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Ammon Shimano K, Noel P. Immunohematologic Disorders. Clin Immunol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-8165-1.00062-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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Cortesi M, Soresina A, Dotta L, Gorio C, Cattalini M, Lougaris V, Porta F, Badolato R. Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Cytopenias in Inborn Errors of Immunity Revealing Novel Therapeutic Targets. Front Immunol 2022; 13:846660. [PMID: 35464467 PMCID: PMC9019165 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.846660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are usually associated with environmental triggers and genetic predisposition. However, a few number of autoimmune diseases has a monogenic cause, mostly in children. These diseases may be the expression, isolated or associated with other symptoms, of an underlying inborn error of immunity (IEI). Autoimmune cytopenias (AICs), including immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), autoimmune neutropenia (AN), and Evans’ syndrome (ES) are common presentations of immunological diseases in the pediatric age, with at least 65% of cases of ES genetically determined. Autoimmune cytopenias in IEI have often a more severe, chronic, and relapsing course. Treatment refractoriness also characterizes autoimmune cytopenia with a monogenic cause, such as IEI. The mechanisms underlying autoimmune cytopenias in IEI include cellular or humoral autoimmunity, immune dysregulation in cases of hemophagocytosis or lymphoproliferation with or without splenic sequestration, bone marrow failure, myelodysplasia, or secondary myelosuppression. Genetic characterization of autoimmune cytopenias is of fundamental importance as an early diagnosis improves the outcome and allows the setting up of a targeted therapy, such as CTLA-4 IgG fusion protein (Abatacept), small molecule inhibitors (JAK-inhibitors), or gene therapy. Currently, gene therapy represents one of the most attractive targeted therapeutic approaches to treat selected inborn errors of immunity. Even in the absence of specific targeted therapies, however, whole exome genetic testing (WES) for children with chronic multilineage cytopenias should be considered as an early diagnostic tool for disease diagnosis and genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Cortesi
- Paediatrics Clinic and Institute for Molecular Medicine A. Nocivelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, ASST- Spedali Civili of Brescia, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Annarosa Soresina
- Paediatrics Clinic and Institute for Molecular Medicine A. Nocivelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, ASST- Spedali Civili of Brescia, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Dotta
- Paediatrics Clinic and Institute for Molecular Medicine A. Nocivelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, ASST- Spedali Civili of Brescia, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Gorio
- Paediatrics Clinic and Institute for Molecular Medicine A. Nocivelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, ASST- Spedali Civili of Brescia, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Cattalini
- Paediatrics Clinic and Institute for Molecular Medicine A. Nocivelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, ASST- Spedali Civili of Brescia, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Vassilios Lougaris
- Paediatrics Clinic and Institute for Molecular Medicine A. Nocivelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, ASST- Spedali Civili of Brescia, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Fulvio Porta
- Paediatrics Clinic and Institute for Molecular Medicine A. Nocivelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, ASST- Spedali Civili of Brescia, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Raffaele Badolato
- Paediatrics Clinic and Institute for Molecular Medicine A. Nocivelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, ASST- Spedali Civili of Brescia, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Schiavo E, Martini B, Attardi E, Consonni F, Ciullini Mannurita S, Coniglio ML, Tellini M, Chiocca E, Fotzi I, Luti L, D'Alba I, Veltroni M, Favre C, Gambineri E. Autoimmune Cytopenias and Dysregulated Immunophenotype Act as Warning Signs of Inborn Errors of Immunity: Results From a Prospective Study. Front Immunol 2022; 12:790455. [PMID: 35058929 PMCID: PMC8765341 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.790455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are genetic disorders characterized by a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from increased susceptibility to infections to significant immune dysregulation. Among these, primary immune regulatory disorders (PIRDs) are mainly presenting with autoimmune manifestations, and autoimmune cytopenias (AICs) can be the first clinical sign. Significantly, AICs in patients with IEI often fail to respond to first-line therapy. In pediatric patients, autoimmune cytopenias can be red flags for IEI. However, for these cases precise indicators or parameters useful to suspect and screen for a hidden congenital immune defect are lacking. Therefore, we focused on chronic/refractory AIC patients to perform an extensive clinical evaluation and multiparametric flow cytometry analysis to select patients in whom PIRD was strongly suspected as candidates for genetic analysis. Key IEI-associated alterations causative of STAT3 GOF disease, IKAROS haploinsufficiency, activated PI3Kδ syndrome (APDS), Kabuki syndrome and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) were identified. In this scenario, a dysregulated immunophenotype acted as a potential screening tool for an early IEI diagnosis, pivotal for appropriate clinical management and for the identification of new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebe Schiavo
