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de Leeuw AM, Graf R, Lim PJ, Zhang J, Schädli GN, Peterhans S, Rohrbach M, Giunta C, Rüger M, Rubert M, Müller R. Physiological cell bioprinting density in human bone-derived cell-laden scaffolds enhances matrix mineralization rate and stiffness under dynamic loading. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1310289. [PMID: 38419730 PMCID: PMC10900528 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1310289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Human organotypic bone models are an emerging technology that replicate bone physiology and mechanobiology for comprehensive in vitro experimentation over prolonged periods of time. Recently, we introduced a mineralized bone model based on 3D bioprinted cell-laden alginate-gelatin-graphene oxide hydrogels cultured under dynamic loading using commercially available human mesenchymal stem cells. In the present study, we created cell-laden scaffolds from primary human osteoblasts isolated from surgical waste material and investigated the effects of a previously reported optimal cell printing density (5 × 106 cells/mL bioink) vs. a higher physiological cell density (10 × 106 cells/mL bioink). We studied mineral formation, scaffold stiffness, and cell morphology over a 10-week period to determine culture conditions for primary human bone cells in this microenvironment. For analysis, the human bone-derived cell-laden scaffolds underwent multiscale assessment at specific timepoints. High cell viability was observed in both groups after bioprinting (>90%) and after 2 weeks of daily mechanical loading (>85%). Bioprinting at a higher cell density resulted in faster mineral formation rates, higher mineral densities and remarkably a 10-fold increase in stiffness compared to a modest 2-fold increase in the lower printing density group. In addition, physiological cell bioprinting densities positively impacted cell spreading and formation of dendritic interconnections. We conclude that our methodology of processing patient-specific human bone cells, subsequent biofabrication and dynamic culturing reliably affords mineralized cell-laden scaffolds. In the future, in vitro systems based on patient-derived cells could be applied to study the individual phenotype of bone disorders such as osteogenesis imperfecta and aid clinical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reto Graf
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pei Jin Lim
- Connective Tissue Unit, Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Marianne Rohrbach
- Connective Tissue Unit, Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cecilia Giunta
- Connective Tissue Unit, Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Rüger
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marina Rubert
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Müller
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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2
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Shanbhag S, Kampleitner C, Al-Sharabi N, Mohamed-Ahmed S, Apaza Alccayhuaman KA, Heimel P, Tangl S, Beinlich A, Rana N, Sanz M, Kristoffersen EK, Mustafa K, Gruber R. Functionalizing Collagen Membranes with MSC-Conditioned Media Promotes Guided Bone Regeneration in Rat Calvarial Defects. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050767. [PMID: 36899904 PMCID: PMC10001262 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Functionalizing biomaterials with conditioned media (CM) from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) is a promising strategy for enhancing the outcomes of guided bone regeneration (GBR). This study aimed to evaluate the bone regenerative potential of collagen membranes (MEM) functionalized with CM from human bone marrow MSC (MEM-CM) in critical size rat calvarial defects. MEM-CM prepared via soaking (CM-SOAK) or soaking followed by lyophilization (CM-LYO) were applied to critical size rat calvarial defects. Control treatments included native MEM, MEM with rat MSC (CEL) and no treatment. New bone formation was analyzed via micro-CT (2 and 4 weeks) and histology (4 weeks). Greater radiographic new bone formation occurred at 2 weeks in the CM-LYO group vs. all other groups. After 4 weeks, only the CM-LYO group was superior to the untreated control group, whereas the CM-SOAK, CEL and native MEM groups were similar. Histologically, the regenerated tissues showed a combination of regular new bone and hybrid new bone, which formed within the membrane compartment and was characterized by the incorporation of mineralized MEM fibers. Areas of new bone formation and MEM mineralization were greatest in the CM-LYO group. Proteomic analysis of lyophilized CM revealed the enrichment of several proteins and biological processes related to bone formation. In summary, lyophilized MEM-CM enhanced new bone formation in rat calvarial defects, thus representing a novel 'off-the-shelf' strategy for GBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Shanbhag
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Center for Translational Oral Research (TOR), Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (R.G.); Tel.: +47-55586059 (S.S.); +43-(0)69910718472 (R.G.)
| | - Carina Kampleitner
- Karl Donath Laboratory for Hard Tissue and Biomaterial Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Niyaz Al-Sharabi
- Center for Translational Oral Research (TOR), Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Samih Mohamed-Ahmed
- Center for Translational Oral Research (TOR), Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Patrick Heimel
- Karl Donath Laboratory for Hard Tissue and Biomaterial Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Tangl
- Karl Donath Laboratory for Hard Tissue and Biomaterial Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Beinlich
- Department of Earth Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Neha Rana
- Center for Translational Oral Research (TOR), Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Mariano Sanz
- ETEP Research Group, Faculty of Odontology, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Einar K. Kristoffersen
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kamal Mustafa
- Center for Translational Oral Research (TOR), Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Reinhard Gruber
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Oral Biology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (R.G.); Tel.: +47-55586059 (S.S.); +43-(0)69910718472 (R.G.)
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3
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Jacobs CAM, Cramer EEA, Dias AA, Smelt H, Hofmann S, Ito K. Surface modifications to promote the osteoconductivity of ultra-high-molecular-weight-polyethylene fabrics for a novel biomimetic artificial disc prosthesis: An in vitro study. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2023; 111:442-452. [PMID: 36111647 PMCID: PMC10087191 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A novel biomimetic artificial intervertebral disc (bioAID) for the cervical spine was developed, containing a hydrogel core representing the nucleus pulposus, an UHMWPE fiber jacket as annulus fibrosis, and titanium endplates with pins for mechanical fixation. Osseointegration of the UHMWPE fibers to adjacent bone structures is required to achieve proper biomimetic behavior and to provide long-term stability. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the osteoconductivity of several surface modifications of UHMWPE fabrics, 2D weft-knitted, using non-treated UHMWPE fibers (N), plasma treated UHMWPE fibers (PT), 10% hydroxy apatite (HA) loaded UHMWPE fibers (10%HA), plasma treated 10%HA UHMWPE fibers (PT-10%HA), 15%HA loaded UHMWPE fibers (15%HA) and plasma treated 15%HA UHMWPE fibers (PT-15%HA). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used for surface characterization. Biological effects were assessed by evaluating initial cell attachment (SEM, DNA content), metabolic activity (PrestoBlue assay), proliferation, differentiation (alkaline phosphatase activity) and mineralization (energy dispersive x-ray, EDX analysis) using human bone marrow stromal cells. Plasma treated samples showed increased initial cell attachment, indicating the importance of hydrophilicity for cell attachment. However, incorporation only of HA or plasma treatment alone was not sufficient to result in upregulated alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) activity. Combining HA loaded fibers with plasma treatment showed a combined effect, leading to increased cell attachment and upregulated ALP activity. Based on these results, combination of HA loaded UHMWPE fibers and plasma treatment provided the most promising fabric surface for facilitating bone ingrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celien A M Jacobs
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Esther E A Cramer
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Sandra Hofmann
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Keita Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Cao Y, Tan J, Zhao H, Deng T, Hu Y, Zeng J, Li J, Cheng Y, Tang J, Hu Z, Hu K, Xu B, Wang Z, Wu Y, Lobie PE, Ma S. Bead-jet printing enabled sparse mesenchymal stem cell patterning augments skeletal muscle and hair follicle regeneration. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7463. [PMID: 36460667 PMCID: PMC9718784 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35183-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) holds promise to repair severe traumatic injuries. However, current transplantation practices limit the potential of this technique, either by losing the viable MSCs or reducing the performance of resident MSCs. Herein, we design a "bead-jet" printer, specialized for high-throughput intra-operative formulation and printing of MSCs-laden Matrigel beads. We show that high-density encapsulation of MSCs in Matrigel beads is able to augment MSC function, increasing MSC proliferation, migration, and extracellular vesicle production, compared with low-density bead or high-density bulk encapsulation of the equivalent number of MSCs. We find that the high-density MSCs-laden beads in sparse patterns demonstrate significantly improved therapeutic performance, by regenerating skeletal muscles approaching native-like cell density with reduced fibrosis, and regenerating skin with hair follicle growth and increased dermis thickness. MSC proliferation within 1-week post-transplantation and differentiation at 3 - 4 weeks post-transplantation are suggested to contribute therapy augmentation. We expect this "bead-jet" printing system to strengthen the potential of MSC transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxiong Cao
