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Kour P, Saha P, Sharma DK, Singh K. DNA topoisomerases as a drug target in Leishmaniasis: Structural and mechanistic insights. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128401. [PMID: 38007027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, caused by a protozoan parasite, is among humanity's costliest banes, owing to the high mortality and morbidity ratio in poverty-stricken areas. To date, no vaccine is available for the complete cure of the disease. Current chemotherapy is expensive, has undesirable side effects, and faces drug resistance limitations and toxicity concerns. The substantial differences in homology between leishmanial DNA topoisomerase IB compared with the human counterparts provided a new lead in the study of the structural determinants that can be targeted. Several research groups explored this molecular target, trying to fill the therapeutic gap, and came forward with various anti-leishmanial scaffolds. This article is a comprehensive review of knowledge about topoisomerases as an anti-leishmanial drug target and their inhibitors collected over the years. In addition to information on molecular targets and reported scaffolds, the review details the structure-activity relationship of described compounds with leishmanial Topoisomerase IB. Moreover, the work also includes information about the structure of the inhibitors, showing common interacting residues with leishmanial topoisomerases that drive their mode of action towards them. Finally, in search of topoisomerase inhibitors at the stage of clinical trials, we have listed all the drugs that have been in clinical trials against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parampreet Kour
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Pallavi Saha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Deepak K Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Kuljit Singh
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Abirami M, Karan Kumar B, Dey S, Johri S, Reguera RM, Balaña-Fouce R, Gowri Chandra Sekhar KV, Sankaranarayanan M. Molecular-level strategic goals and repressors in Leishmaniasis - Integrated data to accelerate target-based heterocyclic scaffolds. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 257:115471. [PMID: 37257213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a complex of neglected tropical diseases caused by various species of leishmanial parasites that primarily affect the world's poorest people. A limited number of standard medications are available for this disease that has been used for several decades, these drugs have many drawbacks such as resistance, higher cost, and patient compliance, making it difficult to reach the poor. The search for novel chemical entities to treat leishmaniasis has led to target-based scaffold research. Among several identified potential molecular targets, enzymes involved in the purine salvage pathway include polyamine biosynthetic process, such as arginase, ornithine decarboxylase, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, spermidine synthase, trypanothione reductase as well as enzymes in the DNA cell cycle, such as DNA topoisomerases I and II plays vital role in the life cycle survival of leishmanial parasite. This review mainly focuses on various heterocyclic scaffolds, and their specific inhibitory targets against leishmaniasis, particularly those from the polyamine biosynthesis pathway and DNA topoisomerases with estimated activity studies of various heterocyclic analogs in terms of their IC50 or EC50 value, reported molecular docking analysis from available published literatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abirami
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, 333031, India
| | - Banoth Karan Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, 333031, India; Department of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, AP, India
| | - Sanchita Dey
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, 333031, India
| | - Samridhi Johri
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, 333031, India
| | - Rosa M Reguera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of León, 24071, León, Spain
| | | | - Kondapalli Venkata Gowri Chandra Sekhar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Kapra Mandal, Hyderabad, 500078, Telangana, India
| | - Murugesan Sankaranarayanan
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, 333031, India.
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Chowdhuri SP, Dhiman S, Das SK, Meena N, Das S, Kumar A, Das BB. Novel Pyrido[2',1':2,3]imidazo[4,5- c]quinoline Derivative Selectively Poisons Leishmania donovani Bisubunit Topoisomerase 1 to Inhibit the Antimony-Resistant Leishmania Infection in Vivo. J Med Chem 2023; 66:3411-3430. [PMID: 36823782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The unique bisubunit structure of Leishmania donovani topoisomerase 1B (LdTop1) is a potential drug target in the parasites unlike the monomeric Top1 from its human host counterpart. Here, we report the design, synthesis, and validation of a chimeric pyrido[2',1':2,3]imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline derivative (C17) as a novel antileishmanial agent that poisons topoisomerase 1-DNA covalent complexes (LdTop1cc) inside the parasites and inhibits Top1 religation activity both in the drug sensitive and antimony-resistant L. donovani clinical isolates. Importantly, the human Top1 is not sensitive to C17. Further, C17 overcomes the chemical instability of camptothecin (CPT) by generating persistent LdTop1cc-induced DNA breaks inside the parasites even after 12 h of drug removal. Intraperitoneal administration of C17 results in marked reduction of the Leishmania amastigotes from the infected spleen and liver of BALB/c mice. C17 confers a host protective immune-response up-regulating the Th1 cytokines facilitating parasite clearance which can be exploited for treating drug-resistant leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijita Paul Chowdhuri
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Shiv Dhiman
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333 031 Rajasthan, India
| | - Subhendu K Das
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Neha Meena
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333 031 Rajasthan, India
| | - Sonali Das
- Infectious Diseases & Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333 031 Rajasthan, India
| | - Benu Brata Das
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
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Bose Mazumdar Ghosh A, Banerjee A, Chattopadhyay S. An insight into the potent medicinal plant Phyllanthus amarus Schum. and Thonn. Nucleus (Calcutta) 2022; 65:437-472. [PMID: 36407559 PMCID: PMC9660160 DOI: 10.1007/s13237-022-00409-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Phyllanthus amarus Schum. and Thonn., a globally distributed herb is known for its several therapeutic potentials. P. amarus has a long history of use in the traditional system of medicine for over 2000 years owing to its wide array of secondary metabolites that confer significant medicinal attributes. Research on various aspects including ethnobotany, phytochemistry to bioactivity, or pharmacological studies has been conducted over the past several decades on this potent herb. P. amarus extracts have shown a broad range of pharmacological activities like hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antiviral, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimalarial, nephroprotective, diuretic, and several other properties. The present review compiles and covers literature and research of several groups across past decades to date and focuses on how the therapeutic significance of this plant can be further explored for future research either as herbal formulations, alternative medicine, or in the pharmaceutical industry. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13237-022-00409-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparupa Bose Mazumdar Ghosh
- Plant Biology Lab, Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032 India
| | - Anindita Banerjee
- Undergraduate, Postgraduate, and Research Department of Microbiology, St. Xavier’s College (Autonomous), 30 Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, 700016 India
| | - Sharmila Chattopadhyay
- Plant Biology Lab, Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032 India