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Beatrice Martini
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Enrico Attardi
- Division of Hematology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Filippo Consonni
- Meyer University Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Ciullini Mannurita
- Centre of Excellence, Division of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Meyer University Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Coniglio
- Centre of Excellence, Division of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Meyer University Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Tellini
- Meyer University Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Chiocca
- Centre of Excellence, Division of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Meyer University Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Ilaria Fotzi
- Centre of Excellence, Division of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Meyer University Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Luti
- Division of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Irene D'Alba
- Division of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, University Hospital of Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marinella Veltroni
- Centre of Excellence, Division of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Meyer University Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudio Favre
- Centre of Excellence, Division of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Meyer University Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Eleonora Gambineri
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Centre of Excellence, Division of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Meyer University Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
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Blanco BP, Garanito MP. Pediatric Evans Syndrome: A 20-year experience from a tertiary center in Brazil. Hematol Transfus Cell Ther 2022:S2531-1379(22)00032-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.htct.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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López-Nevado M, González-Granado LI, Ruiz-García R, Pleguezuelo D, Cabrera-Marante O, Salmón N, Blanco-Lobo P, Domínguez-Pinilla N, Rodríguez-Pena R, Sebastián E, Cruz-Rojo J, Olbrich P, Ruiz-Contreras J, Paz-Artal E, Neth O, Allende LM. Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders With an Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome-Like Phenotype: Immunologic Evaluation, Early Diagnosis and Management. Front Immunol 2021; 12:671755. [PMID: 34447369 PMCID: PMC8382720 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.671755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary immune regulatory disorders (PIRD) are associated with autoimmunity, autoinflammation and/or dysregulation of lymphocyte homeostasis. Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is a PIRD due to an apoptotic defect in Fas-FasL pathway and characterized by benign and chronic lymphoproliferation, autoimmunity and increased risk of lymphoma. Clinical manifestations and typical laboratory biomarkers of ALPS have also been found in patients with a gene defect out of the Fas-FasL pathway (ALPS-like disorders). Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA), we identified more than 600 patients suffering from 24 distinct genetic defects described in the literature with an autoimmune lymphoproliferative phenotype (ALPS-like syndromes) corresponding to phenocopies of primary immunodeficiency (PID) (NRAS, KRAS), susceptibility to EBV (MAGT1, PRKCD, XIAP, SH2D1A, RASGRP1, TNFRSF9), antibody deficiency (PIK3CD gain of function (GOF), PIK3R1 loss of function (LOF), CARD11 GOF), regulatory T-cells defects (CTLA4, LRBA, STAT3 GOF, IL2RA, IL2RB, DEF6), combined immunodeficiencies (ITK, STK4), defects in intrinsic and innate immunity and predisposition to infection (STAT1 GOF, IL12RB1) and autoimmunity/autoinflammation (ADA2, TNFAIP3,TPP2, TET2). CTLA4 and LRBA patients correspond around to 50% of total ALPS-like cases. However, only 100% of CTLA4, PRKCD, TET2 and NRAS/KRAS reported patients had an ALPS-like presentation, while the autoimmunity and lymphoproliferation combination resulted rare in other genetic defects. Recurrent infections, skin lesions, enteropathy and malignancy are the most common clinical manifestations. Some approaches available for the immunological study and identification of ALPS-like patients through flow cytometry and ALPS biomarkers are provided in this work. Protein expression assays for NKG2D, XIAP, SAP, CTLA4 and LRBA deficiencies and functional studies of AKT, STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylation, are showed as useful tests. Patients suspected to suffer from one of these disorders require rapid and correct diagnosis allowing initiation of tailored specific therapeutic strategies and monitoring thereby improving the prognosis and their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta López-Nevado
- Immunology Department, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Research Institute Hospital 12 Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis I González-Granado