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS), Tsinghua University, 518055 Shenzhen, China ,grid.499361.0Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiayi Tan
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS), Tsinghua University, 518055 Shenzhen, China ,grid.499361.0Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - Haoran Zhao
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS), Tsinghua University, 518055 Shenzhen, China ,grid.499361.0Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - Ting Deng
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS), Tsinghua University, 518055 Shenzhen, China ,grid.499361.0Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - Yunxia Hu
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS), Tsinghua University, 518055 Shenzhen, China ,grid.499361.0Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - Junhong Zeng
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS), Tsinghua University, 518055 Shenzhen, China ,grid.499361.0Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS), Tsinghua University, 518055 Shenzhen, China ,grid.499361.0Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - Yifan Cheng
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS), Tsinghua University, 518055 Shenzhen, China ,grid.499361.0Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiyuan Tang
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS), Tsinghua University, 518055 Shenzhen, China ,grid.499361.0Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiwei Hu
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS), Tsinghua University, 518055 Shenzhen, China ,grid.499361.0Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - Keer Hu
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS), Tsinghua University, 518055 Shenzhen, China ,grid.499361.0Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - Bing Xu
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS), Tsinghua University, 518055 Shenzhen, China ,grid.499361.0Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), 518055 Shenzhen, China ,grid.510951.90000 0004 7775 6738Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - Zitian Wang
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS), Tsinghua University, 518055 Shenzhen, China ,grid.499361.0Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - Yaojiong Wu
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS), Tsinghua University, 518055 Shenzhen, China ,grid.499361.0Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - Peter E. Lobie
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS), Tsinghua University, 518055 Shenzhen, China ,grid.499361.0Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), 518055 Shenzhen, China ,grid.510951.90000 0004 7775 6738Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaohua Ma
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS), Tsinghua University, 518055 Shenzhen, China ,grid.499361.0Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), 518055 Shenzhen, China ,grid.510951.90000 0004 7775 6738Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, 518055 Shenzhen, China ,grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
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Extensive cell seeding densities adaptable SF/PGA electrospinning scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 137:212834. [PMID: 35929266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Yamada S, Yassin MA, Schwarz T, Mustafa K, Hansmann J. Optimization and Validation of a Custom-Designed Perfusion Bioreactor for Bone Tissue Engineering: Flow Assessment and Optimal Culture Environmental Conditions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:811942. [PMID: 35402393 PMCID: PMC8990132 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.811942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Various perfusion bioreactor systems have been designed to improve cell culture with three-dimensional porous scaffolds, and there is some evidence that fluid force improves the osteogenic commitment of the progenitors. However, because of the unique design concept and operational configuration of each study, the experimental setups of perfusion bioreactor systems are not always compatible with other systems. To reconcile results from different systems, the thorough optimization and validation of experimental configuration are required in each system. In this study, optimal experimental conditions for a perfusion bioreactor were explored in three steps. First, an in silico modeling was performed using a scaffold geometry obtained by microCT and an expedient geometry parameterized with porosity and permeability to assess the accuracy of calculated fluid shear stress and computational time. Then, environmental factors for cell culture were optimized, including the volume of the medium, bubble suppression, and medium evaporation. Further, by combining the findings, it was possible to determine the optimal flow rate at which cell growth was supported while osteogenic differentiation was triggered. Here, we demonstrated that fluid shear stress up to 15 mPa was sufficient to induce osteogenesis, but cell growth was severely impacted by the volume of perfused medium, the presence of air bubbles, and medium evaporation, all of which are common concerns in perfusion bioreactor systems. This study emphasizes the necessity of optimization of experimental variables, which may often be underreported or overlooked, and indicates steps which can be taken to address issues common to perfusion bioreactors for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuntaro Yamada
- Centre of Translational Oral Research, Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- *Correspondence: Shuntaro Yamada, ; Jan Hansmann,
| | - Mohammed A. Yassin
- Centre of Translational Oral Research, Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Thomas Schwarz
- Translational Centre Regenerative Therapies, Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kamal Mustafa
- Centre of Translational Oral Research, Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Hansmann
- Translational Centre Regenerative Therapies, Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Würzburg, Germany
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department Electrical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Würzburg-Schweinfurt, Würzburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Shuntaro Yamada, ; Jan Hansmann,
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Rana N, Suliman S, Mohamed-Ahmed S, Gavasso S, Gjertsen BT, Mustafa K. Systemic and local innate immune responses to surgical co-transplantation of mesenchymal stromal cells and biphasic calcium phosphate for bone regeneration. Acta Biomater 2022; 141:440-453. [PMID: 34968726 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bone regeneration from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) is attributed to comprehensive immune modulation mediated by the MSC. However, the temporal and spatial regulation of these immune responses has not yet been described. The aim of the present study was to assess the local and systemic innate immune responses to implantation of biphasic calcium phosphate biomaterial (BCP) alone, or with bone marrow derived MSC (BCP+MSC), in critical-sized calvarial bone defects of Lewis rats. Four weeks after implantation, flow cytometry analysis of innate immune cells revealed increased numbers of circulating classical monocyte-macrophages (MM) and decreased non-classical MM in the BCP+MSC group. At week 8, this differential systemic MM response was associated with an increased presence of local tissue anti-inflammatory macrophages expressing CD68 and CD163 markers (M2-like). In the BCP group without MSC, NK cells increased at weeks 1 and 4, and neutrophils increased in circulation at weeks 2 and 8. At week 8, the increase in number of neutrophils in circulation was associated with decreased local tissue neutrophils, in the BCP+MSC group. Gene expression analysis of tissue biopsies from defects implanted with BCP+MSC, in comparison to BCP alone, revealed upregulated expression of early osteogenesis genes along with macrophage differentiation-related genes at weeks 1 and 8 and neutrophil chemotaxis-related genes at week 1. This study is the first to demonstrate that surgical implantation of BCP or BCP+MSC grafts differentially regulate both systemic and local tissue innate immune responses which enhance bone formation. The results provide new insights into immune mechanisms underlying MSC-mediated bone regeneration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The suitability of biphasic calcium phosphate and mesenchymal stromal cell construct (BCP+MSC) transplantation is evident from their progress in clinical trials for treating challenging maxillofacial bone defects. But less is known about the overall immune response generated by this surgical process and how it later impacts the bone formation. To this end, it is crucial to understand for both clinicians and researchers, the systemic immune response to transplanting MSC in patients for ensuring both the safety and efficacy of cell therapies. In this study, we used rat calvarial bone defect model and showed that both systemic and local innate immunes responses (monocyte-macrophages and neutrophils) are favorably directed towards enhanced bone formation in BCP+MSC implanted defects, as compared to BCP alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Rana
- Centre of Translational Oral Research (TOR) - Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Salwa Suliman
- Centre of Translational Oral Research (TOR) - Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Samih Mohamed-Ahmed
- Centre of Translational Oral Research (TOR) - Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Sonia Gavasso
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Bjørn Tore Gjertsen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway; Department of Medicine, Hematology Section, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kamal Mustafa
- Centre of Translational Oral Research (TOR) - Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway.