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Gouri V, Upreti S, Samant M. Evaluation of target-specific natural compounds for drug discovery against Leishmaniasis. Parasitol Int 2022; 91:102622. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chowdhury SR, Das SK, Banerjee B, Paul Chowdhuri S, Majumder HK, Das BB. TDP1 knockout Leishmania donovani accumulate topoisomerase 1-linked DNA damage and are hypersensitive to clinically used antileishmanial drugs. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22265. [PMID: 35319800 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101668rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania donovani, a unicellular protozoan parasite, causes a wide range of human diseases including fatal visceral leishmaniasis. Tyrosyl DNA-phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1) hydrolyzes the phosphodiester bond between DNA 3'-end and a tyrosyl moiety of trapped topoisomerase I-DNA covalent complexes (Top1cc). We have previously shown Leishmania harbors a TDP1 gene (LdTDP1), however, the biological role of TDP1 remains largely unknown. In the present study, we have generated TDP1 knockout L. donovani (LdTDP1-/- ) promastigotes and have shown that LdTDP1-/- parasites are deficient in 3'-phosphodiesterase activities and were hypersensitive to Top1-poison like camptothecin (CPT), DNA alkylation agent like methyl methanesulfonate, and oxidative DNA lesions generated by hydrogen peroxide but were not sensitive to etoposide. We also detected elevated levels of CPT-induced reactive oxygen species triggering cell cycle arrest and cell death in LdTDP1-/- promastigotes. LdTDP1-/- promastigotes accumulate a significant change in the membrane morphology with the accumulation of membrane pores, which is associated with oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. To our surprise, we detected that LdTDP1-/- parasites were hypersensitive to antileishmanial drugs like amphotericin B and miltefosine, which could be rescued by complementation of wild-type TDP1 gene in the LdTDP1-/- parasites. Notably, multidrug-resistant L. donovani clinical isolates showed a marked reduction in TDP1 expression and were sensitive to Top1 poisons. Taken together, our study provides a new role of LdTDP1 in protecting L. donovani parasites from oxidative stress-induced DNA damage and resistance to amphotericin B and miltefosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somenath Roy Chowdhury
- Infectious Diseases & Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Subhendu K Das
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India
| | - Bijoylaxmi Banerjee
- Infectious Diseases & Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Srijita Paul Chowdhuri
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India
| | - Hemanta K Majumder
- Infectious Diseases & Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Benu Brata Das
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India
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Ota R, Karasawa D, Oshima M, Watashi K, Shimasaki N, Nishii Y. Asymmetric total synthesis of four bioactive lignans using donor–acceptor cyclopropanes and bioassay of (−)- and (+)-niranthin against hepatitis B and influenza viruses. RSC Adv 2022; 12:4635-4639. [PMID: 35425482 PMCID: PMC8981369 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00499b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The total synthesis of four lignans including (−)- and (+)-niranthin has been achieved utilizing cyclopropanes. Based on bioassays of the (+)- and (−)-niranthins using HBV and IFV, we speculated the bioactive site of niranthin against HBV and IFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryotaro Ota
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Tokida 3-15-1, Uea, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Daichi Karasawa
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Tokida 3-15-1, Uea, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Mizuki Oshima
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki 2641, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki 2641, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Noriko Shimasaki
- Department of Virology III, National Institution of Infections Deseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Nishii
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Tokida 3-15-1, Uea, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
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Lee H, Baek KH, Phan TN, Park IS, Lee S, Kim J, No JH. Discovery of Leishmania donovani topoisomerase IB selective inhibitors by targeting protein-protein interactions between the large and small subunits. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 569:193-198. [PMID: 34256188 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a fatal infectious disease caused by viscerotropic parasitic species of Leishmania. Current treatment options are often ineffective and toxic, and more importantly, there are no clinically validated drug targets available to develop next generation therapeutics against VL. Topoisomerase IB (TopIB) is an essential enzyme for Leishmania survival. The enzyme is organized as a bi-subunit that is distinct from the monomeric topoisomerase I of human. Based on this unique feature, we synthesized peptides composed of partial amino acid sequences of small subunit of Leishmania donovani (Ld) TopIB to confirm a decrease in catalytic activity by interfering the interaction between the two subunits. One of the synthetic peptides, covering essential amino acids for catalytic activity of LdTopIB, interrupted the enzymatic activity. Next, we examined 151 compounds selected from virtual screening in a functional assay and identified three LRL-TP compounds with a significant decrease in LdTopIB activity (IC50 of LRL-TP-85: 1.3 μM; LRL-TP-94: 2.9 μM; and LRL-TP-101: 35.3 μM) and no effects on Homo sapiens (Hs) TopIB activity. Based on molecular docking, the protonated tertiary amine of inhibitors formed key interactions with S415 of the large subunit. The EC50 values of LRL-TP-85, LRL-TP-94, and LRL-TP-101 were respectively 4.9, 1.4, and 27.8 μM in extracellular promastigote assay and 34.0, 53.7, and 11.4 μM in intracellular amastigote assay. Overall, we validated the protein-protein interaction site of LdTopIB as a potential drug target and identified small molecule inhibitors with anti-leishmanial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeryon Lee
- Host-Parasite Research Laboratory, Discovery Biology, Institut Pasteur Korea, 16, Daewangpangyo-ro, 712 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwa Baek
- Host-Parasite Research Laboratory, Discovery Biology, Institut Pasteur Korea, 16, Daewangpangyo-ro, 712 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Trong-Nhat Phan
- Host-Parasite Research Laboratory, Discovery Biology, Institut Pasteur Korea, 16, Daewangpangyo-ro, 712 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - I Seul Park
- Screening Discovery Platform, Institut Pasteur Korea, 16, Daewangpangyo-ro, 712 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangchul Lee
- Cheminformatics, Institut Pasteur Korea, 16, Daewangpangyo-ro, 712 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiho Kim
- Screening Discovery Platform, Institut Pasteur Korea, 16, Daewangpangyo-ro, 712 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hwan No
- Host-Parasite Research Laboratory, Discovery Biology, Institut Pasteur Korea, 16, Daewangpangyo-ro, 712 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, Republic of Korea.
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Chopra B, Dhingra AK. Natural products: A lead for drug discovery and development. Phytother Res 2021; 35:4660-4702. [PMID: 33847440 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Natural products are used since ancient times in folklore for the treatment of various ailments. Plant-derived products have been recognized for many years as a source of therapeutic agents and structural diversity. A literature survey has been carried out to determine the utility of natural molecules and their modified analogs or derivatives as pharmacological active entities. This review presents a study on the importance of natural products in terms of drug discovery and development. It describes how the natural components can be utilized after small modifications in new perspectives. Various new modifications in structure offer a unique opportunity to establish a new molecular entity with better pharmacological potential. It was concluded that in this current era, new attempts are taken to utilize the compounds derived from natural sources as novel drug candidates, with a focus to find and discover new effective molecules that were referred to as "new entities of natural product drug discovery."
