1
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Xu X, Valavanis D, Ciocci P, Confederat S, Marcuccio F, Lemineur JF, Actis P, Kanoufi F, Unwin PR. The New Era of High-Throughput Nanoelectrochemistry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:319-356. [PMID: 36625121 PMCID: PMC9835065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Xu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | | | - Paolo Ciocci
- Université
Paris Cité, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Samuel Confederat
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering and Pollard Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,Bragg
Centre for Materials Research, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Fabio Marcuccio
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering and Pollard Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,Bragg
Centre for Materials Research, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,Faculty
of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paolo Actis
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering and Pollard Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,Bragg
Centre for Materials Research, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,
| | | | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,
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2
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Wei J, Chen W, Zhou D, Cai J, Chen YX. Restructuring of well-defined Pt-based electrode surfaces under mild electrochemical conditions. Chinese Journal of Catalysis 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(22)64100-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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3
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De R, Dietzek‐Ivanšić B. A Happy Get-Together - Probing Electrochemical Interfaces by Non-Linear Vibrational Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200407. [PMID: 35730530 PMCID: PMC9796775 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical interfaces are key structures in energy storage and catalysis. Hence, a molecular understanding of the active sites at these interfaces, their solvation, the structure of adsorbates, and the formation of solid-electrolyte interfaces are crucial for an in-depth mechanistic understanding of their function. Vibrational sum-frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy has emerged as an operando spectroscopic technique to monitor complex electrochemical interfaces due to its intrinsic interface sensitivity and chemical specificity. Thus, this review discusses the happy get-together between VSFG spectroscopy and electrochemical interfaces. Methodological approaches for answering core issues associated with the behavior of adsorbates on electrodes, the structure of solvent adlayers, the transient formation of reaction intermediates, and the emergence of solid electrolyte interphase in battery research are assessed to provide a critical inventory of highly promising avenues to bring optical spectroscopy to use in modern material research in energy conversion and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratnadip De
- Leibniz-Institute of Photonic TechnologyDepartment Functional InterfacesAlbert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller UniversityHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek‐Ivanšić
- Leibniz-Institute of Photonic TechnologyDepartment Functional InterfacesAlbert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller UniversityHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
- Center of Energy and Environmental Chemistry (CEEC Jena)Friedrich Schiller UniversityHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
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4
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Abstract
Understanding the structure-activity relationship at electrochemical interfaces is crucial in improving the performance of practical electrochemical devices, ranging from fuel cells, electrolyzers, and batteries to electrochemical sensors. However, functional electrochemical interfaces are often complex and contain various surface structures, creating heterogeneity in electrochemical activity. In this Perspective, we highlight the role of heterogeneity in electrochemistry, especially in the context of electrocatalysis. Current methods for revealing the heterogeneity at electrochemical interfaces, including nanoelectrochemistry tools and single-entity approaches, are discussed. Lastly, we provide perspectives on what one can learn by studying heterogeneity and how one can use heterogeneity to design more efficient electrochemical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hyun Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hyein Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Heekwon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hang Ren
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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5
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Yang Z, Gura L, Kalaß F, Marschalik P, Brinker M, Kirstaedter W, Hartmann J, Thielsch G, Junkes H, Heyde M, Freund HJ. A high-speed variable-temperature ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscope with spiral scan capabilities. Rev Sci Instrum 2022; 93:053704. [PMID: 35649753 DOI: 10.1063/5.0079868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We present the design and development of a variable-temperature high-speed scanning tunneling microscope (STM). The setup consists of a two-chamber ultra-high vacuum system, including a preparation and a main chamber. The preparation chamber is equipped with standard preparation tools for sample cleaning and film growth. The main chamber hosts the STM that is located within a continuous flow cryostat for counter-cooling during high-temperature measurements. The microscope body is compact, rigid, and highly symmetric to ensure vibrational stability and low thermal drift. We designed a hybrid scanner made of two independent tube piezos for slow and fast scanning, respectively. A commercial STM controller is used for slow scanning, while a high-speed Versa Module Eurocard bus system controls fast scanning. Here, we implement non-conventional spiral geometries for high-speed scanning, which consist of smooth sine and cosine signals created by an arbitrary waveform generator. The tip scans in a quasi-constant height mode, where the logarithm of the tunneling current signal can be regarded as roughly proportional to the surface topography. Scan control and data acquisition have been programmed in the experimental physics and industrial control system framework. With the spiral scans, we atomically resolved diffusion processes of oxygen atoms on the Ru(0001) surface and achieved a time resolution of 8.3 ms per frame at different temperatures. Variable-temperature measurements reveal an influence of the temperature on the oxygen diffusion rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zechao Yang
