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Coelho M, Mahar R, Belew GD, Torres A, Barosa C, Cabral F, Viegas I, Gastaldelli A, Mendes VM, Manadas B, Jones JG, Merritt ME. Enrichment of hepatic glycogen and plasma glucose from H₂ 18 O informs gluconeogenic and indirect pathway fluxes in naturally feeding mice. NMR Biomed 2023; 36:e4837. [PMID: 36151589 PMCID: PMC9845176 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Deuterated water (2 H2 O) is a widely used tracer of carbohydrate biosynthesis in both preclinical and clinical settings, but the significant kinetic isotope effects (KIE) of 2 H can distort metabolic information and mediate toxicity. 18 O-water (H2 18 O) has no significant KIE and is incorporated into specific carbohydrate oxygens via well-defined mechanisms, but to date it has not been evaluated in any animal model. Mice were given H2 18 O during overnight feeding and 18 O-enrichments of liver glycogen, triglyceride glycerol (TG), and blood glucose were quantified by 13 C NMR and mass spectrometry (MS). Enrichment of oxygens 5 and 6 relative to body water informed indirect pathway contributions from the Krebs cycle and triose phosphate sources. Compared with mice fed normal chow (NC), mice whose NC was supplemented with a fructose/glucose mix (i.e., a high sugar [HS] diet) had significantly higher indirect pathway contributions from triose phosphate sources, consistent with fructose glycogenesis. Blood glucose and liver TG 18 O-enrichments were quantified by MS. Blood glucose 18 O-enrichment was significantly higher for HS versus NC mice and was consistent with gluconeogenic fructose metabolism. TG 18 O-enrichment was extensive for both NC and HS mice, indicating a high turnover of liver triglyceride, independent of diet. Thus H2 18 O informs hepatic carbohydrate biosynthesis in similar detail to 2 H2 O but without KIE-associated risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Coelho
- CNC ‐ Center for Neurosciences and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and TechnologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | - Rohit Mahar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Getachew D. Belew
- CNC ‐ Center for Neurosciences and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | - Alejandra Torres
- CNC ‐ Center for Neurosciences and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | - Cristina Barosa
- CNC ‐ Center for Neurosciences and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | - Fernando Cabral
- CNC ‐ Center for Neurosciences and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | - Ivan Viegas
- Center for Functional Ecology, Department of Life SciencesUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | | | - Vera M. Mendes
- CNC ‐ Center for Neurosciences and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | - Bruno Manadas
- CNC ‐ Center for Neurosciences and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | - John G. Jones
- CNC ‐ Center for Neurosciences and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | - Matthew E. Merritt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
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Barosa C, Shanmugam H, Cabral F, Jones JG. p-Aminobenzoic acid as an alternative chemical biopsy agent for human hepatic UDP-glucose. Anal Biochem 2019; 590:113511. [PMID: 31759975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.113511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
p-Aminobenzoic acid (PABA) was evaluated for noninvasive sampling of UDP-glucose in the liver. Six healthy subjects ingested 550 mg PABA during a breakfast meal. Urine was collected 0-2 and 2-4 h after PABA ingestion. N-acetyl PABA glucuronide (NAPG) was identified with 522 ± 212 μmol recovered in the 2-4 h urines. One of the subjects ingested 2 g of 98% [U-2H7]glucose alongside PABA and the NAPG was analyzed for positional 2H-enrichment by 2H NMR following derivatization to 5-O-acetyl monoacetone glucuronolactone. In conclusion, PABA is an effective agent for the chemical biopsy of hepatic UDP-glucose in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Barosa
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, UC-Biotech, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Harshitha Shanmugam
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, UC-Biotech, University of Coimbra, Portugal; UNIBA- University Aldo Moro of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Fernando Cabral
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, UC-Biotech, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - John G Jones
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, UC-Biotech, University of Coimbra, Portugal; APDP-Portuguese Diabetes Association, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Vázquez-Fresno R, Rosana ARR, Sajed T, Onookome-Okome T, Wishart NA, Wishart DS. Herbs and Spices- Biomarkers of Intake Based on Human Intervention Studies - A Systematic Review. Genes Nutr 2019; 14:18. [PMID: 31143299 PMCID: PMC6532192 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-019-0636-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Culinary herbs and spices have been used as both food flavoring and food preservative agents for centuries. Moreover, due to their known and presumptive health benefits, herbs and spices have also been used in medical practices since ancient times. Some of the health effects attributed