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Chopra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamuna Nagar, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar Dhingra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamuna Nagar, India
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Polanco-hernández GM, Giménez-turba A, Salamanca E, Getti G, Rai R, Acosta-viana KY, Arana-argáez VE, Torres-romero JC, Fernández-martín KG, Segura-campos MR, Moo-puc RE, Peña-rodríguez LM. Leishmanicidal Activity and Immunomodulatory Effect of a Mixture of Lupenone and β-Caryophyllene Oxide. Rev Bras Farmacogn 2021; 31:199-206. [DOI: 10.1007/s43450-021-00143-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Chopade AR, Somade PM, Somade PP, Mali SN. Identification of Anxiolytic Potential of Niranthin: In-vivo and Computational Investigations. Nat Prod Bioprospect 2021; 11:223-233. [PMID: 33175328 PMCID: PMC7981351 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-020-00284-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety is an unpleasant state, which can critically decrease the quality of life is often accompanied by nervous behaviour and rumination. Niranthin is a lignan isolated from various Phyllanthus sources. The literature survey on niranthin highlights wide ranges of the therapeutic potentials. In a present study, based on our previous investigations, we evaluated pure, isolated and characterized niranthin as an anxiolytic agent. The niranthin [6-[(2R,3R)-3-[(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-4-methoxy-2-(methoxymethyl)butyl]-4-methoxy-1,3-benzodioxole] was purchased from commercial source and further subjected for assessment of its anxiolytic potentials using popular animal models including Elevated plus-maze model/test (EPM) and Light & Dark Exploration test (L&D). GABA-A receptor mediation was evaluated by pretreating the mice with the GABA-A receptor antagonist Flumazenil before the EPM task. Molecular docking simulation studies (pdb id: 4COF) carried out by Vlife QSAR software showed that niranthin (docking score: - 62.1714 kcal/mol) have shown comparatively best docking score compared to the standard drug Diazepam (docking score: - 63.1568 kcal/mol). To conclude, Niranthin has probable potential in the management of anxiety disorder. Our in-silico and in-vivo analysis (indirectly) indicated the plausible role of GABA mediation for anxiolytic activity. Although, these studies are preliminary, future in depth experimental explorations will be required to use Niranthin as anti-anxiety drug in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul R Chopade
- Department of Pharmacology, Rajarambapu College of Pharmacy, Kasegaon, Sangli, Maharashtra, 415404, India.
| | - Prakash M Somade
- Dept. of Physiology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Karad, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Pratik P Somade
- Dept. of Physiology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Karad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Suraj N Mali
- Government College of Pharmacy, Karad, Maharashtra, India
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12
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Gervazoni LFO, Barcellos GB, Ferreira-Paes T, Almeida-Amaral EE. Use of Natural Products in Leishmaniasis Chemotherapy: An Overview. Front Chem 2020; 8:579891. [PMID: 33330368 PMCID: PMC7732490 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.579891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is an infectious parasitic disease that is caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, a member of the Trypanosomatidae family. Leishmaniasis is classified by the World Health Organization as a neglected tropical disease that is responsible for millions of deaths worldwide. Although there are many possible treatments for leishmaniasis, these treatments remain mostly ineffective, expensive, and long treatment, as well as causing side effects and leading to the development of resistance. For novel and effective treatments to combat leishmaniasis, many research groups have sought to utilize natural products. In addition to exhibiting potential as therapeutic compounds, natural products may also contribute to the development of new drugs based on their chemical structures. This review presents the most promising natural products, including crude extracts and isolated compounds, employed against Leishmania spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza F O Gervazoni
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatideos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle B Barcellos
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatideos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Taiana Ferreira-Paes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatideos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elmo E Almeida-Amaral
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatideos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Irais CM, María-de-la-Luz SG, Dealmy DG, Agustina RM, Nidia CH, Mario-Alberto RG, Luis-Benjamín SG, María-Del-Carmen VM, David PE. Plant Phenolics as Pathogen-Carrier Immunogenicity Modulator Haptens. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:897-905. [PMID: 31965941 PMCID: PMC7536807 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200121130313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Pathogens use multiple mechanisms to disrupt cell functioning in their host and allow pathogenesis. These mechanisms involve communication between the pathogen and the host cell through protein-protein interactions. Methods Protein-protein interactions chains referred to as signal transduction pathways are the processes by which a chemical or physical signal transmits through a cell as series of molecular events so the pathogen needs to intercept these molecular pathways at few positions to induce pathogenesis such as pathogen viability, infection or hypersensitivity. Results The pathogen nodes of interception are not necessarily the most immunogenic; so that novel immunogenicity-improvement strategies need to be developed thought a chemical conjugation of the pathogen-carrier nodes to develop an efficient immune response in order to block pathogenesis. On the other hand, if pathogen-carriers are immunogens; toleration ought to be induced by this conjugation avoiding hypersensitivity. Thus, this paper addresses the biological plausibility of plant-phenolics as pathogen-carrier immunogenicity modulator haptens. Conclusion The plant-phenolic compounds have in their structure functional groups such as hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, ester, or ether, capable of reacting with the amino or carbonyl groups of the amino acids of a pathogen-carrier to form conjugates. Besides, the varied carbon structures these phenolic compounds have; it is possible to alter the pathogen-carrier related factors that determine the immunogenicity: 1) Structural complexity, 2) Molecular size, 3) Structural heterogeneity, 4) Accessibility to antigenic determinants or epitopes, 5) Optical configuration, 6) Physical state, or 7) Molecular rigidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Castillo-Maldonado Irais
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Research of the Faculty of Medicine, Torreon Unit, Autonomous University of Coahuila (UA de C), Torreon, Mexico
| | | | - Delgadillo-Guzmán Dealmy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Torreon Unit Medicine, Autonomous University of Coahuila (UA de C), Torreon, Mexico
| | - Ramírez-Moreno Agustina
- School of Sciences Biological Unit Torreon, Autonomous University of Coahuila (UA de C), Torreon, Mexico
| | - Cabral-Hipólito Nidia
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Research of the Faculty of Medicine, Torreon Unit, Autonomous University of Coahuila (UA de C), Torreon, Mexico
| | - Rivera-Guillén Mario-Alberto
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Research of the Faculty of Medicine, Torreon Unit, Autonomous University of Coahuila (UA de C), Torreon, Mexico
| | - Serrano-Gallardo Luis-Benjamín
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Research of the Faculty of Medicine, Torreon Unit, Autonomous University of Coahuila (UA de C), Torreon, Mexico
| | | | - Pedroza-Escobar David
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Research of the Faculty of Medicine, Torreon Unit, Autonomous University of Coahuila (UA de C), Torreon, Mexico
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Mukherjee B, Mukherjee K, Nanda P, Mukhopadhayay R, Ravichandiran V, Bhattacharyya SN, Roy S. Probing the molecular mechanism of aggressive infection by antimony resistant Leishmania donovani. Cytokine 2020; 145:155245. [PMID: 32861564 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The disease visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala azar is caused by the protozoan parasite, Leishmania donovani (LD). For many decades the pentavalent antimonial drugs countered the successive epidemics of the disease in the Indian sub-continent and elsewhere. With time, antimony resistant LD (LDR) developed and the drug in turn lost its efficacy. Infection of mammals with LDR gives rise to aggressive infection as compared to its sensitive counterpart (LDS) coupled with higher surge of IL-10 and TGF-β. The IL-10 causes upregulation of multidrug resistant protein-1 which causes efflux of antimonials from LDR infected cells. This is believed to be a key mechanism of antimony resistance. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are tiny post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression in mammalian cells and in macrophage play a pivotal role in controlling the expression of cytokines involved in infection process. Therefore, a change in miRNA profiles of macrophages infected with LDS or LDR could explain the differential cytokine response observed. Interestingly, the outcome of LD infection is also governed by the critical balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines which is inturn regulated by miRNA-Ago2 or miRNP complex and its antagonist RNA binding protein HuR. Here Ago2 plays the fulcrum whose phosphorylation and de-phosphorylation dictates the process; which in turn is controlled by PP2A and HuR. LDS and LDR upregulate PP2A and downregulate HuR at different magnitude leading to various levels of anti-inflammatory to proinflammatory cytokine production and resulting pathology in the host. While ectopic HuR expression alone is sufficient to clear LDS infection, simultaneous upregulation of HuR and inhibition of PP2A is required to inhibit LDR mediated infection. Therefore, tampering with miRNA pathway could be a new strategy to control infection caused by LDR parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Budhaditya Mukherjee
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India; School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | | | - Piyush Nanda
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | | | - V Ravichandiran
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Kolkata 700054, India
| | | | - Syamal Roy
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Kolkata 700054, India.
