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Kostelecka K, Bryliński Ł, Komar O, Michalczyk J, Miłosz A, Biłogras J, Woliński F, Forma A, Baj J. An Overview of the Spices Used for the Prevention and Potential Treatment of Gastric Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1611. [PMID: 38672692 PMCID: PMC11049028 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16081611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) ranks third in terms of cancer-related deaths and is the fifth most commonly diagnosed type of cancer. Its risk factors include Helicobacter pylori infection, Epstein-Barr virus infection, the consumption of broiled and charbroiled animal meats, salt-preserved and smoke-enhanced foods, alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking, exposure to ionizing radiation, and positive family history. The limited effectiveness of conventional therapies and the widespread risk factors of GC encourage the search for new methods of treatment and prevention. In the quest for cheap and commonly available medications, numerous studies focus on herbal medicine, traditional brews, and spices. In this review, we outline the potential use of spices, including turmeric, ginger, garlic, black cumin, chili pepper, saffron, black pepper, rosemary, galangal, coriander, wasabi, cinnamon, oregano, cardamom, fenugreek, caraway, clove, dill, thyme, Piper sarmentosum, basil, as well as the compounds they contain, in the prevention and treatment of GC. We present the potential molecular mechanisms responsible for the effectivity of a given seasoning substance and their impact on GC cells. We discuss their potential effects on proliferation, apoptosis, and migration. For most of the spices discussed, we also outline the unavailability and side effects of their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kostelecka
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (K.K.); (Ł.B.); (O.K.); (J.M.); (A.M.); (J.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Łukasz Bryliński
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (K.K.); (Ł.B.); (O.K.); (J.M.); (A.M.); (J.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Olga Komar
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (K.K.); (Ł.B.); (O.K.); (J.M.); (A.M.); (J.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Justyna Michalczyk
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (K.K.); (Ł.B.); (O.K.); (J.M.); (A.M.); (J.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Agata Miłosz
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (K.K.); (Ł.B.); (O.K.); (J.M.); (A.M.); (J.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Jan Biłogras
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (K.K.); (Ł.B.); (O.K.); (J.M.); (A.M.); (J.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Filip Woliński
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Alicja Forma
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Jacek Baj
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (K.K.); (Ł.B.); (O.K.); (J.M.); (A.M.); (J.B.); (J.B.)
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Takeuchi C, Yamashita S, Liu YY, Takeshima H, Sasaki A, Fukuda M, Hashimoto T, Naka T, Ishizu K, Sekine S, Yoshikawa T, Hamada A, Yamamichi N, Fujishiro M, Ushijima T. Precancerous nature of intestinal metaplasia with increased chance of conversion and accelerated DNA methylation. Gut 2024; 73:255-267. [PMID: 37751933 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2023-329492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The presence of intestinal metaplasia (IM) is a risk factor for gastric cancer. However, it is still controversial whether IM itself is precancerous or paracancerous. Here, we aimed to explore the precancerous nature of IM by analysing epigenetic alterations. DESIGN Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis was conducted by EPIC BeadArray using IM crypts isolated by Alcian blue staining. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing for H3K27ac and single-cell assay for transposase-accessible chromatin by sequencing were conducted using IM mucosa. NOS2 was induced using Tet-on gene expression system in normal cells. RESULTS IM crypts had a methylation profile unique from non-IM crypts, showing extensive DNA hypermethylation in promoter CpG islands, including those of tumour-suppressor genes. Also, the IM-specific methylation profile, namely epigenetic footprint, was present in a fraction of gastric cancers with a higher frequency than expected, and suggested to be associated with good overall survival. IM organoids had remarkably high NOS2 expression, and NOS2 induction in normal cells led to accelerated induction of aberrant DNA methylation, namely epigenetic instability, by increasing DNA methyltransferase activity. IM mucosa showed dynamic enhancer reprogramming, including the regions involved in higher NOS2 expression. NOS2 had open chromatin in IM cells but not in gastric cells, and IM cells had frequent closed chromatin of tumour-suppressor genes, indicating their methylation-silencing. NOS2 expression in IM-derived organoids was upregulated by interleukin-17A, a cytokine secreted by extracellular bacterial infection. CONCLUSIONS IM cells were considered to have a precancerous nature potentially with an increased chance of converting into cancer cells, and an accelerated DNA methylation induction due to abnormal NOS2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Takeuchi
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Epigenomics, Institute for Advanced Life Sciences, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamashita
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Biotechnology, Maebashi Institute of Technology, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yu-Yu Liu
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Epigenomics, Institute for Advanced Life Sciences, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takeshima
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Epigenomics, Institute for Advanced Life Sciences, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Sasaki
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Gastroenterology Medicine Center, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masahide Fukuda
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Oita, Japan
| | - Taiki Hashimoto
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Naka
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Ishizu
- Department of Gastric Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeki Sekine
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaki Yoshikawa
- Department of Gastric Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akinobu Hamada
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutake Yamamichi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Fujishiro
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Ushijima
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Epigenomics, Institute for Advanced Life Sciences, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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An N, Yang X. Prediction of disease-free survival of N1/2 non-small cell lung cancer after adjuvant chemotherapy by the biomarker RPMB. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18266. [PMID: 37501955 PMCID: PMC10368914 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
No molecular biomarkers have been proven applicable in clinical practice to identify patients who can benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this study, we established a biomarker, RPMB, short for promotor methylation burden of DNA repair genes (DRGs), to identify the subgroup of patients who might benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy in NSCLC. Methylation profiles of 828 NSCLC primary tumors and their clinical information were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The RPMB for each patient after radical resection was calculated and its correlation with the prognosis of NSCLC was extensively investigated. DRGs of NSCLC were much more hypomethylated than the other genes (all p<0.001). RPMB was defined as the ratio of methylated DRGs to the total number of all the DRGs. Patients with higher RPMB values tended to be nonsmokers, had adenocarcinoma, were female and had peripheral tumors. Subgroup analysis of forest plot among different clinical factors showed that high RPMB was significantly correlated to better disease-free survival (DFS) in pathologic N-positive patients after adjuvant chemotherapy (HR = 0.404, n = 62, p = 0.034). Notably, more superior DFS was exhibited in high RPMB NSCLCs with N1 nodal stage compared with those with low RPMB values (HR = 0.348, n = 47, p = 0.043). High RPMB might be used as a potential predictor to identify suitable N-positive NSCLC patients who can benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy after radical surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning An
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China
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Takeuchi C, Sato J, Yamashita S, Sasaki A, Akahane T, Aoki R, Yamamichi M, Liu YY, Ito M, Furuta T, Nakajima S, Sakaguchi Y, Takahashi Y, Tsuji Y, Niimi K, Tomida S, Fujishiro M, Yamamichi N, Ushijima T. Autoimmune gastritis induces aberrant DNA methylation reflecting its carcinogenic potential. J Gastroenterol 2022; 57:144-155. [PMID: 35034200 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-021-01848-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune gastritis (AIG) is a chronic inflammatory condition in gastric mucosa and is associated with increased cancer risk, though not as high as that by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-associated gastritis (HPG). Although aberrant DNA methylation is induced by HPG and the level correlates with the risk of gastric cancer, DNA methylation induction by AIG is unknown. METHODS Gastric mucosa samples from the corpus were collected from 12 people with AIG without H. pylori infection, 10 people with HPG, and eight healthy volunteers. Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis was conducted using Infinium Methylation EPIC array. Gene expression was analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS The AIG samples had extensive aberrant DNA methylation but presented unique methylation profiles against the HPG samples after correction of leucocyte fractions. Comparison between the AIG and HPG samples showed that AIG induced methylation, but less than HPG, in overall CpG sites and also in promoter CpG islands. Promoter CpG islands of tumor-suppressor genes in the pathway of cell cycle, cell adhesion, p53, and WNT were highly methylated in the AIG samples, but more so in the HPG samples. The expression levels of IL1B and IL8, secreted by macrophage, were significantly lower in the AIG samples than in the HPG samples, suggesting that a difference in inflammatory response affected the degree and patterns of aberrant DNA methylation. CONCLUSIONS AIG induced aberrant DNA methylation in gastric mucosa. However, the degree of DNA methylation was less than that by HPG, which reflected carcinogenic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Takeuchi
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamashita
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Sasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medicine Center, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takemi Akahane
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Rika Aoki
- Tokushima Health Screening Center, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mitsue Yamamichi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu-Yu Liu
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Ito
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yotsuya Medical Cube, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahisa Furuta
- Center for Clinical Research, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shigemi Nakajima
- Department of General Medicine, Consortium for Community Medicine, Japan Community Healthcare Organization Shiga Hospital, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Sakaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tsuji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Niimi
- Center for Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuta Tomida
- Center for Comprehensive Genomic Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Fujishiro
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutake Yamamichi
- Center for Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Ushijima
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
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Sohrabi A, Franzen J, Tertipis N, Zagai U, Li W, Zheng Z, Ye W. Efficacy of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for H. pylori Detection as Point-of-Care Testing by Noninvasive Sampling. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:1538. [PMID: 34573879 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11091538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
For targeted eradication of Helicobacterpylori (H. pylori) to reduce gastric cancer burden, a convenient approach is definitely needed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the LAMP assay for H. pylori detection using samples collected by noninvasive and self-sampling methods. The available LAMP assay for H. pylori detection was appraised and verified using reference and clinically isolated H. pylori strains. In addition, a clinical study was conducted to assess the LAMP assay on 51 patients, from whom saliva, oral brushing samples, feces, corpus, and antrum specimens were available. Clarithromycin resistance was also analysed through detection of A2143G mutation using the LAMP-RFLP method. The validation and verification analysis demonstrated that the LAMP assay had an acceptable result in terms of specificity, sensitivity, reproducibility, and accuracy for clinical settings. The LAMP assay showed a detection limit for H. pylori down to 0.25 fg/µL of genomic DNA. An acceptable consensus was observed using saliva samples (sensitivity 58.1%, specificity 84.2%, PPV 85.7%, NPV 55.2%, accuracy 68%) in comparison to biopsy sampling as the gold standard. The performance testing of different combinations of noninvasive sampling methods demonstrated that a combination of saliva and oral brushing could achieve a sensitivity of 74.2% and a specificity of 57.9%. A2143G mutation detection by LAMP-RFLP showed perfect consensus with Sanger sequencing results. It appears that the LAMP assay in combination with noninvasive and self-sampling as a point-of-care testing (POCT) approach has potential usefulness to detect H.pylori infection in clinic settings and screening programs.