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonard Gura
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Kalaß
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrik Marschalik
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Brinker
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - William Kirstaedter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Hartmann
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gero Thielsch
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heinz Junkes
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Heyde
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Freund
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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6
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Mita M, Matsushima H, Ueda M, Ito H. In-situ high-speed atomic force microscopy observation of dynamic nanobubbles during water electrolysis. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 614:389-395. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.01.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Over
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich Buff Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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8
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Pishgar S, Gulati S, Strain JM, Liang Y, Mulvehill MC, Spurgeon JM. In Situ Analytical Techniques for the Investigation of Material Stability and Interface Dynamics in Electrocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Applications. Small Methods 2021; 5:e2100322. [PMID: 34927994 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalysis and photoelectrochemistry are critical to technologies like fuel cells, electrolysis, and solar fuels. Material stability and interfacial phenomena are central to the performance and long-term viability of these technologies. Researchers need tools to uncover the fundamental processes occurring at the electrode/electrolyte interface. Numerous analytical instruments are well-developed for material characterization, but many are ex situ techniques often performed under vacuum and without applied bias. Such measurements miss dynamic phenomena in the electrolyte under operational conditions. However, innovative advancements have allowed modification of these techniques for in situ characterization in liquid environments at electrochemically relevant conditions. This review explains some of the main in situ electrochemical characterization techniques, briefly explaining the principle of operation and highlighting key work in applying the method to investigate material stability and interfacial properties for electrocatalysts and photoelectrodes. Covered methods include spectroscopy (in situ UV-vis, ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS), and in situ Raman), mass spectrometry (on-line inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS)), and microscopy (in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electrochemical atomic force microscopy (EC-AFM), electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM), and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM)). Each technique's capabilities and advantages/disadvantages are discussed and summarized for comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Pishgar
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Saumya Gulati
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Jacob M Strain
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Ying Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Matthew C Mulvehill
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Joshua M Spurgeon
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
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9
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Gonella G, Backus EHG, Nagata Y, Bonthuis DJ, Loche P, Schlaich A, Netz RR, Kühnle A, Mccrum IT, Koper MTM, Wolf M, Winter B, Meijer G, Campen RK, Bonn M. Water at charged interfaces. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:466-85. [PMID: 37118441 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00293-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquity of aqueous solutions in contact with charged surfaces and the realization that the molecular-level details of water-surface interactions often determine interfacial functions and properties relevant in many natural processes have led to intensive research. Even so, many open questions remain regarding the molecular picture of the interfacial organization and preferential alignment of water molecules, as well as the structure of water molecules and ion distributions at different charged interfaces. While water, solutes and charge are present in each of these systems, the substrate can range from living tissues to metals. This diversity in substrates has led to different communities considering each of these types of aqueous interface. In this Review, by considering water in contact with metals, oxides and biomembranes, we show the essential similarity of these disparate systems. While in each case the classical mean-field theories can explain many macroscopic and mesoscopic observations, it soon becomes apparent that such theories fail to explain phenomena for which molecular properties are relevant, such as interfacial chemical conversion. We highlight the current knowledge and limitations in our understanding and end with a view towards future opportunities in the field.
