradation than the controls, with an average Outerbridge score of 1.9 versus 2.6 for the controls. Histomorphometry showed a trend toward less cartilage degradation in the bone morphogenic protein-7 group when compared with controls. Semiquantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction showed a considerably greater expression of aggrecan in the bone morphogenic protein-7-treated cartilage when compared with controls and less expression of matrix metalloproteinase-3 and matrix metalloproteinase-13, important catabolic mediators. The synovial tissue of the experimental group also showed considerably less expression of matrix metalloproteinase-3, matrix metalloproteinase-13, and aggrecanase. These results indicate bone morphogenic protein-7 may reduce degradation of articular cartilage in osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Badlani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0630, La Jolla, CA 92093-0630 USA
| | - Yasushi Oshima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0630, La Jolla, CA 92093-0630 USA
| | - Rob Healey
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0630, La Jolla, CA 92093-0630 USA
| | - Richard Coutts
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0630, La Jolla, CA 92093-0630 USA
| | - David Amiel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0630, La Jolla, CA 92093-0630 USA
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18
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Ahern BJ, Parvizi J, Boston R, Schaer TP. Preclinical animal models in single site cartilage defect testing: a systematic review. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009; 17:705-13. [PMID: 19101179 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Review the literature for single site cartilage defect research and evaluate the respective strengths and weaknesses of different preclinical animal models. METHOD A literature search for animal models evaluating single site cartilage defects was performed. Variables tabulated and analyzed included animal species, age and number, defect depth and diameter and study duration. Cluster analyses were then used to separate animals with only distal femoral defects into similar groups based on defect dimensions. Representative human studies were included allowing comparison of common clinical lesions to animal models. The suitability of each species for single site cartilage defect research and its relevance to clinical human practice is then discussed. RESULTS One hundred thirteen studies relating to single site cartilage defects were reviewed. Cluster analysis included 101 studies and placed the murine, laprine, ovine, canine, porcine and caprine models in group 1. Group 2 contained ovine, canine, porcine, caprine and equine models. Group 3 contained only equine models and humans. Species in each group are similar with regard to defect dimensions. Some species occur in multiple groups reflecting utilization of a variety defect sizes. We report and discuss factors to be considered when selecting a preclinical animal model for single site cartilage defect research. DISCUSSION Standardization of study design and outcome parameters would help to compare different studies evaluating various novel therapeutic concepts. Comparison to the human clinical counterpart during study design may help increase the predictive value of preclinical research using animal models and improve the process of developing efficacious therapies.
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van Osch GJVM, Brittberg M, Dennis JE, Bastiaansen-Jenniskens YM, Erben RG, Konttinen YT, Luyten FP. Cartilage repair: past and future--lessons for regenerative medicine. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:792-810. [PMID: 19453519 PMCID: PMC3823400 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00789.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first cell therapeutic study to repair articular cartilage defects in the knee in 1994, several clinical studies have been reported. An overview of the results of clinical studies did not conclusively show improvement over conventional methods, mainly because few studies reach level I of evidence for effects on middle or long term. However, these explorative trials have provided valuable information about study design, mechanisms of repair and clinical outcome and have revealed that much is still unknown and further improvements are required. Furthermore, cellular and molecular studies using new technologies such as cell tracking, gene arrays and proteomics have provided more insight in the cell biology and mechanisms of joint surface regeneration. Besides articular cartilage, cartilage of other anatomical locations as well as progenitor cells are now considered as alternative cell sources. Growth Factor research has revealed some information on optimal conditions to support cartilage repair. Thus, there is hope for improvement. In order to obtain more robust and reproducible results, more detailed information is needed on many aspects including the fate of the cells, choice of cell type and culture parameters. As for the clinical aspects, it becomes clear that careful selection of patient groups is an important input parameter that should be optimized for each application. In addition, the study outcome parameters should be improved. Although reduced pain and improved function are, from the patient's perspective, the most important outcomes, there is a need for more structure/tissue-related outcome measures. Ideally, criteria and/or markers to identify patients at risk and responders to treatment are the ultimate goal for these more sophisticated regenerative approaches in joint surface repair in particular, and regenerative medicine in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerjo J V M van Osch
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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20
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Abstract
In vivo studies were used to characterize a model of cartilage injury leading to osteoarthritis progression in the medial femorotibial joint of sheep. In three subsequent studies, bilateral impact injuries were created and one joint received intraarticular injections of 340 microg of rhBMP-7 protein in a collagen particle carrier while the contralateral knee received the vehicle alone. Sheep were allocated to three groups that received intraarticular injections on day 0 (group A), 21 (group B), or 90 (group C) after experimental knee injury. In each group the, joints were evaluated for signs of osteoarthritis progression 90 days after the last treatment using India ink stained area, OARSI histological scoring, cartilage sGAG content, immunostaining for apoptosis (TUNEL), caspase-3, collagen degradation (Col 2 3/4C short collagen epitope), and the endogenous (pro-) form of BMP-7 protein. Knee joints that received rhBMP-7 immediately after injury had small focal lesions at the injury site that did not progress into the surrounding cartilage. Joints that received BMP-7 3 weeks after injury were improved and had limited progression compared to controls, but joints that received the protein 12 weeks after injury had no statistically significant improvement. These studies suggest that BMP-7 may be chondroprotective after traumatic injury in patients if it is administered within 3 to 4 weeks of the index injury. The mechanism of protection after sublethal injury appeared to be an increased survival of chondrocytes that are able to participate in the repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Hurtig
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, 50 McGilvray Lane, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1.