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Gómez A, Pato ML, Bujanda L, Sala N, Companioni O, Cosme Á, Tufano M, Hanly DJ, García N, Sanz-Anquela JM, Gisbert JP, López C, Elizalde JI, Cuatrecasas M, Andreu V, Paules MJ, Martín-Arranz MD, Ortega L, Poves E, Barrio J, Torres MÁ, Muñoz G, Ferrández Á, Ramírez-Lázaro MJ, Lario S, González CA, Esteller M, Berdasco M. Follow-Up Study Confirms the Presence of Gastric Cancer DNA Methylation Hallmarks in High-Risk Precursor Lesions. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2760. [PMID: 34199386 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To adopt prevention strategies in gastric cancer, it is imperative to develop robust biomarkers with acceptable costs and feasibility in clinical practice to stratified populations according to risk scores. With this aim, we applied an unbiased genome-wide CpG methylation approach to a discovery cohort composed of gastric cancer (n = 24), and non-malignant precursor lesions (n = 64). Then, candidate-methylation approaches were performed in a validation cohort of precursor lesions obtained from an observational longitudinal study (n = 264), with a 12-year follow-up to identify repression or progression cases. H. pylori stratification and histology were considered to determine their influence on the methylation dynamics. As a result, we ascertained that intestinal metaplasia partially recapitulates patterns of aberrant methylation of intestinal type of gastric cancer, independently of the H. pylori status. Two epigenetically regulated genes in cancer, RPRM and ZNF793, consistently showed increased methylation in intestinal metaplasia with respect to earlier precursor lesions. In summary, our result supports the need to investigate the practical utilities of the quantification of DNA methylation in candidate genes as a marker for disease progression. In addition, the H. pylori-dependent methylation in intestinal metaplasia suggests that pharmacological treatments aimed at H. pylori eradication in the late stages of precursor lesions do not prevent epigenome reprogramming toward a cancer signature.
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Toh JWT, Wilson RB. Pathways of Gastric Carcinogenesis, Helicobacter pylori Virulence and Interactions with Antioxidant Systems, Vitamin C and Phytochemicals. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6451. [PMID: 32899442 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a class one carcinogen which causes chronic atrophic gastritis, gastric intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. The mechanisms by which H. pylori interacts with other risk and protective factors, particularly vitamin C in gastric carcinogenesis are complex. Gastric carcinogenesis includes metabolic, environmental, epigenetic, genomic, infective, inflammatory and oncogenic pathways. The molecular classification of gastric cancer subtypes has revolutionized the understanding of gastric carcinogenesis. This includes the tumour microenvironment, germline mutations, and the role of Helicobacter pylori bacteria, Epstein Barr virus and epigenetics in somatic mutations. There is evidence that ascorbic acid, phytochemicals and endogenous antioxidant systems can modify the risk of gastric cancer. Gastric juice ascorbate levels depend on dietary intake of ascorbic acid but can also be decreased by H. pylori infection, H. pylori CagA secretion, tobacco smoking, achlorhydria and chronic atrophic gastritis. Ascorbic acid may be protective against gastric cancer by its antioxidant effect in gastric cytoprotection, regenerating active vitamin E and glutathione, inhibiting endogenous N-nitrosation, reducing toxic effects of ingested nitrosodimethylamines and heterocyclic amines, and preventing H. pylori infection. The effectiveness of such cytoprotection is related to H. pylori strain virulence, particularly CagA expression. The role of vitamin C in epigenetic reprogramming in gastric cancer is still evolving. Other factors in conjunction with vitamin C also play a role in gastric carcinogenesis. Eradication of H. pylori may lead to recovery of vitamin C secretion by gastric epithelium and enable regression of premalignant gastric lesions, thereby interrupting the Correa cascade of gastric carcinogenesis.
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An N, Yu Z, He XJ, Zhao YY, Yu L, Zhang YC, Lu HJ, Yang X. Promoter Methylation of DNA Repair Genes Predicts Disease-free Survival of Gastric Adenocarcinoma after Adjuvant Radiotherapy. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2020; 18:109-117. [PMID: 32671186 PMCID: PMC7334297 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The relentless debate on postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy in gastric adenocarcinoma (GA) has been lasting for decades. In this study, a new biomarker, named promoter methylation burden of DNA repair genes (RPMB), was established to identify the subgroup of patients who might benefit from adjuvant radiotherapy. Methylation profiles of 397 GA tumor samples were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). RPMB for a patient was defined as the ratio of methylated DNA repair genes to the number of all DNA repair genes. Subgroup analyses in term of overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) indicated that most of the subgroups favored the high-RMPB group. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that overall the patients with high RPMB after R0 resection had a significantly better clinical outcome regarding DFS (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.013, p = 0.042). Additionally, high-RPMB patients, who underwent adjuvant radiotherapy with both ≥T2 tumor and positive lymph nodes, showed superior DFS in comparison with the low-RPMB group (HR = 5.35 × 10−10, n = 26, p = 0.010). RPMB might be considered as a promising biomarker for decision-making with regard to postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy for GA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning An
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Zhuang Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Xin-Jia He
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Yong-Chun Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
- Corresponding author: Yongchun Zhang, Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China.
| | - Hai-Jun Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
- Corresponding author: Haijun Lu, Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China.
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
- Corresponding author: Xue Yang, Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China.
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Amigo JD, Opazo JC, Jorquera R, Wichmann IA, Garcia-Bloj BA, Alarcon MA, Owen GI, Corvalán AH. The Reprimo Gene Family: A Novel Gene Lineage in Gastric Cancer with Tumor Suppressive Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1862. [PMID: 29941787 PMCID: PMC6073456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The reprimo (RPRM) gene family is a group of single exon genes present exclusively within the vertebrate lineage. Two out of three members of this family are present in humans: RPRM and RPRM-Like (RPRML). RPRM induces cell cycle arrest at G2/M in response to p53 expression. Loss-of-expression of RPRM is related to increased cell proliferation and growth in gastric cancer. This evidence suggests that RPRM has tumor suppressive properties. However, the molecular mechanisms and signaling partners by which RPRM exerts its functions remain unknown. Moreover, scarce studies have attempted to characterize RPRML, and its functionality is unclear. Herein, we highlight the role of the RPRM gene family in gastric carcinogenesis, as well as its potential applications in clinical settings. In addition, we summarize the current knowledge on the phylogeny and expression patterns of this family of genes in embryonic zebrafish and adult humans. Strikingly, in both species, RPRM is expressed primarily in the digestive tract, blood vessels and central nervous system, supporting the use of zebrafish for further functional characterization of RPRM. Finally, drawing on embryonic and adult expression patterns, we address the potential relevance of RPRM and RPRML in cancer. Active investigation or analytical research in the coming years should contribute to novel translational applications of this poorly understood gene family as potential biomarkers and development of novel cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio D Amigo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330025 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Juan C Opazo
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, 5090000 Valdivia, Chile.
| | - Roddy Jorquera
- CORE Biodata, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330024 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Ignacio A Wichmann
- Laboratory of Oncology, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330034 Santiago, Chile.
- Departamento de Oncología y Hematología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330034 Santiago, Chile.
- CORE Biodata, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330024 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Benjamin A Garcia-Bloj
- Laboratory of Oncology, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330034 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Maria Alejandra Alarcon
- Laboratory of Oncology, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330034 Santiago, Chile.
- Departamento de Oncología y Hematología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330034 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Gareth I Owen
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330025 Santiago, Chile.
- Laboratory of Oncology, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330034 Santiago, Chile.
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8331150 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Alejandro H Corvalán
- Laboratory of Oncology, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330034 Santiago, Chile.
- Departamento de Oncología y Hematología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330034 Santiago, Chile.
- CORE Biodata, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330024 Santiago, Chile.
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Polakovicova I, Jerez S, Wichmann IA, Sandoval-Bórquez A, Carrasco-Véliz N, Corvalán AH. Role of microRNAs and Exosomes in Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr Virus Associated Gastric Cancers. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:636. [PMID: 29675003 PMCID: PMC5895734 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that chronic inflammation caused by pathogen infection is connected to the development of various types of cancer. It is estimated that up to 20% of all cancer deaths is linked to infections and inflammation. In gastric cancer, such triggers can be infection of the gastric epithelium by either Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a bacterium present in half of the world population; or by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a double-stranded DNA virus which has recently been associated with gastric cancer. Both agents can establish lifelong inflammation by evolving to escape immune surveillance and, under certain conditions, contribute to the development of gastric cancer. Non-coding RNAs, mainly microRNAs (miRNAs), influence the host innate and adaptive immune responses, though long non-coding RNAs and viral miRNAs also alter these processes. Reports suggest that chronic infection results in altered expression of host miRNAs. In turn, dysregulated miRNAs modulate the host inflammatory immune response, favoring bacterial survival and persistence within the gastric mucosa. Given the established roles of miRNAs in tumorigenesis and innate immunity, they may serve as an important link between H. pylori- and EBV-associated inflammation and carcinogenesis. Example of this is up-regulation of miR-155 in H. pylori and EBV infection. The tumor environment contains a variety of cells that need to communicate with each other. Extracellular vesicles, especially exosomes, allow these cells to deliver certain type of information to other cells promoting cancer growth and metastasis. Exosomes have been shown to deliver not only various types of genetic information, mainly miRNAs, but also cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA), a major H. pylori virulence factor. In addition, a growing body of evidence demonstrates that exosomes contain genetic material of viruses and viral miRNAs and proteins such as EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) which are delivered into recipient cells. In this review, we focus on the dysregulated H. pylori- and EBV-associated miRNAs while trying to unveil possible causal mechanisms. Moreover, we discuss the role of exosomes as vehicles for miRNA delivery in H. pylori- and EBV-related carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Polakovicova
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,UC Center for Investigational Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Hematology-Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sofia Jerez
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ignacio A Wichmann
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,UC Center for Investigational Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Hematology-Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Nicolás Carrasco-Véliz
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro H Corvalán
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,UC Center for Investigational Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Hematology-Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Suehiro Y, Hashimoto S, Higaki S, Fujii I, Suzuki C, Hoshida T, Matsumoto T, Yamaoka Y, Takami T, Sakaida I, Yamasaki T. Blood free-circulating DNA testing by highly sensitive methylation assay to diagnose colorectal neoplasias. Oncotarget 2018; 9:16974-87. [PMID: 29682198 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although methylated TWIST1 is a biomarker of colorectal neoplasia, its detection from serum samples is very difficult by conventional bisulfite-based methylation assays. Therefore, we have developed a new methylation assay that enables counting of even one copy of a methylated gene in a small DNA sample amount without DNA bisulfite treatment. We performed this study to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of serum DNA testing by the new methylation assay in combination with and without the fecal immunochemical test for hemoglobin for the detection of colorectal neoplasia. This study comprised 113 patients with colorectal neoplasia and 25 control individuals. For the new methylation assay, DNA was treated in two stages with methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes, followed by measurement of copy numbers of hTERT and methylated TWIST1 by multiplex droplet digital PCR. The fecal immunochemical test had a sensitivity of 8.0% for non-advanced adenoma, 24.3% for advanced adenoma, and 44.4% for colorectal cancer, and a specificity of 88.0%. The new assay had a sensitivity of 36.0% for non-advanced adenoma, 30.0% for advanced adenoma, and 44.4% for colorectal cancer, and a specificity of 92.0%. Combination of the both tests increased the sensitivity to 40.0%, 45.7%, and 72.2% for the detection of non-advanced adenoma, advanced adenoma, and colorectal cancer, respectively, and resulted in a specificity of 84.0%. Combination of both tests may provide an alternative screening strategy for colorectal neoplasia including potentially precancerous lesions and colorectal cancer.