- Research Institute Hospital 12 Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain.,Immunodeficiency Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Ruiz-García
- Immunology Department, Centre Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Pleguezuelo
- Immunology Department, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Research Institute Hospital 12 Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Cabrera-Marante
- Immunology Department, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Research Institute Hospital 12 Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea Salmón
- Research Institute Hospital 12 Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain.,Immunodeficiency Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Blanco-Lobo
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology and Immunology Unit, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Institute of Biomedicine, Biomedicine Institute (IBiS)/University of Seville/Superior Council of Scientific Investigations (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Nerea Domínguez-Pinilla
- Research Institute Hospital 12 Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain.,Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Unit, Toledo Hospital Complex, Toledo, Spain and University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Elena Sebastián
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Unit, University Children's Hospital Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Cruz-Rojo
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Peter Olbrich
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology and Immunology Unit, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Institute of Biomedicine, Biomedicine Institute (IBiS)/University of Seville/Superior Council of Scientific Investigations (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Jesús Ruiz-Contreras
- Research Institute Hospital 12 Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain.,Immunodeficiency Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Estela Paz-Artal
- Immunology Department, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Research Institute Hospital 12 Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain.,School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olaf Neth
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology and Immunology Unit, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Institute of Biomedicine, Biomedicine Institute (IBiS)/University of Seville/Superior Council of Scientific Investigations (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Luis M Allende
- Immunology Department, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Research Institute Hospital 12 Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain.,School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Zama D, Conti F, Moratti M, Cantarini ME, Facchini E, Rivalta B, Rondelli R, Prete A, Ferrari S, Seri M, Pession A. Immune cytopenias as a continuum in inborn errors of immunity: An in-depth clinical and immunological exploration. Immun Inflamm Dis 2021; 9:583-594. [PMID: 33838017 PMCID: PMC8127541 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), and autoimmune neutropenia (AIN) are disorders characterized by immune-mediated destruction of hematopoietic cell lineages. A link between pediatric immune cytopenias and inborn errors of immunity (IEI) was established in particular in the combined and chronic forms. OBJECTIVE Aim of this study is to provide clinical-immunological parameters to hematologists useful for a prompt identification of children with immune cytopenias deserving a deeper immunological and genetic evaluation. METHODS We retrospectively collected 47 pediatric patients with at least one hematological disorder among which persistent/chronic ITP, AIHA, and AIN, aged 0-18 years at onset of immune cytopenias and/or immune-dysregulation. The cohort was divided into two groups (IEI+ and IEI-), based on the presence/absence of underlying IEI diagnosis. IEI+ group, formed by 19/47 individuals, included: common variable immune deficiency (CVID; 9/19), autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS; 4/19), DiGeorge syndrome (1/19), and unclassified IEI (5/19). RESULTS IEI prevalence among patients with ITP, AIHA, AIN, and Evans Syndrome was respectively of 42%, 64%, 36%, and 62%. In IEI+ group the extended immunophenotyping identified the presence of statistically significant (p < .05) specific characteristics, namely T/B lymphopenia, decrease in naїve T-cells%, switched memory B-cells%, plasmablasts%, and/or immunoglobulins, increase in effector/central memory T-cells% and CD21low B-cells%. Except for DiGeorge and three ALPS patients, only 2/9 CVID patients had a molecular diagnosis for IEI: one carrying the pathogenic variant CR2:c.826delT, the likely pathogenic variant PRF1:c.272C> and the compound heterozygous TNFRSF13B variants p.Ser144Ter (pathogenic) and p.Cys193Arg (variant of uncertain significance), the other one carrying the likely pathogenic monoallelic variant TNFRSF13B:p.Ile87Asn. CONCLUSION The synergy between hematologists and immunologists can improve and fasten diagnosis and management of patients with immune cytopenias through a wide focused clinical/immunophenotypical characterization, which identifies children worthy of IEI-related molecular analysis, favouring a genetic IEI diagnosis and potentially unveiling new targeted-gene variants responsible for IEI phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Zama
