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Fernández-Soto D, Bueno P, Garaigorta U, Gastaminza P, Bueno JL, Duarte RF, Jara R, Valés-Gómez M, Reyburn HT. SARS-CoV-2 membrane protein-specific antibodies from critically ill SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals interact with Fc receptor-expressing cells but do not neutralize the virus. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 115:985-991. [PMID: 38245016 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiae017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The membrane (M) glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 is one of the key viral proteins regulating virion assembly and morphogenesis. Immunologically, the M protein is a major source of peptide antigens driving T cell responses, and most individuals who have been infected with SARS-CoV-2 make antibodies to the N-terminal, surface-exposed peptide of the M protein. We now report that although the M protein is abundant in the viral particle, antibodies to the surface-exposed N-terminal epitope of M do not appear to neutralize the virus. M protein-specific antibodies do, however, activate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion by primary human natural killer cells. Interestingly, while patients with severe or mild disease make comparable levels of M antigen-binding antibodies, M-specific antibodies from the serum of critically ill patients are significantly more potent activators of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity than antibodies found in individuals with mild or asymptomatic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fernández-Soto
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C. Darwin 3, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Paula Bueno
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C. Darwin 3, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Urtzi Garaigorta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C. Darwin 3, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Pablo Gastaminza
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C. Darwin 3, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - José L Bueno
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, C. Joaquín Rodrigo 1, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael F Duarte
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, C. Joaquín Rodrigo 1, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Jara
- Immunostep, S.L., Centro Investigación del Cáncer, Avda. Universidad de Coimbra, s/n, Salamanca 37007, Spain
| | - Mar Valés-Gómez
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C. Darwin 3, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Hugh T Reyburn
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C. Darwin 3, Madrid 28049, Spain
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2
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Woodruff MC, Faliti CE, Sanz I. Systems biology of B cells in COVID-19. Semin Immunol 2024; 72:101875. [PMID: 38489999 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2024.101875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The integration of multi-'omic datasets into complex systems-wide assessments has become a mainstay in immunologic investigation. This focus on high-dimensional data collection and analysis was on full display in the investigation of COVID-19, the respiratory illness resulting from infection by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Particularly in the area of B cell biology, tremendous efforts in both cellular and serologic investigation have resulted in an increasingly detailed mapping of the coordinated effector, memory, and antibody secreting cell responses that underpin the development of humoral immunity in response to primary viral infection. Further, the rapid development and deployment of effective vaccines has allowed for the assessment of developing memory responses across a wide variety of immune contexts, including in patients with compromised immune function. The result has been a period of rapid gains in the understanding of B cell biology unrestricted to the study of COVID-19. Here, we outline the systems-level technologies that have been routinely implemented in these investigations throughout the pandemic, and discuss how their use has led to clear and applicable gains in pursuance of the amelioration of human infectious disease and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Woodruff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Emory Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Caterina E Faliti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Emory Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Emory Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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3
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García-Jiménez ÁF, Cáceres-Martell Y, Fernández-Soto D, Martínez Fleta P, Casasnovas JM, Sánchez-Madrid F, Frade JMR, Valés-Gómez M, Reyburn HT. Cross-reactive cellular, but not humoral, immunity is detected between OC43 and SARS-CoV-2 NPs in people not infected with SARS-CoV-2: Possible role of cT FH cells. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:339-346. [PMID: 35384035 PMCID: PMC9088540 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4covcra0721-356rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple questions about SARS-CoV-2 humoral and cellular immunity remain unanswered. One key question is whether preexisting memory T or B cells, specific for related coronaviruses in SARS-CoV-2-unexposed individuals, can recognize and suppress COVID-19, but this issue remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 antigens are restricted to serum samples from COVID-19 convalescent individuals. In contrast, cross-reactive T cell proliferation and IFN-γ production responses were detected in PBMCs of around 30% of donor samples collected prepandemic, although we found that these prepandemic T cell responses only elicited weak cTFH activation upon stimulation with either HCoV-OC43 or SARS-CoV-2 NP protein. Overall, these observations confirm that T cell cross-reactive with SARS-CoV-2 antigens are present in unexposed people, but suggest that the T cell response to HCoV-OC43 could be deficient in some important aspects, like TFH expansion, that might compromise the generation of cross-reactive TFH cells and antibodies. Understanding these differences in cellular responses may be of critical importance to advance in our knowledge of immunity against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yaiza Cáceres-Martell