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12
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Cerda-Opazo P, Valenzuela-Valderrama M, Wichmann I, Rodríguez A, Contreras-Reyes D, Fernández EA, Carrasco-Aviño G, Corvalán AH, Quest AF. Inverse expression of survivin and reprimo correlates with poor patient prognosis in gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:12853-12867. [PMID: 29560115 PMCID: PMC5849179 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of the study was to determine the relationship between Survivin and Reprimo transcript/protein expression levels, and gastric cancer outcome. METHODS In silico correlations between an agnostic set of twelve p53-dependent apoptosis and cell-cycle genes were explored in the gastric adenocarcinoma TCGA database, using cBioPortal. Findings were validated by regression analysis of RNAseq data. Separate regression analyses were performed to assess the impact of p53 status on Survivin and Reprimo. Quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemistry confirmed in silico findings on fresh-frozen and paraffin-embedded gastric cancer tissues, respectively. Wild-type (AGS, SNU-1) and mutated p53 (NCI-N87) cell lines transfected with pEGFP-Survivin or pCMV6-Reprimo were evaluated by RT-qPCR and Western blotting. Kaplan-Meier method and Long-Rank test were used to assess differences in patient outcome. RESULTS cBioPortal analysis revealed an inverse correlation between Survivin and Reprimo expression (Pearson's r= -0.3, Spearman's ρ= -0.55). RNAseq analyses confirmed these findings (Spearman's ρ= -0.37, p<4.2e-09) and revealed p53 dependence in linear regression models (p<0.05). mRNA and protein levels validated these observations in clinical samples (p<0.001). In vitro analysis in cell lines demonstrated that increasing Survivin reduced Reprimo, while increasing Reprimo reduced Survivin expression, but only did so in p53 wild-type gastric cells (p<0.05). Survivin-positive but Reprimo-negative patients displayed shorter overall survival rates (p=0.047, Long Rank Test) (HR=0.32; 95%IC: 0.11-0.97; p=0.044). CONCLUSIONS TCGA RNAseq data analysis, evaluation of clinical samples and studies in cell lines identified an inverse relationship between Survivin and Reprimo. Elevated Survivin and reduced Reprimo protein expression correlated with poor patient prognosis in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Cerda-Opazo
- Laboratorio de Comunicaciones Celulares, Centro de Estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cáncer (CEMC), Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad De Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Gastric Cancer Research Group - Laboratory of Oncology, UC Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Valenzuela-Valderrama
- Laboratorio de Comunicaciones Celulares, Centro de Estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cáncer (CEMC), Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad De Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ignacio Wichmann
- Gastric Cancer Research Group - Laboratory of Oncology, UC Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile
- Core Biodata, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Rodríguez
- Gastric Cancer Research Group - Laboratory of Oncology, UC Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Contreras-Reyes
- Gastric Cancer Research Group - Laboratory of Oncology, UC Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile
| | - Elmer A. Fernández
- CIDIE – CONICET - Facultad de Ingeniería, Campus Universitario, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- National Bioinformatics Consortia (BIA) of Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Carrasco-Aviño
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Clínico José Joaquín Aguirre, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro H. Corvalán
- Gastric Cancer Research Group - Laboratory of Oncology, UC Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile
- Core Biodata, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrew F.G. Quest
- Laboratorio de Comunicaciones Celulares, Centro de Estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cáncer (CEMC), Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad De Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile
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13
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Abstract
Twist1 is a well-known regulator of transcription during embryonic organogenesis in many species. In humans, Twist1 malfunction was first linked to Saethre-Chotzen syndrome and later identified to play an essential role in tumor initiation, stemness, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, and chemo-resistance in a variety of carcinomas, sarcomas, and hematological malignances. In this review, we will first focus on systematically elaborating the diverse pathological functions of Twist1 in various cancers, then delineating the intricate underlying network of molecular mechanisms, based on which we will summarize current therapeutic strategies in cancer treatment that target and modulate Twist1-involved signaling pathways. Most importantly, we will put special emphasis on revealing the independence and interdependency of these multiple biological functions of Twist1, piecing together the whole delicate picture of Twist1's diversified pathological roles in different cancers and providing new perspectives to guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Zhao
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America.,Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mohammad Aminur Rahman
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Zhuo G Chen
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Dong M Shin
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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14
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Ding Y, Yang Q, Wang B, Ye G, Tong X. The Correlation of MGMT Promoter Methylation and Clinicopathological Features in Gastric Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165509. [PMID: 27824946 PMCID: PMC5100908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The silencing of the tumor suppressor gene O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) by promoter methylation commonly occurs in human cancers. The relationship between MGMT promoter methylation and gastric cancer (GC) remains inconsistent. This study aimed to evaluate the potential value of MGMT promoter methylation in GC patients. Electronic databases were searched to identify eligible studies. The pooled odds ratio (OR) and the corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were used to evaluate the effects of MGMT methylation on GC risk and clinicopathological characteristics. In total, 31 eligible studies including 2988 GC patients and 2189 nonmalignant controls were involved in meta-analysis. In the pooled analysis, MGMT promoter methylation was significantly associated with GC risk (OR = 3.34, P < 0.001) and substantial heterogeneity (P < 0.001). Meta-regression and subgroup analyses based on the testing method, sample material and ethnicity failed to explain the sources of heterogeneity. Interestingly, MGMT methylation showed a trend associated with gender, and methylation is lower in males compared with females (OR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.56–1.03). We did not find a significant association in relation to tumor types, clinical stage, age status or H. pylori status in cancer (all P > 0.1). MGMT promoter methylation may be correlated with the prognosis of GCs in disease free survival (DFS) or overall survival (OS) for univariate analysis. MGMT promoter methylation may play a crucial role in the carcinogenesis and prognosis of GC. MGMT methylation was not correlated with tumor types, clinical stage, age status, H. pylori status. However, the result of the association of MGMT methylation and gender should be considered with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ding
- The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315020, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (YD); (GY)
| | - Qihua Yang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315020, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bojun Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315020, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoliang Ye
- The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315020, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (YD); (GY)
| | - Xiaoqiong Tong
- The College of Foreign Studies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, People’s Republic of China
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15
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Murray-Stewart T, Sierra JC, Piazuelo MB, Mera RM, Chaturvedi R, Bravo LE, Correa P, Schneider BG, Wilson KT, Casero RA. Epigenetic silencing of miR-124 prevents spermine oxidase regulation: implications for Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric cancer. Oncogene 2016; 35:5480-5488. [PMID: 27041578 PMCID: PMC5050049 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation contributes to the development of various forms of cancer. The polyamine catabolic enzyme spermine oxidase (SMOX) is induced in chronic inflammatory conditions, including Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis, where its production of hydrogen peroxide contributes to DNA damage and subsequent tumorigenesis. MicroRNA expression levels are also altered in inflammatory conditions; specifically, the tumor suppressor miR-124 becomes silenced by DNA methylation. We sought to determine if this repression of miR-124 is associated with elevated SMOX activity and concluded that miR-124 is indeed a negative regulator of SMOX. In gastric adenocarcinoma cells harboring highly methylated and silenced mir-124 gene loci, 5-azacytidine treatment allowed miR-124 re-expression and decreased SMOX expression. Overexpression of an exogenous miR-124-3p mimic repressed SMOX mRNA and protein expression as well as H2O2 production by >50% within 24 h. Reporter assays indicated that direct interaction of miR-124 with the 3'-untranslated region of SMOX mRNA contributes to this negative regulation. Importantly, overexpression of miR-124 before infection with H. pylori prevented the induction of SMOX believed to contribute to inflammation-associated tumorigenesis. Compelling human in vivo data from H. pylori-positive gastritis tissues indicated that the mir-124 gene loci are more heavily methylated in a Colombian population characterized by elevated SMOX expression and a high risk for gastric cancer. Furthermore, the degree of mir-124 methylation significantly correlated with SMOX expression throughout the population. These results indicate a protective role for miR-124 through the inhibition of SMOX-mediated DNA damage in the etiology of H. pylori-associated gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Murray-Stewart
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287
| | - Johanna C. Sierra
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - M. Blanca Piazuelo
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Robertino M. Mera
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Rupesh Chaturvedi
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Nashville, TN 37232
- Jawaharlal Nehru University School of Biotechnology, New Delhi-69, India
| | - Luis E. Bravo
- Department of Pathology, Universidad del Valle School of Medicine, Cali, Colombia
| | - Pelayo Correa
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Barbara G. Schneider
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Keith T. Wilson
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Nashville, TN 37232
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212
| | - Robert A. Casero
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287
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16
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Corvalán AH, Maturana MJ. [Infections and epigenetic changes in cancer]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 87:245-9. [PMID: 27474231 DOI: 10.1016/j.rchipe.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The role of epigenetics and infectious diseases at early stages of life influence pre-malignant lesions of cancer, in particular, gastric cancer, one of the most frequent tumours in Chile, Latin America, and worldwide. This article examines the role of H.pylori and epigenetic alterations (i.e. DNA methylation) at early stages of gastric cancer and proposes, from the paediatric point of view, strategies for prevention and early detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro H Corvalán
- Departamento de Hematología y Oncología, División de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - María José Maturana
- Departamento de Hematología y Oncología, División de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Samadani AA, Nikbakhsh N, Pilehchian M, Fattahi S, Akhavan-Niaki H. Epigenetic changes of CDX2 in gastric adenocarcinoma. J Cell Commun Signal 2016; 10:267-72. [PMID: 27139434 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-016-0327-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the most commonplace and lethal cancers in the world. Molecular investigation of this disease, in order to obtain diagnostic and treatments achievements is important and vital. Relatively, in this research study, one of the most important epigenetic factors, the methylation of CDX2 gene was investigated in tumoral and non-tumoral tissues of gastric cancer patients by bisulfite treatment followed by sequencing of the 5'UTR region of CDX2 in both tissues. The results indicated a hypomethylation in tumoral tissues of adenocarcinoma. Consequently, the methylation amount of CDX2 in tumoral tissues was significantly reduced compared with non-tumoral tissues.