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15
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Khanra S, Juin SK, Jawed JJ, Ghosh S, Dutta S, Nabi SA, Dash J, Dasgupta D, Majumdar S, Banerjee R. In vivo experiments demonstrate the potent antileishmanial efficacy of repurposed suramin in visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008575. [PMID: 32866156 PMCID: PMC7491717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment failure and resistance to the commonly used drugs remains a major obstacle for successful chemotherapy against visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Since the development of novel therapeutics involves exorbitant costs, the effectiveness of the currently available antitrypanosomatid drug suramin has been investigated as an antileishmanial, specifically for VL,in vitro and in animal model experiments. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL Leishmania donovani promastigotes were treated with suramin and studies were performed to determine the extent and mode of cell mortality, cell cycle arrest and other in vitro parameters. In addition, L. donovani infected BALB/c mice were administered suramin and a host of immunological parameters determined to estimate the antileishmanial potency of the drug. Finally, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and enzymatic assays were used to probe the interaction of the drug with one of its putative targets namely parasitic phosphoglycerate kinase (LmPGK). FINDINGS The in vitro studies revealed the potential efficacy of suramin against the Leishmania parasite. This observation was further substantiated in the in vivo murine model, which demonstrated that upon suramin administration, the Leishmania infected BALB/c mice were able to reduce the parasitic burden and also generate the host protective immunological responses. ITC and enzyme assays confirmed the binding and consequent inhibition of LmPGK due to the drug. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE All experiments affirmed the efficacy of suramin against L. donovani infection, which could possibly lead to its inclusion in the repertoire of drugs against VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Khanra
- Crystallography and Molecular Biology Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Bidhannagar, Kolkata India
| | | | - Junaid Jibran Jawed
- School of Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University-New Campus, Kolkata, India
| | - Sweta Ghosh
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Shreyasi Dutta
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, India
| | - Shaik Abdul Nabi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Jyotirmayee Dash
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Dipak Dasgupta
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Rahul Banerjee
- Crystallography and Molecular Biology Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Bidhannagar, Kolkata India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, India
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16
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Jantan I, Haque MA, Ilangkovan M, Arshad L. An Insight Into the Modulatory Effects and Mechanisms of Action of Phyllanthus Species and Their Bioactive Metabolites on the Immune System. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:878. [PMID: 31440162 PMCID: PMC6693410 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phyllanthus species (family; Euphorbiaceae) have been intensively studied for their immunomodulating effects due to their wide-ranging uses to treat immune-related diseases in indigenous medicine, which are primarily lack of scientific basis. The focuses of this review are on the significance of Phyllanthus species and their bioactive metabolites particularly corilagin (1), geraniin (2), gallic acid (3), phyllanthin (4), hypophyllanthin (5), ellagic acid (6), phyltetralin (7), niranthin (8), catechin (9), quercetin (10), astragalin (11), and chebulagic acid (12) in the modulation of both innate and adaptive immune systems through various mechanisms and their possible therapeutic benefits for treatment of immune-related diseases. We have compiled all significant findings published in the literature, and the data were analyzed critically to provide perspectives and directions for future research for the plants as a prospective source of novel immunomodulating agents. Various Phyllanthus species particularly Phyllanthus amarus, Phyllanthus emblica, Phyllanthus niruri, and Phyllanthus urinaria have been documented to possess significant immunomodulatory effects. However, the possible challenges encountered by the application of extracts of various Phyllanthus species and their bioactive constituents as immunomodulators need to be addressed. Most reports on the biological and pharmacological studies of the plants were based on crude extracts. The extracts were not chemically characterized, and the contributions of their chemical constituents to the bioactivities were not identified. The underlying mechanisms involved in the immunomodulatory effects of the Phyllanthus species were not indepthly studied due to limitations in terms of design, conduct, and interpretation. Extensive experimental and preclinical studies on the immunomodulating potential of Phyllanthus species should be carried out to provide sufficient data to prove that their traditional uses are inherently effective and safe and will allow clinical trials to be pursued for their further development as therapeutic agents to treat immune-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Jantan
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Md. Areeful Haque
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | | | - Laiba Arshad
- Department of Pharmacy, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan
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Costa MS, Gonçalves YG, Teixeira SC, Nunes DCDO, Lopes DS, da Silva CV, da Silva MS, Borges BC, Silva MJB, Rodrigues RS, Rodrigues VDM, Von Poelhsitz G, Yoneyama KAG. Increased ROS generation causes apoptosis-like death: Mechanistic insights into the anti-Leishmania activity of a potent ruthenium(II) complex. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 195:1-12. [PMID: 30861423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Some metallodrugs that exhibit interesting biological activity contain transition metals such as ruthenium, and have been extensively exploited because of their antiparasitic potential. In previous study, we reported the remarkable anti-Leishmania activity of precursor cis-[RuIICl2(dppm)2], where dppm = bis(diphenylphosphino)methane, and new ruthenium(II) complexes, cis-[RuII(η2-O2CC10H13)(dppm)2]PF6 (bbato), cis-[RuII(η2-O2CC7H7S)(dppm)2]PF6 (mtbato) and cis-[RuII(η2-O2CC7H7O2)(dppm)2]PF6 (hmxbato) against some Leishmania species. In view of the promising activity of the hmxbato complex against Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis promastigotes, the present work investigated the possible parasite death mechanism involved in the action of this hmxbato and its precursor. We report, for the first time, that hmxbato and precursor promoted an increase in reactive oxygen species production, depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, DNA fragmentation, formation of a pre-apoptotic peak, alterations in parasite morphology and formation of autophagic vacuoles. Taken together, our results suggest that these ruthenium complexes cause parasite death by apoptosis. Thus, this work provides relevant knowledge on the activity of ruthenium(II) complexes against L. (L.) amazonensis. Such information will be essential for the exploitation of these complexes as future candidates for cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica Soares Costa
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Samuel Cota Teixeira
- Laboratório de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Débora Cristina de Oliveira Nunes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Daiana Silva Lopes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Anísio Teixeira, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Claudio Vieira da Silva
- Laboratório de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Santos da Silva
- Laboratório Especial de Ciclo Celular (LECC), Centro de Toxinas, Resposta imune e Sinalização Celular (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Cristina Borges
- Laboratório de Osteoimunologia e Imunologia dos Tumores, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo José Barbosa Silva
- Laboratório de Osteoimunologia e Imunologia dos Tumores, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Renata Santos Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Veridiana de Melo Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Von Poelhsitz
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Kelly Aparecida Geraldo Yoneyama
