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Liang H, Ma Z, Zhong W, Liu J, Sugimoto K, Chen H. Regulation of mitophagy and mitochondrial function: Natural compounds as potential therapeutic strategies for Parkinson's disease. Phytother Res 2024; 38:1838-1862. [PMID: 38356178 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial damage is associated with the development of Parkinson's disease (PD), indicating that mitochondrial-targeted treatments could hold promise as disease-modifying approaches for PD. Notably, natural compounds have demonstrated the ability to modulate mitochondrial-related processes. In this review article, we discussed the possible neuroprotective mechanisms of natural compounds against PD in modulating mitophagy and mitochondrial function. A comprehensive literature search on natural compounds related to the treatment of PD by regulating mitophagy and mitochondrial function was conducted from PubMed, Web of Science and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure databases from their inception until April 2023. We summarize recent advancements in mitophagy's molecular mechanisms, including upstream and downstream processes, and its relationship with PD-related genes or proteins. Importantly, we highlight how natural compounds can therapeutically regulate various mitochondrial processes through multiple targets and pathways to alleviate oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, Lewy's body aggregation and apoptosis, which are key contributors to PD pathogenesis. Unlike the single-target strategy of modern medicine, natural compounds provide neuroprotection against PD by modulating various mitochondrial-related processes, including ameliorating mitophagy by targeting the PINK1/parkin pathway, the NIX/BNIP3 pathway, and autophagosome formation (i.e., LC3 and p62). Given the prevalence of mitochondrial damage in various neurodegenerative diseases, exploring the exact mechanism of natural compounds on mitophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction could shed light on the development of highly effective disease-modifying or adjuvant therapies targeting PD and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liang
- Department of Acupuncture, Heilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Zhenwang Ma
- Department of Acupuncture, Heilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Zhong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Affiliated Qiqihar Hospital, Southern Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Kazuo Sugimoto
- Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Acupuncture, Heilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
- Department of TCM Geriatric, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Ramírez-Carreto RJ, Zaldívar-Machorro VJ, Pérez-Ramírez DJ, Rodríguez-López BE, Meza C, García E, Santamaría A, Chavarría A. Oral Administration of Silybin Protects Against MPTP-Induced Neurotoxicity by Reducing Pro-inflammatory Cytokines and Preserving BDNF Levels in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6774-6788. [PMID: 37480498 PMCID: PMC10657796 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03485-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most frequent neurodegenerative disease associated with motor dysfunction secondary to the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal axis. Actual therapy consists mainly of levodopa; however, its long-term use promotes secondary effects. Consequently, finding new therapeutic alternatives, such as neuroprotective molecules, is necessary. Among these alternatives is silybin (Sb), the major bioactive flavonolignan in silymarin. Both exert neuroprotective effects, preserving dopamine levels and dopaminergic neurons when administered in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse PD model, being probably Sb the potential therapeutic molecule behind this effect. To elucidate the role of Sb in the PD model, we determined the dose-dependent conservation of striatal dopamine content following Sb oral administration. Then, we evaluated motor deficit tests using the best dopamine conservative dose of Sb and determined a cytokine-dependent inflammatory profile status, malondialdehyde as an oxidative stress product, and neurotrophic factors content in the MPTP-induced mouse PD model. Our results show that oral Sb at 100 mg/kg dose conserved about 60% dopamine levels. Also, Sb improved motor deficits, preserved neurotrophic factors content and mitochondrial function, reduced lipid peroxidation, diminished proinflammatory cytokines to basal levels, enhanced fractalkine production in the striatum and substantia nigra, and increased IL-10 and IL-4 levels in the substantia nigra in the MPTP mice. Thus, oral Sb may be a potential pharmacological PD treatment alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo J Ramírez-Carreto
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 06726, Ciudad de México, México
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Víctor J Zaldívar-Machorro
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 06726, Ciudad de México, México
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Dafne J Pérez-Ramírez
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 06726, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Blanca E Rodríguez-López
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 06726, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Claudia Meza
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 06726, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Esperanza García
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, S.S, Ciudad de México, 14269, México
| | - Abel Santamaría
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, S.S, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Anahí Chavarría
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 06726, Ciudad de México, México.
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Cerretti G, Cecchin D, Denaro L, Caccese M, Padovan M, Zagonel V, Lombardi G. Impressive response to dabrafenib and trametinib plus silybin in a heavily pretreated IDH wild-type glioblastoma patient with BRAFV600E -mutant and SOX2 amplification. Anticancer Drugs 2023; 34:190-193. [PMID: 35946547 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenase wild-type glioblastoma is the most frequent primary brain tumor in adult patients and its prognosis is still dismal with a median survival of about 1 year. BRAF V600E mutation, an important target for personalized therapy, has been identified in about 3% of these patients, but few data are available from prospective studies on the role of anti-BRAF drugs in adult glioblastoma patients. Moreover, SOX2 gene amplification and overexpression can represent an important mechanism of resistance to BRAF inhibitors by STAT3 gene activation. We present the case of a heavily pretreated 42-year-old man with BRAF V600E mutant and SOX2 amplification glioblastoma having a radiologic and metabolic [analyzed by a brain 18F-fluoro-ethyl-tyrosine([18F]FET) PET/MRI] complete response to the combination therapy with dabrafenib plus trametinib and silybin, a potent STAT3 inhibitor. The patient is currently undergoing treatment after a total of 24 months of continuation therapy with a good safety profile. In conclusion, we showed a promising activity of the personalized treatment of BRAF and MEK inhibitors in patient with BRAF V600E mutant glioblastoma; silybin can play an important role in decreasing drug resistance during BRAF inhibitor therapy, especially in patients with SOX2 amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Cerretti
- Department of Oncology, Oncology 1, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DiSCOG), University of Padua
| | - Diego Cecchin
- Department of Medicine, Nuclear Medicine Unit, University-Hospital of Padova
| | - Luca Denaro
- Neurosurgery Department, University of Padua
| | - Mario Caccese
- Department of Oncology, Oncology 1, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS
- Clinical and Experimental Oncology and Immunology PhD Program, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marta Padovan
- Department of Oncology, Oncology 1, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS
- Clinical and Experimental Oncology and Immunology PhD Program, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Vittorina Zagonel
- Department of Oncology, Oncology 1, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS
| | - Giuseppe Lombardi
- Department of Oncology, Oncology 1, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS
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Natural Blockers of PD-1/PD-L1 Interaction for the Immunotherapy of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer-Brain Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246258. [PMID: 36551742 PMCID: PMC9777321 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The limited treatment options for triple-negative breast cancer with brain metastasis (TNBC-BM) have left the door of further drug development for these patients wide open. Although immunotherapy via monoclonal antibodies has shown some promising results in several cancers including TNBC, it cannot be considered the most effective treatment for brain metastasis. This is due to the protective role of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which limits the entrance of most drugs, especially the bulky ones such as antibodies, to the brain. For a drug to traverse the BBB via passive diffusion, various physicochemical properties should be considered. Since natural medicine has been a key inspiration for the development of the majority of current medicines, in this paper, we review several naturally-derived molecules which have the potential for immunotherapy via blocking the interaction of programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and its ligand, PD-L1. The mechanism of action, physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetics of these molecules and their theoretical potential to be used for the treatment of TNBC-BM are discussed.
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Wong GL, Manore SG, Doheny DL, Lo HW. STAT family of transcription factors in breast cancer: Pathogenesis and therapeutic opportunities and challenges. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:84-106. [PMID: 35995341 PMCID: PMC9714692 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and second-leading cause of cancer deaths in women. Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) promote metastasis and therapeutic resistance contributing to tumor relapse. Through activating genes important for BCSCs, transcription factors contribute to breast cancer metastasis and therapeutic resistance, including the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family of transcription factors. The STAT family consists of six major isoforms, STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5, and STAT6. Canonical STAT signaling is activated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a cell-surface receptor followed by STAT phosphorylation, leading to STAT nuclear translocation and transactivation of target genes. It is important to note that STAT transcription factors exhibit diverse effects in breast cancer; some are either pro- or anti-tumorigenic while others maintain dual, context-dependent roles. Among the STAT transcription factors, STAT3 is the most widely studied STAT protein in breast cancer for its critical roles in promoting BCSCs, breast cancer cell proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, and immune evasion. Consequently, there have been substantial efforts in developing cancer therapeutics to target breast cancer with dysregulated STAT3 signaling. In this comprehensive review, we will summarize the diverse roles that each STAT family member plays in breast cancer pathobiology, as well as, the opportunities and challenges in pharmacologically targeting STAT proteins and their upstream activators in the context of breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace L Wong
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Sara G Manore
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Daniel L Doheny
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Hui-Wen Lo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Breast Cancer Center of Excellence, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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6
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Targeting Mitochondria by Plant Secondary Metabolites: A Promising Strategy in Combating Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212570. [PMID: 34830453 PMCID: PMC8619002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most prevalent and debilitating neurodegenerative conditions, and is currently on the rise. Several dysregulated pathways are behind the pathogenesis of PD; however, the critical targets remain unclear. Accordingly, there is an urgent need to reveal the key dysregulated pathways in PD. Prevailing reports have highlighted the importance of mitochondrial and cross-talked mediators in neurological disorders, genetic changes, and related complications of PD. Multiple pathophysiological mechanisms of PD, as well as the low efficacy and side effects of conventional neuroprotective therapies, drive the need for finding novel alternative agents. Recently, much attention has been paid to using plant secondary metabolites (e.g., flavonoids/phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and terpenoids) in the modulation of PD-associated manifestations by targeting mitochondria. In this line, plant secondary metabolites have shown promising potential for the simultaneous modulation of mitochondrial apoptosis and reactive oxygen species. This review aimed to address mitochondria and multiple dysregulated pathways in PD by plant-derived secondary metabolites.