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Hara K, Hellem E, Yamada S, Sariibrahimoglu K, Mølster A, Gjerdet NR, Hellem S, Mustafa K, Yassin MA. Efficacy of treating segmental bone defects through endochondral ossification: 3D printed designs and bone metabolic activities. Mater Today Bio 2022; 14:100237. [PMID: 35280332 PMCID: PMC8914554 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Lee J, Lee S, Huh SJ, Kang BJ, Shin H. Directed Regeneration of Osteochondral Tissue by Hierarchical Assembly of Spatially Organized Composite Spheroids. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103525. [PMID: 34806336 PMCID: PMC8787388 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of engineered scaffolds or stem cells is investigated widely in the repair of injured musculoskeletal tissue. However, the combined regeneration of hierarchical osteochondral tissue remains a challenge due to delamination between cartilage and subchondral bone or difficulty in spatial control over differentiation of transplanted stem cells. Here, two types of composite spheroids are prepared using adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) and nanofibers coated with either transforming growth factor-β3 or bone morphogenetic growth factor-2 for chondrogenesis or osteogenesis, respectively. Each type of spheroid is then cultured within a 3D-printed microchamber in a spatially arranged manner to recapitulate the bilayer structure of osteochondral tissue. The presence of inductive factors regionally modulates in vitro chondrogenic or osteogenic differentiation of hADSCs within the biphasic construct without dedifferentiation. Furthermore, hADSCs from each spheroid proliferate and sprout and successfully connect the two layers mimicking the osteochondral interface without apertures. In vivo transplantation of the biphasic construct onto a femoral trochlear groove defect in rabbit knee joint results in 21.2 ± 2.8% subchondral bone volume/total volume and a cartilage score of 25.0 ± 3.7. The present approach can be an effective therapeutic platform to engineer complex tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkyu Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Bioengineering and Biopharmaceutical Research, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR Human-Tech Convergence Program, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoyun Lee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jae Huh
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Bioengineering and Biopharmaceutical Research, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR Education and Research Group for Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Jae Kang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Heungsoo Shin
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Bioengineering and Biopharmaceutical Research, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR Education and Research Group for Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
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10
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Alcala-Orozco CR, Cui X, Hooper GJ, Lim KS, Woodfield TB. Converging functionality: Strategies for 3D hybrid-construct biofabrication and the role of composite biomaterials for skeletal regeneration. Acta Biomater 2021; 132:188-216. [PMID: 33713862 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, biomaterial development and our increasing understanding of cell biology has created enormous potential for the development of personalized regenerative therapies. In the context of skeletal tissue engineering, physical and biological demands play key roles towards successful construct implantation and the achievement of bone, cartilage and blood vessel tissue formation. Nevertheless, meeting such physical and biological demands to mimic the complexity of human tissues and their functionality is still a significant ongoing challenge. Recent studies have demonstrated that combination of AM technologies and advanced biomaterials has great potential towards skeletal tissue engineering. This review aims to analyze how the most prominent technologies and discoveries in the field converge towards the development of advanced constructs for skeletal regeneration. Particular attention is placed on hybrid biofabrication strategies, combining bioinks for cell delivery with biomaterial inks providing physical support. Hybrid biofabrication has been the focus of recent emerging strategies, however there has been limited review and analysis of these techniques and the challenges involved. Furthermore, we have identified that there are multiple hybrid fabrication strategies, here we present a category system where each strategy is reviewed highlighting their distinct advantages, challenges and potential applications. In addition, bioinks and biomaterial inks are the main components of the hybrid biofabrication strategies, where it is recognized that such platforms still lack optimal physical and biological functionality. Thus, this review also explores the development of composite materials specifically targeting the enhancement of physical and biological functionality towards improved skeletal tissue engineering. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biofabrication strategies capable of recreating the complexity of native tissues could open new clinical possibilities towards patient-specific regenerative therapies and disease models. Several reviews target the existing additive manufacturing (AM) technologies that may be utilised for biomedical purposes. However, this work presents a unique perspective, describing how such AM technologies have been recently translated towards hybrid fabrication strategies, targeting the fabrication of constructs with converging physical and biological properties. Furthermore, we address composite bioinks and biomaterial inks that have been engineered to overcome traditional limitations, and might be applied to the hybrid fabrication strategies outlined. This work offers ample perspectives and insights into the current and future challenges for the fabrication of skeletal tissues aiming towards clinical and biomedical applications.
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11
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Yamada S, Yassin MA, Weigel T, Schmitz T, Hansmann J, Mustafa K. Surface activation with oxygen plasma promotes osteogenesis with enhanced extracellular matrix formation in three-dimensional microporous scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A 2021; 109:1560-1574. [PMID: 33675166 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Various types of synthetic polyesters have been developed as biomaterials for tissue engineering. These materials commonly possess biodegradability, biocompatibility, and formability, which are preferable properties for bone regeneration. The major challenge of using synthetic polyesters is the result of low cell affinity due to their hydrophobic nature, which hinders efficient cell seeding and active cell dynamics. To improve wettability, plasma treatment is widely used in industry. Here, we performed surface activation with oxygen plasma to hydrophobic copolymers, poly(l-lactide-co-trimethylene carbonate), which were shaped in 2D films and 3D microporous scaffolds, and then we evaluated the resulting surface properties and the cellular responses of rat bone marrow stem cells (rBMSC) to the material. Using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, we demonstrated that short-term plasma treatment increased nanotopographical surface roughness and wettability with minimal change in surface chemistry. On treated surfaces, initial cell adhesion and elongation were significantly promoted, and seeding efficiency was improved. In an osteoinductive environment, rBMSC on plasma-treated scaffolds exhibited accelerated osteogenic differentiation with osteogenic markers including RUNX2, osterix, bone sialoprotein, and osteocalcin upregulated, and a greater amount of collagen matrix and mineral deposition were found. This study shows the utility of plasma surface activation for polymeric scaffolds in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuntaro Yamada
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mohammed A Yassin
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tobias Weigel
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Schmitz
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jan Hansmann
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), Würzburg, Germany
- Department Electrical Engineering, University for Applied Sciences Würzburg/Schweinfurt, Schweinfurt, Germany
| | - Kamal Mustafa
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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12
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Musculoskeletal tissue engineering: Regional gene therapy for bone repair. Biomaterials 2021; 275:120901. [PMID: 34091300 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone loss associated with fracture nonunion, revision total joint arthroplasty (TJA), and pseudoarthrosis of the spine presents a challenging clinical scenario for the orthopaedic surgeon. Current treatment options including autograft, allograft, bone graft substitutes, and bone transport techniques are associated with significant morbidity, high costs, and prolonged treatment regimens. Unfortunately, these treatment strategies have proven insufficient to safely and consistently heal bone defects in the stringent biological environments often encountered in clinical cases of bone loss. The application of tissue engineering (TE) to musculoskeletal pathology has uncovered exciting potential treatment strategies for challenging bone loss scenarios in orthopaedic surgery. Regional gene therapy involves the local implantation of nucleic acids or genetically modified cells to direct specific protein expression, and has shown promise as a potential TE technique for the regeneration of bone. Preclinical studies in animal models have demonstrated the ability of regional gene therapy to safely and effectively heal critical sized bone defects which otherwise do not heal. The purpose of the present review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current status of gene therapy applications for TE in challenging bone loss scenarios, with an emphasis on gene delivery methods and models, scaffold biomaterials, preclinical results, and future directions.