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18
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Buchegger K, Ili C, Riquelme I, Letelier P, Corvalán AH, Brebi P, Huang THM, Roa JC. Reprimo as a modulator of cell migration and invasion in the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. Biol Res 2016; 49:5. [PMID: 26796959 PMCID: PMC4722741 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-016-0066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reprimo (RPRM), a highly glycosylated protein, is a new downstream effector of p53-induced cell cycle arrest at the G2/M checkpoint, and a putative tumor suppressor gene frequently silenced via methylation of its promoter region in several malignances. The aim of this study was to characterize the epigenetic inactivation and its biological function in BC cell lines. Methods The correlation between RPRM methylation and loss of mRNA expression was assessed in six breast cancer cell lines by methylation specific PCR (MSP), 5′-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine treatment and RT-PCR assays. MDA-MB-231 cells were chosen to investigate the phenotypic effect of RPRM in cell proliferation, cell cycle, cell death, cell migration and invasion. Results In the cancer methylome system (CMS) (web-based system for visualizing and analyzing genome-wide methylation data of human cancers), the CpG island region of RPRM (1.1 kb) was hypermethylated in breast cancer compared to normal breast tissue; more interesting still was that ERα(+) tumors showed higher methylation intensity than ERα(−). Downregulation of RPRM mRNA by methylation was confirmed in MDA-MB-231 and BT-20 cell lines. In addition, overexpression of RPRM in MDA-MB-231 cells resulted in decreased rates of cell migration, wound healing and invasion in vitro. However, RPRM overexpression did not alter cell viability, phosphatidylserine (PS) translocation or G2/M cell cycle transition. Conclusion Taken together, these data suggest that RPRM is involved in decreased cell migration and invasion in vitro, acting as a potential tumor suppressor gene in the MDA-MB-231 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Buchegger
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Pathology Laboratory BIOREN-CEGIN, School of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
| | - Carmen Ili
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Pathology Laboratory BIOREN-CEGIN, School of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
| | - Ismael Riquelme
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Pathology Laboratory BIOREN-CEGIN, School of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
| | - Pablo Letelier
- School of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile.
| | - Alejandro H Corvalán
- Centre for Translational Research in Oncology (CITO) and Department of Hematology and Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Priscilla Brebi
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Pathology Laboratory BIOREN-CEGIN, School of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
| | - Tim Hui-Ming Huang
- Department of Molecular Medicine/Institute of Biotechnology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, STRF, Room 225, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
| | - Juan Carlos Roa
- Department of Pathology, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS) (CITO), School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Valenzuela MA, Canales J, Corvalán AH, Quest AFG. Helicobacter pylori-induced inflammation and epigenetic changes during gastric carcinogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:12742-12756. [PMID: 26668499 PMCID: PMC4671030 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i45.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The sequence of events associated with the development of gastric cancer has been described as “the gastric precancerous cascade”. This cascade is a dynamic process that includes lesions, such as atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia. According to this model, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection targets the normal gastric mucosa causing non-atrophic gastritis, an initiating lesion that can be cured by clearing H. pylori with antibiotics or that may then linger in the case of chronic infection and progress to atrophic gastritis. The presence of virulence factors in the infecting H. pylori drives the carcinogenesis process. Independent epidemiological and animal studies have confirmed the sequential progression of these precancerous lesions. Particularly long-term follow-up studies estimated a risk of 0.1% for atrophic gastritis/intestinal metaplasia and 6% in case of dysplasia for the long-term development of gastric cancer. With this in mind, a better understanding of the genetic and epigenetic changes associated with progression of the cascade is critical in determining the risk of gastric cancer associated with H. pylori infection. In this review, we will summarize some of the most relevant mechanisms and focus predominantly but not exclusively on the discussion of gene promoter methylation and miRNAs in this context.
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20
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the most common chronic infectious agent in the stomach. Most importantly, it may lead to atrophy, metaplasia and cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of H. pylori infection and to detect early mucosal changes that may lead to malignant degeneration in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS Children who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy were included. Familial history of gastric cancer was noted. Endoscopic examinations were performed by a single pediatric gastroenterologist. A minimum of three biopsy samples were collected during endoscopy. The patients were accepted as H. pylori infected if results of biopsies and rapid urease test were both positive. Biopsies were evaluated for the presence and degree of chronic inflammation, the activity and severity of gastritis, glandular atrophy and intestinal metaplasia. RESULTS A total of 750 children (388 boys, 362 girls) were evaluated in our study, with a mean age of 10.1 years. A total of 390 patients (52%) were found to be infected with H. pylori. Among the H. pylori infected patients, 289 (74%) were diagnosed to have chronic superficial gastritis, 24 (6.2%) had gastric atrophy. Most strikingly, intestinal metaplasia was observed in 11 children, all were in the H. pylori positive group. There was no difference in the mean of age, gender and socioeconomic class between H. pylori infected and non-infected groups. The frequency of gastric cancer in family members (4 in number) was higher in patients with H. pylori infection. No gastric cancer case was reported from the parents of non-infected children. The worst biopsy parameters (atropy and metaplasia) were improved after H. pylori eradication on control endoscopy. CONCLUSIONS The current study shows a higher prevalence of familial history of gastric cancer in H. pylori infected children. Intestinal metaplasia was also higher in the infected children. Eradication of H. pylori infection for this risk group may prevent subsequent development of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebahat Cam
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Istanbul Medeniyet University Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey E-mail :
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Sandoval-Bórquez A, Saavedra K, Carrasco-Avino G, Garcia-Bloj B, Fry J, Wichmann I, Corvalán AH. Noncoding Genomics in Gastric Cancer and the Gastric Precancerous Cascade: Pathogenesis and Biomarkers. Dis Markers 2015; 2015:503762. [PMID: 26379360 DOI: 10.1155/2015/503762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the fifth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related death, whose patterns vary among geographical regions and ethnicities. It is a multifactorial disease, and its development depends on infection by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), host genetic factors, and environmental factors. The heterogeneity of the disease has begun to be unraveled by a comprehensive mutational evaluation of primary tumors. The low-abundance of mutations suggests that other mechanisms participate in the evolution of the disease, such as those found through analyses of noncoding genomics. Noncoding genomics includes single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), regulation of gene expression through DNA methylation of promoter sites, miRNAs, other noncoding RNAs in regulatory regions, and other topics. These processes and molecules ultimately control gene expression. Potential biomarkers are appearing from analyses of noncoding genomics. This review focuses on noncoding genomics and potential biomarkers in the context of gastric cancer and the gastric precancerous cascade.
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Santos JC, Ribeiro ML. Epigenetic regulation of DNA repair machinery in Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric carcinogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:9021-9037. [PMID: 26290630 PMCID: PMC4533035 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i30.9021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although thousands of DNA damaging events occur in each cell every day, efficient DNA repair pathways have evolved to counteract them. The DNA repair machinery plays a key role in maintaining genomic stability by avoiding the maintenance of mutations. The DNA repair enzymes continuously monitor the chromosomes to correct any damage that is caused by exogenous and endogenous mutagens. If DNA damage in proliferating cells is not repaired because of an inadequate expression of DNA repair genes, it might increase the risk of cancer. In addition to mutations, which can be either inherited or somatically acquired, epigenetic silencing of DNA repair genes has been associated with carcinogenesis. Gastric cancer represents the second highest cause of cancer mortality worldwide. The disease develops from the accumulation of several genetic and epigenetic changes during the lifetime. Among the risk factors, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is considered the main driving factor to gastric cancer development. Thus, in this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the role of H. pylori infection on the epigenetic regulation of DNA repair machinery in gastric carcinogenesis.
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Schneider BG, Mera R, Piazuelo MB, Bravo JC, Zabaleta J, Delgado AG, Bravo LE, Wilson KT, El-Rifai W, Peek RM, Correa P. DNA Methylation Predicts Progression of Human Gastric Lesions. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24:1607-13. [PMID: 26269563 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-15-0388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of the intestinal subtype of gastric adenocarcinoma is marked by a progression of histopathologic lesions. Residents of the Andean regions of Colombia are at high risk for gastric cancer. METHODS A cohort of 976 Colombian subjects was followed over 16 years examining effects of Helicobacter pylori eradication and treatment with antioxidants on progression of lesions. We performed methylation analysis of DNA from baseline antral biopsies from 104 subjects for whom follow-up data were available for at least 12 years. Methylation was quantitated for AMPH, CDKN2A, CDH1, EN1, EMX1, NKX6-1, PCDH10, RPRM, RSPO2, SORCS3, ZIC1, and ZNF610 genes, using Pyrosequencing. RESULTS Levels of DNA methylation were associated with baseline diagnosis for AMPH, EMX1, RPRM, RSPO2, SORCS3, and ZNF610. After adjusting for baseline diagnosis and H. pylori infection, methylation levels of AMPH, PCDH10, RSPO2, and ZNF610 had progression coefficients that increased and P values that decreased over 6, 12, and 16 years. Methylation for SORCS3 was associated with progression at all 3 time points but without the continual strengthening of the effect. Scores for mononuclear leukocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, or intraepithelial lymphocytes were unrelated to progression. CONCLUSIONS Methylation levels of AMPH, PCDH10, RSPO2, SORCS3, and ZNF610 predict progression of gastric lesions independent of the effect of duration of H. pylori infection, baseline diagnosis, gender of the patient, or scores for mononuclear leukocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, or intraepithelial lymphocytes. IMPACT DNA methylation levels in AMPH, PCDH10, RSPO2, SORCS3, and ZNF610 may contribute to identification of persons with gastric lesions likely to progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara G Schneider
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
| | - Robertino Mera
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - M Blanca Piazuelo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Jovanny Zabaleta
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Stanley Scott Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Alberto G Delgado
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Luis E Bravo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Keith T Wilson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System and Office of Medical Research, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Wael El-Rifai
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System and Office of Medical Research, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee. Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Richard M Peek
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Pelayo Correa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Sunakawa Y, Lenz HJ. Molecular classification of gastric adenocarcinoma: translating new insights from the cancer genome atlas research network. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2015;16:17. [PMID: 25813036 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-015-0331-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a heterogenous cancer, which may be classified into several distinct subtypes based on pathology and epidemiology, each with different initiating pathological processes and each possibly having different tumor biology. A classification of gastric cancer should be important to select patients who can benefit from the targeted therapies or to precisely predict prognosis. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) study collaborated with previous reports regarding subtyping gastric cancer but also proposed a refined classification based on molecular characteristics. The addition of the new molecular classification strategy to a current classical subtyping may be a promising option, particularly stratification by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and microsatellite instability (MSI) statuses. According to TCGA study, EBV gastric cancer patients may benefit the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibodies or phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors which are now being developed. The discoveries of predictive biomarkers should improve patient care and individualized medicine in the management since the targeted therapies may have the potential to change the landscape of gastric cancer treatment, moreover leading to both better understanding of the heterogeneity and better outcomes. Patient enrichment by predictive biomarkers for new treatment strategies will be critical to improve clinical outcomes. Additionally, liquid biopsies will be able to enable us to monitor in real-time molecular escape mechanism, resulting in better treatment strategies.