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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Kaur G, Chauhan K, Kaur S. Immunotherapeutic potential of Codonopsis clematidea and naringenin against visceral leishmaniasis. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:1048-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Morimoto M, Cantrell CL, Khan S, Tekwani BL, Duke SO. Antimalarial and Antileishmanial Activities of Phytophenolics and Their Synthetic Analogues. Chem Biodivers 2017; 14. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201700324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Morimoto
- USDA-ARS, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit; Thad Cochran Center; University MS 38677 USA
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduated School of Agriculture; Kindai University; 3327-204 Nakamachi Nara City Nara 631-8505 Japan
| | - Charles L. Cantrell
- USDA-ARS, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit; Thad Cochran Center; University MS 38677 USA
| | - Shabana Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; MS 38677 USA
| | - Babu L. Tekwani
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; MS 38677 USA
| | - Stephen O. Duke
- USDA-ARS, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit; Thad Cochran Center; University MS 38677 USA
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20
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Vishwakarma P, Parmar N, Chandrakar P, Sharma T, Kathuria M, Agnihotri PK, Siddiqi MI, Mitra K, Kar S. Ammonium trichloro [1,2-ethanediolato-O,O']-tellurate cures experimental visceral leishmaniasis by redox modulation of Leishmania donovani trypanothione reductase and inhibiting host integrin linked PI3K/Akt pathway. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:563-88. [PMID: 28900667 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2653-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In an endeavor to search for affordable and safer therapeutics against debilitating visceral leishmaniasis, we examined antileishmanial potential of ammonium trichloro [1,2-ethanediolato-O,O']-tellurate (AS101); a tellurium based non toxic immunomodulator. AS101 showed significant in vitro efficacy against both Leishmania donovani promastigotes and amastigotes at sub-micromolar concentrations. AS101 could also completely eliminate organ parasite load from L. donovani infected Balb/c mice along with significant efficacy against infected hamsters (˃93% inhibition). Analyzing mechanistic details revealed that the double edged AS101 could directly induce apoptosis in promastigotes along with indirectly activating host by reversing T-cell anergy to protective Th1 mode, increased ROS generation and anti-leishmanial IgG production. AS101 could inhibit IL-10/STAT3 pathway in L. donovani infected macrophages via blocking α4β7 integrin dependent PI3K/Akt signaling and activate host MAPKs and NF-κB for Th1 response. In silico docking and biochemical assays revealed AS101's affinity to form thiol bond with cysteine residues of trypanothione reductase in Leishmania promastigotes leading to its inactivation and inducing ROS-mediated apoptosis of the parasite via increased Ca2+ level, loss of ATP and mitochondrial membrane potential along with metacaspase activation. Our findings provide the first evidence for the mechanism of action of AS101 with excellent safety profile and suggest its promising therapeutic potential against experimental visceral leishmaniasis.
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21
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Pereira RG, Nakamura RN, Rodrigues MVN, Osorio-Tobón JF, Garcia VL, Martinez J. Supercritical fluid extraction of phyllanthin and niranthin from Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn. J Supercrit Fluids 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Roy S, Dutta D, Satyavarapu EM, Yadav PK, Mandal C, Kar S, Mandal C. Mahanine exerts in vitro and in vivo antileishmanial activity by modulation of redox homeostasis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4141. [PMID: 28646156 PMCID: PMC5482887 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03943-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Earlier we have established a carbazole alkaloid (mahanine) isolated from an Indian edible medicinal plant as an anticancer agent with minimal effect on normal cells. Here we report for the first time that mahanine-treated drug resistant and sensitive virulent Leishmania donovani promastigotes underwent apoptosis through phosphatidylserine externalization, DNA fragmentation and cell cycle arrest. An early induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) suggests that the mahanine-induced apoptosis was mediated by oxidative stress. Additionally, mahanine-treated Leishmania-infected macrophages exhibited anti-amastigote activity by nitric oxide (NO)/ROS generation along with suppression of uncoupling protein 2 and Th1-biased cytokines response through modulating STAT pathway. Moreover, we have demonstrated the interaction of a few antioxidant enzymes present in parasite with mahanine through molecular modeling. Reduced genetic and protein level expression of one such enzyme namely ascorbate peroxidase was also observed in mahanine-treated promastigotes. Furthermore, oral administration of mahanine in acute murine model exhibited almost complete reduction of parasite burden, upregulation of NO/iNOS/ROS/IL-12 and T cell proliferation. Taken together, we have established a new function of mahanine as a potent antileishmanial molecule, capable of inducing ROS and exploit antioxidant enzymes in parasite along with modulation of host's immune response which could be developed as an inexpensive and nontoxic therapeutics either alone or in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptarshi Roy
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Devawati Dutta
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Eswara M Satyavarapu
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Pawan K Yadav
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Chhabinath Mandal
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Susanta Kar
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Chitra Mandal
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India.
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Chowdhury SR, Kumar A, Godinho JLP, De Macedo Silva ST, Zuma AA, Saha S, Kumari N, Rodrigues JCF, Sundar S, Dujardin JC, Roy S, De Souza W, Mukhopadhyay S, Majumder HK. Voacamine alters Leishmania ultrastructure and kills parasite by poisoning unusual bi-subunit topoisomerase IB. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 138:19-30. [PMID: 28483460 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Indole alkaloids possess a large spectrum of biological activities including anti-protozoal action. Here we report for the first time that voacamine, isolated from the plant Tabernaemontana coronaria, is an antiprotozoal agent effective against a large array of trypanosomatid parasites including Indian strain of Leishmania donovani and Brazilian strains of Leishmania amazonensis and Trypanosoma cruzi. It inhibits the relaxation activity of topoisomerase IB of L. donovani (LdTop1B) and stabilizes the cleavable complex. Voacamine is probably the first LdTop1B-specific poison to act uncompetitively. It has no impact on human topoisomerase I and II up to 200μM concentrations. The study also provides a thorough insight into ultrastructural alterations induced in three kinetoplastid parasites by a specific inhibitor of LdTop1B. Voacamine is also effective against intracellular amastigotes of different drug unresponsive field isolates of Leishmania donovani obtained from endemic zones of India severely affected with visceral leishmaniasis. Most importantly, this is the first report demonstrating the efficacy of a compound to reduce the burden of drug resistant parasites, unresponsive to SAG, amphotericin B and miltefosine, in experimental BALB/c mice model of visceral leishmaniasis. The findings cumulatively provide a strong evidence that voacamine can be a promising drug candidate against trypanosomatid infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somenath Roy Chowdhury
- Infectious Diseases & Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Joseane Lima Prado Godinho
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Sara Teixeira De Macedo Silva
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Aline Araujo Zuma
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Sourav Saha
- Infectious Diseases & Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Neha Kumari
- Infectious Diseases & Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Juliany Cola Fernandes Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Jean-Claude Dujardin
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Syamal Roy
- Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar, West Bengal 726 101, India
| | - Wanderley De Souza
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Sibabrata Mukhopadhyay
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Hemanta K Majumder
- Infectious Diseases & Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700 032, India.
