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Rusina P, Gandalipov E, Abdusheva Y, Panova M, Burdenkova A, Chaliy V, Brachs M, Stroganov O, Guzeeva K, Svitanko I, Shtil A, Novikov F. Imidazole-4-N-acetamide Derivatives as a Novel Scaffold for Selective Targeting of Cyclin Dependent Kinases. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3766. [PMID: 37568583 PMCID: PMC10417023 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The rational design of cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) inhibitors presumes the development of approaches for accurate prediction of selectivity and the activity of small molecular weight anticancer drug candidates. Aiming at attenuation of general toxicity of low selectivity compounds, we herein explored the new chemotype of imidazole-4-N-acetamide substituted derivatives of the pan-CDK inhibitor PHA-793887. Newly synthesized compounds 1-4 containing an aliphatic methyl group or aromatic radicals at the periphery of the scaffold were analyzed for the prediction of relative free energies of binding to CDK1, -2, -5, and -9 using a protocol based on non-equilibrium (NEQ) thermodynamics. This methodology allows for the demonstration of a good correlation between the calculated parameters of interaction of 1-4 with individual targets and the values of inhibitory potencies in in vitro kinase assays. We provide evidence in support of NEQ thermodynamics as a time sparing, precise, and productive approach for generating chemical inhibitors of clinically relevant anticancer targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Rusina
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Avenue, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Erik Gandalipov
- Laboratory of Solution Chemistry and Advanced Materials Technologies, ITMO University, 9 Lomonosov Street, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- PHARMENTERPRISES LLC, Skolkovo Innovation Center, 42 (1) Bolshoi Blvd., 143026 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yana Abdusheva
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Avenue, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- PHARMENTERPRISES LLC, Skolkovo Innovation Center, 42 (1) Bolshoi Blvd., 143026 Moscow, Russia
- Higher School of Economics, National Research University, 20 Myasnitskaya Street, 101000 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Panova
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Avenue, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- PHARMENTERPRISES LLC, Skolkovo Innovation Center, 42 (1) Bolshoi Blvd., 143026 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra Burdenkova
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Avenue, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Higher School of Economics, National Research University, 20 Myasnitskaya Street, 101000 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasiliy Chaliy
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Avenue, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Brachs
- Treamid Therapeutics GmbH, c/o CoLaborator (Bayer), Building S141, Muellerstraβe 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Ksenia Guzeeva
- Higher School of Economics, National Research University, 20 Myasnitskaya Street, 101000 Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Svitanko
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Avenue, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Higher School of Economics, National Research University, 20 Myasnitskaya Street, 101000 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Shtil
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 24 Kashirskoye Shosse, 115522 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Cyber Intelligence Systems, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, 31 Kashirskoye Shosse, 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - Fedor Novikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Avenue, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- PHARMENTERPRISES LLC, Skolkovo Innovation Center, 42 (1) Bolshoi Blvd., 143026 Moscow, Russia
- Higher School of Economics, National Research University, 20 Myasnitskaya Street, 101000 Moscow, Russia
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Gan Y, Tong J, Zhou X, Long X, Pan Y, Liu W, Zhao X. Hepatoprotective Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum HFY09 on Ethanol-Induced Liver Injury in Mice. Front Nutr 2021; 8:684588. [PMID: 34249992 PMCID: PMC8264191 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.684588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus plantarum is a bacterial strain that is used as a probiotic with health-promoting effects. Our study investigated the hepatoprotective effect of Lactobacillus plantarum HFY09 (LP-HFY09) in mice with ethanol-induced liver injury. The protection afforded by LP-HFY09 was evaluated by observing the morphology of hepatic tissue and measuring liver lipid indexes and function indexes, levels of anti-oxidative enzymes, and anti-inebriation enzymes, as well as oxidative metabolism-related gene expression. Gavage administration of LP-HFY09 [1 × 109 CFU/kg body weight (bw)] limited the loss of bw, alcohol damage to the liver, and maintained the normal hepatic tissue morphology. Lactobacillus plantarum HFY09 intervention in ethanol-induced mice led to decreases in serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), aspartic transaminase, alanine transaminase, hyaluronidase (HAase), and precollagen