- Pediatric Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Conti
- Pediatric Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mattia Moratti
- Pediatric Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria E Cantarini
- Pediatric Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Facchini
- Pediatric Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Beatrice Rivalta
- Pediatric Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Rondelli
- Pediatric Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Arcangelo Prete
- Pediatric Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Ferrari
- Pediatric Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Seri
- Pediatric Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Pession
- Pediatric Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Grimes AB, Kim TO, Kirk SE, Flanagan J, Lambert MP, Grace RF, Despotovic JM. Refractory autoimmune cytopenias in pediatric Evans syndrome with underlying systemic immune dysregulation. Eur J Haematol 2021; 106:783-787. [PMID: 33570766 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.13600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Evans syndrome is a rare but challenging disorder in children; and despite rapidly growing evidence for targetable systemic immune dysregulation driving these "idiopathic" autoimmune cytopenias, precision diagnosis and management remains sub-optimal among these patients. We analyzed retrospective clinical data for 60 pediatric ES patients followed at 3 large tertiary referral centers in the United States over a recent 6-year period and found that definable underlying systemic immune dysregulation was identified in only 42% of these patients throughout the course of clinical care. Median time from ES diagnosis to identification of the underlying systemic immune dysregulation disorder was 1.3 years (<1 month for rheumatologic disease, 2.3 years for CVID, 3.4 years for ALPS, and 7.4 years for monogenic disorders of immune regulation). Notably, a significantly higher percentage of patients in whom a definitive immune dysregulation disorder was ultimately identified required ≥3 cytopenia-directed therapies (92%) and also second- and third-line immunomodulatory agents (84%), vs those in whom no unifying immune dysregulation was diagnosed (65%, and 35%, respectively)-indicating that autoimmune cytopenias as a manifestation of systemic immune dysregulation are more treatment-refractory and severe. These data underline the importance of identifying the underlying systemic immune dysregulation and providing targeted therapy in pediatric ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B Grimes
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Taylor O Kim
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Susan E Kirk
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan Flanagan
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michele P Lambert
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rachael F Grace
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jenny M Despotovic
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Houston, TX, USA
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Hoyt KJ, Chatila TA, Notarangelo LD, Hazen MM, Janssen E, Henderson LA. The immunologic features of patients with early-onset and polyautoimmunity. Clin Immunol 2019; 211:108326. [PMID: 31838215 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.108326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory conditions are increasingly described in patients with primary immunodeficiencies; however, little is known about the prevalence of immune defects in patients who present first with autoimmunity. We describe the immunologic features of children with early-onset/polyautoimmunity followed in the Multiple Autoimmunity and Immunodeficiency (MAID) Clinic, where patients are co-managed by rheumatologists and immunologists. The most common autoimmune manifestations were cytopenias, lymphoproliferation, and colitis. Recurrent infections were noted in 65% of patients. Abnormalities in lymphocyte subsets and immunoglobulins were common. A pathogenic variant was identified in 19% of patients, and 2 novel inherited disorders were discovered. Additionally, 42% of patients had treatment changes implemented in the MAID clinic. By evaluating this unique cohort of patients, we report on the immunologic underpinning of early-onset/polyautoimmunity. The high rate of genetic diagnoses and treatment interventions in this population highlights the value of collaboration between rheumatologists and immunologists in the care of these complex patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacie J Hoyt
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, 1 Blackfan Circle, 10th Floor Karp Family Research Building, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Talal A Chatila
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, 1 Blackfan Circle, 10th Floor Karp Family Research Building, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, 1 Blackfan Circle, 10th Floor Karp Family Research Building, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Melissa M Hazen
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, 1 Blackfan Circle, 10th Floor Karp Family Research Building, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Erin Janssen
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, 1 Blackfan Circle, 10th Floor Karp Family Research Building, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Lauren A Henderson