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13
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Yamada S, Yassin MA, Schwarz T, Hansmann J, Mustafa K. Induction of osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells on 3D polyester-based scaffolds solely by subphysiological fluidic stimulation in a laminar flow bioreactor. J Tissue Eng 2021; 12:20417314211019375. [PMID: 34262684 PMCID: PMC8243246 DOI: 10.1177/20417314211019375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The fatal determination of bone marrow mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (BMSC) is closely associated with mechano-environmental factors in addition to biochemical clues. The aim of this study was to induce osteogenesis in the absence of chemical stimuli using a custom-designed laminar flow bioreactor. BMSC were seeded onto synthetic microporous scaffolds and subjected to the subphysiological level of fluid flow for up to 21 days. During the perfusion, cell proliferation was significantly inhibited. There were also morphological changes, with F-actin polymerisation and upregulation of ROCK1. Notably, in BMSC subjected to flow, mRNA expression of osteogenic markers was significantly upregulated and RUNX2 was localised in the nuclei. Further, under perfusion, there was greater deposition of collagen type 1 and calcium onto the scaffolds. The results confirm that an appropriate level of fluid stimuli preconditions BMSC towards the osteoblastic lineage on 3D scaffolds in the absence of chemical stimulation, which highlights the utility of flow bioreactors in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuntaro Yamada
- Department of Clinical Dentistry,
Faculty of Medicine – Tissue engineering group, University of Bergen, Bergen,
Norway
| | - Mohammed Ahmed Yassin
- Department of Clinical Dentistry,
Faculty of Medicine – Tissue engineering group, University of Bergen, Bergen,
Norway
| | - Thomas Schwarz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate
Research ISC, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Wurzburg, Bayern,
Germany
| | - Jan Hansmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate
Research ISC, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Wurzburg, Bayern,
Germany
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and
Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany
- Department Electrical Engineering,
University of Applied Sciences Würzburg-Schweinfurt, Germany
| | - Kamal Mustafa
- Department of Clinical Dentistry,
Faculty of Medicine – Tissue engineering group, University of Bergen, Bergen,
Norway
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14
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Lee DJ, Miguez P, Kwon J, Daniel R, Padilla R, Min S, Zalal R, Ko CC, Shin HW. Decellularized pulp matrix as scaffold for mesenchymal stem cell mediated bone regeneration. J Tissue Eng 2020; 11:2041731420981672. [PMID: 33414903 PMCID: PMC7750895 DOI: 10.1177/2041731420981672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Scaffolds that are used for bone repair should provide an adequate environment for biomineralization by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Recently, decellularized pulp matrices (DPM) have been utilized in endodontics for their high regenerative potential. Inspired by the dystrophic calcification on the pulp matrix known as pulp stone, we developed acellular pulp bioscaffolds and examined their potential in facilitating MSCs mineralization for bone defect repair. Pulp was decellularized, then retention of its structural integrity was confirmed by histological, mechanical, and biochemical evaluations. MSCs were seeded and proliferation, osteogenic gene expression, and biomineralization were assessed to verify DPM's osteogenic effects in vitro. MicroCT, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and histological analyses were used to confirm that DPM seeded with MSCs result in greater mineralization on rat critical-sized defects than that without MSCs. Overall, our study proves DPM's potential to serve as a scaffolding material for MSC-mediated bone regeneration for future craniofacial bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Joon Lee
- Oral and Craniofacial Health Science Institute, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Patricia Miguez
- Oral and Craniofacial Health Science Institute, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jane Kwon
- Oral and Craniofacial Health Science Institute, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Renie Daniel
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ricardo Padilla
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Samuel Min
- Oral and Craniofacial Health Science Institute, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rahim Zalal
- Oral and Craniofacial Health Science Institute, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ching-Chang Ko
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hae Won Shin
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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15
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Elkhenany H, Elkodous MA, Newby SD, El-Derby AM, Dhar M, El-Badri N. Tissue Engineering Modalities and Nanotechnology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-55359-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Rønning SB, Berg RS, Høst V, Veiseth-Kent E, Wilhelmsen CR, Haugen E, Suso HP, Barham P, Schmidt R, Pedersen ME. Processed Eggshell Membrane Powder Is a Promising Biomaterial for Use in Tissue Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218130. [PMID: 33143232 PMCID: PMC7663119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the tissue regenerating and biomechanical properties of processed eggshell membrane powder (PEP) for use in 3D-scaffolds. PEP is a low-cost, natural biomaterial with beneficial bioactive properties. Most importantly, this material is available as a by-product of the chicken egg processing (breaking) industry on a large scale, and it could have potential as a low-cost ingredient for therapeutic scaffolds. Scaffolds consisting of collagen alone and collagen combined with PEP were produced and analyzed for their mechanical properties and the growth of primary fibroblasts and skeletal muscle cells. Mechanical testing revealed that a PEP/collagen-based scaffold increased the mechanical hardness of the scaffold compared with a pure collagen scaffold. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated an interconnected porous structure for both scaffolds, and that the PEP was evenly distributed in dense clusters within the scaffold. Fibroblast and skeletal muscle cells attached, were viable and able to proliferate for 1 and 2 weeks in both scaffolds. The cell types retained their phenotypic properties expressing phenotype markers of fibroblasts (TE7, alpha-smooth muscle actin) and skeletal muscle (CD56) visualized by immunostaining. mRNA expression of the skeletal muscle markers myoD, myogenin, and fibroblasts marker (SMA) together with extracellular matrix components supported viable phenotypes and matrix-producing cells in both types of scaffolds. In conclusion, PEP is a promising low-cost, natural biomaterial for use in combination with collagen as a scaffold for 3D-tissue engineering to improve the mechanical properties and promote cellular adhesion and growth of regenerating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sissel B. Rønning
- Nofima AS, Pb 210, NO-1431 Ås, Norway; (S.B.R.); (R.S.B.); (V.H.); (E.V.-K.); (C.R.W.); (E.H.)
| | - Ragnhild S. Berg
- Nofima AS, Pb 210, NO-1431 Ås, Norway; (S.B.R.); (R.S.B.); (V.H.); (E.V.-K.); (C.R.W.); (E.H.)
| | - Vibeke Høst
- Nofima AS, Pb 210, NO-1431 Ås, Norway; (S.B.R.); (R.S.B.); (V.H.); (E.V.-K.); (C.R.W.); (E.H.)
| | - Eva Veiseth-Kent
- Nofima AS, Pb 210, NO-1431 Ås, Norway; (S.B.R.); (R.S.B.); (V.H.); (E.V.-K.); (C.R.W.); (E.H.)
| | - Christian R. Wilhelmsen
- Nofima AS, Pb 210, NO-1431 Ås, Norway; (S.B.R.); (R.S.B.); (V.H.); (E.V.-K.); (C.R.W.); (E.H.)
| | - Eirik Haugen
- Nofima AS, Pb 210, NO-1431 Ås, Norway; (S.B.R.); (R.S.B.); (V.H.); (E.V.-K.); (C.R.W.); (E.H.)
| | - Henri-Pierre Suso
- Biovotec AS, Postbox 1001 Hoff, 0218 Oslo, Norway; (H.-P.S.); (P.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Paul Barham
- Biovotec AS, Postbox 1001 Hoff, 0218 Oslo, Norway; (H.-P.S.); (P.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Ralf Schmidt
- Biovotec AS, Postbox 1001 Hoff, 0218 Oslo, Norway; (H.-P.S.); (P.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Mona E. Pedersen
- Nofima AS, Pb 210, NO-1431 Ås, Norway; (S.B.R.); (R.S.B.); (V.H.); (E.V.-K.); (C.R.W.); (E.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+47-64970243
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17
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Fonseca AC, Melchels FPW, Ferreira MJS, Moxon SR, Potjewyd G, Dargaville TR, Kimber SJ, Domingos M. Emulating Human Tissues and Organs: A Bioprinting Perspective Toward Personalized Medicine. Chem Rev 2020; 120:11128-11174. [PMID: 32937071 PMCID: PMC7645917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The lack of in vitro tissue and organ models capable of mimicking human physiology severely hinders the development and clinical translation of therapies and drugs with higher in vivo efficacy. Bioprinting allow us to fill this gap and generate 3D tissue analogues with complex functional and structural organization through the precise spatial positioning of multiple materials and cells. In this review, we report the latest developments in terms of bioprinting technologies for the manufacturing of cellular constructs with particular emphasis on material extrusion, jetting, and vat photopolymerization. We then describe the different base polymers employed in the formulation of bioinks for bioprinting and examine the strategies used to tailor their properties according to both processability and tissue maturation requirements. By relating function to organization in human development, we examine the potential of pluripotent stem cells in the context of bioprinting toward a new generation of tissue models for personalized medicine. We also highlight the most relevant attempts to engineer artificial models for the study of human organogenesis, disease, and drug screening. Finally, we discuss the most pressing challenges, opportunities, and future prospects in the field of bioprinting for tissue engineering (TE) and regenerative medicine (RM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Clotilde Fonseca
- Centre
for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, Department of
Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima-Polo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ferry P. W. Melchels
- Institute
of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of
Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt
University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K.