III (PC III), and increases in liver alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). Lactobacillus plantarum HFY09 assisted with alleviating inflammation by elevating the level of interleukin 10 (IL-10) and decreasing the levels of pro-inflammatory factors [IL-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF)-α]. Lactobacillus plantarum HFY09 significantly elevated hepatic levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH), and decreased liver malondialdehyde (MDA) from 3.45 to 1.64 nmol/mg protein. Lactobacillus plantarum HFY09 exhibited an overall strong regulatory effect on liver protection when compared to that of commercial Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus. The hepatoprotective effect of LP-HFY09 was reflected by the upregulated expression of peroxisome proliferator activated-receptors α, SOD1, SOD2, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), and catalase (CAT), and the downregulated expression of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX1), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK). Administration of LP-HFY09 at a concentration of 1.0 × 109 CFU/kg bw could be a potential intervention, for people who frequently consume alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Gan
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin Tong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianrong Zhou
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingyao Long
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanni Pan
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
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Zhang Z, Zhou H, Bai L, Lv Y, Yi H, Zhang L, Li R. Protective effects of probiotics on acute alcohol-induced liver injury in mice through alcohol metabolizing enzymes activation and hepatic TNF-α response reduction. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Alauddin, Chaturvedi S, Malik MY, Azmi L, Shukla I, Naseem Z, Rao C, Agarwal NK. Formononetin and biochanin A protects against ritonavir induced hepatotoxicity via modulation of NfκB/pAkt signaling molecules. Life Sci 2018; 213:174-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abstract
Alcohol consumption causes liver diseases, designated as Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD). Because alcohol is detoxified by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), a major ethanol metabolism system, the development of ALD was initially believed to be due to malnutrition caused by alcohol metabolism in liver. The discovery of the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) changed this dogma. Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP) constitute the major components of MEOS. Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) in MEOS is one of the major ROS generators in liver and is considered to be contributive to ALD. Our labs have been studying the relationship between CYP2E1 and ALD for many years. Recently, we found that human CYP2A6 and its mouse analog CYP2A5 are also induced by alcohol. In mice, the alcohol induction of CYP2A5 is CYP2E1-dependent. Unlike CYP2E1, CYP2A5 protects against the development of ALD. The relationship of CYP2E1, CYP2A5, and ALD is a major focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongke Lu
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, East Tennessee State University
| | - Arthur I. Cederbaum
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
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Wang M, Zhou Z, Wang J, Zhang X. An improved in vitro method for screening toxin and medicine targeting CYP2E1. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 47:86-91. [PMID: 27653210 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 enzyme 2E1 (CYP2E1) presents in both microsome and mitochondrion, which influences the metabolism of many xenobiotics. The mice active liver homogenate was prepared for the medicinal incubation and mitochondrion was extracted for chemical screening targeting CYP2E1 enzyme. Representative CYP2E1 inducers (ethanol and pyrazole) and inhibitors (diallyldisulfide and kaempferol) were applied to evaluate the effectiveness of homogenate-mitochondrial system. In parallel, the in-vitro microsomal method targeting CYP2E1 was also operated for comparison. The results showed that in homogenate-mitochondrial method, the protein level and activity of CYP2E1 were increased by ethanol and pyrazole; reduced by diallyldisulfide and kaempferol, and this homogenate-mitochondrial method is convenient with good repeatability and reproducibility in screening chemicals targeting CYP2E1, especially for the inducers. Thus, the homogenate-mitochondrial method might be effective in screening both CYP2E1 inhibitor and inducer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Chinese-German Joint Laboratory for Natural Product Research, Qinling-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C.I.C., College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Sci-tech University, Hanzhong, Shaanxi 723000, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Chinese-German Joint Laboratory for Natural Product Research, Qinling-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C.I.C., College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Sci-tech University, Hanzhong, Shaanxi 723000, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Chinese-German Joint Laboratory for Natural Product Research, Qinling-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C.I.C., College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Sci-tech University, Hanzhong, Shaanxi 723000, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Kim SM, Grenert JP, Patterson C, Correia MA. CHIP(-/-)-Mouse Liver: Adiponectin-AMPK-FOXO-Activation Overrides CYP2E1-Elicited JNK1-Activation, Delaying Onset of NASH: Therapeutic Implications. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29423. [PMID: 27406999 PMCID: PMC4942616 DOI: 10.1038/srep29423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic ablation of C-terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein (CHIP) E3 ubiquitin-ligase impairs hepatic cytochrome P450 CYP2E1 degradation. Consequent CYP2E1 gain of function accelerates reactive O2 species (ROS) production, triggering oxidative/proteotoxic stress associated with sustained activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK)-signaling cascades, pro-inflammatory effectors/cytokines, insulin resistance, progressive hepatocellular ballooning and microvesicular steatosis. Despite this, little evidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) was found in CHIP(-/-)-mice over the first 8-9-months of life. We herein document that this lack of tissue injury is largely due to the concurrent up-regulation and/or activation of the adiponectin-5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-forkhead box O (FOXO)-signaling axis stemming from at the least three synergistic features: Up-regulated expression of adipose tissue adiponectin and its hepatic adipoR1/adipoR2 receptors, stabilization of hepatic AMPKα1-isoform, identified herein for the first time as a CHIP-ubiquitination substrate (unlike its AMPKα2-isoform), as well as nuclear stabilization of FOXOs, well-known CHIP-ubiquitination targets. Such beneficial predominance of the adiponectin-AMPK-FOXO-signaling axis over the sustained JNK-elevation and injurious insulin resistance in CHIP(-/-)-livers apparently counteracts/delays rapid progression of the hepatic microvesicular steatosis to the characteristic macrovesicular steatosis observed in clinical NASH and/or rodent NASH-models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Mi Kim
- Department of Cellular &Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94158-2517, USA
| | - James P Grenert
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94158-2517, USA.,The Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94158-2517, USA
| | - Cam Patterson
- Department of Medicine, Presbyterian Hospital/Weill-Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Maria Almira Correia
- Department of Cellular &Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94158-2517, USA.,The Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94158-2517, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94158-2517, USA.,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94158-2517, USA
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Cederbaum AI. CYP2E1- and TNFalpha/LPS-Induced Oxidative Stress and MAPK Signaling Pathways in Alcoholic Liver Disease. Curr Pathobiol Rep 2015; 3:263-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-015-0092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Song BJ, Akbar M, Abdelmegeed MA, Byun K, Lee B, Yoon SK, Hardwick JP. Mitochondrial dysfunction and tissue injury by alcohol, high fat, nonalcoholic substances and pathological conditions through post-translational protein modifications. Redox Biol 2015; 3:109-23. [PMID: 25465468 PMCID: PMC4297931 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are critically important in providing cellular energy ATP as well as their involvement in anti-oxidant defense, fat oxidation, intermediary metabolism and cell death processes. It is well-established that mitochondrial functions are suppressed when living cells or organisms are exposed to potentially toxic agents including alcohol, high fat diets, smoking and certain drugs or in many pathophysiological states through increased levels of oxidative/nitrative stress. Under elevated nitroxidative stress, cellular macromolecules proteins, DNA, and lipids can undergo different oxidative modifications, leading to disruption of their normal, sometimes critical, physiological functions. Recent reports also indicated that many mitochondrial proteins are modified via various post-translation modifications (PTMs) and primarily inactivated. Because of the recently-emerging information, in this review, we specifically focus on the mechanisms and roles of five major PTMs (namely oxidation, nitration, phosphorylation, acetylation, and adduct formation with lipid-peroxides, reactive metabolites, or advanced glycation end products) in experimental models of alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as well as acute hepatic injury caused by toxic compounds. We also highlight the role of the ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450-2E1 (CYP2E1) in some of these PTM changes. Finally, we discuss translational research opportunities with natural and/or synthetic anti-oxidants, which can prevent or delay the onset of mitochondrial dysfunction, fat accumulation and tissue injury. Hepatotoxic agents including alcohol and high fat elevate nitroxidative stress. Increased nitroxidative stress promotes post-translational protein modifications. Post-translational protein modifications of many proteins lead to their inactivation. Inactivation of mitochondrial proteins contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to necrotic or apoptotic tissue injury.