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, 1 Blackfan Circle, 10th Floor Karp Family Research Building, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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Rivalta B, Zama D, Pancaldi G, Facchini E, Cantarini ME, Miniaci A, Prete A, Pession A. Evans Syndrome in Childhood: Long Term Follow-Up and the Evolution in Primary Immunodeficiency or Rheumatological Disease. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:304. [PMID: 31396497 PMCID: PMC6664023 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Evans syndrome (ES) is a rare but challenging condition, characterized by recurrent and refractory cytopenia episodes. Recent discoveries highlighted that an appropriate diagnostic workup is fundamental to identify an underlying immune dysregulation such as primary immunodeficiencies or a rheumatological disease. We hereby describe clinical features and laboratory results of 12 pediatric patients affected by ES referred to the Pediatric Onco-Hematology Unit of Bologna. Patients experienced a median of four acute episodes of cytopenia with 9 years as median age at the onset of symptoms. In 8/12 (67%) patients an underlying etiology, primary immunodeficiencies, or rheumatological disease was identified. In 4/12 children, other immune manifestations were associated (Thyroiditis, Celiac disease, Psoriasis, Vitiligo, Myositis, Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis). ES remained the primary diagnosis in four patients (33%). At a median follow-up time of 4 years, 5/12 (42%) patients revealed a chronic ITP, partially responsive to second line therapy. Immunoglobulin Replacement Therapy (IRT) was effective with a good hematological values control in three patients with a secondary ES (ALPS, CVID, and a patient with Rubinstein Taybi Syndrome and a progressive severe B cell deficiency with hypogammaglobulinemia). Our experience highlights that, in pediatric patients, ES is often only the first manifestation of an immunological or rheumatological disease, especially when cytopenias are persistent or resistant to therapy, with an early-onset or when are associated with lymphadenopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Rivalta
- Department of Pediatrics, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniele Zama
- Department of Pediatrics, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pancaldi
- Department of Pediatrics, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Facchini
- Department of Pediatrics, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Cantarini
- Department of Pediatrics, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Angela Miniaci
- Department of Pediatrics, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Arcangelo Prete
- Department of Pediatrics, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Pession
- Department of Pediatrics, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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10
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Besnard C, Levy E, Aladjidi N, Stolzenberg MC, Magerus-Chatinet A, Alibeu O, Nitschke P, Blanche S, Hermine O, Jeziorski E, Landman-Parker J, Leverger G, Mahlaoui N, Michel G, Pellier I, Suarez F, Thuret I, de Saint-Basile G, Picard C, Fischer A, Neven B, Rieux-Laucat F, Quartier P. Pediatric-onset Evans syndrome: Heterogeneous presentation and high frequency of monogenic disorders including LRBA and CTLA4 mutations. Clin Immunol 2018; 188:52-57. [PMID: 29330115 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Evans syndrome (ES) is defined by the combination of autoimmune hemolytic anemia and immune thrombocytopenia. Clinical presentation includes manifestations of immune dysregulation, found in primary immune deficiencies, autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome with FAS (ALPS-FAS), Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and Lipopolysaccharide-Responsive vesicle trafficking Beige-like and Anchor protein (LRBA) defects. We report the clinical history and genetic results of 18 children with ES after excluding ALPS-FAS. Thirteen had organomegaly, five lymphocytic infiltration of non-lymphoid organs, nine hypogammaglobulinemia and fifteen anomalies in lymphocyte phenotyping. Seven patients had genetic defects: three CTLA4 mutations (c.151C>T; c.109+1092_568-512del; c.110-2A>G) identified by Sanger sequencing and four revealed by Next Generation Sequencing: LRBA (c.2450+1C>T), STAT3 gain-of-function (c.2147C>T; c.2144C>T) and KRAS (c.37G>T). No feature emerged to distinguish patients with or without genetic diagnosis. Our data on pediatric-onset ES should prompt physicians to perform extensive screening for mutations in the growing pool of genes involved in primary immune deficiencies with autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Besnard
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Immunogenetics of pediatric autoimmune diseases, Paris, France; Pediatric immuno-hematology and rhumatology unit, RAISE reference centre for pediatric inflammatory rheumatic diseases and systemic autoimmune diseases, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC université Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Eva Levy
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Immunogenetics of pediatric autoimmune diseases, Paris, France; Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Aladjidi
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology Immunology, Centre de Référence National des Cytopénies Auto-immunes de l'enfant, CEREVANCE, CIC 1401, CHU Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-Claude Stolzenberg