| | - Miguel J. S. Ferreira
- Department
of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, School of Engineering,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, The
University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Samuel R. Moxon
- Division
of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological
Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K.
| | - Geoffrey Potjewyd
- Division
of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological
Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K.
| | - Tim R. Dargaville
- Institute
of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Susan J. Kimber
- Division
of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological
Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K.
| | - Marco Domingos
- Department
of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, School of Engineering,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, The
University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
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18
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Blaudez F, Ivanovski S, Ipe D, Vaquette C. A comprehensive comparison of cell seeding methods using highly porous melt electrowriting scaffolds. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 117:111282. [PMID: 32919643 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cell seeding is challenging in the case of additively manufactured 3-dimensional scaffolds, as the open macroscopic pore network impedes the retention of the seeding solution. The present study aimed at comparing several seeding conditions (no fetal bovine serum, 10% or 100% serum) and methods (Static seeding in Tissue Culture Treated plate (CT), Static seeding of the MES in non-Culture Treated plate (nCT), Seeding in nCT plate placed on an orbital shaker at 20 rpm (nCTR), Static seeding of the MES previously incubated with 100% FBS for 1 h to allow for protein adsorption (FBS)) commonly utilised in tissue engineering using highly porous melt electrowritten scaffolds, assessing their seeding efficacy, cell distribution homogeneity and reproducibility. Firstly, we demonstrated that the incubation in 100% serum was superior to the 10% serum pre-incubation and that 1 h only was sufficient to obtain enhanced cell attachment. We further compared this technique to the other methods and demonstrated significant and beneficial impact of the 100% serum pre-incubation, which resulted in enhanced efficacy, homogeneous cell distribution and high reproducibility, leading to accelerated colonisation/maturation of the tissue engineered constructs. We further showed the superior performance of this method using 3D-printed scaffolds also made of different polymers, demonstrating its capacity for up-scaling. Therefore, the pre-incubation of the scaffold in 100% serum is a simple yet highly effective method for enhancing cell adhesion and ensuring seeding reproducibility. This is crucial for tissue engineering applications, especially when cell availability is scarce, and for product standardisation from a translational perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Blaudez
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Gold Coast campus, Griffith University, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Saso Ivanovski
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Deepak Ipe
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Gold Coast campus, Griffith University, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Cedryck Vaquette
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Herston, Queensland, Australia.
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19
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Luo S, Wu S, Xu J, Zhang X, Zou L, Yao R, Jin L, Li Y. Osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs on MoS2 composite nanofibers with different cell seeding densities. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-020-01473-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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20
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Melke J, Zhao F, Ito K, Hofmann S. Orbital seeding of mesenchymal stromal cells increases osteogenic differentiation and bone-like tissue formation. J Orthop Res 2020; 38:1228-1237. [PMID: 31922286 PMCID: PMC7317919 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In bone tissue engineering (TE), an efficient seeding and homogenous distribution of cells is needed to avoid cell loss and damage as well as to facilitate tissue development. Dynamic seeding methods seem to be superior to the static ones because they tend to result in a more homogeneous cell distribution by using kinetic forces. However, most dynamic seeding techniques are elaborate or require special equipment and its influence on the final bone tissue-engineered construct is not clear. In this study, we applied a simple, dynamic seeding method using an orbital shaker to seed human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hBMSCs) on silk fibroin scaffolds. Significantly higher cell numbers with a more homogenous cell distribution, increased osteogenic differentiation, and mineral deposition were observed using the dynamic approach both for 4 and 6 hours as compared to the static seeding method. The positive influence of dynamic seeding could be attributed to both cell density and distribution but also nutrient supply during seeding and shear stresses (0.0-3.0 mPa) as determined by computational simulations. The influence of relevant mechanical stimuli during seeding should be investigated in the future, especially regarding the importance of mechanical cues for bone TE applications. Our results highlight the importance of adequate choice of seeding method and its impact on developing tissue-engineered constructs. The application of this simple seeding technique is not only recommended for bone TE but can also be used for seeding similar porous scaffolds with hBMSCs in other TE fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Melke
- Orthopaedic BiomechanicsDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands,Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Feihu Zhao
- Orthopaedic BiomechanicsDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands,Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Keita Ito
- Orthopaedic BiomechanicsDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands,Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Sandra Hofmann
- Orthopaedic BiomechanicsDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands,Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
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21
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Coy R, Al-Badri G, Kayal C, O'Rourke C, Kingham PJ, Phillips JB, Shipley RJ. Combining in silico and in vitro models to inform cell seeding strategies in tissue engineering. J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20190801. [PMID: 32208821 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2019.0801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The seeding density of therapeutic cells in engineered tissue impacts both cell survival and vascularization. Excessively high seeded cell densities can result in increased death and thus waste of valuable cells, whereas lower seeded cell densities may not provide sufficient support for the tissue in vivo, reducing efficacy. Additionally, the production of growth factors by therapeutic cells in low oxygen environments offers a way of generating growth factor gradients, which are important for vascularization, but hypoxia can also induce unwanted levels of cell death. This is a complex problem that lends itself to a combination of computational modelling and experimentation. Here, we present a spatio-temporal mathematical model parametrized using in vitro data capable of simulating the interactions between a therapeutic cell population, oxygen concentrations and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentrations in engineered tissues. Simulations of collagen nerve repair constructs suggest that specific seeded cell densities and non-uniform spatial distributions of seeded cells could enhance cell survival and the generation of VEGF gradients. These predictions can now be tested using targeted experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Coy
- CoMPLEX, University College London, London, UK.,UCL Centre for Nerve Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - G Al-Badri
- UCL Centre for Nerve Engineering, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Mathematics, University College London, London, UK
| | - C Kayal
- UCL Centre for Nerve Engineering, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - C O'Rourke
- UCL Centre for Nerve Engineering, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - P J Kingham
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - J B Phillips
- UCL Centre for Nerve Engineering, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | - R J Shipley
- UCL Centre for Nerve Engineering, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
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22
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Swetha S, Lavanya K, Sruthi R, Selvamurugan N. An insight into cell-laden 3D-printed constructs for bone tissue engineering. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:9836-9862. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02019b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we have spotlighted various combinations of bioinks to optimize the biofabrication of 3D bone constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Swetha
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering and Technology
- SRM Institute of Science and Technology
- Kattankulathur 603 203
- India
| | - K. Lavanya
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering and Technology
- SRM Institute of Science and Technology
- Kattankulathur 603 203
- India
| | - R. Sruthi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering and Technology
- SRM Institute of Science and Technology
- Kattankulathur 603 203
- India
| | - N. Selvamurugan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering and Technology
- SRM Institute of Science and Technology
- Kattankulathur 603 203
- India
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Azarudeen RS, Hassan MN, Yassin MA, Thirumarimurugan M, Muthukumarasamy N, Velauthapillai D, Mustafa K. 3D printable Polycaprolactone-gelatin blends characterized for in vitro osteogenic potency. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2019.104445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Histological Evaluation of a New Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate/Hydroxyapatite/Poly (1-Lactide-Co-Caprolactone) Composite Biomaterial in the Inflammatory Process and Repair of Critical Bone Defects. Symmetry (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/sym11111356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The use of biomaterials is commonplace in dentistry for bone regeneration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of a new alloplastic material for bone repair in critical defects and to evaluate the extent of the inflammatory process. Methods: Forty-five New Zealand rabbits were divided into five groups according to evaluation time (7, 14, 30, 60, 120 days), totaling 180 sites with six-millimeter diameter defects in their tibiae. The defects were filled with alloplastic material consisting of poly (lactide-co-caprolactone), beta-tricalcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite and nano-hydroxyapatite (BTPHP) in three different presentations: paste, block, and membrane. Comparisons were established with reference materials, such as Bio-ossTM, Bio-oss CollagenTM, and Bio-gideTM, respectively. The samples were HE-stained and evaluated for inflammatory infiltrate (scored for intensity from 0 to 3) and the presence of newly formed bone at the periphery of the defects. Results: Greater bone formation was observed for the alloplastic material and equivalent inflammatory intensity for both materials, regardless of evaluation time. At 30 days, part of the synthetic biomaterial, regardless of the presentation, was resorbed. Conclusions: We concluded that this novel alloplastic material showed osteoconductive potential, biocompatibility, low inflammatory response, and gradual resorption, thus an alternative strategy for guided bone regeneration.