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Jung M, Breusch S, Daecke W, Gotterbarm T. The effect of defect localization on spontaneous repair of osteochondral defects in a Gottingen minipig model: a retrospective analysis of the medial patellar groove versus the medial femoral condyle. Lab Anim 2008; 43:191-7. [PMID: 19116289 DOI: 10.1258/la.2008.007149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Various animal models for experimental osteochondral defect healing have been used in orthopaedic research. Two main defect locations were chosen: the patellar groove or the central part of the medial femoral condyles (MFC). To date, it is not clear whether both locations display similar patterns in critical size osteochondral defect healing. We retrospectively analysed both locations in our minipig model hypothesizing that they show similar healing pattern. Thirty-five defects were analysed after three or 12 months. Osteochondral defects were 10 mm deep and 6.3 mm (MFC, n = 19) in diameter or 8 mm and 5.4 mm, respectively (trochlear groove [TG], n = 16). Semi-quantitative histological scoring and histomorphological evaluation were carried out. Both defect locations showed fillings of fibrous and fibrocartilage-like repair tissue. The osseous defect was closed by endochondral bone formation in the MFC. Semi-quantitative scoring did not show differences, whereas qualitative histomorphological analysis more frequently showed cartilaginous repair tissue in MFC defects. There was more frequent subchondral bone cyst formation in MFC location (P = 0.05), TG defects resulted in lower postoperative pain. Both defect localizations are suitable for studies on osteochondral healing. Since regenerating with less hyaline-like repair tissue and less subchondral cyst formation, TG is more favourable for experimental osteochondral defect healing in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Jung
- Orthopaedic University Hospital Heidelberg, Schlierbacher Landstr. 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
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Hayashi R, Kondo E, Tohyama H, Saito T, Yasuda K. In vivo local administration of osteogenic protein-1 increases structural properties of the overstretched anterior cruciate ligament with partial midsubstance laceration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 90:1392-400. [DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.90b10.20924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We report the effects of local administration of osteogenic protein-1 on the biomechanical properties of the overstretched anterior cruciate ligament in an animal model. An injury in the anterior cruciate ligament was created in 45 rabbits. They were divided into three equal groups. In group 1, no treatment was applied, in group II, phosphate-buffered saline was applied around the injured ligament, and in group III, 12.5 μg of osteogenic protein-1 mixed with phosphate-buffered saline was applied around the injured ligament. A control group of 15 rabbits was assembled from randomly-selected injured knees from among the first three groups. Each rabbit was killed at 12 weeks. The maximum load and stiffness of the anterior cruciate ligament was found to be significantly greater in group III than either group 1 (p = 0.002, p = 0.014) or group II (p = 0.032, p = 0.025). The tensile strength and the tangent modulus of fascicles from the ligament were also significantly greater in group III than either group I (p = 0.002, p = 0.0174) or II (p = 0.005, p = 0.022). The application of osteogenic protein-1 enhanced the healing in the injured anterior cruciate ligament, but compared with the control group the treated ligament remained lengthened. The administration of osteogenic protein-1 may have a therapeutic role in treating the overstretched anterior cruciate ligament.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Hayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Fukuura 3–9, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture, 236-0004, Japan
| | - E. Kondo
- Department of Sports Medicine and Joint Reconstruction Surgery, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - H. Tohyama
- Department of Sports Medicine and Joint Reconstruction Surgery, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - T. Saito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Fukuura 3–9, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture, 236-0004, Japan
| | - K. Yasuda
- Department of Sports Medicine and Joint Reconstruction Surgery, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
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Hayashi M, Muneta T, Ju YJ, Mochizuki T, Sekiya I. Weekly intra-articular injections of bone morphogenetic protein-7 inhibits osteoarthritis progression. Arthritis Res Ther 2008; 10:R118. [PMID: 18826579 PMCID: PMC2592805 DOI: 10.1186/ar2521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Revised: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction We investigated the ability of a weekly intra-articular injection of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-7 to prevent osteoarthritis in rabbits with anterior cruciate ligament transections. Methods First, 36 knee joints were randomly divided into four groups: 50, 500, 5,000 ng BMP-7, and control. Knee cartilage was evaluated at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Then, in order to control for individual differences, 500 ng BMP-7 was injected into one knee and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) into the other, and the two knees were compared at 4, 8, and 12 weeks (n = 5). For pharmacokinetic analysis, cartilage was harvested at 1 hour and 1, 2, 4, and 7 days after knee injection of 500 ng BMP-7 or PBS (n = 3). Results Histological scores in the 500 and 5,000 ng BMP-7 groups were significantly better than those in the other groups at 12 weeks. Matched pair analysis demonstrated that both macroscopic and histological scores in the 500 ng BMP-7 group were better than those in the control group. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed higher BMP-7 expression by chondrocytes in the BMP-7 injected knees. Histology of whole knee and quantitative micro computed tomography analysis showed that weekly injections of 500 ng BMP-7 did not induce synovial fibrosis, ectopic bone, or osteophyte formation. As detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, BMP-7 concentration in the cartilage tissue was still higher in the BMP-7 treated group 7 days after the injection. Conclusions Weekly intra-articular injections of BMP-7 inhibited progression of osteoarthritis. Obvious adverse effects were not observed. BMP-7 concentration and expression in cartilage were still higher 7 days after injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Hayashi
- Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519 Japan.