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Fernández-Soto
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José M Casasnovas
- Department of Macromolecular Structures, National Centre for Biotechnology, CNB-CSIC, CNB, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Mar Valés-Gómez
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hugh T Reyburn
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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4
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Romero-Pinedo S, Quesada M, Horndler L, Álvarez-Fernández S, Olmo A, Abia D, Alarcón B, Delgado P. Vaccine Type-, Age- and Past Infection-Dependence of the Humoral Response to SARS-CoV-2 Spike S Protein. Front Immunol 2022; 13:809285. [PMID: 35296086 PMCID: PMC8918633 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.809285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of COVID-19 has led to a worldwide challenge for the rapid development of vaccines. Several types of safe and effective vaccines have been available in a time frame never seen before. Now that several hundred million people have been vaccinated there is an opportunity to compare vaccines in terms of protection and immune response. Here, we have applied a highly sensitive multiplexed flow cytometry method to measure simultaneously IgM, IgG1 and IgA anti-spike protein antibodies generated in response to three vaccines: ChAdOx1 (Oxford-AstraZeneca), mRNA-1273 (Moderna), and BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech). We have found that mRNA vaccines (mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2) induce a stronger humoral response, both after the first and the second dose, than the adenovirus-based ChAdOx1 vaccine. We also found that, in the elderly, antibody titers negatively correlate with the age of the donor but, also, that antibody titers remain stable for at least 6 months after complete vaccination. Finally, we found that one dose of BNT162b2 is sufficient to induce the highest antibody titers in seropositive pre-vaccination donors. We hope these data will help to guide future decisions on vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lydia Horndler
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - David Abia
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Balbino Alarcón
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Delgado
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Pilar Delgado,
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5
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Zattoni IF, Huergo LF, Gerhardt ECM, Nardin JM, Dos Santos AMF, de Moraes Rego FG, Picheth G, Moure VR, Valdameri G. Multiplexed flow cytometric approach for detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG, IgM and IgA using beads covalently coupled to the nucleocapsid protein. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 74:863-872. [PMID: 35148433 PMCID: PMC9115257 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometry has emerged as a promising technique for detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies. In this study, we developed an innovative strategy for simultaneous detection of immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM and IgA. The SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleocapsid protein was covalently bound to functional beads surface applying sulpho‐SMCC chemistry. BUV395 anti‐IgG, BB515 anti‐IgM, biotinylated anti‐IgA1/IgA2 and BV421 streptavidin were used as fluorophore conjugated secondary antibodies. Serum and antibodies reaction conditions were optimized for each antibody isotype detection and a multiplexed detection assay was developed. This new cell‐free assay efficiently discriminate COVID‐19 negative and positive samples. The simultaneous detection of IgG, IgM and IgA showed a sensitivity of 88·5–96·2% and specificity of 100%. This novel strategy opens a new avenue for flow cytometry‐based diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Fatima Zattoni
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Laboratory of Cancer Drug Resistance, Federal University of Paraná, 80210-170, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Luciano F Huergo
- Setor Litoral, Federal University of Paraná, 83260-000, Matinhos, PR, Brazil
| | - Edileusa C M Gerhardt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, 80060-000, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Geraldo Picheth
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Federal University of Paraná, 80210-170, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Vivian Rotuno Moure
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Laboratory of Cancer Drug Resistance, Federal University of Paraná, 80210-170, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Analysis, Federal University of Paraná, 80210-170, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Glaucio Valdameri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Laboratory of Cancer Drug Resistance, Federal University of Paraná, 80210-170, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Analysis, Federal University of Paraná, 80210-170, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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6