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Romanucci V, Giordano M, Pagano R, Zimbone S, Giuffrida ML, Milardi D, Zarrelli A, Di Fabio G. Investigation on the solid-phase synthesis of silybin prodrugs and their timed-release. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 50:116478. [PMID: 34695708 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prodrugs are ingenious derivatives of therapeutic agents designed to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of the drug. Here, we report an efficient and regioselective solid phase approach for obtaining new prodrugs of 9″-silybins conjugated with 3'-ribonucleotide units (uridine and adenosine) as pro-moieties. Uridine and adenosine conjugates were obtained in good yields (41-50%), beginning with silibinin and its diastereomers (silybin A and silybin B), using a NovaSyn® support functionalized with an ad hoc linker, which allowed selective detachment of only the desired products. As expected, the solubility of both uridine and adenosine conjugates was higher than that of the parental natural product (5 mg/mL and 3 mg/mL for uridine and adenosine, respectively). Our investigations revealed that uridine conjugates were quickly cleaved by RNase A, releasing silybin drugs, even at low enzyme concentrations. No toxic effects were found for any ribonucleotide conjugate on differentiated neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells when tested at increasing concentrations. All results strongly encourage further investigations of uridine-silybin prodrugs as potential therapeutic agents for both oral and intravenous administration. The present synthetic approach represents a valuable strategy to the future design of new prodrugs with modified nucleoside pro-moieties to modulate the pharmacokinetics of silybins or different natural products with strong pharmacological activities but poor bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Romanucci
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maddalena Giordano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Rita Pagano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Stefania Zimbone
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sede Secondaria di Catania, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Giuffrida
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sede Secondaria di Catania, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Danilo Milardi
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sede Secondaria di Catania, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Armando Zarrelli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Fabio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy.
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Liu X, Chen W, Wang C, Liu W, Hayashi T, Mizuno K, Hattori S, Fujisaki H, Ikejima T. Silibinin ameliorates depression/anxiety-like behaviors of Parkinson's disease mouse model and is associated with attenuated STING-IRF3-IFN-β pathway activation and neuroinflammation. Physiol Behav 2021; 241:113593. [PMID: 34536434 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Depression and anxiety are common neuropsychiatric symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD), reflecting reduced quality of life in patients with PD. Silibinin (silybin), a flavonoid extracted and isolated from the fruit of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn, is widely used for the treatment of hepatic diseases. We report here that silibinin shows anti-depressant and anti-anxiety effects on 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced model mice with PD. All the results of open field test, elevated plus maze test, tail suspension test and forced swimming test demonstrated that silibinin administration significantly attenuated MPTP-induced depression/anxiety. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and Nissl staining results showed that MPTP injection caused the damage of hippocampal neurons, but this was ameliorated by oral administration of silibinin. Silibinin significantly restored hippocampal levels of 5-hydroxyptramine (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NA), two important neurotransmitters for regulating mood, which decreased in MPTP-injected mice. Neuroinflammation, as reflected by the increased expressions of IL-1β, TNFα and IFN-β, was marked in the hippocampus of MPTP-treated mice, accompanying increased stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and interferon regulatory factor-3 (IRF3). Silibinin administration, however, down-regulated the levels of IL-1β, TNFα and IFN-β, as well as STING and IRF3, protecting MPTP-induced PD model mice. These findings indicate that silibinin has a potential of being further developed as a therapeutic for depression and anxiety in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumin Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Wenhui Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Chenkang Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Toshihiko Hayashi
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China; Department of Chemistry and Life Science, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, 2665-1, Nakanomachi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan; Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki 302-0017, Japan
| | - Kazunori Mizuno
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki 302-0017, Japan
| | - Shunji Hattori
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki 302-0017, Japan
| | - Hitomi Fujisaki
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki 302-0017, Japan
| | - Takashi Ikejima
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China; Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning, China.
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Impact of Silibinin A on Bioenergetics in PC12APP sw Cells and Mitochondrial Membrane Properties in Murine Brain Mitochondria. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10101520. [PMID: 34679655 PMCID: PMC8533090 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related multifactorial diseases, such as the neurodegenerative Alzheimer’s disease (AD), still remain a challenge to today’s society. One mechanism associated with AD and aging in general is mitochondrial dysfunction (MD). Increasing MD is suggested to trigger other pathological processes commonly associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Silibinin A (SIL) is the main bioactive compound of the Silymarin extract from the Mediterranean plant Silybum marianum (L.) (GAERTN/Compositae). It is readily available as a herbal drug and well established in the treatment of liver diseases as a potent radical scavenger reducing lipid peroxidation and stabilize membrane properties. Recent data suggest that SIL might also act on neurological changes related to MD. PC12APPsw cells produce low levels of human Aβ and thus act as a cellular model of early AD showing changed mitochondrial function. We investigated whether SIL could affect mitochondrial function by measuring ATP, MMP, as well as respiration, mitochondrial mass, cellular ROS and lactate/pyruvate concentrations. Furthermore, we investigated its effects on the mitochondrial membrane parameters of swelling and fluidity in mitochondria isolated from the brains of mice. In PC12APPsw cells, SIL exhibits strong protective effects by rescuing MMP and ATP levels from SNP-induced mitochondrial damage and improving basal ATP levels. However, SIL did not affect mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial content. SIL significantly reduced cellular ROS and pyruvate concentrations. Incubation of murine brain mitochondria with SIL significantly reduces Ca2+ induced swelling and improves membrane fluidity. Although OXPHOS activity was unaffected at this early stage of a developing mitochondrial dysfunction, SIL showed protective effects on MMP, ATP- after SNP-insult and ROS-levels in APPsw-transfected PC12 cells. Results from experiments with isolated mitochondria imply that positive effects possibly result from an interaction of SIL with mitochondrial membranes and/or its antioxidant activity. Thus, SIL might be a promising compound to improve cellular health when changes to mitochondrial function occur.
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Liu X, Wang C, Liu W, Song S, Fu J, Hayashi T, Mizuno K, Hattori S, Fujisaki H, Ikejima T. Oral Administration of Silibinin Ameliorates Cognitive Deficits of Parkinson's Disease Mouse Model by Restoring Mitochondrial Disorders in Hippocampus. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2317-2332. [PMID: 34097239 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03363-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Besides motor disorder, cognitive dysfunction is also common in Parkinson's disease (PD). Essentially no causal therapy for cognitive dysfunction of PD exists at present. In this study, a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced mouse model of PD was used to analyze the neuroprotective potential of orally administered silibinin, a proverbial hepatoprotective flavonoid derived from the herb milk thistle (Silybum marianum). Results demonstrated that silibinin administration significantly attenuated MPTP-induced cognitive impairment in behavioral tests. Nissl staining results showed that MPTP injection significantly increases the loss of neurons in the hippocampus. However, these mice were protected by oral administration of silibinin, accompanying reduction in the cell apoptosis in the hippocampus. The hippocampal aggregates of α-synuclein (α-syn) appeared in MPTP-injected mice, but were significantly decreased by silibinin treatment. MPTP injection induced oxidative stress, as evidenced by increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD). The oxidative stress was alleviated by silibinin treatment. Mitochondrial disorder including the decline of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was another signature in the hippocampus of MPTP-treated mice, accompanying increased mitochondrial fission and decreased fusion. Silibinin administration restored these mitochondrial disorders, as expected for the protection against MPTP injury. These findings suggest that silibinin has a potential to be further developed as a therapeutic candidate for cognitive dysfunction in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumin Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Chenkang Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Siaoyu Song
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Jianing Fu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Toshihiko Hayashi
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, 2665-1, Nakanomachi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki, 302-0017, Japan
| | - Kazunori Mizuno
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki, 302-0017, Japan
| | - Shunji Hattori
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki, 302-0017, Japan
| | - Hitomi Fujisaki
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki, 302-0017, Japan
| | - Takashi Ikejima
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China.
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China.