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Shadab M, Jha B, Asad M, Deepthi M, Kamran M, Ali N. Apoptosis-like cell death in Leishmania donovani treated with KalsomeTM10, a new liposomal amphotericin B. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171306. [PMID: 28170432 PMCID: PMC5295687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to elucidate the cell death mechanism in Leishmania donovani upon treatment with KalsomeTM10, a new liposomal amphotericin B. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We studied morphological alterations in promastigotes through phase contrast and scanning electron microscopy. Phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and disruption of mitochondrial integrity was determined by flow cytometry using annexinV-FITC, JC-1 and mitotraker, respectively. For analysing oxidative stress, generation of H2O2 (bioluminescence kit) and mitochondrial superoxide O2- (mitosox) were measured. DNA fragmentation was evaluated using terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) and DNA laddering assay. We found that KalsomeTM10 is more effective then Ambisome against the promastigote as well as intracellular amastigote forms. The mechanistic study showed that KalsomeTM10 induced several morphological alterations in promastigotes typical of apoptosis. KalsomeTM10 treatment showed a dose- and time-dependent exposure of PS in promastigotes. Further, study on mitochondrial pathway revealed loss of mitochondrial membrane potential as well as disruption in mitochondrial integrity with depletion of intracellular pool of ATP. KalsomeTM10 treated promastigotes showed increased ROS production, diminished GSH levels and increased caspase-like activity. DNA fragmentation and cell cycle arrest was observed in KalsomeTM10 treated promastigotes. Apoptotic DNA fragmentation was also observed in KalsomeTM10 treated intracellular amastigotes. KalsomeTM10 induced generation of ROS and nitric oxide leads to the killing of the intracellular parasites. Moreover, endocytosis is indispensable for KalsomeTM10 mediated anti-leishmanial effect in host macrophage. CONCLUSIONS KalsomeTM10 induces apoptotic-like cell death in L. donovani parasites to exhibit its anti-leishmanial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Shadab
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Baijayanti Jha
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Mohammad Asad
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Makaraju Deepthi
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Mohd. Kamran
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Nahid Ali
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- * E-mail:
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Islamuddin M, Chouhan G, Want MY, Ozbak HA, Hemeg HA, Afrin F. Immunotherapeutic Potential of Eugenol Emulsion in Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005011. [PMID: 27776125 PMCID: PMC5077126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The therapy of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is limited by resistance, toxicity and decreased bioavailability of the existing drugs coupled with dramatic increase in HIV-co-infection, non-availability of vaccines and down regulation of cell-mediated immunity (CMI). Thus, we envisaged combating the problem with plant-derived antileishmanial drug that could concomitantly mitigate the immune suppression of the infected hosts. Several plant-derived compounds have been found to exert leishmanicidal activity via immunomodulation. In this direction, we investigated the antileishmanial activity of eugenol emulsion (EE), complemented with its immunomodulatory and therapeutic efficacy in murine model of VL. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Oil-in-water emulsion of eugenol (EE) was prepared and size measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS). EE exhibited significant leishmanicidal activity with 50% inhibitory concentration of 8.43±0.96 μg ml-1 and 5.05±1.72 μg ml─1, respectively against the promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania donovani. For in vivo effectiveness, EE was administered intraperitoneally (25, 50 and 75 mg/kg b.w./day for 10 days) to 8 week-infected BALB/c mice. The cytotoxicity of EE was assessed in RAW 264.7 macrophages as well as in naive mice. EE induced a significant drop in hepatic and splenic parasite burdens as well as diminution in spleen and liver weights 10 days post-treatment, with augmentation of 24h-delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response and high IgG2a:IgG1, mirroring induction of CMI. Enhanced IFN-γ and IL-2 levels, with fall in disease-associated Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) detected by flow cytometric bead-based array, substantiated the Th1 immune signature. Lymphoproliferation and nitric oxide release were significantly elevated upon antigen revoke in vitro. The immune-stimulatory activity of EE was further corroborated by expansion of IFN-γ producing CD4+ and CD8+ splenic T lymphocytes and up-regulation of CD80 and CD86 on peritoneal macrophages. EE treated groups exhibited induction of CD8+ central memory T cells as evidenced from CD62L and CD44 expression. No biochemical alterations in hepatic and renal enzymes were observed. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate antileishmanial activity of EE, potentiated by Th1 immunostimulation without adverse side effects. The Th1 immune polarizing effect may help to alleviate the depressed CMI and hence complement the leishmanicidal activity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Protozoan/blood
- Antiprotozoal Agents/therapeutic use
- Cell Line
- Cytokines/blood
- Cytokines/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Emulsions
- Eugenol/adverse effects
- Eugenol/chemistry
- Eugenol/pharmacology
- Eugenol/therapeutic use
- Female
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunomodulation
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interleukin-10/blood
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-2/blood
- Interleukin-2/genetics
- Interleukin-4/blood
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Leishmania donovani/drug effects
- Leishmania donovani/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/therapy
- Liver/parasitology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/parasitology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Spleen/parasitology
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Islamuddin
- Parasite Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - Garima Chouhan
- Parasite Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - Muzamil Yaqub Want
- Parasite Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - Hani A. Ozbak
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A. Hemeg
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Farhat Afrin
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail: ,
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Saha S, Acharya C, Pal U, Chowdhury SR, Sarkar K, Maiti NC, Jaisankar P, Majumder HK. A Novel Spirooxindole Derivative Inhibits the Growth of Leishmania donovani Parasites both In Vitro and In Vivo by Targeting Type IB Topoisomerase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:6281-93. [PMID: 27503653 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00352-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a fatal parasitic disease, and there is an emergent need for development of effective drugs against this neglected tropical disease. We report here the development of a novel spirooxindole derivative, N-benzyl-2,2'α-3,3',5',6',7',7α,α'-octahydro-2methoxycarbonyl-spiro[indole-3,3'-pyrrolizidine]-2-one (compound 4c), which inhibits Leishmania donovani topoisomerase IB (LdTopIB) and kills the wild type as well as drug-resistant parasite strains. This compound inhibits catalytic activity of LdTopIB in a competitive manner. Unlike camptothecin (CPT), the compound does not stabilize the DNA-topoisomerase IB cleavage complex; rather, it hinders drug-DNA-enzyme covalent complex formation. Fluorescence studies show that the stoichiometry of this compound binding to LdTopIB is 2:1 (mole/mole), with a dissociation constant of 6.65 μM. Molecular docking with LdTopIB using the stereoisomers of compound 4c produced two probable hits for the binding site, one in the small subunit and the other in the hinge region of the large subunit of LdTopIB. This spirooxindole is highly cytotoxic to promastigotes of L. donovani and also induces apoptosis-like cell death in the parasite. Treatment with compound 4c causes depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential, formation of reactive oxygen species inside parasites, and ultimately fragmentation of nuclear DNA. Compound 4c also effectively clears amastigote forms of wild-type and drug-resistant parasites from infected mouse peritoneal macrophages but has less of an effect on host macrophages. Moreover, compound 4c showed strong antileishmanial efficacies in the BALB/c mouse model of leishmaniasis. This compound potentially can be used as a lead for developing excellent antileishmanial agents against emerging drug-resistant strains of the parasite.