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Badlani N, Inoue A, Healey R, Coutts R, Amiel D. The protective effect of OP-1 on articular cartilage in the development of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008; 16:600-6. [PMID: 17977753 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2007.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2007] [Accepted: 09/01/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine whether osteogenic protein 1 (OP-1) would protect articular cartilage from degeneration during the development of osteoarthritis (OA) in the rabbit anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) model. Previous studies have shown that OP-1 is vital to cartilage matrix integrity and repair, stimulates synthesis of cartilage matrix components, proteoglycans, and collagen, and has a protective effect against catabolic mediators like matrix metalloproteinases and interleukin-1. METHODS The rabbit ACLT model was used in which the anterior cruciate ligament was transected leading to OA. OP-1 was delivered to the joint surgically for approximately 6 weeks by implantation of an Alzet osmotic pump into the medial thigh with a catheter threaded from the pump into the knee joint. Forty rabbits (20 control and 20 experimental) had the ACLT surgery and implantation of the pump performed simultaneously. They were sacrificed after 9 weeks for analysis. The OA was graded using the Outerbridge classification with India Ink staining. Histological staining and histomorphometry with Hematoxylin & Eosin and Safranin O were performed to analyze OA progression and semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed for anabolic and catabolic genes. RESULTS The experimental group had an average Outerbridge score of 1.8 vs 2.5 for the controls (P<0.05). Histomorphometry showed 10.9% surface deterioration or an average depression of 0.05mm vs 22.3% and 0.1mm for the controls (P<0.05). Semi-quantitative PCR showed a significantly greater expression of aggrecan and collagen type II in the OP-1 treated cartilage when compared to controls and less expression of aggrecanase, a catabolic mediator. CONCLUSIONS OP-1 may have a potential benefit in protecting articular cartilage during the development of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Badlani
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, La Jolla, CA 92093-0630, USA
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26
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Abstract
The objective of the present study was to prepare chitosan nanoparticles incorporating a relatively large plasmid encoding for osteogenic protein (OP)-1 and to determine the ability of these nanoparticles to transfect adult canine articular chondrocytes in vitro. The positive charge of chitosan acted to condense the relatively large negatively-charged OP-1 plasmid such that it could be incorporated into nanoparticles. Incorporation of the plasmid into the chitosan nanoparticles did not affect the structural integrity of the plasmid as demonstrated by gel electrophoresis. The morphology and size of the nanoparticles were found to vary with the chitosan:plasmid weight ratio. Nanoparticles formulated with a chitosan:plasmid ratio of 10:1 were of uniformly small size (less than 250 nm) and spherical shape. These nanoparticles had a positive charge of about 20 mV. FITC-labeled chitosan nanoparticles were found in virtually all of the cells after 24 h of incubation with the nanoparticles, and confocal microscopy revealed FITC-related fluorescence in the nucleus of the chondrocytes. Although transfection of the chondrocytes was demonstrated by the fluorescence of cells treated with chitosan nanoparticles containing the plasmid for the enhanced green fluorescence protein, cells transfected with nanoparticles incorporating the larger OP-1 plasmid did not show OP-1 expression measured by ELISA for up to 2 weeks in culture. These results indicate that although a large plasmid can be successfully incorporated within chitosan nanoparticles, the size of the plasmid incorporated within the nanoparticles may still significantly affect gene transfer to cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximing Xu
- Tissue Engineering, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts 02130, USA
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Miyamoto C, Matsumoto T, Sakimura K, Shindo H. Osteogenic protein-1 with transforming growth factor-beta1: potent inducer of chondrogenesis of synovial mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. J Orthop Sci 2007; 12:555-61. [PMID: 18040638 DOI: 10.1007/s00776-007-1176-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, cells derived from synovial mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been regarded as a potential source of cells to induce repair of articular cartilage. To investigate more effective methods for promoting chondrogenesis, we examined the effects of osteogenic protein (OP)-1 with or without transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta1) on chondrogenesis of human MSCs in vitro. METHODS MSCs were isolated from the synovial membrane of patients with rheumatoid arthritis undergoing knee replacement surgery. After expansion of the cells, pellet cultures were performed in chondrogenic medium with OP-1 100-200 ng/ml, TGFbeta1 10 ng/ml, or both agents for 3 or 6 weeks. Chondrogenesis was evaluated histologically with safranin O staining, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for aggrecan and type II collagen mRNA, and quantification of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content using a dimethylmethylene blue dye-binding assay. GAG content was normalized by DNA content measured using Hoechst 33258 dye. RESULTS At 3 weeks of culture, mRNAs for type II collagen and aggrecan were expressed by MSCs treated with either TGFbeta1 or OP-1; however, substantial matrix production was not induced. At 6 weeks, OP-1 increased GAG accumulation dose-dependently in the presence or absence of TGFbeta1, and the GAG content was the highest after combined treatment with 200 ng OP-1 and TGFbeta1. Histological staining for safranin O was poor after treatment with OP-1 or TGFbeta1 alone and slightly increased after combined treatment with TGFbeta1 and OP-1 at 3 weeks. At 6 weeks, OP-1 increased the intensity of staining dose-dependently in the presence or absence of TGFbeta1. However, the histological appearance of the cells treated with OP-1 alone was similar to that of hypertrophic chondrocytes, which was different from that of cells with combined treatment with OP-1 and TGFbeta1. CONCLUSIONS A high dose of OP-1 was useful for enhancing chondrogenesis from synovium-derived MSCs in combined treatment with TGFbeta1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikara Miyamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagasaki University, School of Medicine, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
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Abstract
Three years ago we published a book chapter on the role of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in cartilage repair. Since that time our understanding of the function of osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1) or BMP-7 in cartilage homeostasis and repair has substantially improved and therefore we decided to devote a current review solely to this BMP. Here we summarise the information accumulated on OP-1 from in vitro and ex vivo studies with cartilage cells and tissues as well as from in vivo studies of cartilage repair in various animal models. The primary focus is on articular chondrocytes and cartilage, but data will also be presented on nonarticular cartilage, particularly from the intervertebral disc. The data show that OP-1 is a unique growth factor which, unlike other members of the same BMP family, exhibits in addition to its strong pro-anabolic activity very prominent anti-catabolic properties. Animal studies have demonstrated that OP-1 has the ability to repair cartilage in vivo in various models of articular cartilage degradation, including focal osteochondral and chondral defects and osteoarthritis, as well as models of degeneration in intervertebral disc cartilage. Together our findings indicate a significant promise for OP-1 as therapeutic in cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Chubinskaya
- Department of Biochemistry, Orthopedics and Section of Rheumatology (Department of Internal Medicine), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Mark Hurtig
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research, Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, 50 McGilvray Lane, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