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11
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Liu X, Liu W, Wang C, Chen Y, Liu P, Hayashi T, Mizuno K, Hattori S, Fujisaki H, Ikejima T. Silibinin attenuates motor dysfunction in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease by suppression of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation along with promotion of mitophagy. Physiol Behav 2021; 239:113510. [PMID: 34181930 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn has been widely used to obtain a drug for the treatment of hepatic diseases. Silibinin (silybin), a flavonoid extracted and isolated from the fruit of S. marianumis investigated in our study to explore its motor protective potential on Parkinson's disease (PD) model mice induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). PD is a neurodegenerative disease that causes a debilitating movement disorder, characterized by a progressive loss of nigrostriatal (substantia nigra and striatum) dopaminergic neurons. Several studies have proven that neurodegeneration is aggravated by neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and/or the presence of α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation. Essentially no causal therapy for PD exists at present. Our results demonstrate that silibinin significantly attenuates MPTP-induced movement disorder in behavioral tests. Immunohistochemical analysis shows that MPTP injection results in the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, and the decrease of the striatal tyrosine hydroxylase. However, MPTP-injected mice were protected against dopaminergic neuronal loss by oral administration of silibinin (280 mg/kg) that increased expressions of PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and Parkin, suggesting mitophagy activation. The neuroprotective mechanism of silibinin involves not only reduction of mitochondrial damage by repressing proinflammatory response and α-syn aggregation, but also enhancement of oxidative defense system. Namely, protection of dopaminergic nerves is due to promotion of mitophagy, leading to clearance of the toxic effects of damaged mitochondria. These findings suggest that silibinin has a potential to be further developed as a therapeutic candidate for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumin Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Chenkang Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Yinzhe Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Panwen Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Toshihiko Hayashi
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China; Department of Chemistry and Life Science, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, 2665-1, Nakanomachi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan; Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki 302-0017, Japan
| | - Kazunori Mizuno
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki 302-0017, Japan
| | - Shunji Hattori
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki 302-0017, Japan
| | - Hitomi Fujisaki
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki 302-0017, Japan
| | - Takashi Ikejima
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China; Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China.
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You Y, Chen L, Wu Y, Wang M, Lu H, Zhou X, Liu H, Fu Z, He Q, Ou J, Fu X, Liu Y, Kwan H, Liang D, Zhao X, Dai J. Silibinin Promotes Cell Proliferation Through Facilitating G1/S Transitions by Activating Drp1-Mediated Mitochondrial Fission in Cells. Cell Transplant 2021; 29:963689720950213. [PMID: 32830544 PMCID: PMC7563805 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720950213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart, liver, and kidney, which are known as the essential organs for metabolism,
possess the unique ability to regulate the proliferation function of the body
against injury. Silibinin (SB), a natural polyphenolic flavonoid extracted from
traditional herb Silybum marianum L., has been used to protect
hepatocytes. Whether SB can regulate mitochondrial fission in normal cells and
the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we showed that SB markedly
promoted cell proliferation by facilitating G1/S transition via activating
dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), which in turn mediated mitochondrial fission
in these normal cells. SB dose-dependently increased the mitochondrial mass,
mtDNA copy number, cellular adenosine triphosphate production, mitochondrial
membrane potential, and reactive oxygen species in normal cells. Furthermore, SB
dose-dependently increased the expression of Drp1. Blocking Drp1 abolished
SB-induced mitochondrial fission. In conclusion, we demonstrate that SB promotes
cell proliferation through facilitating G1/S transition by activating
Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission. This study suggests that SB is a
potentially useful herbal derivative for the daily prevention of various
diseases caused by impaired mitochondrial fission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting You
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 70570Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Syndrome Laboratory of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, 70570Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liqian Chen
- Syndrome Laboratory of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, 70570Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yifen Wu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Dongguan People's Hospital, 70570Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 70570Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hanqi Lu
- Syndrome Laboratory of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, 70570Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinghong Zhou
- Syndrome Laboratory of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, 70570Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huaxi Liu
- Syndrome Laboratory of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, 70570Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zixuan Fu
- Syndrome Laboratory of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, 70570Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiuxing He
- Syndrome Laboratory of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, 70570Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinying Ou
- Traditional Chinese Pharmacological Laboratory, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 70570Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiuqiong Fu
- School of Chinese Medicine, 26679Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 70570Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hiuyee Kwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, 26679Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Donghui Liang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 70570Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoshan Zhao
- Syndrome Laboratory of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, 70570Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaojiao Dai
- Syndrome Laboratory of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, 70570Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Behl T, Kaur G, Sehgal A, Zengin G, Singh S, Ahmadi A, Bungau S. Flavonoids, the Family of Plant-derived Antioxidants making inroads into Novel Therapeutic Design against IR-induced Oxidative Stress in Parkinson's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:324-343. [PMID: 34030619 PMCID: PMC9413797 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210524152817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ionizing radiation from telluric sources is unceasingly an unprotected pitfall to humans. Thus, the foremost contributors to human exposure are global and medical radiations. Various evidences assembled during preceding years reveal the pertinent role of ionizing radiation-induced oxidative stress in the progression of neurodegenerative insults, such as Parkinson’s disease, which have been contributing to increased proliferation and generation of reactive oxygen species. Objective: This review delineates the role of ionizing radiation-induced oxidative stress in Parkinson’s disease and proposes novel therapeutic interventions of flavonoid family, offering effective management and slowing down the progression of Parkinson’s disease. Methods: Published papers were searched in MEDLINE, PubMed, etc., published to date for in-depth database collection. Results: The oxidative damage may harm the non-targeted cells. It can also modulate the functions of the central nervous system, such as protein misfolding, mitochondria dysfunction, increased levels of oxidized lipids, and dopaminergic cell death, which accelerate the progression of Parkinson’s disease at the molecular, cellular, or tissue levels. In Parkinson’s disease, reactive oxygen species exacerbate the production of nitric oxides and superoxides by activated microglia, rendering death of dopaminergic neuronal cell through different mechanisms. Conclusion: Rising interest has extensively engrossed in the clinical trial designs based on the plant-derived family of antioxidants. They are known to exert multifarious impact on neuroprotection via directly suppressing ionizing radiation-induced oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species production or indirectly increasing the dopamine levels and activating the glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Gagandeep Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University Campus, Konya, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Amirhossein Ahmadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari. Iran
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea. Romania
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Maan G, Sikdar B, Kumar A, Shukla R, Mishra A. Role of Flavonoids in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Limitations and Future Perspectives. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:1169-1194. [PMID: 32297582 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200416085330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavonoids, a group of natural dietary polyphenols, are known for their beneficial effects on human health. By virtue of their various pharmacological effects, like anti-oxidative, antiinflammatory, anti-carcinogenic and neuroprotective effects, flavonoids have now become an important component of herbal supplements, pharmaceuticals, medicinals and cosmetics. There has been enormous literature supporting neuroprotective effect of flavonoids. Recently their efficacy in various neurodegenerative diseases, like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson diseases, has received particular attention. OBJECTIVE The mechanism of flavanoids neuroprotection might include antioxidant, antiapoptotic, antineuroinflammatory and modulation of various cellular and intracellular targets. In in-vivo systems, before reaching to brain, they have to cross barriers like extensive first pass metabolism, intestinal barrier and ultimately blood brain barrier. Different flavonoids have varied pharmacokinetic characteristics, which affect their pharmacodynamic profile. Therefore, brain accessibility of flavonoids is still debatable. METHODS This review emphasized on current trends of research and development on flavonoids, especially in neurodegenerative diseases, possible challenges and strategies to encounter using novel drug delivery system. RESULTS Various flavonoids have elicited their therapeutic potential against neurodegenerative diseases, however by using nanotechnology and novel drug delivery systems, the bioavailability of favonoids could be enhanced. CONCLUSION This study bridges a significant opinion on medicinal chemistry, ethanopharmacology and new drug delivery research regarding use of flavonoids in management of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep Maan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (NIPER-R), Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow-226002, U.P., India
| | - Biplab Sikdar
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (NIPER-R), Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow-226002, U.P., India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (NIPER-R), Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow-226002, U.P., India
| | - Rahul Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (NIPER-R), Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow-226002, U.P., India
| | - Awanish Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (NIPER-R), Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow-226002, U.P., India
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15
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Haddadi R, Shahidi Z, Eyvari-Brooshghalan S. Silymarin and neurodegenerative diseases: Therapeutic potential and basic molecular mechanisms. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 79:153320. [PMID: 32920285 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are primarily characterized by selective neuronal loss in the brain. Alzheimer's disease as the most common NDDs and the most prevalent cause of dementia is characterized by Amyloid-beta deposition, which leads to cognitive and memory impairment. Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by the dramatic death of dopaminergic neuronal cells, especially in the SNc and caused alpha-synuclein accumulation in the neurons. Silymarin, an extract from seeds of Silybum marianum, administered mostly for liver disorders and also had anti-oxidant and anti-carcinogenic activities. PURPOSE The present comprehensive review summarizes the beneficial effects of Silymarin in-vivo and in-vitro and even in animal models for these NDDs. METHODS A diagram model for systematic review is utilized for this search. The research is conducted in the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Science Direct. RESULTS Based on the inclusion criteria, 83 studies were selected and discussed in this review. CONCLUSION Lastly, we review the latest experimental evidences supporting the potential effects of Silymarin, as a neuroprotective agent in NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasool Haddadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Medicinal plant and natural products Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan 6517838678, Iran.