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Abstract
Abstract
Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) has gained increasing attention in the field of electrocatalysis due to its ability to reveal electrocatalyst surface structures down to the atomic level in either ultra-high-vacuum (UHV) or harsh electrochemical conditions. The detailed knowledge of surface structures, surface electronic structures, surface active sites as well as the interaction between surface adsorbates and electrocatalysts is highly beneficial in the study of electrocatalytic mechanisms and for the rational design of electrocatalysts. Based on this, this review will discuss the application of STM in the characterization of electrocatalyst surfaces and the investigation of electrochemical interfaces between electrocatalyst surfaces and reactants. Based on different operating conditions, UHV-STM and STM in electrochemical environments (EC-STM) are discussed separately. This review will also present emerging techniques including high-speed EC-STM, scanning noise microscopy and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.
Graphic Abstract
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11
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Simon GH, Kley CS, Roldan Cuenya B. Potential-Dependent Morphology of Copper Catalysts During CO 2 Electroreduction Revealed by In Situ Atomic Force Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:2561-2568. [PMID: 33035401 PMCID: PMC7898873 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical AFM is a powerful tool for the real-space characterization of catalysts under realistic electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2 RR) conditions. The evolution of structural features ranging from the micrometer to the atomic scale could be resolved during CO2 RR. Using Cu(100) as model surface, distinct nanoscale surface morphologies and their potential-dependent transformations from granular to smoothly curved mound-pit surfaces or structures with rectangular terraces are revealed during CO2 RR in 0.1 m KHCO3 . The density of undercoordinated copper sites during CO2 RR is shown to increase with decreasing potential. In situ atomic-scale imaging reveals specific adsorption occurring at distinct cathodic potentials impacting the observed catalyst structure. These results show the complex interrelation of the morphology, structure, defect density, applied potential, and electrolyte in copper CO2 RR catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg H. Simon
- Department of Interface ScienceFritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society14195BerlinGermany
| | - Christopher S. Kley
- Department of Interface ScienceFritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society14195BerlinGermany
- Young Investigator Group Nanoscale Operando CO2 Photo-ElectrocatalysisHelmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH14109BerlinGermany
| | - Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
- Department of Interface ScienceFritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society14195BerlinGermany
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12
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Simon GH, Kley CS, Roldan Cuenya B. Potentialabhängige Morphologie von Kupferkatalysatoren während der Elektroreduktion von CO
2
, ermittelt durch In‐situ‐Rasterkraftmikroskopie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georg H. Simon
- Abteilung Grenzflächenwissenschaft Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Christopher S. Kley
- Abteilung Grenzflächenwissenschaft Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft 14195 Berlin Deutschland
- Young Investigator Group Nanoscale Operando CO2 Photo-Electrocatalysis Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH 14109 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
- Abteilung Grenzflächenwissenschaft Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft 14195 Berlin Deutschland
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13
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Abstract
Dynamics are fundamental to all aspects of chemistry and play a central role in the mechanism and product distribution of a chemical reaction. All dynamic processes are influenced by the local environment, so it is of fundamental and practical value to understand the structure of the environment and the dynamics with nanoscale resolution. Most techniques for measuring dynamic processes have microscopic spatial resolution and can only measure the average behavior of a large ensemble of sites within their sampling volumes. Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) is a powerful tool for overcoming this limitation due to its combination of high chemical specificity and spatial resolution that is on the nanometer scale. Adapting it for the study of dynamic systems remains a work in progress, but the increasing sophistication of TERS is making such studies more routine, and there are now growing efforts to use TERS to examine more complex processes. This Perspective aims to promote development in this area of research by highlighting recent progress in using TERS to understand reacting and dynamic systems, ranging from simple model reactions to complex processes with practical applications. We discuss the unique challenges and opportunities that TERS presents for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Sartin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hai-Sheng Su
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Bin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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14