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25
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Malakpour Permlid A, Roci P, Fredlund E, Fält F, Önell E, Johansson F, Oredsson S. Unique animal friendly 3D culturing of human cancer and normal cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 60:51-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Cidonio G, Glinka M, Dawson JI, Oreffo ROC. The cell in the ink: Improving biofabrication by printing stem cells for skeletal regenerative medicine. Biomaterials 2019; 209:10-24. [PMID: 31022557 PMCID: PMC6527863 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in regenerative medicine have confirmed the potential to manufacture viable and effective tissue engineering 3D constructs comprising living cells for tissue repair and augmentation. Cell printing has shown promising potential in cell patterning in a number of studies enabling stem cells to be precisely deposited as a blueprint for tissue regeneration guidance. Such manufacturing techniques, however, face a number of challenges including; (i) post-printing cell damage, (ii) proliferation impairment and, (iii) poor or excessive final cell density deposition. The use of hydrogels offers one approach to address these issues given the ability to tune these biomaterials and subsequent application as vectors capable of delivering cell populations and as extrusion pastes. While stem cell-laden hydrogel 3D constructs have been widely established in vitro, clinical relevance, evidenced by in vivo long-term efficacy and clinical application, remains to be demonstrated. This review explores the central features of cell printing, cell-hydrogel properties and cell-biomaterial interactions together with the current advances and challenges in stem cell printing. A key focus is the translational hurdles to clinical application and how in vivo research can reshape and inform cell printing applications for an ageing population.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cidonio
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Engineering Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - M Glinka
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - J I Dawson
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - R O C Oreffo
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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27
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Hassan MN, Yassin MA, Suliman S, Lie SA, Gjengedal H, Mustafa K. The bone regeneration capacity of 3D-printed templates in calvarial defect models: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Biomater 2019; 91:1-23. [PMID: 30980937 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
3D-printed templates are being used for bone tissue regeneration (BTR) as temporary guides. In the current review, we analyze the factors considered in producing potentially bioresorbable/degradable 3D-printed templates and their influence on BTR in calvarial bone defect (CBD) animal models. In addition, a meta-analysis was done to compare the achieved BTR for each type of template material (polymer, ceramic or composites). Database collection was completed by January 2018, and the inclusion criteria were all titles and keywords combining 3D printing and BTR in CBD models. Clinical trials and poorly-documented in vivo studies were excluded from this study. A total of 45 relevant studies were finally included and reviewed, and an additional check list was followed before inclusion in the meta-analysis, where material type, porosity %, and the regenerated bone area were collected and analyzed statistically. Overall, the capacity of the printed templates to support BTR was found to depend in large part on the amount of available space (porosity %) provided by the printed templates. Printed ceramic and composite templates showed the best BTR capacity, and the optimum printed template structure was found to have total porosity >50% with a pore diameter between 300 and 400 µm. Additional features and engineered macro-channels within the printed templates increased BTR capacity at long time points (12 weeks). Although the size of bone defects in rabbits was larger than in rats, BTR was greater in rabbits (almost double) at all time points and for all materials used. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In the present study, we reviewed the factors considered in producing degradable 3D-printed templates and their influence on bone tissue regeneration (BTR) in calvarial bone defects through the last 15 years. A meta-analysis was applied on the collected data to quantify and analyze BTR related to each type of template material. The concluded data states the importance of 3D-printed templates for BTR and indicates the ideal design required for an effective clinical translation. The evidence-based guidelines for the best BTR capacity endorse the use of printed composite and ceramic templates with total porosity >50%, pore diameter between 300 and 400 µm, and added engineered macro-channels within the printed templates.
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28
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Yassin MA, Fuoco T, Mohamed-Ahmed S, Mustafa K, Finne-Wistrand A. 3D and Porous RGDC-Functionalized Polyester-Based Scaffolds as a Niche to Induce Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow Stem Cells. Macromol Biosci 2019; 19:e1900049. [PMID: 31050389 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201900049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Polyester-based scaffolds covalently functionalized with arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-cysteine (RGDC) peptide sequences support the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. The aim is to create an optimized 3D niche to sustain human bone marrow stem cell (hBMSC) viability and osteogenic commitment, without reliance on differentiation media. Scaffolds consisting of poly(lactide-co-trimethylene carbonate), poly(LA-co-TMC), and functionalized poly(lactide) copolymers with pendant thiol groups are prepared by salt-leaching technique. The availability of functional groups on scaffold surfaces allows for an easy and straightforward method to covalently attach RGDC peptide motifs without affecting the polymerization degree. The strategy enables the chemical binding of bioactive motifs on the surfaces of 3D scaffolds and avoids conventional methods that require harsh conditions. Gene and protein levels and mineral deposition indicate the osteogenic commitment of hBMSC cultured on the RGDC functionalized surfaces. The osteogenic commitment of hBMSC is enhanced on functionalized surfaces compared with nonfunctionalized surfaces and without supplementing media with osteogenic factors. Poly(LA-co-TMC) scaffolds have potential as scaffolds for osteoblast culture and bone grafts. Furthermore, these results contribute to the development of biomimetic materials and allow a deeper comprehension of the importance of RGD peptides on stem cell transition toward osteoblastic lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Yassin
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen, 56-58, SE, 100-44, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Dentistry, Årstadveien 19, 5009 Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tiziana Fuoco
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen, 56-58, SE, 100-44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Samih Mohamed-Ahmed
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Årstadveien 19, 5009 Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kamal Mustafa
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Årstadveien 19, 5009 Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anna Finne-Wistrand
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen, 56-58, SE, 100-44, Stockholm, Sweden
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29
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Evaluation of Proliferation and Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Porous Scaffolds. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1084:207-220. [PMID: 31214911 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs) are multiple potential stem cells that can differentiate into various kinds of functional cells, including adipocytes, osteoblasts, and chondroblasts. Thus, UCMSCs have recently been used in both stem cell therapy and tissue engineering applications to produce various functional tissues. This study aimed to evaluate the proliferation and differentiation of UCMSCs on porous scaffolds. METHODS UCMSCs were established in a previous study and kept in liquid nitrogen. They were thawed and expanded in vitro to yield enough cells for further experiments. The cells were characterized as having MSC phenotype. They were seeded onto culture medium-treated porous scaffolds or on non-treated porous scaffolds at different densities of UCMSCs (105, 2.1 × 105, and 5 × 105 cells/0.005 g scaffold). The existence of UCMSCs on the scaffold was evaluated by nucleic staining using Hoechst 33342 dye, while cell proliferation on the scaffold was determined by MTT assay. Osteogenic differentiation was evaluated by changes in cellular morphology, accumulation of extracellular calcium, and expression of osteoblast-specific genes (including runx2, osteopontin (OPN), and osteocalcin (OCN)). RESULTS The data showed that UCMSCs could attach, proliferate, and differentiate on both treated and non-treated scaffolds but were better on the treated scaffold. At a cell density of 105 cells/0.005 g scaffold, the adherent and proliferative abilities of UCMSCs were higher than that of the other densities after 14 days of culture (p < 0.05). Adherent UCMSCs on the scaffold could be induced into osteoblasts in the osteogenic medium after 21 days of induction. These cells accumulated calcium in the extracellular matrix that was positive with Alizarin Red staining. They also expressed some genes related to osteoblasts, including runx2, OPN, and OCN. CONCLUSION UCMSCs could adhere, proliferate, and differentiate into osteoblasts on porous scaffolds. Therefore, porous scaffolds (such as Variotis) may be suitable scaffolds for producing bone tissue in combination with UCMSCs.