| | - Zahra Shahidi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Shahla Eyvari-Brooshghalan
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Abstract
Metastasis of cancer cells to the brain occurs frequently in patients with certain subtypes of breast cancer. In particular, patients with HER2-positive or triple-negative breast cancer are at high risk for the development of brain metastases. Despite recent advances in the treatment of primary breast tumors, the prognosis of breast cancer patients with brain metastases remains poor. A better understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying brain metastasis might be expected to lead to improvements in the overall survival rate for these patients. Recent studies have revealed complex interactions between metastatic cancer cells and their microenvironment in the brain. Such interactions result in the activation of various signaling pathways related to metastasis in both cancer cells and cells of the microenvironment including astrocytes and microglia. In this review, we focus on such interactions and on their role both in the metastatic process and as potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Hosonaga
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
- Breast Medical Oncology Department, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Arima
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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17
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Fanoudi S, Alavi MS, Karimi G, Hosseinzadeh H. Milk thistle ( Silybum Marianum) as an antidote or a protective agent against natural or chemical toxicities: a review. Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 43:240-254. [PMID: 30033764 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1485687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biological and chemical agents cause dangerous effects on human health via different exposing ways. Recently, herbal medicine is considered as a biological and safe treatment for toxicities. Silybum marianum (milk thistle), belongs to the Asteraceae family, possesses different effects such as hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic activities. Several studies have demonstrated that this plant has protective properties against toxic agents. Herein, the protective effects of S. marianum and its main component, silymarin, which is the mixture of flavonolignans including silibinin, silydianin and silychristin acts against different biological (mycotoxins, snake venoms, and bacterial toxins) and chemical (metals, fluoride, pesticides, cardiotoxic, neurotoxic, hepatotoxic, and nephrotoxic agents) poisons have been summarized. This review reveals that main protective effects of milk thistle and its components are attributed to radical scavenging, anti-oxidative, chelating, anti-apoptotic properties, and regulating the inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Fanoudi
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohaddeseh Sadat Alavi
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR, Iran
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18
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Esselun C, Bruns B, Hagl S, Grewal R, Eckert GP. Differential Effects of Silibinin A on Mitochondrial Function in Neuronal PC12 and HepG2 Liver Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:1652609. [PMID: 31871539 PMCID: PMC6906813 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1652609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Mediterranean plant Silybum marianum L., commonly known as milk thistle, has been used for centuries to treat liver disorders. The flavonolignan silibinin represents a natural antioxidant and the main bioactive ingredient of silymarin (silybin), a standard extract of its seeds. Mitochondrial dysfunction and the associated generation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) are involved in the development of chronic liver and age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Silibinin A (SIL A) is one of two diastereomers found in silymarin and was used to evaluate the effects of silymarin on mitochondrial parameters including mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP production with and without sodium nitroprusside- (SNP-) induced nitrosative stress, oxidative phosphorylation, and citrate synthase activity in HepG2 and PC12 cells. Both cell lines were influenced by SIL A, but at different concentrations. SIL A significantly weakened nitrosative stress in both cell lines. Low concentrations not only maintained protective properties but also increased basal mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels. However, these effects could not be associated with oxidative phosphorylation. On the other side, high concentrations of SIL A significantly decreased MMP and ATP levels. Although SIL A did not provide a general improvement of the mitochondrial function, our findings show that SIL A protects against SNP-induced nitrosative stress at the level of mitochondria making it potentially beneficial against neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Esselun
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Bastian Bruns
- Institute of Pharmacology, Goethe-University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stephanie Hagl
- Institute of Pharmacology, Goethe-University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Rekha Grewal
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gunter P. Eckert
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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19
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Tripathi MK, Rasheed MSU, Mishra AK, Patel DK, Singh MP. Silymarin Protects Against Impaired Autophagy Associated with 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-Induced Parkinsonism. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 70:276-283. [PMID: 31732923 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01431-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) exacerbates mitochondrial impairment and α-synuclein expression leading to Parkinsonism. Impaired mitochondria and over-expressed α-synuclein are degraded and eliminated via macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy. Owing to multiple properties, silymarin protects from oxidative stress-mediated cellular injury. However, its effect on MPTP-induced changes in autophagy is not yet known. The study aimed to decipher the effect of silymarin on MPTP-induced changes in autophagy. Male mice (20-25 g) were treated with silymarin (intraperitoneally, daily, 40 mg/kg) for 2 weeks. On day 7, a few animals were also administered with MPTP (intraperitoneally, 20 mg/kg, 4 injections at 2-h interval) along with vehicles. Striatal dopamine content was determined. Western blot analysis was done to assess α-synuclein, beclin-1, sequestosome, phosphorylated 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK), lysosome-associated membrane protein-2 (LAMP-2), heat shock cognate-70 (Hsc-70), LAMP-2A, phosphorylated unc-51-like autophagy activating kinase (p-Ulk1), and phosphorylated mechanistic target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) levels in the nigrostriatal tissue. Silymarin rescued from MPTP-induced increase in beclin-1, sequestosome, p-AMPK, and p-Ulk1 and decrease in LAMP-2, p-mTOR, and LAMP-2A levels. Silymarin defended against MPTP-induced increase in α-synuclein and reduction in dopamine content. The results demonstrate that silymarin protects against MPTP-induced changes in autophagy leading to Parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar Tripathi
- Toxicogenomics and Predictive Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Mohd Sami Ur Rasheed
- Toxicogenomics and Predictive Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar Mishra
- Toxicogenomics and Predictive Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Devendra Kumar Patel
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-IITR, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India
| | - Mahendra Pratap Singh
- Toxicogenomics and Predictive Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India.
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21
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Zong X, Dong Y, Li Y, Yang L, Li Y, Yang B, Tucker L, Zhao N, Brann DW, Yan X, Hu S, Zhang Q. Beneficial Effects of Theta-Burst Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Stroke Injury via Improving Neuronal Microenvironment and Mitochondrial Integrity. Transl Stroke Res 2019; 11:450-467. [PMID: 31515743 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00731-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent work suggests that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) may beneficially alter the pathological status of several neurological disorders, although the mechanism remains unclear. The current study was designed to investigate the effects of rTMS on behavioral deficits and potential underlying mechanisms in a rat photothrombotic (PT) stroke model. From day 0 (3 h) to day 5 after the establishment of PT stroke, 5-min daily continuous theta-burst rTMS (3 pulses of 50 Hz repeated every 200 ms, intensity at 200 G) was applied on the infarct hemisphere. We report that rTMS significantly attenuated behavioral deficits and infarct volume after PT stroke. Further investigation demonstrated that rTMS remarkably reduced synaptic loss and neuronal degeneration in the peri-infarct cortical region. Mechanistic studies displayed that beneficial effects of rTMS were associated with robust suppression of reactive micro/astrogliosis and the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as oxidative stress and oxidative neuronal damage especially at the late stage following PT stroke. Intriguingly, rTMS could effectively induce a shift in microglial M1/M2 phenotype activation and an A1 to A2 switch in astrocytic phenotypes. In addition, the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines and mitochondrial MnSOD in peri-infarct regions were elevated following rTMS treatment. Finally, rTMS treatment efficaciously preserved mitochondrial membrane integrity and suppressed the intrinsic mitochondrial caspase-9/3 apoptotic pathway within the peri-infarct cortex. Our novel findings indicate that rTMS treatment exerted robust neuroprotection when applied at least 3 h after ischemic stroke. The underlying mechanisms are partially associated with improvement of the local neuronal microenvironment by altering inflammatory and oxidative status and preserving mitochondrial integrity in the peri-infarct zone. These findings provide strong support for the promising therapeutic effect of rTMS against ischemic neuronal injury and functional deficits following stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Zong
- Jiangsu Provincial Institute of Health Emergency, Xuzhou Medical University; the Emergency Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu province, China.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Yuyu Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Institute of Health Emergency, Xuzhou Medical University; the Emergency Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Luodan Yang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Baocheng Yang
- Jiangsu Provincial Institute of Health Emergency, Xuzhou Medical University; the Emergency Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu province, China.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Lorelei Tucker
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Ningjun Zhao
- Jiangsu Provincial Institute of Health Emergency, Xuzhou Medical University; the Emergency Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Darrell W Brann
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Xianliang Yan
- Jiangsu Provincial Institute of Health Emergency, Xuzhou Medical University; the Emergency Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Shuqun Hu
- Jiangsu Provincial Institute of Health Emergency, Xuzhou Medical University; the Emergency Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu province, China.