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Mao X, Wu LF, Guo HL, Chen WJ, Cui YP, Qi Q, Li S, Liang WY, Yang GH, Shao YY, Zhu D, She GM, You Y, Zhang LZ. The Genus Phyllanthus: An Ethnopharmacological, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Review. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2016; 2016:7584952. [PMID: 27200104 PMCID: PMC4854999 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7584952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The plants of the genus Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae) have been used as traditional medicinal materials for a long time in China, India, Brazil, and the Southeast Asian countries. They can be used for the treatment of digestive disease, jaundice, and renal calculus. This review discusses the ethnopharmacological, phytochemical, and pharmacological studies of Phyllanthus over the past few decades. More than 510 compounds have been isolated, the majority of which are lignins, triterpenoids, flavonoids, and tannins. The researches of their remarkable antiviral, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticancer activities have become hot topics. More pharmacological screenings and phytochemical investigations are required to support the traditional uses and develop leading compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Mao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ling-Fang Wu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Hong-Ling Guo
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wen-Jing Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Ya-Ping Cui
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Qi Qi
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Shi Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Wen-Yi Liang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Guang-Hui Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yan-Yan Shao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Gai-Mei She
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yun You
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- Key laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Lan-Zhen Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
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Pereira RG, Garcia VL, Rodrigues MVN, Martínez J. Extraction of lignans from Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn using pressurized liquids and low pressure methods. Sep Purif Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Oryan A. Plant-derived compounds in treatment of leishmaniasis. Iran J Vet Res 2015; 16:1-19. [PMID: 27175144 PMCID: PMC4789233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected public health problem caused by the protozoan species belonging to the genus Leishmania affecting mostly the poor populations of developing countries. The causative organism is transmitted by female sandflies. Cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral clinical manifestations are the most frequent forms of leishmaniasis. Chemotherapy still relies on the use of pentavalent antimonials, amphotericin B, paromomycin, miltefosin and liposomal amphotericin B. However, the application of these drugs is limited due to low efficacy, life-threatening side effects, high toxicity, induction of parasite resistance, length of treatment and high cost. Given the fact that antileishmanial vaccines may not become available in the near future, the search for better drugs should be continued. Natural products may offer an unlimited source of chemical diversity to identify new drug modules. New medicines should be less toxic or non-toxic, safe, more efficient, less expensive and readily available antileishmanial agents, especially for low-income populations. In the present review, special focus is on medicinal plants used against leishmanaiasis. The bioactive phytocompounds present in the plant derivatives including the crude extracts, essential oils, and other useful compounds can be a good source for discovering and producing new antileishmanial medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Oryan
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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30
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Mishra A, Vinayagam J, Saha S, Chowdhury S, Chowdhury SR, Jaisankar P, Majumder HK. Isobenzofuranone derivatives exhibit antileishmanial effect by inhibiting type II DNA topoisomerase and inducing host response. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2014; 2:e00070. [PMID: 25505614 PMCID: PMC4186449 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania, a protozoan parasite, causes a wide range of human diseases ranging from the localized self-healing cutaneous lesions to fatal visceral leishmaniasis. Toxicity of traditional first line drugs and emergence of drug-resistant strains have worsened the situation. DNA topoisomerase II in kinetoplastid protozoan parasites are of immense interest as drug target because they take part in replication of unusual kinetoplast DNA network. In this study, we have taken target-based therapeutic approaches to combat leishmaniasis. Two isobenzofuranone compounds, viz., (1) 3,5-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-7-hydroxyisobenzofuran-1(3H)-one (JVPH3) and (2) (4-bromo)-3'-hydroxy-5'-(4-bromophenyl)-benzophenone(JVPH4) were synthesized chemically and characterized by NMR and mass spectrometry analysis. Activity of type II DNA topoisomerase of leishmania (LdTOPII) was monitored by decatenation assay and plasmid cleavage assay. The antiparasitic activity of these compounds was checked in experimental BALB/c mice model of visceral leishmaniasis. Isobenzofuranone derivatives exhibited potent antileishmanial effect on both antimony (Sb) sensitive and resistant parasites. Treatment with isobenzofuranone derivatives on promastigotes caused induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated apoptosis like cell death in leishmania. Both the compounds inhibited the decatenation activity of LdTOPII but have no effect on bi-subunit topoisomerase IB. Treatment of LdTOPII with isobenzofuranone derivatives did not stabilize cleavage complex formation both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, treatment with isobenzofuranone derivatives on Leishmania donovani-infected mice resulted in clearance of parasites in liver and spleen by induction of Th1 cytokines. Taken together, our data suggest that these compounds can be exploited as potential antileishmanial agents targeted to DNA topoisomerase II of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amartya Mishra
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Jayaraman Vinayagam
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Sourav Saha
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Sayan Chowdhury
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Somenath Roy Chowdhury
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Parasuraman Jaisankar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Hemanta K Majumder
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
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Chouhan G, Islamuddin M, Sahal D, Afrin F. Exploring the role of medicinal plant-based immunomodulators for effective therapy of leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2014; 5:193. [PMID: 24829566 PMCID: PMC4017133 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a pestilent affliction that importunately needs better therapeutics necessitated by the absence of effective vaccine, emergence as HIV co-infection, and the dread of debilitating chemotherapy. The Leishmania parasites incapacitate host macrophages by preventing the formation of phagolysosomes, impeding antigen presentation to T cells, leading to suppression of cell-mediated immunity. An ideal approach to cure leishmaniasis includes administration of antileishmanial compounds that can concomitantly establish an effective Th1 response via restoration of requisite signaling between macrophages and T cells, for subsequent activation of macrophages to eliminate intracellular amastigotes. Plants have provided an opulent treasure of biomolecules that have fueled the discovery of antileishmanial drugs. Modulation of immune functions using medicinal plants and their products has emerged as an effective therapeutic strategy. Herein, we review the plant extracts and natural products that have resulted in therapeutic polarization of host immunity to cure leishmaniasis. These immunostimulatory phytochemicals as source of potential antileishmanials may provide new strategies to combat leishmaniasis, alone or as adjunct modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Chouhan
- Parasite Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , New Delhi , India
| | - Mohammad Islamuddin
- Parasite Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , New Delhi , India
| | - Dinkar Sahal
- Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , New Delhi , India
| | - Farhat Afrin
- Parasite Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , New Delhi , India