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Lee SH, Shin H. Matrices and scaffolds for delivery of bioactive molecules in bone and cartilage tissue engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2007; 59:339-59. [PMID: 17499384 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 429] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration of bone and cartilage defects can be accelerated by localized delivery of appropriate growth factors incorporated within biodegradable carriers. The carrier essentially allows the impregnated growth factor to release at a desirable rate and concentration, and to linger at injury sites for a sufficient time to recruit progenitors and stimulate tissue healing processes. In addition, the carrier can be formulated to have particular structure to facilitate cellular infiltration and growth. In this review, we present a summary of growth factor delivery carrier systems for bone and cartilage tissue engineering. Firstly, we describe a list of growth factors implicated in repair and regeneration of bone and cartilage by addressing their biological effects at different stages of the healing process. General requirements for localized growth factor delivery carriers are then discussed. We also provide selective examples of material types (natural and synthetic polymers, inorganic materials, and their composites) and fabricated forms of the carrier (porous scaffolds, microparticles, and hydrogels), highlighting the dose-dependent efficacy, release kinetics, animal models, and restored tissue types. Extensive discussion on issues involving currently investigated carriers for bone and cartilage tissue engineering approaches may illustrate future paths toward the development of an ideal growth factor delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Hong Lee
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, CHA Stem Cell Institute, Pochon CHA University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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30
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Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint disease that involves degeneration of articular cartilage, limited intraarticular inflammation manifested by synovitis and changes in the subchondral bone. The aetiology of OA is largely unknown, but since it may involve multiple factors, including mechanical, biochemical and genetic factors, it has been difficult to identify unique targets for therapy. Chondrocytes, which are the unique cellular component of adult articular cartilage, are capable of responding to structural changes in the surrounding cartilage matrix. Since the initial stages of OA involve increased cell proliferation and synthesis of matrix proteins, proteinases and cytokines in the cartilage, laboratory investigations have focused on the chondrocyte as a target for therapeutic intervention. The capacity of the adult articular chondrocyte to regenerate the normal cartilage matrix architecture is limited, however, and the damage becomes irreversible unless the destructive process is interrupted. Current pharmacological interventions that address chronic pain are insufficient and no proven disease-modifying therapy is available. Identification of methods for early diagnosis is of key importance, since therapeutic interventions aimed at blocking or reversing structural damage will be more effective when there is the possibility of preserving normal homeostasis. At later stages, cartilage tissue engineering with or without gene therapy with anabolic factors will also require therapy to inhibit inflammation and block damage to newly repaired cartilage. This review will focus on experimental approaches currently under study that may lead to elucidation of effective strategies for therapy in OA, with emphasis on mediators that affect the function of chondrocytes and interactions with surrounding tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary B Goldring
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, New England Baptist Bone and Joint Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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31
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Kirker-Head CA, Van Sickle DC, Ek SW, McCool JC. Safety of, and biological and functional response to, a novel metallic implant for the management of focal full-thickness cartilage defects: Preliminary assessment in an animal model out to 1 year. J Orthop Res 2006; 24:1095-108. [PMID: 16609973 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Focal full-thickness cartilage lesions of the human medial femoral condyle (MFC) can cause pain and functional impairment. Affected middle-aged patients respond unpredictably to existing treatments and knee arthroplasty may be required, prompting risk of revision. This study assesses the safety of, and biological and functional response to, a metallic resurfacing implant which may delay or obviate the need for traditional arthroplasty. The anatomic contour of the surgically exposed MFC of six adult goats was digitally mapped and an 11 mm diameter full-thickness osteochondral defect was created. An anchor-based Co-Cr resurfacing implant, matching the mapped articular contour, was implanted. Each goat's contralateral unoperated femorotibial joint was used as a control. Postoperative outcome was assessed by lameness examination, radiography, arthroscopy, synoviocentesis, necropsy, and histology up to 26 (n = 3) or 52 (n = 3) weeks. By postoperative week (POW) 4, goats demonstrated normal range of motion, no joint effusion, and only mild lameness in the operated limb. By POW 26 the animals were sound with only occasional very mild lameness. Arthroscopy at POW 14 revealed moderate synovial inflammation and a chondral membrane extending centrally across the implant surface. Radiographs at POWs 14 to 52 implied implant stability in the operated joints, as well as subchondral bone remodeling and mild exostosis formation in the operated and contralateral unoperated joints of some goats. By POW 26, histology revealed new trabecular bone abutting the implant. At POWs 26 and 52 MFC cartilage was metachromatic and intact in the operated and unoperated femorotibial joints. Proximal tibiae of some operated and unoperated limbs demonstrated limited subchondral bone remodeling and foci of articular cartilage fibrillation and thinning. The chondral membrane crossing the prosthesis possessed a metachromatic matrix containing singular and clustered chondrocytes. Our data imply the safety, biocompatibility, and functionality of the implant. Focal articular damage was documented in the operated joints at POWs 26 and 52, but lesions were much reduced over those previously reported in untreated defects. Expanded animal or preclinical human studies are justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl A Kirker-Head
- Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westborough Road, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, USA.
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32
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of age on the effectiveness of rhBMP-7 treatment in a fracture with severe periosteal damage that is known to result in non-union formation. Closed stabilized femur fractures were produced in 3-month-old and 18-month-old rats. The fracture site was exposed and 2 mm of the periosteum cauterized circumferentially to impair normal fracture healing. The cauterized fracture site was immediately treated with either 100 microg rhBMP-7 (BMP-7 group), or with 25 microL of vehicle alone (control group). Fracture healing was evaluated with radiographs taken at 3 and 6 weeks. Animals were sacrificed at 3 and 6 weeks and specimens subjected to biomechanical and histological evaluation. In both age groups, none of the control animals healed throughout the 6 weeks experimental duration. All of the rhBMP-7-treated 3-month-old animals were radiographically healed at 3 weeks. In comparison, only 56% (9/16) of the rhBMP-7-treated 18-month-old animals were radiographically healed at 3 weeks. At 6 weeks, however, all of the 18-month-old rhBMP-7-treated animals had healed. Histology revealed slower healing in the 18-month-old animals. Treatment with rhBMP-7 significantly increased all of the biomechanical properties in both age groups. In the 3-month-old animals the mechanical strength approached that of the intact femur at 3 weeks, while in the 18-month-old animals this did not occur until 6 weeks. In conclusion, rhBMP-7 can effectively stimulate fracture repair in both young (3-month-old) and old (18-month-old) rats. However, the effect of rhBMP-7 on the rate of fracture healing is greater in young rats compared to old rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Hak
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, USA.