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25
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Bacalini MG, Boattini A, Gentilini D, Giampieri E, Pirazzini C, Giuliani C, Fontanesi E, Remondini D, Capri M, Del Rio A, Luiselli D, Vitale G, Mari D, Castellani G, Di Blasio AM, Salvioli S, Franceschi C, Garagnani P. A meta-analysis on age-associated changes in blood DNA methylation: results from an original analysis pipeline for Infinium 450k data. Aging (Albany NY) 2015; 7:97-109. [PMID: 25701668 PMCID: PMC4359692 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Aging is characterized by a profound remodeling of the epigenetic architecture in terms of DNA methylation patterns. To date the most effective tool to study genome wide DNA methylation changes is Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip (Infinium 450k). Despite the wealth of tools for Infinium 450k analysis, the identification of the most biologically relevant DNA methylation changes is still challenging. Here we propose an analytical pipeline to select differentially methylated regions (DMRs), tailored on microarray architecture, which is highly effective in highlighting biologically relevant results. The pipeline groups microarray probes on the basis of their localization respect to CpG islands and genic sequences and, depending on probes density, identifies DMRs through a single-probe or a region-centric approach that considers the concomitant variation of multiple adjacent CpG probes. We successfully applied this analytical pipeline on 3 independent Infinium 450k datasets that investigated age-associated changes in blood DNA methylation. We provide a consensus list of genes that systematically vary in DNA methylation levels from 0 to 100 years and that have a potentially relevant role in the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giulia Bacalini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy.,Interdepartmental Center "L. Galvani", University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.,Personal Genomics S.r.l., Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Alessio Boattini
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Davide Gentilini
- Centro di Ricerche e Tecnologie Biomediche, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan 20095, Italy
| | - Enrico Giampieri
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Chiara Pirazzini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy.,Interdepartmental Center "L. Galvani", University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Cristina Giuliani
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Elisa Fontanesi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy.,Interdepartmental Center "L. Galvani", University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Daniel Remondini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Miriam Capri
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy.,Interdepartmental Center "L. Galvani", University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Alberto Del Rio
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy.,Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF) National Research Council (CNR), Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Donata Luiselli
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vitale
- Centro di Ricerche e Tecnologie Biomediche, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan 20095, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Mari
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Geriatric Unit, IRCCS Ca' Granda Foundation Maggiore Policlinico Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Gastone Castellani
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Di Blasio
- Centro di Ricerche e Tecnologie Biomediche, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan 20095, Italy
| | - Stefano Salvioli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy.,Interdepartmental Center "L. Galvani", University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy.,Interdepartmental Center "L. Galvani", University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.,IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Garagnani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy.,Interdepartmental Center "L. Galvani", University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.,Applied Biomedical Research Center, S. Orsola-Malpighi Polyclinic, Bologna 40138, Italy
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Saavedra K, Valbuena J, Olivares W, Marchant MJ, Rodríguez A, Torres-Estay V, Carrasco-Avino G, Guzmán L, Aguayo F, Roa JC, Corvalán AH. Loss of Expression of Reprimo, a p53-induced Cell Cycle Arrest Gene, Correlates with Invasive Stage of Tumor Progression and p73 Expression in Gastric Cancer. PLoS One 2015. [DOI: 78495111110.1371/journal.pone.0125834' target='_blank'>'"<>78495111110.1371/journal.pone.0125834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [78495111110.1371/journal.pone.0125834','', '10.1002/ijc.25274')">Reference Citation Analysis] [78495111110.1371/journal.pone.0125834', 26)">What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022] Open
78495111110.1371/journal.pone.0125834" />
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27
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Saavedra K, Valbuena J, Olivares W, Marchant MJ, Rodríguez A, Torres-Estay V, Carrasco-Avino G, Guzmán L, Aguayo F, Roa JC, Corvalán AH. Loss of Expression of Reprimo, a p53-induced Cell Cycle Arrest Gene, Correlates with Invasive Stage of Tumor Progression and p73 Expression in Gastric Cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125834. [PMID: 25954972 PMCID: PMC4425545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Reprimo (RPRM), a downstream effector of p53-induced cell cycle arrest at G2/M, has been proposed as a putative tumor suppressor gene (TSG) and as a potential biomarker for non-invasive detection of gastric cancer (GC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the epigenetic silencing of RPRM gene by promoter methylation and its tumor suppressor function in GC cell lines. Furthermore, clinical significance of RPRM protein product and its association with p53/p73 tumor suppressor protein family was explored. Epigenetic silencing of RPRM gene by promoter methylation was evaluated in four GC cell lines. Protein expression of RPRM was evaluated in 20 tumor and non-tumor matched cases. The clinical significance of RPRM association with p53/p73 tumor suppressor protein family was assessed in 114 GC cases. Tumor suppressor function was examined through functional assays. RPRM gene expression was negatively correlated with promoter methylation (Spearman rank r = -1; p = 0.042). RPRM overexpression inhibited colony formation and anchorage-independent growth. In clinical samples, RPRM gene protein expression was detected in 75% (15/20) of non-tumor adjacent mucosa, but only in 25% (5/20) of gastric tumor tissues (p = 0.001). Clinicopathological correlations of loss of RPRM expression were significantly associated with invasive stage of GC (stage I to II-IV, p = 0.02) and a positive association between RPRM and p73 gene protein product expression was found (p<0.0001 and kappa value = 0.363). In conclusion, epigenetic silencing of RPRM gene by promoter methylation is associated with loss of RPRM expression. Functional assays suggest that RPRM behaves as a TSG. Loss of expression of RPRM gene protein product is associated with the invasive stage of GC. Positive association between RPRM and p73 expression suggest that other members of the p53 gene family may participate in the regulation of RPRM expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Saavedra
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- UC—Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Centro de Estudios Genéticos e Inmunológicos (CEGIN) and Department of Pathology, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - José Valbuena
- Department of Pathology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Wilda Olivares
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- UC—Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María José Marchant
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Andrés Rodríguez
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- UC—Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica Torres-Estay
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Carrasco-Avino
- Department of Pathology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Pathology Department Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Leda Guzmán
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Francisco Aguayo
- Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Roa
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- UC—Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Pathology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro H. Corvalán
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- UC—Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Yang J, Zhu XB, He LX, Gu ZW, Jin MZ, Ji WY. Clinical significance of epigenetic silencing and re-expression of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase using epigenetic agents in laryngeal carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2014; 9:35-42. [PMID: 25452816 PMCID: PMC4247240 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene expression levels, and DNA methylation status and histone modifications in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). Chromatin immunoprecipitation, methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR were performed to analyze histone modifications, DNA methylation status and mRNA expression levels in the promoter region of the MGMT gene in laryngeal carcinoma HEp-2 cells, as well as in 50 paired healthy and LSCC tissue samples. The present study demonstrated that treatment of HEp-2 cells with 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (Aza), a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, significantly upregulated MGMT mRNA expression levels, reduced MGMT DNA methylation, reduced MGMT histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) di-methylation, and increased MGMT histone H3 lysine 4 di-methylation without a significant change in H3K9 acetylation. Trichostatin A (TSA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, marginally upregulated MGMT mRNA expression levels without affecting the DNA methylation status, or H3K9 or H3K4 di-methylation, however, TSA treatment caused a significant increase in H3K9 acetylation. Furthermore, Aza and TSA combination treatment produced a synergistic effect. In the LSCC samples, the rate of DNA methylation in the MGMT gene was 54%, compared with 24% in the healthy control group (P<0.05). Therefore, data from the present study indicates that MGMT may serve as a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of LSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Bing Zhu
- Department of General Sugery, General Hospital of Liaohe Oil Field, Panjin, Liaoning 124010, P.R. China
| | - Li-Xia He
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Fushun Second Hospital, Fushun, Liaoning 113001, P.R. China
| | - Zhao-Wei Gu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Zhu Jin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Yue Ji
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
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29
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Tania M, Khan MA, Fu J. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition inducing transcription factors and metastatic cancer. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:7335-42. [PMID: 24880591 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2163-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important step for the developmental process. Recent evidences support that EMT allows the tumor cells to acquire invasive properties and to develop metastatic growth characteristics. Some of the transcription factors, which are actively involved in EMT process, have a significant role in the EMT-metastasis linkage. A number of studies have reported that EMT-inducing transcription factors (EMT-TFs), such as Twist, Snail, Slug, and Zeb, are directly or indirectly involved in cancer cell metastasis through a different signaling cascades, including the Akt, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Wnt pathways, with the ultimate consequence of the downregulation of E-cadherin and upregulation of metastatic proteins, such as N-cadherin, vimentin, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, etc. This review summarizes the update information on the association of EMT-TFs with cancer metastasis and the possible cancer therapeutics via targeting the EMT-TFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Tania
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China,
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Oluwasola A. Genetic determinants and clinico-pathological outcomes of helicobacter pylori infection. Ann Ib Postgrad Med 2014; 12:22-30. [PMID: 25332697 PMCID: PMC4201930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a spiral Gram-negative bacterium with a relatively small genome and is known to be the most common human bacterial infection worldwide, infecting about half of the world's population. The bacterium represents one of the most successful human pathogens, inducing severe clinical symptoms only in a small subset of individuals, thus signifying a highly balanced degree of co-evolution of H. pylori and humans. The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection varies greatly among countries and among population groups within the same country, but is falling in most developed countries. The clinical course of H. pylori infection is highly variable and is influenced by both microbial and host factors including genetic susceptibility while the pattern and distribution of inflammation correlate strongly with the risk of clinical sequelae, namely duodenal or gastric ulcers, mucosal atrophy, gastric carcinoma, or gastric lymphoma. Cytokine gene polymorphisms directly influence inter-individual variation in the magnitude of cytokine response, and this clearly contributes to an individual's ultimate clinical outcome. Polymorphisms in genes coding for innate immune factors have also been incriminated in the pathogenesis of H. pylori related disease, while promoter hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes is considered an important factor in carcinogenesis and known to be present in H. pylori associated gastric tumors. Functional genomics may fill many of the gaps in our understanding of the pathogenesis of H. pylori infection and accelerate the development of novel therapies, including H. pylori specific antimicrobial agents.