| | - Quanguang Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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22
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McFarland BC, Benveniste EN. Reactive astrocytes foster brain metastases via STAT3 signaling. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:S83. [PMID: 31576292 PMCID: PMC6685879 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.04.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Braden C McFarland
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Etty N Benveniste
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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23
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Attenuating effect of silibinin on palmitic acid-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction in pancreatic β-cells is mediated by estrogen receptor alpha. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 460:81-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03572-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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24
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da S. Hage-Melim LI, Ferreira JV, de Oliveira NK, Correia LC, Almeida MR, Poiani JG, Taft CA, de Paula da Silva CH. The Impact of Natural Compounds on the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases. CURR ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272823666190327100418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are characterized by a progressive deterioration of the motor and/or cognitive function, that are often accompanied by psychiatric disorders, caused by a selective loss of neurons in the central nervous system. Among the NDDs we can mention Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinocerebellar ataxia 3 (SCA3), spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). AD and HD are characterized mainly by massive neuronal loss. PD, ALS, SCA3 and SBMA are agerelated diseases which have characteristic motor symptoms. CJD is an NDD caused by prion proteins. With increasing life expectancy, elderly populations tend to have more health problems, such as chronic diseases related to age and disability. Therefore, the development of therapeutic strategies to treat or prevent multiple pathophysiological conditions in the elderly can improve the expectation and quality of life. The attention of researchers has been focused on bioactive natural compounds that represent important resources in the discovery and development of drug candidates against NDDs. In this review, we discuss the pathogenesis, symptoms, potential targets, treatment and natural compounds effective in the treatment of AD, PD, HD, ALS, SCA3, SBMA and CJD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorane I. da S. Hage-Melim
- Laboratorio de Quimica Farmaceutica e Medicinal (PharMedChem), Universidade Federal do Amapa, Macapa, Brazil
| | - Jaderson V. Ferreira
- Laboratorio de Quimica Farmaceutica e Medicinal (PharMedChem), Universidade Federal do Amapa, Macapa, Brazil
| | - Nayana K.S. de Oliveira
- Laboratorio de Quimica Farmaceutica e Medicinal (PharMedChem), Universidade Federal do Amapa, Macapa, Brazil
| | - Lenir C. Correia
- Laboratorio de Quimica Farmaceutica e Medicinal (PharMedChem), Universidade Federal do Amapa, Macapa, Brazil
| | - Marcos R.S. Almeida
- Laboratorio de Quimica Farmaceutica e Medicinal (PharMedChem), Universidade Federal do Amapa, Macapa, Brazil
| | - João G.C. Poiani
- Laboratorio Computacional de Química Farmaceutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlton A. Taft
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos H.T. de Paula da Silva
- Laboratorio Computacional de Química Farmaceutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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25
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Sharifpanah F, Ali EH, Wartenberg M, Sauer H. The milk thistle (Silybum marianum) compound Silibinin stimulates leukopoiesis from mouse embryonic stem cells. Phytother Res 2019; 33:452-460. [PMID: 30548344 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The milk thistle compound Silibinin (i.e., a 1:1 mixture of Silybin A and Silybin B) stimulates vasculogenesis of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. Because vasculogenesis and leukopoiesis are interrelated, the effect of Silibinin on leukopoiesis of ES cells was investigated. Treatment of differentiating ES cells with hydrosoluble Silibinin-C-2',3-dihydrogen succinate dose-dependent increased the number of CD18+ , CD45+ , and CD68+ cells, indicating leukocyte/macrophage differentiation. Silibinin treatment activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), AKT (protein kinase B), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), stimulated hypoxia-induced factor-1α (HIF-1α), and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) expression and raised intracellular nitric oxide (NO). Western blot experiments showed that upon coincubation with either the PI3K inhibitor LY294002, the STAT3 inhibitor Stattic, the AKT antagonist AKT inhibitor VIII, or the NO inhibitor L-NAME, the Silibinin-induced expression of CD18, CD45, and CD68 was abolished. Moreover, the stimulation of HIF-1α and VEGFR2 expression was blunted upon STAT3 and PI3K/AKT inhibition. Treatment of differentiating ES cells with L-NAME abolished the stimulation of VEGFR2 and VE-cadherin expression achieved with Silibinin, indicating that NO is involved in vasculogenesis and leukocyte differentiation pathways. In summary, the data of the present study demonstrate that Silibinin stimulates leukocyte differentiation of ES cells, which is associated to vasculogenesis and regulated by PI3K/AKT-, STAT3-, and NO-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sharifpanah
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Enas Hussein Ali
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Maria Wartenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Cardiology, Angiology, Pneumology and Intensive Medical Care, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Heinrich Sauer
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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26
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Leem E, Oh YS, Shin WH, Jin BK, Jeong JY, Shin M, Kim DW, Jang JH, Kim HJ, Ha CM, Jung UJ, Moon GJ, Kim SR. Effects of Silibinin Against Prothrombin Kringle-2-Induced Neurotoxicity in the Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic System In Vivo. J Med Food 2019; 22:277-285. [PMID: 30632945 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2018.4266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease exhibit common features of neurodegenerative diseases and can be caused by numerous factors. A common feature of these diseases is neurotoxic inflammation by activated microglia, indicating that regulation of microglial activation is a potential mechanism for preserving neurons in the adult brain. Recently, we reported that upregulation of prothrombin kringle-2 (pKr-2), one of the domains that make up prothrombin and which is cleaved and generated by active thrombin, induces nigral dopaminergic (DA) neuronal death through neurotoxic microglial activation in the adult brain. In this study, we show that silibinin, a flavonoid found in milk thistle, can suppress the production of inducible nitric oxide synthase and neurotoxic inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α, after pKr-2 treatment by downregulating the extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathway in the mouse substantia nigra. Moreover, as demonstrated by immunohistochemical staining, measurements of the dopamine and metabolite levels, and open-field behavioral tests, silibinin treatment protected the nigrostriatal DA system resulting from the occurrence of pKr-2-triggered neurotoxic inflammation in vivo. Thus, we conclude that silibinin may be beneficial as a natural compound with anti-inflammatory effects against pKr-2-triggered neurotoxicity to protect the nigrostriatal DA pathway and its properties, and thus, may be applicable for PD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Leem
- 1 BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Oh
- 2 Department of Brain-Cognitive Science, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea
| | - Won-Ho Shin
- 3 Department of Predictive Model Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Byung Kwan Jin
- 4 Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Neuroscience Graduate School, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Yeong Jeong
- 3 Department of Predictive Model Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Korea.,4 Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Neuroscience Graduate School, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minsang Shin
- 5 Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Dong Woon Kim
- 6 Department of Anatomy, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jin-Hyeok Jang
- 2 Department of Brain-Cognitive Science, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyung-Jun Kim
- 7 Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Korea
| | - Chang Man Ha
- 7 Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Korea
| | - Un Ju Jung
- 8 Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Gyeong Joon Moon
- 1 BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sang Ryong Kim
- 1 BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.,9 Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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27
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Khan AU, Akram M, Daniyal M, Zainab R. Awareness and current knowledge of Parkinson’s disease: a neurodegenerative disorder. Int J Neurosci 2018; 129:55-93. [DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2018.1486837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asmat Ullah Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Neuropsychobiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Eastern Medicine and Surgery, School of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Poonch Rawalakot, Rawalakot, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Department of Eastern Medicine and Surgery, Directorate of Medical Sciences, Old Campus, Allama Iqbal Road, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Daniyal
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation and Development Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Rida Zainab
- Department of Eastern Medicine and Surgery, Directorate of Medical Sciences, Old Campus, Allama Iqbal Road, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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28
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Spielman LJ, Gibson DL, Klegeris A. Unhealthy gut, unhealthy brain: The role of the intestinal microbiota in neurodegenerative diseases. Neurochem Int 2018; 120:149-163. [PMID: 30114473 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The number of bacterial cells living within the human body is approximately equal to, or greater than, the total number of human cells. This dynamic population of microorganisms, termed the human microbiota, resides mainly within the gastrointestinal tract. It is widely accepted that highly diverse and stable microbiota promote overall human health. Colonization of the gut with maladaptive and pathogenic microbiota, a state also known as dysbiosis, is associated with a variety of peripheral diseases ranging from type 2 diabetes mellitus to cardiovascular and inflammatory bowel disease. More recently, microbial dysbiosis has been associated with a number of brain pathologies, including autism spectrum disorder, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), suggesting a direct or indirect communication between intestinal bacteria and the central nervous system (CNS). In this review, we illustrate two pathways implicated in the crosstalk between gut microbiota and CNS involving 1) the vagus nerve and 2) transmission of signaling molecules through the circulatory system and across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We summarize the available evidence of the specific changes in the intestinal microbiota, as well as microorganism-induced modifications to intestinal and BBB permeability, which have been linked to several neurodegenerative disorders including ALS, AD, and PD. Even though each of these diseases arises from unique pathogenetic mechanisms, all are characterized, at least in part, by chronic neuroinflammation. We provide an interpretation for the substantial evidence that healthy intestinal microbiota have the ability to positively regulate the neuroimmune responses in the CNS. Even though the evidence is mainly associative, it has been suggested that bacterial dysbiosis could contribute to an adverse neuroinflammatory state leading to increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, developing strategies for regulating and maintaining healthy intestinal microbiota could be a valid approach for lowering individual risk and prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deanna Lynn Gibson
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Andis Klegeris
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, Canada
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29