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Schattenberg JM, Czaja MJ. Regulation of the effects of CYP2E1-induced oxidative stress by JNK signaling. Redox Biol 2014; 3:7-15. [PMID: 25462060 PMCID: PMC4218941 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of excessive amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads to cellular oxidative stress that underlies a variety of forms of hepatocyte injury and death including that from alcohol. Although ROS can induce cell damage through direct effects on cellular macromolecules, the injurious effects of ROS are mediated largely through changes in signal transduction pathways such as the mitogen-activated protein kinase c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). In response to alcohol, hepatocytes have increased levels of the enzyme cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) which generates an oxidant stress that promotes the development of alcoholic steatosis and liver injury. These effects are mediated in large part through overactivation of JNK that alters cell death pathways. Targeting the JNK pathway or its downstream effectors may be a useful therapeutic approach to the oxidative stress generated by CYP2E1 in alcoholic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn M Schattenberg
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mark J Czaja
- Department of Medicine and Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Yang L, Rozenfeld R, Wu D, Devi LA, Zhang Z, Cederbaum A. Cannabidiol protects liver from binge alcohol-induced steatosis by mechanisms including inhibition of oxidative stress and increase in autophagy. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 68:260-7. [PMID: 24398069 PMCID: PMC4112960 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Acute alcohol drinking induces steatosis, and effective prevention of steatosis can protect liver from progressive damage caused by alcohol. Increased oxidative stress has been reported as one mechanism underlying alcohol-induced steatosis. We evaluated whether cannabidiol, which has been reported to function as an antioxidant, can protect the liver from alcohol-generated oxidative stress-induced steatosis. Cannabidiol can prevent acute alcohol-induced liver steatosis in mice, possibly by preventing the increase in oxidative stress and the activation of the JNK MAPK pathway. Cannabidiol per se can increase autophagy both in CYP2E1-expressing HepG2 cells and in mouse liver. Importantly, cannabidiol can prevent the decrease in autophagy induced by alcohol. In conclusion, these results show that cannabidiol protects mouse liver from acute alcohol-induced steatosis through multiple mechanisms including attenuation of alcohol-mediated oxidative stress, prevention of JNK MAPK activation, and increasing autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Yang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
| | | | - Defeng Wu
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Zhenfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China.