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Thomas BJ, Byers S, Johnstone EW, Foster BK. The effect of recombinant human osteogenic protein-1 on growth plate repair in a sheep model. J Orthop Res 2005; 23:1336-44. [PMID: 15946820 DOI: 10.1016/j.orthres.2005.03.020.1100230615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2004] [Revised: 03/16/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2005] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Injuries to the growth plate in children can result in bone bridge formation, which ultimately lead to limb length and angular deformities. The histological and molecular changes associated with growth plate repair following the Langenskiöld procedure, a surgical technique used to remove impeding bone bridges, in conjunction with administration of recombinant human osteogenic protein-1 (rhOP-1) were examined using a sheep model. Following treatment with rhOP-1 there was an increase in the height of the growth plate immediately adjacent to the defect compared to untreated animals. The expression of type I collagen, osteopontin and decorin were observed in the growth plate adjacent to the defect in the untreated animals at day 56, but this response was accelerated in the rhOP-1 treated animals, with these molecules seen as early as day 7. Therefore, treatment with rhOP-1 initiated a complex response that was both chondrogenic and osteogenic in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Thomas
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Frenkel SR, Bradica G, Brekke JH, Goldman SM, Ieska K, Issack P, Bong MR, Tian H, Gokhale J, Coutts RD, Kronengold RT. Regeneration of articular cartilage--evaluation of osteochondral defect repair in the rabbit using multiphasic implants. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2005; 13:798-807. [PMID: 15967685 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2005.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2004] [Accepted: 04/18/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether two different multiphasic implants could initiate and sustain repair of osteochondral defects in rabbits. The implants address the malleable properties of cartilage while also addressing the rigid characteristics of subchondral bone. DESIGN The bone region of both devices consisted of D, D-L, L-polylactic acid invested with hyaluronan (HY). The cartilage region of the first device was a polyelectrolytic complex (PEC) hydrogel of HY and chitosan. In the second device the cartilage region consisted of type I collagen scaffold. Eighteen rabbits were implanted bilaterally with a device, or underwent defect creation with no implant. At 24 weeks, regenerated tissues were evaluated grossly, histologically and via immunostaining for type II collagen. RESULTS PEC devices induced a significantly better repair than untreated shams. Collagen devices resulted in a quality of repair close to that of the PEC group, although its mean repair score (19.0+/-4.2) did not differ significantly from that of the PEC group (20.4+/-3.7) or the shams (16.5+/-6.3). The percentage of hyaline-appearing cartilage in the repair was highest with collagen implants, while the degree of bonding of repair to the host, structural integrity of the neocartilage, and reconstitution of the subchondral bone was greatest with PEC devices. Cartilage in both device-treated sites stained positive for type II collagen and GAG. CONCLUSIONS Both implants are capable of maintaining hyaline-appearing tissue at 24 weeks. The physicochemical region between the cartilage and bone compartments makes these devices well suited for delivery of different growth factors or drugs in each compartment, or different doses of the same factor. It also renders these devices excellent vehicles for chondrocyte or stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Frenkel
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University-Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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Moore EE, Bendele AM, Thompson DL, Littau A, Waggie KS, Reardon B, Ellsworth JL. Fibroblast growth factor-18 stimulates chondrogenesis and cartilage repair in a rat model of injury-induced osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2005; 13:623-31. [PMID: 15896984 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2005.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2004] [Accepted: 03/02/2005] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis and a primary cause of disability, however, there are no treatments that can slow disease progression or repair damaged joint cartilage. Fibroblast growth factor-18 (FGF18) has been reported to have significant anabolic effects on cartilage. We therefore examined its effects on repair of cartilage damage in a rat meniscal tear model of OA. DESIGN Surgical damage to the meniscus in rats leads to joint instability and significant damage to the articular cartilage at 3 weeks post-surgery. At this time, animals received bi-weekly intra-articular injections of FGF18 for 3 weeks, and the knee joints were then harvested for histologic examination. RESULTS FGF18-induced dose-dependent increases in cartilage thickness of the tibial plateau, due to new cartilage formation at the articular surface and the joint periphery. The generation of new cartilage resulted in significant reductions in cartilage degeneration scores. The highest dose of FGF18 also induced an increase in chondrophyte size and increased remodeling of the subchondral bone. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrate that FGF18 can stimulate repair of damaged cartilage in a setting of rapidly progressive OA in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Moore
- ZymoGenetics, Inc., 1201 Eastlake Avenue East, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
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Abstract
Carriers for bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are used to increase retention of these factors at orthopedic treatment sites for a sufficient period of time to allow regenerative tissue forming cells to migrate to the area of injury and to proliferate and differentiate. Carriers can also serve as a matrix for cell infiltration while maintaining the volume in which repair tissue can form. Carriers have to be biocompatible and are often required to be bioresorbable. Carriers also have to be easily, and cost-effectively, manufactured for large-scale production, conveniently sterilized and have appropriate storage requirements and stability. All of these processes have to be approvable by regulatory agencies. The four major categories of BMP carrier materials include natural polymers, inorganic materials, synthetic polymers, composites of these materials. Autograft or allograft carriers have also used. Carrier configurations range from simple depot delivery systems to more complex systems mimicking the extracellular matrix structure and function. Bone regenerative carriers include depot delivery systems for fracture repair, three-dimensional polymer or ceramic composites for segmental repairs and spine fusion and metal or metal/ceramic composites for augmenting implant integration. Tendon/ligament regenerative carriers range from depot delivery systems to three-dimensional carriers that are either randomly oriented or linearly oriented to improve regenerative tissue alignment. Cartilage regenerative systems generally require three-dimensional matrices and often incorporate cells in addition to factors to augment the repair. Alternative BMP delivery systems include viral vectors, genetically altered cells, conjugated factors and small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Seeherman
- Women's Health and Bone, Wyeth Discovery Research, 200 CambridgePark Drive, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.