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Chu C, Li D, Zhang S, Ikejima T, Jia Y, Wang D, Xu F. Role of silibinin in the management of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Arch Pharm Res 2018; 41:785-796. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-1047-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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30
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Priego N, Zhu L, Monteiro C, Mulders M, Wasilewski D, Bindeman W, Doglio L, Martínez L, Martínez-Saez E, Ramón Y Cajal S, Megías D, Hernández-Encinas E, Blanco-Aparicio C, Martínez L, Zarzuela E, Muñoz J, Fustero-Torre C, Piñeiro-Yáñez E, Hernández-Laín A, Bertero L, Poli V, Sanchez-Martinez M, Menendez JA, Soffietti R, Bosch-Barrera J, Valiente M. STAT3 labels a subpopulation of reactive astrocytes required for brain metastasis. Nat Med 2018; 24:1024-1035. [PMID: 29892069 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0044-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The brain microenvironment imposes a particularly intense selective pressure on metastasis-initiating cells, but successful metastases bypass this control through mechanisms that are poorly understood. Reactive astrocytes are key components of this microenvironment that confine brain metastasis without infiltrating the lesion. Here, we describe that brain metastatic cells induce and maintain the co-option of a pro-metastatic program driven by signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in a subpopulation of reactive astrocytes surrounding metastatic lesions. These reactive astrocytes benefit metastatic cells by their modulatory effect on the innate and acquired immune system. In patients, active STAT3 in reactive astrocytes correlates with reduced survival from diagnosis of intracranial metastases. Blocking STAT3 signaling in reactive astrocytes reduces experimental brain metastasis from different primary tumor sources, even at advanced stages of colonization. We also show that a safe and orally bioavailable treatment that inhibits STAT3 exhibits significant antitumor effects in patients with advanced systemic disease that included brain metastasis. Responses to this therapy were notable in the central nervous system, where several complete responses were achieved. Given that brain metastasis causes substantial morbidity and mortality, our results identify a novel treatment for increasing survival in patients with secondary brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neibla Priego
- Brain Metastasis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Zhu
- Brain Metastasis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cátia Monteiro
- Brain Metastasis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manon Mulders
- Brain Metastasis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Wasilewski
- Brain Metastasis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wendy Bindeman
- Brain Metastasis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Doglio
- Brain Metastasis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Liliana Martínez
- Brain Metastasis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Martínez-Saez
- Pathology Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Ramón Y Cajal
- Pathology Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Megías
- Confocal Microscopy Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Lola Martínez
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Zarzuela
- ProteoRed-ISCIII. Proteomics Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Muñoz
- ProteoRed-ISCIII. Proteomics Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral Fustero-Torre
- Bioinformatics Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Piñeiro-Yáñez
- Bioinformatics Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurelio Hernández-Laín
- Neuropathology Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luca Bertero
- Medical Sciences Department, Division of Pathology, University and City of Health and Science University Hospital of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Poli
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Javier A Menendez
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Metabolism and Cancer Group, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, Spain.,Molecular Oncology Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
| | - Riccardo Soffietti
- Neuro-Oncology Department, University and City of Health and Science University Hospital of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Joaquim Bosch-Barrera
- Molecular Oncology Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain.,Department of Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of Girona, Girona, Spain.,Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain
| | - Manuel Valiente
- Brain Metastasis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
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31
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Kujawska M, Jodynis-Liebert J. Polyphenols in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review of In Vivo Studies. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10050642. [PMID: 29783725 PMCID: PMC5986521 DOI: 10.3390/nu10050642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. However, therapeutic options treating only its symptoms are very disappointing. Therefore there is an ongoing search for compounds capable of tackling the multi-dimensional features of PD. Recently natural polyphenols have gained great interest as potential therapeutic agents. Herein, we have attempted to summarize results obtained in different animal models demonstrating their neuroprotective effects. The in vivo findings presented below are supported by human subject data and reports regarding the ability of polyphenols to cross the blood-brain barrier. The beneficial effects of polyphenols are demonstrated by the results of behavioral examinations, mainly related to motor and cognitive capabilities, histopathological and immunohistochemical examination concerning the protection of dopaminergic neurons, analyses of dopamine and the concentration of its metabolites, as well as mechanistic studies regarding the modulation of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, cellular iron management, proteinopathy, and additionally the regulation of signaling pathways. Importantly, data about brain distribution of the metabolic derivatives of the reviewed polyphenols are crucial for the justification of their nutritional intake in neuroprotective intervention, as well as for the identification of potential targets for a novel therapeutic approach to Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Kujawska
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 30 Dojazd Str., 60-631 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Jadwiga Jodynis-Liebert
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 30 Dojazd Str., 60-631 Poznań, Poland.
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32
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Flavonoids as Therapeutic Agents in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases: A Systematic Review of Preclinical Evidences. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:7043213. [PMID: 29861833 PMCID: PMC5971291 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7043213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases are considered the most common neurodegenerative disorders, representing a major focus of neuroscience research to understanding the cellular alterations and pathophysiological mechanisms involved. Several natural products, including flavonoids, are considered able to cross the blood-brain barrier and are known for their central nervous system-related activity. Therefore, studies are being conducted with these chemical constituents to analyze their activities in slowing down the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. The present systematic review summarizes the pharmacological effects of flavonoids in animal models for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. A PRISMA model for systematic review was utilized for this search. The research was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, BIREME, and Science Direct. Based on the inclusion criteria, 31 articles were selected and discussed in this review. The studies listed revealed that the main targets of action for Alzheimer's disease therapy were reduction of reactive oxygen species and amyloid beta-protein production, while for Parkinson's disease reduction of the cellular oxidative potential and the activation of mechanisms of neuronal death. Results showed that a variety of flavonoids is being studied and can be promising for the development of new drugs to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, it was possible to verify that there is a lack of translational research and clinical evidence of these promising compounds.
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33
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Lee Y, Kim MS, Lee J. Neuroprotective strategies to prevent and treat Parkinson’s disease based on its pathophysiological mechanism. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 40:1117-1128. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0960-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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34
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Gülden M, Appel D, Syska M, Uecker S, Wages F, Seibert H. Chrysin and silibinin sensitize human glioblastoma cells for arsenic trioxide. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 105:486-497. [PMID: 28458011 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is highly efficient in treating acute promyelocytic leukemia. Other malignancies, however, are often less sensitive. Searching for compounds sensitizing arsenic resistant tumours for ATO the plant polyphenols, chrysin and silibinin, and the ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter inhibitor MK-571, respectively, were investigated in human glioblastoma A-172 cells. The sensitivity of A-172 cells to ATO was characterized by a median cytotoxic concentration of 6 μM ATO. Subcytotoxic concentrations of chrysin, silibinin and MK-571, respectively, remarkably increased the sensitivity of the cells to ATO by factors of 4-6. Isobolographic analysis revealed synergistic interaction of the polyphenols and MK-571, respectively, with ATO. Sensitization by chrysin was associated with depletion of cellular glutathione and increased accumulation of arsenic. In contrast, silibinin and also MK-571 increased the accumulation of arsenic more strongly but without affecting the glutathione level. The increase of arsenic accumulation could be attributed to a decreased rate of arsenic export and, additionally, in the case of silibinin and MK-571, to an increasing amount of irreversibly accumulated arsenic. Direct interaction with ABC transporters stimulating export of glutathione and inhibiting export of arsenic, respectively, are discussed as likely mechanisms of the sensitizing activity of chrysin and silibinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gülden
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Daniel Appel
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Malin Syska
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stephanie Uecker
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Franziska Wages
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Hasso Seibert
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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Lee Y, Heo G, Lee KM, Kim AH, Chung KW, Im E, Chung HY, Lee J. Neuroprotective effects of 2,4-dinitrophenol in an acute model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 2017; 1663:184-193. [PMID: 28322751 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neurons depend on mitochondria for homeostasis and survival, and thus, mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). Increasing evidence indicates the mitochondrial uncoupler, 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), protects neurons against neurodegeneration and enhances neural plasticity. Here, the authors evaluated the protective effects of intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered low dose DNP in an acute mouse model of PD. Mice were administered DNP (1 or 5mg/kg) for 12 consecutive days, and then on day 13, MPTP (20mg/kg, i.p.) was administered four times (with 2h intervals between injections) to induce PD. It was found that MPTP-induced motor dysfunction was ameliorated in the DNP-treated mice versus vehicle-treated controls. Additionally, DNP effectively attenuated dopaminergic neuronal loss observed in MPTP treated mice. Moreover, in primary cultured neurons, DNP at 10μM, but not at 100μM, prevented MPP+-induced cell death and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) reduction. In addition, DNP was observed to cause the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in primary neurons. Taken together, these findings of the present study suggest that DNP protects dopaminergic neurons against neurodegeneration and maintains MMP integrity in PD by activating adaptive stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujeong Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwangbeom Heo
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Moon Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Wung Chung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunok Im
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Young Chung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea.