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Tamariz-Amador LE, Battaglia AM, Maia C, Zherniakova A, Guerrero C, Zabaleta A, Burgos L, Botta C, Fortuño MA, Grande C, Manubens A, Arguiñano JM, Gomez C, Perez-Persona E, Olazabal I, Oiartzabal I, Panizo C, Prosper F, San-Miguel JF, Rodriguez-Otero P, Martín-Sánchez E, Paiva B. Immune biomarkers to predict SARS-CoV-2 vaccine effectiveness in patients with hematological malignancies. Blood Cancer J 2021; 11:202. [PMID: 34907159 PMCID: PMC8669666 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-021-00594-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence of reduced SARS-CoV-2 vaccine effectiveness in patients with hematological malignancies. We hypothesized that tumor and treatment-related immunosuppression can be depicted in peripheral blood, and that immune profiling prior to vaccination can help predict immunogenicity. We performed a comprehensive immunological characterization of 83 hematological patients before vaccination and measured IgM, IgG, and IgA antibody response to four viral antigens at day +7 after second-dose COVID-19 vaccination using multidimensional and computational flow cytometry. Health care practitioners of similar age were the control group (n = 102). Forty-four out of 59 immune cell types were significantly altered in patients; those with monoclonal gammopathies showed greater immunosuppression than patients with B-cell disorders and Hodgkin lymphoma. Immune dysregulation emerged before treatment, peaked while on-therapy, and did not return to normalcy after stopping treatment. We identified an immunotype that was significantly associated with poor antibody response and uncovered that the frequency of neutrophils, classical monocytes, CD4, and CD8 effector memory CD127low T cells, as well as naive CD21+ and IgM+D+ memory B cells, were independently associated with immunogenicity. Thus, we provide novel immune biomarkers to predict COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness in hematological patients, which are complementary to treatment-related factors and may help tailoring possible vaccine boosters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis-Esteban Tamariz-Amador
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, CIBERONC, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Anna Martina Battaglia
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, CIBERONC, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, "Magna Graecia", University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Catarina Maia
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, CIBERONC, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Anastasiia Zherniakova
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, CIBERONC, Pamplona, Spain
- Russian Research Institute of Hematology and Transfusiology, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Camila Guerrero
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, CIBERONC, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Aintzane Zabaleta
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, CIBERONC, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Leire Burgos
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, CIBERONC, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Cirino Botta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, "Magna Graecia", University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria-Antonia Fortuño
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, CIBERONC, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos Grande
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, CIBERONC, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Andrea Manubens
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, CIBERONC, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Clara Gomez
- Hospital Universitario de Galdakao, Galdakano, Spain
| | | | - Iñigo Olazabal
- Hospital Universitario de Donostia, San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Panizo
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, CIBERONC, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Felipe Prosper
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, CIBERONC, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jesus F San-Miguel
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, CIBERONC, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Paula Rodriguez-Otero
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, CIBERONC, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Esperanza Martín-Sánchez
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, CIBERONC, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Bruno Paiva
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, CIBERONC, Pamplona, Spain.
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7
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Barreda D, Santiago C, Rodríguez JR, Rodríguez JF, Casasnovas JM, Mérida I, Ávila-Flores A. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Its Receptor Binding Domain Promote a Proinflammatory Activation Profile on Human Dendritic Cells. Cells 2021; 10:3279. [PMID: 34943787 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells, and their function is essential to configure adaptative immunity and avoid excessive inflammation. DCs are predicted to play a crucial role in the clinical evolution of the infection by the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (CoV)-2. DCs interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein, which mediates cell receptor binding and subsequent fusion of the viral particle with host cell, is a key step to induce effective immunity against this virus and in the S protein-based vaccination protocols. Here we evaluated human DCs in response to SARS-CoV-2 S protein, or to a fragment encompassing the receptor binding domain (RBD) challenge. Both proteins increased the expression of maturation markers, including MHC molecules and costimulatory receptors. DCs interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 S protein promotes activation of key signaling molecules involved in inflammation, including MAPK, AKT, STAT1, and NFκB, which correlates with the expression and secretion of distinctive proinflammatory cytokines. Differences in the expression of ACE2 along the differentiation of human monocytes to mature DCs and inter-donor were found. Our results show that SARS-CoV-2 S protein promotes inflammatory response and provides molecular links between individual variations and the degree of response against this virus.
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