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30
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Meng D, Dong L, Yuan Y, Jiang Q. In vitro and in vivo analysis of the biocompatibility of two novel and injectable calcium phosphate cements. Regen Biomater 2018; 6:13-19. [PMID: 30740238 PMCID: PMC6362821 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rby027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) have been widely used as bone graft substitutes for many years. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of two novel injectable, bioactive cements: β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP)/CPC and chitosan microsphere/CPC in vitro and in vivo. This was accomplished by culturing mouse pre-osteoblastic cells (MC3T3-E1) on discs and pastes of CPCs. Cell growth, adhesion, proliferation and differentiation were assessed by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and alkaline phosphatase assays as well as by scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence. The effect of CPC paste curing was also evaluated. Implantation of two materials into the muscle tissue of rabbits was also studied and evaluated by histological analysis. Cell analysis indicated good biocompatibility in vitro. The fluorescence assay suggested that the cured material discs had no obvious effect on cell growth, while the curing process did. Histological examination showed no inflammatory cell infiltration into soft tissue. These data suggest that β-TCP/CPC and chitosan microsphere/CPC composites may be promising injectable material for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Meng
- Department of Prosthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Limin Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fine Ceramics, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Energy Science Building, Beijing, China
| | - Yafei Yuan
- Department of Prosthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingsong Jiang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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31
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Kim H, Kim BR, Shin YJ, Cho S, Lee J. Controlled formation of polylysinized inner pores in injectable microspheres of low molecular weight poly(lactide-co-glycolide) designed for efficient loading of therapeutic cells. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 46:S233-S246. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1491475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeongmin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ba Reum Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joo Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sayeon Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehwi Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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32
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Kukumberg M, Yao Y, Goh SH, Neo DJ, Yao JY, Yim EK. Evaluation of the topographical influence on the cellular behavior of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. ADVANCED BIOSYSTEMS 2018; 2:1700217. [PMID: 30766915 PMCID: PMC6370334 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201700217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion and proliferation of vascular endothelial cells are important parameters in the endothelialization of biomedical devices for vascular applications. Endothelialization is a complex process affected by endothelial cells and their interaction with the extracellular microenvironment. Although numerous approaches are taken to study the influence of the external environment, a systematic investigation of the impact of an engineered microenvironment on endothelial cell processes is needed. This study aims to investigate the influence of topography, initial cell seeding density, and collagen coating on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Utilizing the MultiARChitecture (MARC) chamber, the effects of various topographies on HUVECs are identified, and those with more prominent effects were further evaluated individually using the MARC plate. Endothelial cell marker expression and monocyte adhesion assay are examined on the HUVEC monolayer. HUVECs on 1.8 μm convex and concave microlens topographies demonstrate the lowest cell adhesion and proliferation, regardless of initial cell seeding density and collagen I coating, and the HUVEC monolayer on the microlens shows the lowest monocyte adhesion. This property of lens topographies would potentially be a useful parameter in designing vascular biomedical devices. The MARC chamber and MARC plate show a great potential for faster and easy pattern identification for various cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Kukumberg
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, #05-01 T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411
| | - Yuan Yao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Seok Hong Goh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, 138634, Singapore, Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, E4, #04-10,4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583
| | - Dawn Jh Neo
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, #05-01 T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411
| | - Jia Yi Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, E4, #04-10,4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583
| | - Evelyn Kf Yim
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, #05-01 T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, E4, #04-10,4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 8,1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
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33
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Paim A, Braghirolli DI, Cardozo NSM, Pranke P, Tessaro IC. Human dental pulp stem cell adhesion and detachment in polycaprolactone electrospun scaffolds under direct perfusion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 51:e6754. [PMID: 29590258 PMCID: PMC5886556 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20186754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion in three-dimensional scaffolds plays a key role in tissue development. However, stem cell behavior in electrospun scaffolds under perfusion is not fully understood. Thus, an investigation was made on the effect of flow rate and shear stress, adhesion time, and seeding density under direct perfusion in polycaprolactone electrospun scaffolds on human dental pulp stem cell detachment. Polycaprolactone scaffolds were electrospun using a solvent mixture of chloroform and methanol. The viable cell number was determined at each tested condition. Cell morphology was analyzed by confocal microscopy after various incubation times for static cell adhesion with a high seeding density. Scanning electron microscopy images were obtained before and after perfusion for the highest flow rate tested. The wall pore shear stress was calculated for all tested flow rates (0.005–3 mL/min). An inversely proportional relationship between adhesion time with cell detachment under perfusion was observed. Lower flow rates and lower seeding densities reduced the drag of cells by shear stress. However, there was an operational limit for the lowest flow rate that can be used without compromising cell viability, indicating that a flow rate of 0.05 mL/min might be more suitable for the tested cell culture in electrospun scaffolds under direct perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Paim
- Laboratório de Separação por Membranas, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.,Laboratório de Simulação, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.,Laboratório de Hematologia e Células-Tronco, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - D I Braghirolli
- Laboratório de Hematologia e Células-Tronco, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - N S M Cardozo
- Laboratório de Simulação, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - P Pranke
- Laboratório de Hematologia e Células-Tronco, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.,Instituto de Pesquisa com Células-Tronco, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - I C Tessaro
- Laboratório de Separação por Membranas, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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34
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Hernandez I, Kumar A, Joddar B. A Bioactive Hydrogel and 3D Printed Polycaprolactone System for Bone Tissue Engineering. Gels 2017; 3. [PMID: 29354645 PMCID: PMC5770986 DOI: 10.3390/gels3030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a hybrid system consisting of 3D printed polycaprolactone (PCL) filled with hydrogel was developed as an application for reconstruction of long bone defects, which are innately difficult to repair due to large missing segments of bone. A 3D printed gyroid scaffold of PCL allowed a larger amount of hydrogel to be loaded within the scaffolds as compared to 3D printed mesh and honeycomb scaffolds of similar volumes and strut thicknesses. The hydrogel was a mixture of alginate, gelatin, and nano-hydroxyapatite, infiltrated with human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) to enhance the osteoconductivity and biocompatibility of the system. Adhesion and viability of hMSC in the PCL/hydrogel system confirmed its cytocompatibility. Biomineralization tests in simulated body fluid (SBF) showed the nucleation and growth of apatite crystals, which confirmed the bioactivity of the PCL/hydrogel system. Moreover, dissolution studies, in SBF revealed a sustained dissolution of the hydrogel with time. Overall, the present study provides a new approach in bone tissue engineering to repair bone defects with a bioactive hybrid system consisting of a polymeric scaffold, hydrogel, and hMSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Hernandez