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Palacio-Rúa KA, Isaza-Jiménez LF, Ahumada-Rodríguez E, Muñetón-Peña CM. Genetic analysis in APC, KRAS, and TP53 in patients with stomach and colon cancer. Rev Gastroenterol Mex 2014; 79:79-89. [PMID: 24861525 DOI: 10.1016/j.rgmx.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stomach cancer (SC) and colorectal cancer (CRC) present with high rates of incidence and mortality in the worldwide population. These 2 tumors are characterized by great genetic heterogeneity. Up to now, there have been no molecular studies that analyze the mutations in the APC, KRAS, and TP53 genes in the Colombian/Latin American population. OBJECTIVES To analyze mutations in the APC, KRAS, and TP53 genes through direct sequencing in 59 patients with SC and CRC. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-nine patients with SC and 30 with CRC were studied. An analysis of the mutations of the 3 genes was carried out using polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing techniques. RESULTS A 30.5% total mutation frequency was found. The most frequently mutated gene was APC (15.3%), followed by KRAS (10.1%) and TP53 (5.1%). The CRC samples had a mutation frequency of 46.7% and it was 13.3% in the SC samples (P=.006). No mutations occurred simultaneously in the 3 genes. Mutations in 2 genes were found in only 6 tumor samples (10%). There was also a high frequency of polymorphisms in both types of cancer, the most common of which was the rs41115 polymorphism, located on the APC gene. CONCLUSION The APC, KRAS, and TP53 gene mutations were more common in CRC than in SC. Our results suggest the existence of different genetic pathways in the carcinogenesis of SC and CRC and they also reveal a particular mutation frequency in the Colombian patients studied; this could be influenced by factors related to the environment, ethnicity, and lifestyle of this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Palacio-Rúa
- Unidad de Genética Médica, Departamento de Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - L F Isaza-Jiménez
- Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Hospital San Vicente de Paúl, Medellín, Colombia
| | - E Ahumada-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - C M Muñetón-Peña
- Unidad de Genética Médica, Departamento de Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
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Palacio-rúa K, Isaza-jiménez L, Ahumada-rodríguez E, Ceballos-garcía H, Muñetón-peña C. Genetic analysis in APC, KRAS, and TP53 in patients with stomach and colon cancer. Revista de Gastroenterología de México (English Edition) 2014; 79:79-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rgmxen.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Loh M, Liem N, Vaithilingam A, Lim PL, Sapari NS, Elahi E, Mok ZY, Cheng CL, Yan B, Pang B, Salto-Tellez M, Yong WP, Iacopetta B, Soong R. DNA methylation subgroups and the CpG island methylator phenotype in gastric cancer: a comprehensive profiling approach. BMC Gastroenterol 2014; 14:55. [PMID: 24674026 PMCID: PMC3986689 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-14-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylation-induced silencing of promoter CpG islands in tumor suppressor genes plays an important role in human carcinogenesis. In colorectal cancer, the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) is defined as widespread and elevated levels of DNA methylation and CIMP+ tumors have distinctive clinicopathological and molecular features. In contrast, the existence of a comparable CIMP subtype in gastric cancer (GC) has not been clearly established. To further investigate this issue, in the present study we performed comprehensive DNA methylation profiling of a well-characterised series of primary GC. METHODS The methylation status of 1,421 autosomal CpG sites located within 768 cancer-related genes was investigated using the Illumina GoldenGate Methylation Panel I assay on DNA extracted from 60 gastric tumors and matched tumor-adjacent gastric tissue pairs. Methylation data was analysed using a recursively partitioned mixture model and investigated for associations with clinicopathological and molecular features including age, Helicobacter pylori status, tumor site, patient survival, microsatellite instability and BRAF and KRAS mutations. RESULTS A total of 147 genes were differentially methylated between tumor and matched tumor-adjacent gastric tissue, with HOXA5 and hedgehog signalling being the top-ranked gene and signalling pathway, respectively. Unsupervised clustering of methylation data revealed the existence of 6 subgroups under two main clusters, referred to as L (low methylation; 28% of cases) and H (high methylation; 72%). Female patients were over-represented in the H tumor group compared to L group (36% vs 6%; P = 0.024), however no other significant differences in clinicopathological or molecular features were apparent. CpG sites that were hypermethylated in group H were more frequently located in CpG islands and marked for polycomb occupancy. CONCLUSIONS High-throughput methylation analysis implicates genes involved in embryonic development and hedgehog signaling in gastric tumorigenesis. GC is comprised of two major methylation subtypes, with the highly methylated group showing some features consistent with a CpG island methylator phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Richie Soong
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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Oh JH, Rhyu MG, Jung SH, Choi SW, Kim SI, Hong SJ. Slow Overmethylation of Housekeeping Genes in the Body Mucosa Is Associated with the Risk for Gastric Cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2014; 7:585-95. [DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-13-0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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35
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Abstract
Gastric cancer imposes a considerable health burden around the globe despite its declining incidence. The disease is often diagnosed in advanced stages and is associated with a poor prognosis for patients. An in-depth understanding of the molecular underpinnings of gastric cancer has lagged behind many other cancers of similar incidence and morbidity, owing to our limited knowledge of germline susceptibility traits for risk and somatic drivers of progression (to identify novel therapeutic targets). A few germline (PLCE1) and somatic (ERBB2, ERBB3, PTEN, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, FGF, TP53, CDH1 and MET) alterations are emerging and some are being pursued clinically. Novel somatic gene targets (ARID1A, FAT4, MLL and KMT2C) have also been identified and are of interest. Variations in the therapeutic approaches dependent on geographical region are evident for localized gastric cancer-differences that are driven by preferences for the adjuvant strategies and the extent of surgery coupled with philosophical divides. However, greater uniformity in approach has been noted in the metastatic cancer setting, an incurable condition. Having realized only modest successes, momentum is building for carrying out more phase III comparative trials, with some using biomarker-based patient selection strategies. Overall, rapid progress in biotechnology is improving our molecular understanding and can help with new drug discovery. The future prospects are excellent for defining biomarker-based subsets of patients and application of specific therapeutics. However, many challenges remain to be tackled. Here, we review representative molecular and clinical dimensions of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roopma Wadhwa
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of
Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Shumei Song
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of
Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Ju-Seog Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas M. D.
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Yixin Yao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of
Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Qingyi Wei
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Jaffer A. Ajani
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of
Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030
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Schneider BG, Piazuelo MB, Sicinschi LA, Mera R, Peng DF, Roa JC, Romero-Gallo J, Delgado AG, de Sablet T, Bravo LE, Wilson KT, El-Rifai W, Peek Jr RM, Correa P. Virulence of infecting Helicobacter pylori strains and intensity of mononuclear cell infiltration are associated with levels of DNA hypermethylation in gastric mucosae. Epigenetics 2013; 8:1153-61. [PMID: 24128875 PMCID: PMC3927747 DOI: 10.4161/epi.26072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation changes are known to occur in gastric cancers and in premalignant lesions of the gastric mucosae. In order to examine variables associated with methylation levels, we quantitatively evaluated DNA methylation in tumors, non-tumor gastric mucosae, and in gastric biopsies at promoters of 5 genes with methylation alterations that discriminate gastric cancers from non-tumor epithelia (EN1, PCDH10, RSPO2, ZIC1, and ZNF610). Among Colombian subjects at high and low risk for gastric cancer, biopsies from subjects from the high-risk region had significantly higher levels of methylation at these 5 genes than samples from subjects in the low risk region (p ≤ 0.003). When results were stratified by Helicobacter pylori infection status, infection with a cagA positive, vacA s1m1 strain was significantly associated with highest methylation levels, compared with other strains (p = 0.024 to 0.001). More severe gastric inflammation and more advanced precancerous lesions were also associated with higher levels of DNA methylation (p ≤ 0.001). In a multivariate model, location of residence of the subject and the presence of cagA and vacA s1m1 in the H. pylori strain were independent variables associated with higher methylation in all 5 genes. High levels of mononuclear cell infiltration were significantly related to methylation in PCDH10, RSPO2, and ZIC1 genes. These results indicate that for these genes, levels of methylation in precancerous lesions are related to H. pylori virulence, geographic region and measures of chronic inflammation. These genes seem predisposed to sustain significant quantitative changes in DNA methylation at early stages of the gastric precancerous process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara G Schneider
- Division of Gastroenterology; Department of Medicine; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN USA
| | - M Blanca Piazuelo
- Division of Gastroenterology; Department of Medicine; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN USA
| | - Liviu A Sicinschi
- Division of Gastroenterology; Department of Medicine; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN USA
- Holmes Regional Medical Center; Melbourne, FL USA
| | - Robertino Mera
- Division of Gastroenterology; Department of Medicine; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN USA
| | - Dun-Fa Peng
- Department of Surgery; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN USA
| | - Juan Carlos Roa
- Department of Pathology; School of Medicine; Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile; Santiago, Chile
| | - Judith Romero-Gallo
- Division of Gastroenterology; Department of Medicine; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN USA
| | - Alberto G Delgado
- Division of Gastroenterology; Department of Medicine; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN USA
| | - Thibaut de Sablet
- Division of Gastroenterology; Department of Medicine; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN USA
| | - Luis E Bravo
- Department of Pathology; School of Medicine; Universidad del Valle; Cali, Colombia
| | - Keith T Wilson
- Division of Gastroenterology; Department of Medicine; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN USA
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System and Office of Medical Research; Department of Veterans Affairs; Nashville, TN USA
| | - Wael El-Rifai
- Department of Surgery; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN USA
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System and Office of Medical Research; Department of Veterans Affairs; Nashville, TN USA
| | - Richard M Peek Jr
- Division of Gastroenterology; Department of Medicine; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN USA
| | - Pelayo Correa
- Division of Gastroenterology; Department of Medicine; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN USA
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Abstract
Niwa and colleagues report in this issue that treatment with the DNA demethylation agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine decreases the incidence of gastric cancers in an animal model of Helicobacter pylori-promoted gastric cancer. This provocative study underscores the importance of changes in DNA methylation that contribute to the origin of inflammation-related cancers. The findings also raise the exciting possibility of cancer prevention by altering DNA methylation events early during tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara G Schneider
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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38
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Abstract
Gastric cancer imposes a considerable health burden around the globe despite its declining incidence. The disease is often diagnosed in advanced stages and is associated with a poor prognosis for patients. An in-depth understanding of the molecular underpinnings of gastric cancer has lagged behind many other cancers of similar incidence and morbidity, owing to our limited knowledge of germline susceptibility traits for risk and somatic drivers of progression (to identify novel therapeutic targets). A few germline (PLCE1) and somatic (ERBB2, ERBB3, PTEN, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, FGF, TP53, CDH1 and MET) alterations are emerging and some are being pursued clinically. Novel somatic gene targets (ARID1A, FAT4, MLL and KMT2C) have also been identified and are of interest. Variations in the therapeutic approaches dependent on geographical region are evident for localized gastric cancer-differences that are driven by preferences for the adjuvant strategies and the extent of surgery coupled with philosophical divides. However, greater uniformity in approach has been noted in the metastatic cancer setting, an incurable condition. Having realized only modest successes, momentum is building for carrying out more phase III comparative trials, with some using biomarker-based patient selection strategies. Overall, rapid progress in biotechnology is improving our molecular understanding and can help with new drug discovery. The future prospects are excellent for defining biomarker-based subsets of patients and application of specific therapeutics. However, many challenges remain to be tackled. Here, we review representative molecular and clinical dimensions of gastric cancer.