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Sebastián-Pascual P, Jordão Pereira I, Escudero-Escribano M. Tailored electrocatalysts by controlled electrochemical deposition and surface nanostructuring. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:13261-13272. [PMID: 33104137 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06099b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Controlled electrodeposition and surface nanostructuring are very promising approaches to tailor the structure of the electrocatalyst surface, with the aim to enhance their efficiency for sustainable energy conversion reactions. In this highlight, we first summarise different strategies to modify the structure of the electrode surface at the atomic and sub-monolayer level for applications in electrocatalysis. We discuss aspects such as structure sensitivity and electronic and geometric effects in electrocatalysis. Nanostructured surfaces are finally introduced as more scalable electrocatalysts, where morphology, cluster size, shape and distribution play an essential role and can be finely tuned. Controlled electrochemical deposition and selective engineering of the surface structure are key to design more active, selective and stable electrocatalysts towards a decarbonised energy scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Sebastián-Pascual
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Inês Jordão Pereira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - María Escudero-Escribano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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15
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Meusel M, Lexow M, Gezmis A, Schötz S, Wagner M, Bayer A, Maier F, Steinrück HP. Atomic Force and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy of Ordered Ionic Liquid Wetting Layers from 110 K up to Room Temperature. ACS Nano 2020; 14:9000-9010. [PMID: 32609482 PMCID: PMC7391993 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are used as ultrathin films in many applications. We studied the nanoscale arrangement within the first layer of 1,3-dimethylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide ([C1C1Im] [Tf2N]) on Au(111) between 400 and 110 K in ultrahigh vacuum by scanning tunneling and noncontact atomic force microscopy with molecular resolution. Compared to earlier studies on similar ILs, a different behavior is observed, which we attribute to the small size and symmetrical shape of the cation: (a) In both AFM and STM only the anions are imaged; (b) only long-range-ordered but no amorphous phases are observed; (c) the hexagonal room-temperature phase melts 30-50 K above the IL's bulk melting point; (d) at 110 K, striped and hexagonal superstructures with two and three ion pairs per unit cell, respectively, are found. AFM turned out to be more stable at higher temperature, while STM revealed more details at low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Meusel
- Lehrstuhl
für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Lexow
- Lehrstuhl
für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Afra Gezmis
- Lehrstuhl
für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon Schötz
- Lehrstuhl
für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Margareta Wagner
- Lehrstuhl
für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute
of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10/134, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Bayer
- Lehrstuhl
für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Maier
- Lehrstuhl
für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl
für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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16
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Abstract
CO adlayers on Pt(111) electrode surfaces are an important electrochemical system and of great relevance to electrocatalysis. The potential-dependent structure and dynamics of these adlayers are complex and still controversial, especially in the CO pre-oxidation regime. We here employ in situ high-speed scanning tunneling microscopy for studying the surface phase behavior in CO-saturated 0.1 m H2 SO4 on the millisecond time scale. At potentials near the onset of CO pre-oxidation local fluctuations in the (2×2)-CO adlayer are observed, which increase towards more positive potentials. Above 0.20 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), this leads to an adlayer where COad apparently reside on every top site, but still exhibit a (2×2) superstructure modulation. We interpret this observation as a dynamic effect, caused by a small number of highly mobile point defects in the (2×2)-CO adlayer. As shown by density functional theory calculations, the CO lattice near such defects relaxes into a local (1×1) arrangement, which can rapidly propagate across the surface. This scenario, where a static (2×2) COad sublattice coexists with a highly dynamic sublattice of partially occupied top sites, explains the pronounced COad surface mobility during electrooxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wei
- Institute of Experimental and Applied PhysicsKiel University24098KielGermany
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at MicroscaleUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026China
| | | | - Yan‐Xia Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at MicroscaleUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026China
| | - Sung Sakong
- Institute of Theoretical ChemistryUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Axel Gross
- Institute of Theoretical ChemistryUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Olaf M. Magnussen
- Institute of Experimental and Applied PhysicsKiel University24098KielGermany
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17
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Dávila López AC, Pehlke E. Initial steps toward Au ad island nucleation on a c(2 × 2)-Cl Au(001) surface investigated by DFT. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:084701. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5140244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eckhard Pehlke
- Institut für Theoretische Physik und Astrophysik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wei
- Institute of Experimental and Applied PhysicsKiel University 24098 Kiel Germany
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at MicroscaleUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | | | - Yan‐Xia Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at MicroscaleUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Sung Sakong
- Institute of Theoretical ChemistryUlm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Axel Gross
- Institute of Theoretical ChemistryUlm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Olaf M. Magnussen
- Institute of Experimental and Applied PhysicsKiel University 24098 Kiel Germany
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