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Makino T, Hak DJ, Hazelwood SJ, Curtiss S, Reddi AH. Prevention of atrophic nonunion development by recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-7. J Orthop Res 2005; 23:632-8. [PMID: 15885485 DOI: 10.1016/j.orthres.2004.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/10/2004] [Accepted: 09/28/2004] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Severe periosteal and soft tissue disruption at the time of fracture may result in the formation of an atrophic nonunion. We have developed a reproducible atrophic nonunion in an animal model. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the immediate application of recombinant human BMP-7 to the fracture site could rescue the healing process in this nonunion model. A total of 56 three month old Fisher 344 rats were utilized. A 1.25 mm diameter K-wire was inserted into the femur in a retrograde fashion, and a mid-diaphyseal closed transverse fracture was created using a standard three point bending device. To create a nonunion, the fracture site was exposed and 2 mm of the periosteum was cauterized on each side of the fracture. The fracture site was immediately treated with either the application of rhBMP-7 50 microg in 25 microl of rat tail tendon collagen buffer (BMP-7 group), or with 25 microl of rat tail tendon collagen buffer only (Control group). Fracture healing was evaluated with serial radiographs every two weeks for an eight weeks period. Specimens at four and eight weeks were subjected to biomechanical and histological evaluation. None of the Control group healed throughout the eight weeks experimental duration. At four weeks 63% of the BMP-7 group had healed, and all had healed by six weeks. This investigation showed pronounced differences between the BMP-7 group and the Control group both histologically and biomechanically. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that the immediate application of BMP-7 may rescue the fracture healing process and prevent the development of nonunion following severe periosteal disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Makino
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, University of California, Davis Sacramento, 95817, USA
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Söder S, Hakimiyan A, Rueger DC, Kuettner KE, Aigner T, Chubinskaya S. Antisense inhibition of osteogenic protein 1 disturbs human articular cartilage integrity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:468-78. [PMID: 15693015 DOI: 10.1002/art.20856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To delineate the role of endogenous osteogenic protein 1 (OP-1) in human articular cartilage homeostasis via the inhibition of OP-1 gene expression by antisense oligonucleotides. METHODS Human adult normal articular cartilage was obtained from the knee and ankle joints of 34 organ donors. Chondrocytes were cultured as tissue explants or isolated cells in alginate or high-density monolayers for 48 hours in the presence of OP-1 antisense or sense oligonucleotides. The effect of OP-1 antisense inhibition was evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, (35)S incorporation, dimethylmethylene blue assay, histology with Safranin O staining, and immunohistochemistry with anti-proOP-1, anti-mature OP-1, and anti-aggrecan antibodies. RESULTS Antisense treatment inhibited OP-1 gene expression by a mean +/- SD of 34 +/- 12% (P < 0.01) in chondrocytes cultured in monolayers and by 77 +/- 27% (P < 0.03) in alginate beads. The inhibition of autocrine OP-1 caused a striking decrease in aggrecan gene expression, in total proteoglycan content accumulated in cartilage matrix, and in the ability of chondrocytes to newly synthesize proteoglycans. OP-1 antisense reduced aggrecan messenger RNA expression by 42 +/- 17% (P < 0.05) and proteoglycan synthesis by 48 +/- 23% (P < 0.01). Histology and immunohistochemistry revealed a dramatic decrease in Safranin O staining and reduced anti-aggrecan staining (primarily in the superficial and middle cartilage layers) with OP-1 antisense treatment. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that OP-1 is an important endogenous cartilage factor that regulates matrix integrity and possibly needs to be induced or up-regulated to maintain normal cartilage homeostasis. These findings confirm our hypothesis that a lack of autocrine OP-1 may lead to an elevated susceptibility of chondrocytes to the catabolic processes, thus contributing/promoting cartilage degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Söder
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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Zhang R, Xu D, Landeryou T, Toth C, Dimaano N, Berry J, Evans J, Hawkins M. Ectopic bone formation using osteogenic protein-1 carried by a solution precipitated hydroxyapatite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 71:412-8. [PMID: 15472924 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Solution precipitation of calcium and phosphate is a technique to generate hydroxyapatite [Peri-Apatitetrade mark (PA), Stryker Orthopaedics, Mahwah, NJ] on metal substrate. This study was carried out to determine the capacity of PA to adsorb osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1) and the time course of release, and to determine the osteoinductive activity of OP-1. The adsorption and release studies were conducted with (125)I-labeled OP-1- and PA-coated titanium alloy disks. The results indicate that the adsorption of OP-1 on the PA-coated disks is linear with the concentration of OP-1 up to 5 mg/mL. There is an initial release of 75% to 80% of adsorbed OP-1 within the first hour, and 92% of OP-1 is released in 3 days. The osteoinductive activity of OP-1 was determined in the rat intramuscular ectopic bone formation assay. A total of 24 titanium alloy disks were evenly divided into 3 groups with different treatments for implantation, plain disks (group A), disks coated with PA (group B), and disks coated with PA plus 40 microg OP-1 (group C). Osteogenic protein-1, 40 microg in solution, was injected into the muscle pouch in animals of group D (n = 8). The rats were sacrificed 3 weeks postoperatively and the implants were retrieved. Ectopic bone formation was evaluated with radiography and histology. Results demonstrated that OP-1 induced ectopic bone in all the animals of group C and group D. The titanium alloy disks were surrounded by trabecular bone and marrow tissue. None of the animals of group A or group B showed any evidence of osteoinduction. Our findings indicate that PA can deliver OP-1 directly to titanium alloy implants and maintain the osteoinductive activity of OP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renwen Zhang
- Stryker Orthopaedics, 325 Corporate Drive, Mahwah, New Jersey 07430, USA.
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40
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Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1), a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) subfamily of the TGF-beta superfamily, stimulates aggrecan synthesis. To investigate transcriptional regulation of the aggrecan gene by OP-1, we constructed a clone containing a 1 kb region of the 5'-upstream sequence of the mouse aggrecan gene fused to the promoter-less luciferase reporter gene in pGL2-Basic vector. A series of promoter deletion constructs were also generated. Studies of the promoter activity of these DNA constructs in transient-transfected cells revealed that deletion of a 33 bp region rendered the promoter unresponsive to OP-1, BMP-6, and CDMP-1 without affecting BMP-2 and TGF-beta1 responsiveness. Thus, the expression of the mouse aggrecan gene in response to BMPs appears to be the result of a unique combination of different cis-acting elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Chuan C Yeh
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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Noël D, Gazit D, Bouquet C, Apparailly F, Bony C, Plence P, Millet V, Turgeman G, Perricaudet M, Sany J, Jorgensen C. Short-term BMP-2 expression is sufficient for in vivo osteochondral differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 22:74-85. [PMID: 14688393 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.22-1-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Currently available murine models to evaluate mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation are based on cell injection at ectopic sites such as muscle or skin. Due to the importance of environmental factors on the differentiation capacities of stem cells in vivo, we investigated whether the peculiar synovial/cartilaginous environment may influence the lineage specificity of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2-engineered MSCs. To this aim, we used the C3H10T1/2-derived C9 MSCs that express BMP-2 under control of the doxycycline (Dox)-repressible promoter, Tet-Off, and showed in vitro, using the micropellet culture system that C9 MSCs kept their potential to differentiate toward chondrocytes. Implantation of C9 cells, either into the tibialis anterior muscles or into the joints of CB17-severe combined immunodeficient bg mice led to the formation of cartilage and bone filled with bone marrow as soon as day 10. However, no differentiation was observed after injection of naïve MSCs or C9 cells that were repressed to secrete BMP-2 by Dox addition. The BMP-2-induced differentiation of adult MSCs is thus independent of soluble factors present in the local environment of the synovial/cartilaginous tissues. Importantly, we demonstrated that a short-term expression of the BMP-2 growth factor is necessary and sufficient to irreversibly induce bone formation, suggesting that a stable genetic modification of MSCs is not required for stem cell-based bone/cartilage engineering.