to herbs and spices include antioxidant, anti-microbial, and anti-inflammatory effects as well as potential protection against cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, type 2 diabetes, and cancer. While interest in herbs and spices as medicinal agents remains high and their use in foods continues to grow, there have been remarkably few studies that have attempted to track the dietary intake of herbs and spices and even fewer that have tried to find potential biomarkers of food intake (BFIs). The aim of the present review is to systematically survey the global literature on herbs and spices in an effort to identify and evaluate specific intake biomarkers for a representative set of common herbs and spices in humans. A total of 25 herbs and spices were initially chosen, including anise, basil, black pepper, caraway, chili pepper, cinnamon, clove, cumin, curcumin, dill, fennel, fenugreek, ginger, lemongrass, marjoram, nutmeg, oregano, parsley, peppermint and spearmint, rosemary, saffron, sage, tarragon, and thyme. However, only 17 of these herbs and spices had published, peer-reviewed studies describing potential biomarkers of intake. In many studies, the herb or spice of interest was administrated in the form of a capsule or extract and very few studies were performed with actual foods. A systematic assessment of the candidate biomarkers was also performed. Given the limitations in the experimental designs for many of the published studies, further work is needed to better evaluate the identified set of BFIs. Although the daily intake of herbs and spices is very low compared to most other foods, this important set of food seasoning agents should not be underestimated, especially given their potential benefits to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Vázquez-Fresno
- 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9 Canada
| | - Albert Remus R Rosana
- 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9 Canada
| | - Tanvir Sajed
- 2Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E8 Canada
| | | | - Noah A Wishart
- 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9 Canada
| | - David S Wishart
- 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9 Canada.,2Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E8 Canada
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Jones J, Kahl S, Carvalho F, Barosa C, Roden M. Simplified analysis of acetaminophen glucuronide for quantifying gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis using deuterated water. Anal Biochem 2015; 479:37-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Barosa C, Jones JG, Rizza R, Basu A, Basu R. Acetaminophen glucuronide and plasma glucose report identical estimates of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis for healthy and prediabetic subjects using the deuterated water method. Magn Reson Med 2012; 70:315-9. [PMID: 23023691 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.24485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Plasma glucose (2) H-enrichment in positions 5 ((2) H5) and 2 ((2) H2) from deuterated water ((2) H2 O) provides a measure of the gluconeogenic contribution to endogenous glucose production. Urinary glucuronide analysis can circumvent blood sampling but it is not known if glucuronide and glucose enrichments are equal. Thirteen subjects with impaired fasting glucose/impaired glucose tolerance and 11 subjects with normal fasting glucose and normal glucose tolerance ingested (2) H2 O to ∼0.5% body water and acetaminophen. Glucose and glucuronide (2) H5 and (2) H2 were measured by (2) H NMR spectroscopy of monoacetone glucose. For normal fasting glucose/normal glucose tolerance, (2) H5 was 0.23 ± 0.02% and 0.25 ± 0.02% for glucose and glucuronide, respectively, whereas (2) H2 was 0.47 ± 0.01% and 0.49 ± 0.02%, respectively. For impaired fasting glucose/impaired glucose tolerance, (2) H5 was 0.22 ± 0.01% and 0.26 ± 0.02% for glucose and glucuronide, respectively, whereas (2) H2 was 0.46 ± 0.01% and 0.49 ± 0.02%, respectively. The gluconeogenic contribution to endogenous glucose production measured from glucose and glucuronide were identical for both normal fasting glucose/normal glucose tolerance (48 ± 4 vs. 51 ± 3%) and impaired fasting glucose/impaired glucose tolerance (48 ± 2 vs. 53 ± 3%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Barosa
- Intermediary Metabolism Group, Biophysics and Biomedical NMR, Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Reis CP, Neufeld R, Veiga F, Figueiredo IV, Jones J, Soares AF, Nunes P, Damgé C, Carvalho RA. Effects of an oral insulin nanoparticle administration on hepatic glucose metabolism assessed by13C and2H isotopomer analysis. J Microencapsul 2011; 29:167-76. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2011.638992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kacerovsky M, Jones J, Schmid AI, Barosa C, Lettner A, Kacerovsky-Bielesz G, Szendroedi J, Chmelik M, Nowotny P, Chandramouli V, Wolzt M, Roden M. Postprandial and fasting hepatic glucose fluxes in long-standing type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2011; 60:1752-8. [PMID: 21562079 PMCID: PMC3114392 DOI: 10.2337/db10-1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intravenous insulin infusion partly improves liver glucose fluxes in type 1 diabetes (T1D). This study tests the hypothesis that continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) normalizes hepatic glycogen metabolism. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS T1D with poor glycemic control (T1Dp; HbA(1c): 8.5 ± 0.4%), T1D with improved glycemic control on CSII (T1Di; 7.0 ± 0.3%), and healthy humans (control subjects [CON]; 5.2 ± 0.4%) were studied. Net hepatic glycogen synthesis and glycogenolysis were measured with in vivo (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Endogenous glucose production (EGP) and gluconeogenesis (GNG) were assessed with [6,6-(2)H(2)]glucose, glycogen phosphorylase (GP) flux, and gluconeogenic fluxes with (2)H(2)O/paracetamol. RESULTS When compared with CON, net glycogen synthesis was 70% lower in T1Dp (P = 0.038) but not different in T1Di. During fasting, T1Dp had 25 and 42% higher EGP than T1Di (P = 0.004) and CON (P < 0.001; T1Di vs. CON: P = NS). GNG was 74 and 67% higher in T1Dp than in T1Di (P = 0.002) and CON (P = 0.001). In T1Dp, GP flux (7.0 ± 1.6 μmol ⋅ kg(-1) ⋅ min(-1)) was twofold higher than net glycogenolysis, but comparable in T1Di and CON (3.7 ± 0.8 and 4.9 ± 1.0 μmol ⋅ kg(-1) ⋅ min(-1)). Thus T1Dp exhibited glycogen cycling (3.5 ± 2.0 μmol ⋅ kg(-1) ⋅ min(-1)), which accounted for 47% of GP flux. CONCLUSIONS Poorly controlled T1D not only exhibits augmented fasting gluconeogenesis but also increased glycogen cycling. Intensified subcutaneous insulin treatment restores these abnormalities, indicating that hepatic glucose metabolism is not irreversibly altered even in long-standing T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Kacerovsky
- Karl-Landsteiner Institute for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vienna, Austria
| | - John Jones
- Department of Life Sciences and Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Portuguese Diabetes Association, Rua do Salitre, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Albrecht I. Schmid
- Karl-Landsteiner Institute for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vienna, Austria
- MR Center of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cristina Barosa
- Department of Life Sciences and Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Angelika Lettner
- Karl-Landsteiner Institute for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gertrud Kacerovsky-Bielesz
- Karl-Landsteiner Institute for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vienna, Austria
- 1st Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Szendroedi
- Karl-Landsteiner Institute for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vienna, Austria
- 1st Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center (Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research), Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University and University Clinics Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marek Chmelik
- Karl-Landsteiner Institute for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vienna, Austria
- MR Center of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Nowotny
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center (Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Visvanathan Chandramouli
- Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Michael Wolzt
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Roden
- Karl-Landsteiner Institute for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vienna, Austria
- 1st Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center (Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research), Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University and University Clinics Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Corresponding author: Michael Roden,
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Delgado TC, Silva C, Fernandes I, Caldeira M, Bastos M, Baptista C, Carvalheiro M, Geraldes CFGC, Jones JG. Sources of hepatic glycogen synthesis during an oral glucose tolerance test: Effect of transaldolase exchange on flux estimates. Magn Reson Med 2010; 62:1120-8. [PMID: 19780152 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.22107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sources of hepatic glycogen synthesis during an oral glucose tolerance test were evaluated in six healthy subjects by enrichment of a 75-g glucose load with 6.67% [U-(13)C]glucose and 3.33% [U-(2)H(7)]glucose and analysis of plasma glucose and hepatic uridine diphosphate-glucose enrichments (sampled as urinary menthol glucuronide) by (2)H and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance. The direct pathway contribution, as estimated from the dilution of [U-(13)C]glucose between plasma glucose and glucuronide, was unexpectedly low (36 +/- 5%). With [U-(2)H(7)]glucose, direct pathway estimates based on the dilution of position 3 (2)H-enrichment between plasma glucose and glucuronide were significantly higher (51 +/- 6%, P = 0.05). These differences reflect the exchange of the carbon 4, 5, and 6 moiety of fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate catalyzed by transaldolase. As further evidence of this exchange, (2)H-enrichments in glucuronide positions 4 and 5 were inferior to those of position 3. From the difference in glucuronide positions 5 and 3 enrichments, the fraction of direct pathway carbons that experienced transaldolase exchange was estimated at 21 +/- 4%. In conclusion, the direct pathway contributes only half of hepatic glycogen synthesis during an oral glucose tolerance test. Glucose tracers labeled in positions 4, 5, or 6 will give significant underestimates of direct pathway activity because of transaldolase exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa C Delgado