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Carrasco G, Corvalan AH. Helicobacter pylori-Induced Chronic Gastritis and Assessing Risks for Gastric Cancer. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2013; 2013:393015. [PMID: 23983680 PMCID: PMC3745848 DOI: 10.1155/2013/393015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic gastritis is an inflammation of the gastric mucosa and has multiple etiologies. Here we discuss the pathological alterations induced by Helicobacter pylori (HP) leading to chronic gastritis and the epigenetic bases underlying these changes. We review the histology of the normal gastric mucosa and overview the role of HP in the multistep cascade of GC. We attempt to define the role of the Operative Link for Gastritis Assessment (OLGA) staging system in assessing the risk of GC. The epigenetic bases of chronic gastritis, mainly DNA methylation, are presented through examples such as (i) the methylation of the promoter region of E-cadherin in HP-induced chronic gastritis and its reversion after HP eradication and (ii) the association of methylation of the promoter region of Reprimo, a p53-mediated cell cycle arrest gene, with aggressive HP strains in high risk areas for GC. In addition, we discuss the finding of RPRM as a circulating cell-free DNA, offering the opportunity for noninvasive risk assessment of GC. Finally, the integration of OLGA and tissue biomarkers, by systems pathology approach, suggests that severe atrophy has a greater risk for GC development if, in addition, overexpressed p73. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01774266.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Carrasco
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Alejandro H. Corvalan
- Centre for Translational Research in Oncology (CITO) and Department of Hematology and Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, 8330074 Santiago, Chile
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Abstract
Twist, the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, is involved in the process of epithelial to mesenchymal transitions (EMTs), which play an essential role in cancer metastasis. Overexpression of Twist or its promoter methylation is a common scenario in metastatic carcinomas. Twist is activated by a variety of signal transduction pathways, including Akt, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, mitogen-activated protein kinase, Ras, and Wnt signaling. Activated Twist upregulates N-cadherin and downregulates E-cadherin, which are the hallmarks of EMT. Moreover, Twist plays an important role in some physiological processes involved in metastasis, like angiogenesis, invadopodia, extravasation, and chromosomal instability. Twist also protects cancer cells from apoptotic cell death. In addition, Twist is responsible for the stemness of cancer cells and the generation of drug resistance. Recently, targeting Twist has gained significant interests in cancer therapeutics. The inactivation of Twist by small RNA technology or chemotherapeutic approach has been proved successful. Moreover, several inhibitors which are antagonistic to the upstream or downstream molecules of Twist signaling pathways have also been identified. Development of potential treatment strategies by targeting Twist has a great promise in cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Asaduzzaman Khan
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Luzhou Medical College, 3-319 Zhongshan Road, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
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41
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Piazuelo MB, Correa P. Gastric cáncer: Overview. Colomb Med (Cali) 2013; 44:192-201. [PMID: 24892619 PMCID: PMC4002033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer ranks fourth in incidence and second in mortality among all cancers worldwide. Despite the decrease in incidence in some regions of the world, gastric cancer continues to present a major clinical challenge due to most cases being diagnosed in advanced stages with poor prognosis and limited treatment options. The development of gastric cancer is a complex and multifactorial process involving a number of etiological factors and multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations. Among the predisposing factors are: Helicobacter pylori infection, high salt intake, smoking, and in a small percentage of patients, a familial genetic component. More than 95% of stomach cancer cases are adenocarcinomas, which are classified into two major histologic types: intestinal and diffuse. Intestinal type adenocarcinoma is preceded by a sequence of gastric lesions known as Correa´s cascade and is the histologic type associated with the global decrease in gastric cancer rates. Diffuse type adenocarcinomas have a more aggressive behavior and worse prognosis than those of the intestinal type. According to the anatomical location, adenocarcinomas are classified as proximal (originating in the cardia) and distal (originating in the body and antrum). This classification seems to recognize two different clinical entities. Surgical resection of the tumor at an early stage is the only effective treatment method. Therefore, the identification and surveillance of patients at risk may play a significant role in survival rates. Anti-Helicobacter pylori therapy has been shown to be an effective measure in the prevention of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Blanca Piazuelo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine,Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Pelayo Correa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine,Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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Abstract
This review provides a state of the art description of gastric cancer etiology, the infectious agent, host factors, the precancerous cascade, clinical aspects, and prevention strategies. The biology of Helicobacter pylori, the primary causative agent, is discussed as well as the environmental factors that may modulate its effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelayo Correa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Alvarez MC, Santos JC, Maniezzo N, Ladeira MS, da Silva ALC, Scaletsky ICA, Pedrazzoli Jr J, Ribeiro ML. MGMT and MLH1 methylation in Helicobacter pylori-infected children and adults. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:3043-51. [PMID: 23716983 PMCID: PMC3662943 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i20.3043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the association between Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and MLH1 and MGMT methylation and its relationship with microsatellite instability (MSI). METHODS The methylation status of the MLH1 and MGMT promoter region was analysed by methylation specific methylation-polymerase chain reaction (MSP-PCR) in gastric biopsy samples from uninfected or H. pylori-infected children (n = 50), from adults with chronic gastritis (n = 97) and from adults with gastric cancer (n = 92). MLH1 and MGMT mRNA expression were measured by real-time PCR and normalised to a constitutive gene (β actin). MSI analysis was performed by screening MSI markers at 4 loci (Bat-25, Bat-26, D17S250 and D2S123) with PCR; PCR products were analysed by single strand conformation polymorphism followed by silver staining. Statistical analyses were performed with either the χ(2) test with Yates continuity correction or Fisher's exact test, and statistical significance for expression analysis was assessed using an unpaired Student's t-test. RESULTS Methylation was not detected in the promoter regions of MLH1 and MGMT in gastric biopsy samples from children, regardless of H. pylori infection status. The MGMT promoter was methylated in 51% of chronic gastritis adult patients and was associated with H. pylori infection (P < 0.05); this region was methylated in 66% of gastric cancer patients, and the difference in the percentage of methylated samples between these patients and those from H. pylori-infected chronic gastritis patients was statistically significant (P < 0.05). MLH1 methylation frequencies among H. pylori-infected and non-infected chronic gastritis adult patients were 13% and 7%, respectively. We observed methylation of the MLH1 promoter (39%) and increased MSI levels (68%) in samples from gastric cancer patients in comparison to samples from H. pylori-infected adult chronic gastritis patients (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively). The frequency of promoter methylation for both genes was higher in gastric cancer samples than in H. pylori-positive chronic gastritis samples (P < 0.05). The levels of MLH1 and MGMT mRNA were significantly reduced in chronic gastritis samples that were also hypermethylated (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION In summary, MGMT and MLH1 methylation did not occur in earlier-stage H. pylori infections and thus might depend on the duration of infection.
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Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignancies and remains the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Over 70% of new cases and deaths occur in developing countries. In the early years of the molecular biology revolution, cancer research mainly focuses on genetic alterations, including gastric cancer. Epigenetic mechanisms are essential for normal development and maintenance of tissue-specific gene expression patterns in mammals. Disruption of epigenetic processes can lead to altered gene function and malignant cellular transformation. Recent advancements in the rapidly evolving field of cancer epigenetics have shown extensive reprogramming of every component of the epigenetic machinery in cancer, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, nucleosome positioning, noncoding RNAs, and microRNAs. Aberrant DNA methylation in the promoter regions of gene, which leads to inactivation of tumor suppressor and other cancer-related genes in cancer cells, is the most well-defined epigenetic hallmark in gastric cancer. The advantages of gene methylation as a target for detection and diagnosis of cancer in biopsy specimens and non-invasive body fluids such as serum and gastric washes have led to many studies of application in gastric cancer. This review focuses on the most common and important phenomenon of epigenetics, DNA methylation, in gastric cancer and illustrates the impact epigenetics has had on this field.
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Key Words
- 5-hmC
- 5-hydroxymethylcytosine
- 5-mC
- 5-methylcytosine
- ADAM metallopeptidase domain 23
- ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif, 9
- ADAM23
- ADAMTS9
- AML
- APC
- ARID1A
- AT motif-binding factor 1
- AT rich interactive domain 1A (SWI-like)
- ATBF1
- Acute myelocytic leukemia
- Adenomatosis polyposis coli
- B-cell translocation gene 4
- BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19kDa interacting protein 3
- BMP-2
- BNIP3
- BS
- BTG4
- Biomarkers
- Bisulfite sequencing
- Bone morphogenetic protein 2
- C-MET
- CACNA1G
- CACNA2D3
- CD44
- CD44 molecule (Indian blood group)
- CDH1
- CDK4
- CDK6
- CDKN1C
- CDKN2A
- CDX2
- CGI
- CHD5
- CHFR
- CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 3
- CMTM3
- CNS
- CRBP1
- Cadherin 1 or E-cadherin
- Calcium channel, voltage-dependent, T type, alpha 1G subunit
- Calcium channel, voltage-dependent, alpha 2/delta subunit 3
- Caudal type homeobox 2
- Central nervous system
- Checkpoint with forkhead and ring finger domains, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase
- Chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 5
- Chromosome 2 open reading frame 40
- Clinical outcomes
- CpG islands
- Cyclin-dependent kinase 4
- Cyclin-dependent kinase 6
- Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A
- Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B
- Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1C
- Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A
- Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B
- DAB2 interacting protein
- DACT1
- DAPK
- DNA
- DNA methylatransferases
- DNA mismatch repair
- DNMT
- Dapper, antagonist of beta-catenin, homolog 1 (Xenopus laevis)
- Death-associated protein kinase
- Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
- Dickkopf 3 homolog (Xenopus laevis)
- Dkk-3
- EBV
- ECRG4
- EDNRB
- EGCG
- ERBB4
- Endothelin receptor type B
- Epigallocatechin gallate
- Epigenetics
- Epstein–Barr Virus
- FDA
- FLNc
- Filamin C
- Food and Drug Administration
- GC
- GDNF
- GI endoscopy
- GPX3
- GRIK2
- GSTP1
- Gastric cancer
- Gene methylation
- Glutamate receptor, ionotropic, kainate 2
- Glutathione S-transferase pi 1
- Glutathione peroxidase 3 (plasma)
- H. pylori
- HACE1
- HAI-2/SPINT2
- HECT domain and ankyrin repeat containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1
- HGFA
- HLTF
- HOXA1
- HOXA10
- HRAS-like suppressor
- HRASLS
- Helicase-like transcription factor
- Helicobacter pylori
- Homeobox A1
- Homeobox A10
- Homeobox D10
- HoxD10
- IGF-1
- IGF-1R
- IGFBP3
- IL-1β
- ITGA4
- Insulin-like growth factor 1 (somatomedin C)
- Insulin-like growth factor I receptor
- Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3
- Integrin, alpha 4 (antigen CD49D, alpha 4 subunit of VLA-4 receptor)
- Interleukin 1, beta
- KL
- KRAS
- Klotho
- LL3
- LMP2A
- LOX
- LRP1B
- Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1B
- Lysyl oxidase
- MAPK
- MBPs
- MDS
- MGMT
- MINT25
- MLF1
- MLL
- MMR
- MSI
- MSP
- Matrix metallopeptidase 24 (membrane-inserted)
- Met proto-oncogene (hepatocyte growth factor receptor)
- Methyl-CpG binding proteins
- Methylation-specific PCR
- Microsatellite instability
- Myeloid leukemia factor 1
- Myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia (trithorax homolog, Drosophila)
- Myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia 3
- NDRG family member 2
- NDRG2
- NPR1
- NR3C1
- Natriuretic peptide receptor A/guanylate cyclase A
- Notch 1
- Nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1 (glucocorticoid receptor)
- O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase
- PCDH10
- PCDH17
- PI3K/Akt
- PIK3CA
- PR domain containing 5
- PRDM5
- PTCH1
- Patched 1
- Phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein 1
- Protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 6
- Protocadherin 10
- Protocadherin 17
- Q-MSP
- Quantitative methylation-specific PCR
- RAR-related orphan receptor A
- RARRES1
- RARß
- RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK
- RASSF1A
- RASSF2
- RBP1
- RKIP
- RORA
- ROS
- RUNX3
- Ras association (RalGDS/AF-6) domain family member 1
- Ras association (RalGDS/AF-6) domain family member 2
- Rb
- Retinoic acid receptor responder (tazarotene induced) 1
- Retinoic acid receptor, beta
- Retinol binding protein 1, cellular
- Runt-related transcription factor 3
- S-adenosylmethionine
- SAM
- SFRP2
- SFRP5
- SHP1
- SOCS-1
- STAT3
- SYK
- Secreted frizzled-related protein 2
- Secreted frizzled-related protein 5
- Serine peptidase inhibitor, Kunitz type, 2
- Spleen tyrosine kinase
- Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1
- TCF4
- TET
- TFPI2
- TGF-β
- TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 3
- TIMP3
- TNM
- TP73
- TSP1
- Thrombospondin 1
- Tissue factor pathway inhibitor 2
- Transcription factor 4
- Tumor Node Metastasis
- Tumor protein p73
- V-erb-a erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 4
- ZFP82 zinc finger protein
- ZIC1
- ZNF545
- Zinc finger protein of the cerebellum 1
- gastrointestinal endoscopy
- glial cell derived neurotrophic factor
- hDAB2IP
- hMLH1
- hepatocyte growth factor activator
- latent membrane protein
- mutL homolog 1
- myelodysplastic syndromes
- p15
- p16
- p21
- p27
- p53
- p73
- phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit alpha
- phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt
- reactive oxygen species
- retinoblastoma
- signal transducer and activator of transcription-3
- ten-eleven translocation
- transforming growth factor-β
- tumor protein p53
- tumor protein p73
- v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Qu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
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Calcagno DQ, Gigek CO, Chen ES, Burbano RR, Smith MDAC. DNA and histone methylation in gastric carcinogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:1182-92. [PMID: 23482412 PMCID: PMC3587474 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i8.1182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations contribute significantly to the development and progression of gastric cancer, one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide. Epigenetics refers to the number of modifications of the chromatin structure that affect gene expression without altering the primary sequence of DNA, and these changes lead to transcriptional activation or silencing of the gene. Over the years, the study of epigenetic processes has increased, and novel therapeutic approaches that target DNA methylation and histone modifications have emerged. A greater understanding of epigenetics and the therapeutic potential of manipulating these processes is necessary for gastric cancer treatment. Here, we review recent research on the effects of aberrant DNA and histone methylation on the onset and progression of gastric tumors and the development of compounds that target enzymes that regulate the epigenome.