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Abstract
The purpose of this review is to summarize the current scientific knowledge of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in adult articular cartilage. We specifically focus on adult cartilage, since one of the major potential applications of the members of the BMP family may be a repair of adult tissue after trauma and/or disease. After reviewing cartilage physiology and BMPs, we analyze the data on the role of recombinant BMPs as anabolic agents in tissue formation and restoration in different in vitro and in vivo models following with the endogenous expression of BMPs and factors that regulate their expression. We also discuss recent transgenic modifications of BMP genes and subsequent effect on cartilage matrix synthesis. We found that the most studied BMPs in adult articular cartilage are BMP-7 and BMP-2 as well as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). There are a number of contradicting reports for some of these growth factors, since different models, animals, doses, time points, culture conditions and devices were used. However, regardless of the experimental conditions, only BMP-7 or osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1) exhibits the most convincing effects. It is the only BMP studied thus far in adult cartilage that demonstrates strong anabolic activity in vitro and in vivo with and without serum. OP-1 stimulates the synthesis of the majority of cartilage extracellular matrix proteins in adult articular chondrocytes derived from different species and of different age. OP-1 counteracts the degenerative effect of numerous catabolic mediators; it is also expressed in adult human, bovine, rabbit and goat articular cartilage. This review reveals the importance of the exploration of the BMPs in the cartilage field and highlights their significance for clinical applications in the treatment of cartilage-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Chubinskaya
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush Medical College at Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramille M Capito
- Department of Material Science and Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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44
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Abstract
A synchronized balance between synthesis and breakdown of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules in normal articular cartilage is disturbed in osteoarthritis (OA). The focus of our study is the anabolic factor, osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1) that is expressed in articular cartilage and is able to induce the synthesis of ECM components. The major aim was to investigate both qualitatively and quantitatively endogenous OP-1 in normal, degenerative, and OA cartilage. Normal and degenerative cartilage was obtained at autopsies from femoral condyles of human organ donors with no documented history of joint disease; OA cartilage was obtained from patients undergoing joint arthroplasty. Appearance of donor cartilage was evaluated by Collins scale, where normal cartilage is assigned grades 0-1, and degenerated cartilage is assigned grades 2-4. OP-1 mRNA expression was assessed by RT-PCR; OP-1 protein (pro- and active forms) was qualitatively analyzed by Western blotting and quantified by OP-1 ELISA. The highest levels of OP-1 expression (mRNA and protein) were detected in normal cartilage of grade 0. The concentration of OP-1 protein was about 50 ng per gram cartilage dry weight. With the progression of cartilage degeneration (increased Collins grades and OA) OP-1 protein was down-regulated up to 9-fold. These changes affected primarily the active form of OP-1. OP-1 message also declined in cartilages with the increase of degenerative changes. In conclusion, an overall decrease in endogenous OP-1 in degenerated and OA tissue suggests that OP-1 could be one of the factors responsible for normal homeostasis and matrix integrity in cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charis Merrihew
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush Medical College, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, 1653, W. Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Loeser RF, Pacione CA, Chubinskaya S. The combination of insulin-like growth factor 1 and osteogenic protein 1 promotes increased survival of and matrix synthesis by normal and osteoarthritic human articular chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48:2188-96. [PMID: 12905472 DOI: 10.1002/art.11209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although growth factor therapy could be an attractive method for stimulating the repair of damaged cartilage matrix, there is evidence that with aging and/or with the development of osteoarthritis (OA), articular chondrocytes may become unresponsive to growth factor stimulation. The aim of the current study was to compare the ability of insulin-like growth factor+(IGF-1) and osteogenic protein+(OP-1), alone and in combination, to stimulate human normal and OA chondrocytes in culture. METHODS Chondrocytes isolated by enzymatic digestion of cartilage obtained from subjects undergoing knee replacement for OA (n = 6) or from normal ankle joints of tissue donors (n = 7) were cultured in alginate beads in serum-free medium and treated for 21 days with 100 ng/ml IGF-1, 100 ng/ml OP-1, or both. Controls were treated with vehicle alone. The cultures were evaluated for cell survival, cell number by DNA analysis, matrix production by particle exclusion assay, and level of accumulated proteoglycan by dimethylmethylene blue assay. RESULTS After 21 days in serum-free alginate culture, survival of cells from OA cartilage was 65 +/- 2% (mean +/- SEM), while survival of cells from normal cartilage was significantly greater (82 +/- 3%). Treatment with either IGF-1 or OP-1 alone minimally improved survival, while the combination IGF +OP significantly improved survival, to 87 +/- 2% for OA cells and 95+/-1% for normal cells. Cell proliferation was noted only in the IGF+OP group; this was significant for both normal and OA cells ( approximately 2-fold increase in DNA levels). Matrix production, assessed by particle exclusion and by proteoglycan accumulation, was greatest in the cells treated with IGF + OP in both normal and OA cultures. When proteoglycan levels were corrected for cell numbers (mg proteoglycan/ng DNA), a significant increase over control was noted with OP-1 alone and IGF IGF-1 alone, in both normal and OA cultures, with the greatest levels in the combination group (3-fold increase over control). CONCLUSION OP-1 was more potent than IGF-1 in stimulating proteoglycan production in both normal and OA cells. However, the best results were obtained with the combination, suggesting that combined therapy with IGF-1 and OP-1 may be an effective strategy for treating OA cartilage damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard F Loeser