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Stolf AM, Cardoso CC, Acco A. Effects of Silymarin on Diabetes Mellitus Complications: A Review. Phytother Res 2017; 31:366-374. [PMID: 28124457 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disorder that is caused by a deficit in the production of (type 1) or response to (type 2) insulin. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by a state of chronic hyperglycemia and such symptoms as weight loss, thirst, polyuria, and blurred vision. These disturbances represent one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality nowadays, despite available treatments, such as insulin, insulin secretagogues, insulin sensitizers, and oral hypoglycemic agents. However, many efforts have been made to discover new drugs for diabetes treatment, including medicinal plant extracts. Silymarin is a powder extract of the seeds from Silybum marianum, a plant from the Asteraceae family. The major active ingredients include four isomers: silybin, isosilybin, silychristin, and silydianin. Silymarin is indicated for the treatment of hepatic disorders, such as cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, and gallstones. Moreover, several studies of other pathologies, including diabetes, sepsis, osteoporosis, arthritis, hypercholesterolemia, cancer, viral infections, and Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, have tested the effects of silymarin and reported promising results. This article reviews data from clinical, in vivo, and in vitro studies on the use of silymarin, with a focus on the complications of diabetes, including nephropathy, neuropathy, healing delays, oxidative stress, hepatotoxicity, and cardiomyopathy. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Maria Stolf
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandra Acco
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Alhusban A, Alkhazaleh E, El-Elimat T. Silymarin Ameliorates Diabetes-Induced Proangiogenic Response in Brain Endothelial Cells through a GSK-3 β Inhibition-Induced Reduction of VEGF Release. J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017:2537216. [PMID: 29209632 PMCID: PMC5676450 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2537216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Additionally, it was found to induce a dysfunctional angiogenic response in the brain that was attributed to oxidative stress. Milk thistle seed extract (silymarin) has potent antioxidant properties, though its potential use in ameliorating diabetes-induced aberrant brain angiogenesis is unknown. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β is a regulator of angiogenesis that is upregulated by diabetes. Its involvement in diabetes-induced angiogenesis is unknown. To evaluate the potential of silymarin to ameliorate diabetes-induced aberrant angiogenesis, human brain endothelial cells (HBEC-5i) were treated with 50 μg/mL advanced glycation end (AGE) products in the presence or absence of silymarin (50, 100 μM). The angiogenic potential of HBEC-5i was evaluated in terms of migration and in vitro tube formation capacities. The involvement of GSK-3β was also evaluated. AGE significantly increased the migration and tube formation rates of HBEC-5i by about onefold (p = 0.0001). Silymarin reduced AGE-induced migration in a dose-dependent manner where 50 μM reduced migration by about 50%, whereas the 100 μM completely inhibited AGE-induced migration. Similarly, silymarin 50 μg/mL blunted AGE-induced tube formation (p = 0.001). This effect was mediated through a GSK-3β-dependent inhibition of VEGF release. In conclusion, silymarin inhibits AGE-induced aberrant angiogenesis in a GSK-3β-mediated inhibition of VEGF release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Alhusban
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Enaam Alkhazaleh
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Tamam El-Elimat
- Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
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Natural products against Alzheimer's disease: Pharmaco-therapeutics and biotechnological interventions. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 35:178-216. [PMID: 28043897 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a severe, chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease associated with memory and cognition impairment ultimately leading to death. It is the commonest reason of dementia in elderly populations mostly affecting beyond the age of 65. The pathogenesis is indicated by accumulation of the amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in brain tissues and hyperphosphorylation of tau protein in neurons. The main cause is considered to be the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to oxidative stress. The current treatment provides only symptomatic relief by offering temporary palliative therapy which declines the rate of cognitive impairment associated with AD. Inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is considered as one of the major therapeutic strategies offering only symptomatic relief and moderate disease-modifying effect. Other non-cholinergic therapeutic approaches include antioxidant and vitamin therapy, stem cell therapy, hormonal therapy, use of antihypertensive or lipid-lowering medications and selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors, inhibition of β-secretase and γ-secretase and Aβ aggregation, inhibition of tau hyperphosphorylation and intracellular NFT, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), transition metal chelators, insulin resistance drugs, etanercept, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) etc. Medicinal plants have been reported for possible anti-AD activity in a number of preclinical and clinical trials. Ethnobotany, being popular in China and in the Far East and possibly less emphasized in Europe, plays a substantial role in the discovery of anti-AD agents from botanicals. Chinese Material Medica (CMM) involving Chinese medicinal plants has been used traditionally in China in the treatment of AD. Ayurveda has already provided numerous lead compounds in drug discovery and many of these are also undergoing clinical investigations. A number of medicinal plants either in their crude forms or as isolated compounds have exhibited to reduce the pathological features associated with AD. In this present review, an attempt has been made to elucidate the molecular mode of action of various plant extracts, phytochemicals and traditional herbal formulations investigated against AD as reported in various preclinical and clinical tests. Herbal synergism often found in polyherbal formulations were found effective to combat disease heterogeneity as found in complex pathogenesis of AD. Finally a note has been added to describe biotechnological improvement, genetic and genomic resources and mathematical and statistical techniques for empirical model building associated with anti-AD plant secondary metabolites and their source botanicals.
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Shahpiri Z, Bahramsoltani R, Hosein Farzaei M, Farzaei F, Rahimi R. Phytochemicals as future drugs for Parkinson’s disease: a comprehensive review. Rev Neurosci 2016; 27:651-68. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractParkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common chronic neurodegenerative disease that affects motor skills and cognitive performance. The conventional therapeutic approaches for the management of PD are just able to alleviate symptoms. Exploring for achieving novel substances with therapeutic benefits in PD patients is the focus of a wide range of current investigations. The aim of the present study is to comprehensively review phytochemicals with protective or therapeutic activities in PD and focus on their neuropsychopharmacological mechanisms. Various subgroups of polyphenols (flavonoids, phenolic acids, stilbenes, and lignanes) and terpenes are the most abundant groups of phytochemicals with well-established antiparkinsonian effects. Other phytochemical categories, such as alkaloids, cinnamates, carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acid amides, also have some representatives with positive effects in PD. Phytochemicals perform their antiparkinsonian effect through several mechanisms of action, including suppressing apoptosis (via the reduction of Bax/Bcl-2, caspase-3, -8, and -9, and α-synuclein accumulation), decreasing dopaminergic neuronal loss and dopamine depletion, reducing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (such as prostaglandin E2, interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, and nuclear factor-κB), and modulating nuclear and cellular inflammatory signaling, elevation of neurotrophic factors, and improvement of antioxidant status. Plant-derived natural products can be considered as future pharmaceutical drugs or adjuvant treatment with conventional therapeutic approaches to improve their efficacy and alleviate their psychological adverse effects in the management of PD. Well-designed clinical trials are mandatory to evaluate the protective and healing benefits of phytochemicals as promising future drugs in the management of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Shahpiri
- 1Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14176-53761, Iran (Islamic Republic of)
| | - Roodabeh Bahramsoltani
- 1Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14176-53761, Iran (Islamic Republic of)
- 2Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6451, Iran (Islamic Republic of)
| | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- 3Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran (Islamic Republic of)
- 4Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6714415185, Iran (Islamic Republic of)
| | - Fatemeh Farzaei
- 4Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6714415185, Iran (Islamic Republic of)
| | - Roja Rahimi
- 1Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14176-53761, Iran (Islamic Republic of)
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Bioactive Compounds and Their Neuroprotective Effects in Diabetic Complications. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8080472. [PMID: 27483315 PMCID: PMC4997385 DOI: 10.3390/nu8080472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and impaired insulin signaling during the development of diabetes can cause diabetic complications, such as diabetic neuropathy, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Although various therapeutics are available for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy, no absolute cure exists, and additional research is necessary to comprehensively understand the underlying pathophysiological pathways. A number of studies have demonstrated the potential health benefits of bioactive compounds, i.e., flavonoids and vitamins, which may be effective as supplementary treatments for diabetes and its complications. In this review, we highlight the most recent reports about the mechanisms of action of bioactive compounds (flavonoids and vitamins) possessing potential neuroprotective properties in diabetic conditions. Additional clinical studies are required to determine the appropriate dose and duration of bioactive compound supplementation for neuroprotection in diabetic patients.