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13
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Wu D, Cederbaum AI. Inhibition of autophagy promotes CYP2E1-dependent toxicity in HepG2 cells via elevated oxidative stress, mitochondria dysfunction and activation of p38 and JNK MAPK. Redox Biol 2013; 1:552-65. [PMID: 24273738 PMCID: PMC3836279 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy has been shown to be protective against drug and alcohol-induced liver injury. CYP2E1 plays a role in the toxicity of ethanol, carcinogens and certain drugs. Inhibition of autophagy increased ethanol-toxicity and accumulation of fat in wild type and CYP2E1 knockin mice but not in CYP2E1 knockout mice as well as in HepG2 cells expressing CYP2E1 (E47 cells) but not HepG2 cells lacking CYP2E1 (C34 cells). The goal of the current study was to evaluate whether modulation of autophagy can affect CYP2E1-dependent cytotoxicity in the E47 cells. The agents used to promote CYP2E1 -dependent toxicity were a polyunsaturated fatty acid, arachidonic acid (AA), buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), which depletes GSH, and CCl4, which is metabolized to the CCl3 radical. These three agents produced a decrease in E47 cell viability which was enhanced upon inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine (3-MA) or Atg 7 siRNA. Toxicity was lowered by rapamycin which increased autophagy and was much lower to the C34 cells which do not express CYP2E1. Toxicity was mainly necrotic and was associated with an increase in reactive oxygen production and oxidative stress; 3-MA increased while rapamycin blunted the oxidative stress. The enhanced toxicity and ROS formation produced when autophagy was inhibited was prevented by the antioxidant N-Acetyl cysteine. AA, BSO and CCl4 produced mitochondrial dysfunction, lowered cellular ATP levels and elevated mitochondrial production of ROS. This mitochondrial dysfunction was enhanced by inhibition of autophagy with 3-MA but decreased when autophagy was increased by rapamycin. The mitogen activated protein kinases p38 MAPK and JNK were activated by AA especially when autophagy was inhibited and chemical inhibitors of p38 MAPK and JNK lowered the elevated toxicity of AA produced by 3-MA. These results show that autophagy was protective against the toxicity produced by several agents known to be activated by CYP2E1. Since CYP2E1 plays an important role in the toxicity of ethanol, drugs and carcinogens and is activated under various pathophysiological conditions such as diabetes, NASH and obesity, attempts to stimulate autophagy may be beneficial in preventing/lowering CYP2E1/ethanol liver injury.
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Key Words
- 3-MA, 3-methyadenine
- AA, arachidonic acid
- Autophagy
- BSO, L-buthionine sulfoximine
- C34 cells, HepG2 cells which do not express CYP2E1
- CCl4, carbon tetrachloride
- CYP2E1
- CYP2E1, cytochrome P4502E1, E47 cells, HepG2 cells which express CYP2E1
- Cox IV, cytochrome oxidase subunit 4
- Cytotoxicity
- DCFDA, 2′-7′-dichlorofluorescin-diacetate
- GSH, reduced glutathione
- JNK
- MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium-bromide
- Mitochondria dysfunction
- NAC, N-acetyl-cysteine
- P38 MAPK
- ROS
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Rap, rapamycin
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- TBARs, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arthur I. Cederbaum
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1603, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Yang L, Wu D, Wang X, Cederbaum AI. Cytochrome P4502E1, oxidative stress, JNK, and autophagy in acute alcohol-induced fatty liver. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:1170-80. [PMID: 22749809 PMCID: PMC3432162 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Binge alcohol drinking induces hepatic steatosis. Recent studies showed that chronic ethanol-induced fatty liver was, at least in part, CYP2E1 dependent. The mechanism of acute alcohol-induced steatosis and whether CYP2E1 plays any role are still unclear. Increasing oxidative stress by alcohol can activate the JNK MAP kinase signaling pathway, suggesting that JNK might be a target for prevention of alcohol-induced steatosis. We used CYP2E1 knockout (KO) mice, a JNK inhibitor, and JNK1 or JNK2 knockout mice to test the role of CYP2E1, JNK, and the individual role of JNK1 and JNK2 in acute alcohol-induced steatosis. In wild-type (WT) mice, acute alcohol activates CYP2E1 and increases oxidative stress, which reciprocally increases activation of the JNK signaling pathway. Acute alcohol-induced fatty liver and oxidative stress were blunted in CYP2E1 KO mice and by the JNK inhibitor in WT mice. The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine decreased the acute alcohol-induced oxidative stress, the activation of JNK, and the steatosis but not the activation of CYP2E1. Acute alcohol decreased autophagy and increased expression of SREBP, effects blocked by the JNK inhibitor. Acute alcohol-induced fatty liver was the same in JNK1 and JNK2 KO mice as in WT mice; thus either JNK1 or JNK2 per se is sufficient for induction of steatosis by acute alcohol. The results show that acute alcohol elevation of CYP2E1, oxidative stress, and activation of JNK interact to lower autophagy and increase lipogenic SREBP resulting in fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1603, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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