- Inspired Materials & Stem-Cell Based Tissue Engineering Laboratory (IMSTEL), Department of Metallurgical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA;
| | - Alok Kumar
- Inspired Materials & Stem-Cell Based Tissue Engineering Laboratory (IMSTEL), Department of Metallurgical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Binata Joddar
- Inspired Materials & Stem-Cell Based Tissue Engineering Laboratory (IMSTEL), Department of Metallurgical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA;
- Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA;
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35
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Yassin MA, Mustafa K, Xing Z, Sun Y, Fasmer KE, Waag T, Krueger A, Steinmüller-Nethl D, Finne-Wistrand A, Leknes KN. A Copolymer Scaffold Functionalized with Nanodiamond Particles Enhances Osteogenic Metabolic Activity and Bone Regeneration. Macromol Biosci 2017; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A. Yassin
- Department of Clinical Dentistry; Center for Clinical Dental Research Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; University of Bergen; N-5020 Bergen Norway
| | - Kamal Mustafa
- Department of Clinical Dentistry; Center for Clinical Dental Research Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; University of Bergen; N-5020 Bergen Norway
| | - Zhe Xing
- Department of Clinical Dentistry; Center for Clinical Dental Research Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; University of Bergen; N-5020 Bergen Norway
- Department of Clinical Science; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; University of Bergen; N-5020 Bergen Norway
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Clinical Dentistry; Center for Clinical Dental Research Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; University of Bergen; N-5020 Bergen Norway
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH; Royal Institute of Technology; SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Kristine Eldevik Fasmer
- Center for Nuclear Medicine/PET; Department of Radiology; Haukeland University Hospital; N-5021 Bergen Norway
| | - Thilo Waag
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Würzburg; 97070 Würzburg Germany
| | - Anke Krueger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Würzburg; 97070 Würzburg Germany
| | | | - Anna Finne-Wistrand
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH; Royal Institute of Technology; SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Knut N. Leknes
- Department of Clinical Dentistry; Center for Clinical Dental Research Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; University of Bergen; N-5020 Bergen Norway
- Department of Clinical Dentistry-Periodontics; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; University of Bergen; N-5020 Bergen Norway
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36
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Najafabadi MM, Bayati V, Orazizadeh M, Hashemitabar M, Absalan F. Impact of Cell Density on Differentiation Efficiency of Rat Adipose-derived Stem Cells into Schwann-like Cells. Int J Stem Cells 2016; 9:213-220. [PMID: 27788569 PMCID: PMC5155717 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc16031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Schwann-like (SC-like) cells induced from adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) may be one of the ideal alternative cell sources for obtaining Schwann cells (SCs). They can be used for treating peripheral nerve injuries. Co-culture with SCs or exposure to glial growth factors are commonly used for differentiation of ASCs to SC-like cells. However, the effect of initial cell density as an inductive factor on the differentiation potential of ASCs into the SC-like cells has not been yet investigated. Methods and Results ASCs were harvested from rat and characterized. The cells were seeded into the culture flasks at three different initial cell densities i.e. 2×103, 4×103 and 8×103 cells/cm2 an overnight and differentiated toward SC-like cells using glial growth factors. After two weeks, the differentiation rate of ASCs to SC-like cells at different densities was assessed by immunofluorescence, fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis and real time RT-PCR. Expression of the typical SCs markers, S-100 proteins and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) protein, was observed in all cell densities groups although the number of S100-positive and GFAP-positive cells, and the expression of p75NTR mRNA, another SC marker, were significantly higher at the density of 8×103 cells/cm2 when compared with the other cell densities groups (p<0.001). Conclusions The results suggest that the higher differentiation rate of ASCs to SC-like cells can be obtained at initial cell density of 8×103 cells/cm2, possibly via increased cell-cell interaction and cell density-dependent influence of glial growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahtab Maghzi Najafabadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Vahid Bayati
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Orazizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hashemitabar
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Forouzan Absalan
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Yassin MA, Leknes KN, Sun Y, Lie SA, Finne-Wistrand A, Mustafa K. Surfactant tuning of hydrophilicity of porous degradable copolymer scaffolds promotes cellular proliferation and enhances bone formation. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:2049-59. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A. Yassin
- Department of Clinical Dentistry; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - Knut N. Leknes
- Department of Clinical Dentistry; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Clinical Dentistry; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology; Royal Institute of Technology (KTH); Stockholm Sweden
| | - Stein A. Lie
- Department of Clinical Dentistry; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - Anna Finne-Wistrand
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology; Royal Institute of Technology (KTH); Stockholm Sweden
| | - Kamal Mustafa
- Department of Clinical Dentistry; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
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Yassin MA, Leknes KN, Pedersen TO, Xing Z, Sun Y, Lie SA, Finne-Wistrand A, Mustafa K. Cell seeding density is a critical determinant for copolymer scaffolds-induced bone regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 103:3649-58. [PMID: 26013960 PMCID: PMC4744655 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Constructs intended for bone tissue engineering (TE) are influenced by the initial cell seeding density. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of bone marrow stromal stem cells (BMSCs) density loaded onto copolymer scaffolds on bone regeneration. BMSCs were harvested from rat's bone marrow and cultured in media with or without osteogenic supplements. Cells were seeded onto poly(l‐lactide‐co‐ε‐caprolactone) [poly(LLA‐co‐CL)] scaffolds at two different densities: low density (1 × 106 cells/scaffold) or high density (2 × 106 cells/scaffold) using spinner modified flasks and examined after 1 and 3 weeks. Initial attachment and spread of BMSC onto the scaffolds was recorded by scanning electron microscopy. Cell proliferation was assessed by DNA quantification and cell differentiation by quantitative real‐time reverse transcriptase‐polymerized chain reaction analysis (qRT‐PCR). Five‐millimeter rat calvarial defects (24 defects in 12 rats) were implanted with scaffolds seeded with either low or high density expanded with or without osteogenic supplements. Osteogenic supplements significantly increased cell proliferation (p < 0.001). Scaffolds seeded at high cell density exhibited higher mRNA expressions of Runx2 p = 0.001, Col1 p = 0.001, BMP2 p < 0.001, BSP p < 0.001, and OC p = 0.013. More bone was formed in response to high cell seeding density (p = 0.023) and high seeding density with osteogenic medium (p = 0.038). Poly (LLA‐co‐CL) scaffolds could be appropriate candidates for bone TE. The optimal number of cells to be loaded onto scaffolds is critical for promoting Extracellular matrix synthesis and bone formation. Cell seeding density and osteogenic supplements may have a synergistic effect on the induction of new bone. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 3649–3658, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Yassin
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Clinical Dentistry, Center for Clinical Dental Research, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, N-5009, Bergen, Norway
| | - Knut N Leknes
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Clinical Dentistry, Center for Clinical Dental Research, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, N-5009, Bergen, Norway
| | - Torbjorn O Pedersen
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Clinical Dentistry, Center for Clinical Dental Research, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, N-5009, Bergen, Norway
| | - Zhe Xing
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Clinical Dentistry, Center for Clinical Dental Research, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, N-5009, Bergen, Norway
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 42, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stein A Lie
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Clinical Dentistry, Center for Clinical Dental Research, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, N-5009, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anna Finne-Wistrand
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 42, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kamal Mustafa
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Clinical Dentistry, Center for Clinical Dental Research, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, N-5009, Bergen, Norway
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