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Immunogenetics of pediatric autoimmune diseases, Paris, France; Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Aude Magerus-Chatinet
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Immunogenetics of pediatric autoimmune diseases, Paris, France; Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Alibeu
- Genomic Platform, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Nitschke
- Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; INSERM UMR 1163, Bioinformatics Department, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Blanche
- Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Pediatric immuno-hematology and rhumatology unit, RAISE reference centre for pediatric inflammatory rheumatic diseases and systemic autoimmune diseases, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, France
| | - Olivier Hermine
- Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Hematology, Immunology, Infectiology, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Eric Jeziorski
- Pediatrics, Infectiology, Rhumatology, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, CHRU de Montpellier, France
| | - Judith Landman-Parker
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC université Paris 06, Paris, France; Pediatric hematology, Immunology, Oncology, Hôpital d'Enfants Armand Trousseau, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Guy Leverger
- Pediatric hematology, Immunology, Oncology, Hôpital d'Enfants Armand Trousseau, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nizar Mahlaoui
- Pediatric immuno-hematology and rhumatology unit, RAISE reference centre for pediatric inflammatory rheumatic diseases and systemic autoimmune diseases, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, France
| | - Gérard Michel
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Research Unit EA 3279, Aix-Marseille University, Timone Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Pellier
- Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, Immunology, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Felipe Suarez
- Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Adult hematology, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, APHP, Paris, France; Inserm U1163, CNRS ERL 8254, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Thuret
- Pediatrics and Pediatric hematology, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Geneviève de Saint-Basile
- Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Normal and pathological homeostasis of the immune system, Paris, France; Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Necker Medical School, Paris, France
| | - Capucine Picard
- Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Pediatric immuno-hematology and rhumatology unit, RAISE reference centre for pediatric inflammatory rheumatic diseases and systemic autoimmune diseases, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, France; Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Necker Medical School, Paris, France
| | - Alain Fischer
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Immunogenetics of pediatric autoimmune diseases, Paris, France; Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Pediatric immuno-hematology and rhumatology unit, RAISE reference centre for pediatric inflammatory rheumatic diseases and systemic autoimmune diseases, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, France; Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Bénédicte Neven
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Immunogenetics of pediatric autoimmune diseases, Paris, France; Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Pediatric immuno-hematology and rhumatology unit, RAISE reference centre for pediatric inflammatory rheumatic diseases and systemic autoimmune diseases, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Rieux-Laucat
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Immunogenetics of pediatric autoimmune diseases, Paris, France; Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.
| | - Pierre Quartier
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Immunogenetics of pediatric autoimmune diseases, Paris, France; Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Pediatric immuno-hematology and rhumatology unit, RAISE reference centre for pediatric inflammatory rheumatic diseases and systemic autoimmune diseases, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, France
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González I, Rais R, Gaut JP, Dehner LP. Evans Syndrome Complicated by Intratubular Hemoglobin Cast Nephropathy. Case Rep Pediatr 2017; 2017:5184587. [PMID: 29163997 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5184587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Evans syndrome (ES) is a rare autoimmune disorder whose exact pathophysiology is unknown. It is characterized by the simultaneous or subsequent development of autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) and immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Intravascular hemolysis, with hemoglobinemia, is known to produce acute kidney injury; however, the development of intratubular hemoglobin casts (hemoglobin cast nephropathy) in the setting of acute hemolysis is uncommon. Likewise, the association of ES and acute renal failure is equally uncommon. We present a case of a 7-year-old girl with ES who developed acute kidney injury in the setting of intravascular hemolysis and had widespread intratubular hemoglobin casts.