- NMR Laboratory, Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Coimbra University, Coimbra, Portugal
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Delgado T, Barosa C, Castro M, Geraldes C, Bastos M, Baptista C, Fagulha A, Barros L, Mota A, Carvalheiro M, Jones J, Merritt M. Sources of hepatic glucose production by2H2O ingestion and Bayesian analysis of2H glucuronide enrichment. Magn Reson Med 2008; 60:517-23. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Alves TC, Nunes PM, Palmeira CM, Jones JG, Carvalho RA. Estimating gluconeogenesis by NMR isotopomer distribution analysis of [13C]bicarbonate and [1-13C]lactate. NMR Biomed 2008; 21:337-44. [PMID: 17683055 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The gluconeogenic contribution to glucose production in livers isolated from rats fasted for 24 h was determined by 13C-NMR isotopomer distribution analysis of secreted glucose enriched from 99% [13C]bicarbonate (n = 4) and 99% [1-13C]lactate (n = 4). Experiments with 3% 2H2O were also performed, allowing the gluconeogenic contribution to be measured by the relative 2H enrichments at positions 5 and 2 of glucose. From 13C-NMR analyses, the contribution of gluconeogenesis to glucose output was estimated to be 93 +/- 3% for [13C]bicarbonate perfusion and 91 +/- 3% for [1-13C]lactate perfusion, in good agreement with the 2H-NMR analysis of the gluconeogenic contribution to glucose production (100 +/- 1% and 99 +/- 1%, respectively) and consistent with the expected negligible contribution from glycogenolysis. These results indicate that 13C-NMR analysis of glucose 13C-isotopomer distribution from either [13C]bicarbonate or [1-13C]lactate precursor provides realistic estimates of the gluconeogenic contribution to hepatic glucose output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Cardoso Alves
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Mendes AC, Caldeira MM, Silva C, Burgess SC, Merritt ME, Gomes F, Barosa C, Delgado TC, Franco F, Monteiro P, Providencia L, Jones JG. Hepatic UDP-glucose 13C isotopomers from [U-13C]glucose: a simple analysis by 13C NMR of urinary menthol glucuronide. Magn Reson Med 2007; 56:1121-5. [PMID: 17036288 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Menthol glucuronide was isolated from the urine of a healthy 70-kg female subject following ingestion of 400 mg of peppermint oil and 6 g of 99% [U-(13)C]glucose. Glucuronide (13)C-excess enrichment levels were 4-6% and thus provided high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) for confident assignment of (13)C-(13)C spin-coupled multiplet components within each (13)C resonance by (13)C NMR. The [U-(13)C]glucuronide isotopomer derived via direct pathway conversion of [U-(13)C]glucose to [U-(13)C]UDP-glucose was resolved from [1,2,3-(13)C(3)]- and [1,2-(13)C(2)]glucuronide isotopomers derived via Cori cycle or indirect pathway metabolism of [U-(13)C]glucose. In a second study, a group of four overnight-fasted patients (63 +/- 10 kg) with severe heart failure were given peppermint oil and infused with [U-(13)C]glucose for 4 hr (14 mg/kg prime, 0.12 mg/kg/min constant infusion) resulting in a steady-state plasma [U-(13)C]glucose enrichment of 4.6% +/- 0.6%. Menthol glucuronide was harvested and glucuronide (13)C-isotopomers were analyzed by (13)C NMR. [U-(13)C]glucuronide enrichment was 0.6% +/- 0.1%, and the sum of [1,2,3-(13)C(3)] and [1,2-(13)C(2)]glucuronide enrichments was 0.9% +/- 0.2%. From these data, flux of plasma glucose to hepatic UDPG was estimated to be 15% +/- 4% that of endogenous glucose production (EGP), and the Cori cycle accounted for at least 32% +/- 10% of GP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Mendes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Lifestyle, particularly dietary habits, plays a major role in the increasing prevalence of obesity, type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. Understanding how diet and specific foods can modify important functions of the body, in a beneficial or detrimental way, is therefore important. This review presents recent advances in the use of stable isotopes to investigate how nutrients can influence pathways of glucose, lipids and protein metabolism, and also intestinal absorption, body composition and fat mass turnover. RECENT FINDINGS Recent developments have focused mainly on the measurement of intratissular metabolic pathways, particularly in lipids and proteins. Advances in the field of cell proliferation rates, body composition and energy expenditure have also been made. Many of these developments rely on the use of deuterated water to trace multiple metabolic pathways. SUMMARY Stable isotopes can now be used to measure the kinetics and oxidation rate of circulating metabolites and also body composition, colonic fermentation, intestinal absorption, and important intratissular metabolic pathways, such as gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, cholesterol synthesis, the turnover rate of triglycerides, individual protein synthesis and cell proliferation. Deuterated water has emerged as a powerful and versatile tool, allowing the simultaneous investigation of several aspects of protein, lipid and glucose metabolism.