- Rheumatology, Rush Medical College of Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, 1725 West Harrison, Suite 1017, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Hidaka C, Goodrich LR, Chen CT, Warren RF, Crystal RG, Nixon AJ. Acceleration of cartilage repair by genetically modified chondrocytes over expressing bone morphogenetic protein-7. J Orthop Res 2003; 21:573-83. [PMID: 12798054 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-0266(02)00264-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cartilage has a limited capacity to heal. Although chondrocyte transplantation is a useful therapeutic strategy, the repair process can be lengthy. Previously we have shown that over expression of bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) in chondrocytes by adenovirus-mediated gene transfer leads to increased matrix synthesis and cartilage-like tissue formation in vitro. In this context we hypothesized that implantation of genetically modified chondrocytes expressing BMP-7 would accelerate the formation of hyaline-like repair tissue in an equine model of cartilage defect repair. METHODS Chondrocytes treated with adenovirus vector encoding BMP-7 (AdBMP-7) or as control, an adenovirus vector encoding an irrelevant gene (Escherichia coli cytosine deaminase, AdCD) were implanted into extensive (15 mm diameter) articular cartilage defects in the patellofemoral joints of 10 horses. Biopsies were performed to evaluate early healing at 4 weeks. At the terminal time point of 8 months, repairs were assessed for morphology, MRI appearance, compressive strength, biochemical composition and persistence of implanted cells. RESULTS Four weeks after surgery AdBMP-7-treated repairs showed an increased level of BMP-7 expression and accelerated healing, with markedly more hyaline-like morphology than control. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the repair tissue 8 months after surgery showed that few implanted cells persisted. By this time, the controls had healed similarly to the AdBMP-7-treated defects, and no difference was detected in the morphologic, biochemical or biomechanical properties of the repair tissues from the two treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS Implantation of genetically modified chondrocytes expressing BMP-7 accelerates the appearance of hyaline-like repair tissue in experimental cartilage defects. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Rehabilitation after cell-based cartilage repair can be prolonged, leading to decreased patient productivity and quality of life. This study shows the feasibility of using genetically modified chondrocytes to accelerate cartilage healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisa Hidaka
- Laboratory for Soft Tissue Research, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Yeh LCC, Mallein-Gerin F, Lee JC. Differential effects of osteogenic protein-1 (BMP-7) on gene expression of BMP and GDF family members during differentiation of the mouse MC615 chondrocyte cells. J Cell Physiol 2002; 191:298-309. [PMID: 12012325 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.10094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The mRNA expression patterns of several bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and growth differentiation factors (GDFs) in long-term cultures of the clonal mouse chondrocyte cell line MC615 were examined. Distinct spatial and temporal patterns of expression of BMPs and GDFs were observed. The temporal orders of expression were correlated with those of several biochemical markers characteristic of chondrocytic cell differentiation. BMP-1, -2, -5, and -6 mRNA expression increased throughout the chondrogenic process and BMP-4 mRNA expression was not changed. GDF-1 and -3 mRNA expression increased throughout the chondrogenic process, and GDF-5, -6, -8, and -9 mRNA expressions were not changed. Effects of osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1, BMP-7) on the expression patterns of several other members of the BMP family and of the GDF family were also examined. OP-1 downregulated the BMP-1, -4, -5, and -6 mRNA expression by a maximal 3-, 5-, 2.5-, and 3-fold, respectively. The BMP-2 mRNA expression was not changed significantly by a low concentration of OP-1, but was increased at 200 ng/ml at day 7 of treatment. In contrast to the BMPs, OP-1 upregulated significantly the six GDF members examined (GDF-1, -3, -5, -6, -8, and -9) by three- to four-fold. Our findings demonstrate that OP-1 differentially regulates the mRNA expression of several related members of the BMP family and upregulates the mRNA expression of several members of the GDF family. The observations suggest that OP-1 action on cartilage differentiation involves a complex regulation of gene expression of several members of the BMP and the GDF family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Chuan C Yeh
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900, USA.
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Camacho N, West P, Griffith M, Warren R, Hidaka C. FT-IR imaging spectroscopy of genetically modified bovine chondrocytes. Materials Science and Engineering: C 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0928-4931(01)00326-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lee KH, Song SU, Hwang TS, Yi Y, Oh IS, Lee JY, Choi KB, Choi MS, Kim SJ. Regeneration of hyaline cartilage by cell-mediated gene therapy using transforming growth factor beta 1-producing fibroblasts. Hum Gene Ther 2001; 12:1805-13. [PMID: 11560773 DOI: 10.1089/104303401750476294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) has been considered as a candidate for gene therapy of orthopedic diseases. The possible application of cell-mediated TGF-beta gene therapy as a new treatment regimen for degenerative arthritis was investigated. In this study, fibroblasts expressing active TGF-beta 1 were injected into the knee joints of rabbits with artificially made cartilage defects to evaluate the feasibility of this therapy for orthopedic diseases. Two to 3 weeks after the injection there was evidence of cartilage regeneration, and at 4 to 6 weeks the cartilage defect was completely filled with newly grown hyaline cartilage. Histological analyses of the regenerated cartilage suggested that it was well integrated with the adjacent normal cartilage at the sides of the defect and that the newly formed tissue was indeed hyaline cartilage. Our findings suggest that cell-mediated TGF-beta 1 gene therapy may be a novel treatment for orthopedic diseases in which hyaline cartilage damage has occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Inha University, Inchon, South Korea 400-711.
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Hidaka C, Quitoriano M, Warren RF, Crystal RG. Enhanced matrix synthesis and in vitro formation of cartilage-like tissue by genetically modified chondrocytes expressing BMP-7. J Orthop Res 2001; 19:751-8. [PMID: 11562118 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-0266(01)00019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenic protein-7 (BMP-7) supports ectopic cartilage and bone formation, is expressed in normal articular cartilage, and increases matrix synthesis in chondrocytes. Based on this knowledge, we hypothesized that an adenovirus (Ad) vector encoding human BMP-7 could be used to modify chondrocytes genetically to improve their capacity for cartilage repair. An adenovirus vector encoding BMP-7 (AdBMP-7) was constructed and its bioactivity confirmed by ectopic bone formation assay. AdBMP-7 modification of bovine chondrocytes induced expression of BMP-7 mRNA and bioactive protein, resulting in an increase in incorporation of 35SO4- into proteoglycan, 3H-proline uptake into protein, and the expression of the cartilage-specific matrix genes, aggrecan and type II collagen. An in vitro model of chondrocyte transplantation was used to demonstrate the feasibility of using genetically modified chondrocytes to enhance formation of cartilage-like tissue. When transplanted onto cartilage explants and maintained in vitro for 3 weeks, chondrocytes modified with AdBMP-7 formed 1.9-fold thicker tissue than chondrocytes modified with a control vector (P < 0.001). This tissue was positive for type II collagen and proteoglycan but negative for type X collagen and demonstrated a cartilage-like morphology. These observations suggest that Ad-mediated transfer of BMP-7 gene to chondrocytes enhances the chondrocyte-specific matrix synthesis and their capacity to form cartilage-like tissue, thus representing a strategy that may improve cell-based cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hidaka
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
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