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Chowdhury S, Mukhopadhyay R, Saha S, Mishra A, Sengupta S, Roy S, Majumder HK. Flavone-resistant Leishmania donovani overexpresses LdMRP2 transporter in the parasite and activates host MRP2 on macrophages to circumvent the flavone-mediated cell death. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:16129-47. [PMID: 24706751 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.539742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In parasites, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters represent an important family of proteins related to drug resistance and other biological activities. Resistance of leishmanial parasites to therapeutic drugs continues to escalate in developing countries, and in many instances, it is due to overexpressed ABC efflux pumps. Progressively adapted baicalein (BLN)-resistant parasites (pB(25)R) show overexpression of a novel ABC transporter, which was classified as ABCC2 or Leishmania donovani multidrug resistance protein 2 (LdMRP2). The protein is primarily localized in the flagellar pocket region and in internal vesicles. Overexpressed LdABCC2 confers substantial BLN resistance to the parasites by rapid drug efflux. The BLN-resistant promastigotes when transformed into amastigotes in macrophage cells cannot be cured by treatment of macrophages with BLN. Amastigote resistance is concomitant with the overexpression of macrophage MRP2 transporter. Reporter analysis and site-directed mutagenesis assays demonstrated that antioxidant response element 1 is activated upon infection. The expression of this phase II detoxifying gene is regulated by NFE2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated antioxidant response element activation. In view of the fact that the signaling pathway of phosphoinositol 3-kinase controls microfilament rearrangement and translocation of actin-associated proteins, the current study correlates with the intricate pathway of phosphoinositol 3-kinase-mediated nuclear translocation of Nrf2, which activates MRP2 expression in macrophages upon infection by the parasites. In contrast, phalloidin, an agent that prevents depolymerization of actin filaments, inhibits Nrf2 translocation and Mrp2 gene activation by pB(25)R infection. Taken together, these results provide insight into the mechanisms by which resistant clinical isolates of L. donovani induce intracellular events relevant to drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rupkatha Mukhopadhyay
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India and
| | - Sourav Saha
- From the Molecular Parasitology Laboratory and
| | | | - Souvik Sengupta
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Physical Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Sciences, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Syamal Roy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India and
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Menna-Barreto RF, de Castro SL. The double-edged sword in pathogenic trypanosomatids: the pivotal role of mitochondria in oxidative stress and bioenergetics. Biomed Res Int 2014; 2014:614014. [PMID: 24800243 DOI: 10.1155/2014/614014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenic trypanosomatids Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Leishmania spp. are the causative agents of African trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis, respectively. These diseases are considered to be neglected tropical illnesses that persist under conditions of poverty and are concentrated in impoverished populations in the developing world. Novel efficient and nontoxic drugs are urgently needed as substitutes for the currently limited chemotherapy. Trypanosomatids display a single mitochondrion with several peculiar features, such as the presence of different energetic and antioxidant enzymes and a specific arrangement of mitochondrial DNA (kinetoplast DNA). Due to mitochondrial differences between mammals and trypanosomatids, this organelle is an excellent candidate for drug intervention. Additionally, during trypanosomatids' life cycle, the shape and functional plasticity of their single mitochondrion undergo profound alterations, reflecting adaptation to different environments. In an uncoupling situation, the organelle produces high amounts of reactive oxygen species. However, these species role in parasite biology is still controversial, involving parasite death, cell signalling, or even proliferation. Novel perspectives on trypanosomatid-targeting chemotherapy could be developed based on better comprehension of mitochondrial oxidative regulation processes.
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Chowdhury S, Mukherjee T, Chowdhury SR, Sengupta S, Mukhopadhyay S, Jaisankar P, Majumder HK. Disuccinyl betulin triggers metacaspase-dependent endonuclease G-mediated cell death in unicellular protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:2186-201. [PMID: 24468787 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.02193-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The unicellular organism Leishmania undergoes apoptosis-like cell death in response to external stress or exposure to antileishmanial agents. Here, we showed that 3-O,28-O-disuccinyl betulin (DiSB), a potent topoisomerase type IB inhibitor, induced parasitic cell death by generating oxidative stress. The characteristic feature of the death process resembled the programmed cell death (PCD) seen in higher eukaryotes. In the current study, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), followed by the depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), caused a loss in ATP production in Leishmania parasites. This further gave positive feedback to produce a large amount of ROS, which in turn caused oxidative DNA lesions and genomic DNA fragmentation. The treatment of promastigotes with DiSB induced high expression levels of metacaspase protein that led to cell death in this unicellular organism. The PCD was insensitive to benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone (zVAD-fmk), suggesting that the death process was not associated with the activation of caspases. DiSB treatment translocated Leishmania donovani endonuclease G (LdEndoG) from mitochondria to the nucleus, which was responsible for the DNA degradation process. Conditional antisense knockdown of L. donovani metacaspase (LdMC), as well as EndoG, -subverted death of the parasite and rescued cell cycle arrest in G1 phase. The present study on the effector molecules associated with the PCD pathway of the parasite should help to manifest the mechanisms of PCD and also might be exploited in antileishmanial chemotherapy.
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Saha S, Mukherjee T, Chowdhury S, Mishra A, Chowdhury SR, Jaisankar P, Mukhopadhyay S, Majumder HK. The lignan glycosides lyoniside and saracoside poison the unusual type IB topoisomerase of Leishmania donovani and kill the parasite both in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:1673-87. [PMID: 24134912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Lignans are diphenyl propanoids with vast range of biological activities. The present study provides an important insight into the anti-leishmanial activities of two lignan glycosides, viz. lyoniside and saracoside. These compounds inhibit catalytic activities of topoisomerase IB (LdTopIB) of Leishmania donovani in non-competitive manner and stabilize the LdTopIB mediated cleavage complex formation both in vitro and in Leishmania promastigotes and subsequently inhibit the religation of cleaved strand. These two compounds not only poison LdTopIB but also can interact with the free enzyme LdTopIB. We have also shown that lyoniside and saracoside are cytotoxic to promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes. The protein-DNA complex formation leads to double strand breaks in DNA which ultimately triggers apoptosis-like cell death in the parasite. Along with their cytotoxicity towards sodium antimony gluconate (SAG) sensitive AG83 strain, their ability to kill SAG resistant GE1 strain makes these two compounds potential anti-leishmanial candidates. Not only they effectively kill L. donovani amastigotes inside macrophages in vitro, lyoniside and saracoside demonstrated strong anti-leishmanial efficacies in BALB/c mice model of leishmaniasis. Treatment with these lignan glycosides produce nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species which result in almost complete clearance of the liver and splenic parasite burden. These compounds do not inhibit human topoisomerase IB upto 200μM concentrations and had poor cytotoxic effect on uninfected cultured murine peritoneal macrophages upto 100μM concentrations. Taken together it can be concluded that these compounds can be developed into excellent therapeutic agent against deadly disease leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Saha
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory (S.S., S.C., A.M., S.R.C., H.K.M.), Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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