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Jones JG, Barosa C, Gomes F, Carina Mendes A, Delgado TC, Diogo L, Garcia P, Bastos M, Barros L, Fagulha A, Baptista C, Carvalheiro M, Madalena Caldeira M. NMR Derivatives for Quantification of 2H and 13C‐Enrichment of Human Glucuronide from Metabolic Tracers. J Carbohydr Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/07328300600732840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John G. Jones
- a NMR Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology , University of Coimbra , Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cristina Barosa
- a NMR Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology , University of Coimbra , Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipe Gomes
- b Department of Chemistry , University of Coimbra , Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Carina Mendes
- b Department of Chemistry , University of Coimbra , Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Teresa C. Delgado
- a NMR Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology , University of Coimbra , Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luisa Diogo
- c Pediatrics Hospital of Coimbra , Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula Garcia
- c Pediatrics Hospital of Coimbra , Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Margarida Bastos
- d Department of Endocrinology , University Hospital of Coimbra , Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luisa Barros
- d Department of Endocrinology , University Hospital of Coimbra , Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Fagulha
- d Department of Endocrinology , University Hospital of Coimbra , Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carla Baptista
- d Department of Endocrinology , University Hospital of Coimbra , Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Manuela Carvalheiro
- d Department of Endocrinology , University Hospital of Coimbra , Coimbra, Portugal
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Jones JG, Fagulha A, Barosa C, Bastos M, Barros L, Baptista C, Caldeira MM, Carvalheiro M. Noninvasive analysis of hepatic glycogen kinetics before and after breakfast with deuterated water and acetaminophen. Diabetes 2006; 55:2294-300. [PMID: 16873693 DOI: 10.2337/db06-0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The contributions of hepatic glycogenolysis to fasting glucose production and direct pathway to hepatic glycogen synthesis were quantified in eight type 1 diabetic patients and nine healthy control subjects by ingestion of (2)H(2)O and acetaminophen before breakfast followed by analysis of urinary water and acetaminophen glucuronide. After overnight fasting, enrichment of glucuronide position 5 relative to body water (G5/body water) was significantly higher in type 1 diabetic patients compared with control subjects, indicating a reduced contribution of glycogenolysis to glucose production (38 +/- 3 vs. 46 +/- 2%). Following breakfast, G5/body water was significantly higher in type 1 diabetic patients, indicating a smaller direct pathway contribution to glycogen synthesis (47 +/- 2 vs. 59 +/- 2%). Glucuronide hydrogen 2 enrichment (G2) was equivalent to body water during fasting (G2/body water 0.94 +/- 0.03 and 1.02 +/- 0.06 for control and type 1 diabetic subjects, respectively) but was significantly lower after breakfast (G2/body water 0.78 +/- 0.03 and 0.82 +/- 0.05 for control and type 1 diabetic subjects, respectively). The reduced postprandial G2 levels reflect incomplete glucose-6-phosphate-fructose-6-phosphate exchange or glycogen synthesis from dietary galactose. Unlike current measurements of human hepatic glycogen metabolism, the (2)H(2)O/acetaminophen assay does not require specialized on-site clinical equipment or personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Jones
- NMR Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal.
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