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Rau TT, Rogler A, Frischauf M, Jung A, Konturek PC, Dimmler A, Faller G, Sehnert B, El-Rifai W, Hartmann A. Methylation-dependent activation of CDX1 through NF-κB: a link from inflammation to intesti=nal metaplasia in the human stomach. Am J Pathol. 2012;181:487-498. [PMID: 22749770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The caudal homeobox factor 1 (CDX1) is an essential transcription factor for intestinal differentiation. Its aberrant expression in intestinal metaplasia of the upper gastrointestinal tract is a hallmark within the gastritis-metaplasia-carcinoma sequence. CDX1 expression is influenced by certain pathways, such as Wnt, Ras, or NF-κB signaling; however, these pathways alone cannot explain the transient expression of CDX1 in intestinal metaplasia or the molecular inactivation mechanism of its loss in cases of advanced gastric cancer. In this study, we investigated the epigenetic inactivation of CDX1 by promoter methylation, as well as the functional link of CDX1 promoter methylation to the inflammatory NF-κB signaling pathway. We identified methylation-dependent NF-κB binding to the CDX1 promoter and quantified it using competitive electrophoretic mobility shift assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation. A methylated CDX1 promoter was associated with closed chromatin structure, reduced NF-κB binding, and transcriptional silencing. Along the gastritis-metaplasia-carcinoma sequence, we observed a biphasic pattern of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) protein expression and an inverse biphasic pattern of CDX1 promoter methylation; both are highly consistent with CDX1 protein expression. The stages of hyper-, hypo-, and hyper-methylation patterns of the CDX1 promoter were inversely correlated with the NF-κB signaling activity along this sequence. In conclusion, these functionally interacting events drive CDX1 expression and contribute to intestinal metaplasia, epithelial dedifferentiation, and carcinogenesis in the human stomach.
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Abstract
The prevalence of gastric cancer is associated with several factors including geographical location, diet, and genetic background of the host. However, it is evident that infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is crucial for the development of the disease. Virulence of the bacteria is also important in modulating the risk of the disease. After infection, H. pylori gains access to the gastric mucosa and triggers the production of cytokines that promote recruitment of inflammatory cells, probably involved in tissue damage. Once the infection is established, a cascade of inflammatory steps associated with changes in the gastric epithelia that may lead to cancer is triggered. H. pylori-induced gastritis and H. pylori-associated gastric cancer have been the focus of extensive research aiming to discover the underlying mechanisms of gastric tissue damage. This research has led to the association of host genetic components with the risk of the disease. Among these is the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in several genes, including cytokine genes, which are able to differentially modulate the production of inflammatory cytokines and then modulate the risk of gastric cancer. Interestingly, the frequency of some of these SNPs is different among populations and may serve as a predictive factor for gastric cancer risk within that specific population. However, the role played by other genetic modifications should not be minimized. Methylation of gene promoters has been recognized as a major mechanism of gene expression regulation without changing the primary structure of the DNA. Most DNA methylation occurs in cytosine residues in CpG dinucleotide, but it can also be found in other DNA bases. DNA methyltransferases add methyl groups to the CpG dinucleotide, and when this methylation level is too high, the gene expression is turned off. In H. pylori infection as well as in gastric cancer, hypermethylation of promoters of genes involved in cell cycle control, metabolism of essential nutrients, and production of inflammatory mediators, among others, has been described. Interestingly, DNA changes like SNPs or mutations can create CpG sites in sequences where transcription factors normally sit, affecting transcription.In this chapter, we review the literature about the role of SNPs and methylation on H. pylori infection and gastric cancer, with big emphasis to the H. pylori role in the development of the disease due to the strong association between both.
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Abstract
The prevalence of gastric cancer is associated with several factors including geographical location, diet, and genetic background of the host. However, it is evident that infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is crucial for the development of the disease. Virulence of the bacteria is also important in modulating the risk of the disease. After infection, H. pylori gains access to the gastric mucosa and triggers the production of cytokines that promote recruitment of inflammatory cells, probably involved in tissue damage. Once the infection is established, a cascade of inflammatory steps associated with changes in the gastric epithelia that may lead to cancer is triggered. H. pylori-induced gastritis and H. pylori-associated gastric cancer have been the focus of extensive research aiming to discover the underlying mechanisms of gastric tissue damage. This research has led to the association of host genetic components with the risk of the disease. Among these is the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in several genes, including cytokine genes, which are able to differentially modulate the production of inflammatory cytokines and then modulate the risk of gastric cancer. Interestingly, the frequency of some of these SNPs is different among populations and may serve as a predictive factor for gastric cancer risk within that specific population. However, the role played by other genetic modifications should not be minimized. Methylation of gene promoters has been recognized as a major mechanism of gene expression regulation without changing the primary structure of the DNA. Most DNA methylation occurs in cytosine residues in CpG dinucleotide, but it can also be found in other DNA bases. DNA methyltransferases add methyl groups to the CpG dinucleotide, and when this methylation level is too high, the gene expression is turned off. In H. pylori infection as well as in gastric cancer, hypermethylation of promoters of genes involved in cell cycle control, metabolism of essential nutrients, and production of inflammatory mediators, among others, has been described. Interestingly, DNA changes like SNPs or mutations can create CpG sites in sequences where transcription factors normally sit, affecting transcription.In this chapter, we review the literature about the role of SNPs and methylation on H. pylori infection and gastric cancer, with big emphasis to the H. pylori role in the development of the disease due to the strong association between both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovanny Zabaleta
- Department of Pediatrics and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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Chaturvedi R, de Sablet T, Coburn LA, Gobert AP, Wilson KT. Arginine and polyamines in Helicobacter pylori-induced immune dysregulation and gastric carcinogenesis. Amino Acids 2011; 42:627-40. [PMID: 21874531 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
L-arginine (L-Arg) is metabolized by nitric oxide synthase and arginase enzymes. The gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori causes peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. We have shown that alterations in L-Arg availability and metabolism into polyamines contribute significantly to the dysregulation of the host immune response to this infection. Nitric oxide (NO) derived from inducible NO synthase (iNOS) can kill H. pylori. There are multiple mechanisms leading to failure of this process, including competition for L-Arg substrate by H. pylori arginase, and induction of host macrophage arginase II (Arg2) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). Generation of spermine by ODC inhibits iNOS translation and NO-mediated H. pylori killing. Expression of ODC is dependent on formation of a unique AP-1 complex, leading to upregulation of c-Myc as a transcriptional enhancer. Macrophage apoptosis is mediated by oxidation of spermine via the enzyme spermine oxidase (SMO) that generates hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), and thus oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial membrane polarization. Our studies have demonstrated that apoptosis occurs through a pERK → pc-Fos/c-Jun → c-Myc → ODC → SMO pathway. In gastric epithelial cells, activation of oxidative stress by H. pylori is dependent on SMO induction and results in both apoptosis and DNA damage, such that inhibition or knockdown of SMO markedly attenuates these events. In summary, L-Arg metabolism by the arginase-ODC pathway and the activation of SMO leads to H. pylori-induced DNA damage and immune dysregulation through polyamine-mediated oxidative stress and impairment of antimicrobial NO synthesis. Our studies indicate novel targets for therapeutic intervention in H. pylori-associated diseases, including gastritis, ulcer disease, and gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Chaturvedi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1030C MRBIV, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Somatostatin (SST), a primary inhibitor of gastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion, has potent antitumor and anti-secretory activity in several human cancers. AIMS This study was performed to investigate the SST gene expression levels and possible epigenetic mechanisms that regulate expression of SST in gastric adenocarcinomas. METHODS Quantitative real-time (RT)-PCR and quantitative bisulfite pyrosequencing were used to study primary gastric cancer tissue samples and cell lines. RESULTS Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed down-regulation of the SST transcript in 93% of gastric carcinoma samples (30/32), compared with 21 normal samples (P<0.001). Because of the presence of a large CpG island in the SST promoter, we next examined its promoter DNA methylation levels by use of quantitative bisulfite pyrosequencing. The results revealed a significant increase in SST promoter DNA methylation in tumor samples compared with normal samples (P<0.05). Promoter DNA hypermethylation and silencing of SST was also detected in seven gastric cancer cell lines that we tested. To confirm the role of promoter DNA methylation as an epigenetic mechanism regulating SST expression, AGS gastric cancer cells were treated with 5-Aza-dc. This treatment led to reduction of promoter DNA methylation levels of SST accompanied by restoration of its mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that promoter DNA methylation levels play a critical role in regulating SST expression in gastric cancer. This finding provides a foundation for further studies on the role of SST in gastric carcinogenesis and its potential as a biomarker for gastric cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaya Jackson
- Department of Surgery, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mohammed Soutto
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - DunFa Peng
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - TianLing Hu
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Dana Marshal
- Department of Surgery, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Wael El-Rifai
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA, Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA,Correspondence should be addressed to: Wael El-Rifai, M.D., Ph.D., Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1255 Light Hall, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232,
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