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Jha SK, Jha NK, Kumar D, Ambasta RK, Kumar P. Linking mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic syndrome and stress signaling in Neurodegeneration. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1863:1132-1146. [PMID: 27345267 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests a link between metabolic syndrome (MetS) such as diabetes, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and other neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). For instance, accumulated Aβ oligomer is enhancing neuronal Ca2+ release and neural NO where increased NO level in the brain through post translational modification is modulating the level of insulin production. It has been further confirmed that irrespective of origin; brain insulin resistance triggers a cascade of the neurodegeneration phenomenon which can be aggravated by free reactive oxygen species burden, ER stress, metabolic dysfunction, neuorinflammation, reduced cell survival and altered lipid metabolism. Moreover, several studies confirmed that MetS and diabetic sharing common mechanisms in the progression of AD and NDDs where mitochondrial dynamics playing a critical role. Any mutation in mitochondrial DNA, exposure of environmental toxin, high-calorie intake, homeostasis imbalance, glucolipotoxicity is causative factors for mitochondrial dysfunction. These cumulative pleiotropic burdens in mitochondria leads to insulin resistance, increased ROS production; enhanced stress-related enzymes that is directly linked MetS and diabetes in neurodegeneration. Since, the linkup mechanism between mitochondrial dysfunction and disease phenomenon of both MetS and NDDs is quite intriguing, therefore, it is pertinent for the researchers to identify and implement the therapeutic interventions for targeting MetS and NDDs. Herein, we elucidated the pertinent role of MetS induced mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons and their consequences in NDDs. Further, therapeutic potential of well-known biomolecules and chaperones to target altered mitochondria has been comprehensively documented. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Quality in Diabetes/Obesity and Critical Illness Spectrum of Diseases - edited by P. Hemachandra Reddy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi 110042, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi 110042, India
| | - Dhiraj Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi 110042, India
| | - Rashmi K Ambasta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi 110042, India
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi 110042, India.
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Lee KM, Lee Y, Chun HJ, Kim AH, Kim JY, Lee JY, Ishigami A, Lee J. Neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of morin in a murine model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci Res 2016; 94:865-78. [PMID: 27265894 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders and is characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Although the causes of PD are not understood, evidence suggests that oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation are associated with its pathogenesis. Morin (3,5,7,2',4'-pentahydroxyflavone) is a flavonol found in wine and many herbs and fruits. Previous studies have suggested that morin prevents oxidative damage and inflammation and ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction. The present study describes the neuroprotective effects of morin in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced mouse model of PD, and we report the results of our investigation into its neuroprotective mechanism in primary neurons and astrocytes. In the mouse model, morin pretreatment ameliorated motor dysfunction, protected against dopaminergic neuronal losses in SN and striatum, and alleviated MPTP-induced astrocyte activation. In vitro studies revealed that morin protected primary cultured neurons against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine (MPP(+) )-mediated reactive oxygen species production and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) disruption. In addition, morin effectively reduced MPP(+) -induced astroglial activation and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB in primary cultured astrocytes. These results indicate that morin acts via multiple neuroprotective mechanisms in our mouse model and suggest that morin be viewed as a potential treatment and preventative for PD. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Moon Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujeong Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jeong Chun
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Yeon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Yeon Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Akihito Ishigami
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jaewon Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Akbar M, Essa MM, Daradkeh G, Abdelmegeed MA, Choi Y, Mahmood L, Song BJ. Mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death in neurodegenerative diseases through nitroxidative stress. Brain Res 2016; 1637:34-55. [PMID: 26883165 PMCID: PMC4821765 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are important for providing cellular energy ATP through the oxidative phosphorylation pathway. They are also critical in regulating many cellular functions including the fatty acid oxidation, the metabolism of glutamate and urea, the anti-oxidant defense, and the apoptosis pathway. Mitochondria are an important source of reactive oxygen species leaked from the electron transport chain while they are susceptible to oxidative damage, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and tissue injury. In fact, impaired mitochondrial function is commonly observed in many types of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, alcoholic dementia, brain ischemia-reperfusion related injury, and others, although many of these neurological disorders have unique etiological factors. Mitochondrial dysfunction under many pathological conditions is likely to be promoted by increased nitroxidative stress, which can stimulate post-translational modifications (PTMs) of mitochondrial proteins and/or oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA and lipids. Furthermore, recent studies have demonstrated that various antioxidants, including naturally occurring flavonoids and polyphenols as well as synthetic compounds, can block the formation of reactive oxygen and/or nitrogen species, and thus ultimately prevent the PTMs of many proteins with improved disease conditions. Therefore, the present review is aimed to describe the recent research developments in the molecular mechanisms for mitochondrial dysfunction and tissue injury in neurodegenerative diseases and discuss translational research opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Akbar
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman; Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman
| | - Ghazi Daradkeh
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman
| | - Mohamed A Abdelmegeed
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Youngshim Choi
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lubna Mahmood
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Qatar University, Qatar
| | - Byoung-Joon Song
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Impact of Plant-Derived Flavonoids on Neurodegenerative Diseases. Neurotox Res 2016; 30:41-52. [PMID: 26951456 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9600-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders have a common characteristic that is the involvement of different cell types, typically the reactivity of astrocytes and microglia, characterizing gliosis, which in turn contributes to the neuronal dysfunction and or death. Flavonoids are secondary metabolites of plant origin widely investigated at present and represent one of the most important and diversified among natural products phenolic groups. Several biological activities are attributed to this class of polyphenols, such as antitumor activity, antioxidant, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory, among others, which give significant pharmacological importance. Our group have observed that flavonoids derived from Brazilian plants Dimorphandra mollis Bent., Croton betulaster Müll. Arg., e Poincianella pyramidalis Tul., botanical synonymous Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tul. also elicit a broad spectrum of responses in astrocytes and neurons in culture as activation of astrocytes and microglia, astrocyte associated protection of neuronal progenitor cells, neuronal differentiation and neuritogenesis. It was observed the flavonoids also induced neuronal differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells and human pluripotent stem cells. Moreover, with the objective of seeking preclinical pharmacological evidence of these molecules, in order to assess its future use in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, we have evaluated the effects of flavonoids in preclinical in vitro models of neuroinflammation associated with Parkinson's disease and glutamate toxicity associated with ischemia. In particular, our efforts have been directed to identify mechanisms involved in the changes in viability, morphology, and glial cell function induced by flavonoids in cultures of glial cells and neuronal cells alone or in interactions and clarify the relation with their neuroprotective and morphogetic effects.
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Olson KE, Gendelman HE. Immunomodulation as a neuroprotective and therapeutic strategy for Parkinson's disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2015; 26:87-95. [PMID: 26571205 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
While immune control is associated with nigrostriatal neuroprotection for Parkinson's disease, direct cause and effect relationships have not yet been realized, and modulating the immune system for therapeutic gain has been openly debated. Here, we review how innate and adaptive immunity affect disease pathobiology, and how each could be harnessed for treatment. The overarching idea is to employ immunopharmacologics as neuroprotective strategies for disease. The aim of the current work is to review disease-modifying treatments that are currently being developed as neuroprotective strategies for PD in experimental animal models and for human disease translation. The long-term goal of this research is to effectively harness the immune system to slow or prevent PD pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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Lee Y, Chun HJ, Lee KM, Jung YS, Lee J. Silibinin suppresses astroglial activation in a mouse model of acute Parkinson׳s disease by modulating the ERK and JNK signaling pathways. Brain Res 2015; 1627:233-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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47
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Ganesan P, Ko HM, Kim IS, Choi DK. Recent trends in the development of nanophytobioactive compounds and delivery systems for their possible role in reducing oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease models. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:6757-72. [PMID: 26604750 PMCID: PMC4631432 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s93918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a very critical role in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), which is the second most common neurodegenerative disease among elderly people worldwide. Increasing evidence has suggested that phytobioactive compounds show enhanced benefits in cell and animal models of PD. Curcumin, resveratrol, ginsenosides, quercetin, and catechin are phyto-derived bioactive compounds with important roles in the prevention and treatment of PD. However, in vivo studies suggest that their concentrations are very low to cross blood-brain barrier thereby it limits bioavailability, stability, and dissolution at target sites in the brain. To overcome these problems, nanophytomedicine with the controlled size of 1-100 nm is used to maximize efficiency in the treatment of PD. Nanosizing of phytobioactive compounds enhances the permeability into the brain with maximized efficiency and stability. Several nanodelivery techniques, including solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, nanoliposomes, and nanoniosomes can be used for controlled delivery of nanobioactive compounds to brain. Nanocompounds, such as ginsenosides (19.9 nm) synthesized using a nanoemulsion technique, showed enhanced bioavailability in the rat brain. Here, we discuss the most recent trends and applications in PD, including 1) the role of phytobioactive compounds in reducing oxidative stress and their bioavailability; 2) the role of nanotechnology in reducing oxidative stress during PD; 3) nanodelivery systems; and 4) various nanophytobioactive compounds and their role in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palanivel Ganesan
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Department of Applied Life Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Myung Ko
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Su Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Department of Applied Life Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
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