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Martínez-Valdez L, Deyà-Martínez A, Giner MT, Berrueco R, Esteve-Solé A, Juan M, Plaza-Martín AM, Alsina L. Evans Syndrome as First Manifestation of Primary Immunodeficiency in Clinical Practice. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2017; 39:490-4. [PMID: 28937520 DOI: 10.1097/MPH.0000000000000880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evans syndrome (ES) is a rare immune disorder in children, manifested by simultaneous or sequential autoimmune cytopenias (ACs) of unknown cause and having a chronic course with periods of exacerbation and remission. Some primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) may present with autoimmune manifestations without infections, masking suspicion of them. The PIDs that can typically manifest as ES are autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome and common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). MATERIALS AND METHODS Review of clinical charts and laboratory results of pediatric patients followed-up in the outpatient clinic of PID with a diagnosis of ES and humoral immunodeficiency. RESULTS Three pediatric patients, a boy and 2 girls, presented with corticosteroid-dependent ES. In the diagnostic approach, autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome was ruled out, and during follow-up, patients showed laboratory signs of humoral immune deficiency and were diagnosed with CVID. After initiating the recommended treatment for CVID with AC, patients improved without new exacerbations. CONCLUSIONS These cases highlight the importance of detection of possible PID in the context of ES and the establishment of CVID treatment to control AC.
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Li E, Grimes AB, Rider NL, Mahoney DH, Fleisher TA, Shearer WT. Diagnostic dilemma: ALPS versus Evans syndrome. Clin Immunol 2017; 183:247-248. [PMID: 28802957 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evan Li
- Department of Medicine, Section of Allergy and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Amanda B Grimes
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology and Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nicholas L Rider
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Donald H Mahoney
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology and Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Thomas A Fleisher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Immunology Service, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - William T Shearer
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
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Jasinski S, Weinblatt ME, Glasser CL. Sirolimus as an Effective Agent in the Treatment of Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP) and Evans Syndrome (ES): A Single Institution's Experience. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2017; 39:420-4. [PMID: 28267088 DOI: 10.1097/MPH.0000000000000818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune cytopenias are characterized by immune-mediated destruction of hematopoietic cell lines with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) affecting platelets and Evans syndrome (ES) affecting platelets and red blood cells. For patients with persistent disease, limited options for effective and well-tolerated therapies exist. OBJECTIVES Our aim is to describe our institution's experience with sirolimus as therapy for pediatric patients with persistent ITP and ES. DESIGN/METHOD A retrospective analysis was performed in patients with persistent ITP and ES treated with sirolimus. Responses were categorized as complete response (CR), partial response, modest response, or no response. RESULTS Of the 17 patients treated, 12 had ITP and 5 had ES. Seventy-three percent of ITP patients achieved a CR, 78% of them by 3 months. Only 2 patients did not achieve a durable response. Eighty percent of ES patients had a response, with 50% of them achieving CR and the other 50% an asymptomatic partial response. One patient with ES achieved modest response, but discontinued therapy due to an adverse effect. Of the patients that achieved CR, 90% remain off all therapy for a median of 2 years. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that sirolimus is a safe and effective steroid-sparing agent in the treatment of persistent ITP and ES.
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Abstract
This educational review addresses the diagnostic evaluation of patients for autoimmune and other forms of acquired neutropenia, including the futility of deconstructing the overlap of chronic "autoimmune," "benign," and "idiopathic" categories. Isolated neutropenias caused by infection, drugs, and immunologic disorders are also addressed. Discussion of management options emphasizes a conservative approach, with largely supportive care for these mostly benign and self-limited disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Newburger
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
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Lube GE, Ferriani MPL, Campos LMA, Terreri MT, Bonfá E, Magalhães CS, Aikawa NE, Piotto DP, Peracchi OAB, Dos Santos MC, Appenzeller S, Ferriani VPL, Pereira RMR, Silva CA. Evans Syndrome at Childhood-Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Diagnosis: A Large Multicenter Study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2016; 63:1238-43. [PMID: 27018636 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evans syndrome (ES) in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE) patients has been rarely reported and limited to small populations. PROCEDURES A retrospective multicenter cohort study (Brazilian cSLE group) was performed in 10 Pediatric Rheumatology services including 850 patients with cSLE. ES was assessed at disease diagnosis and defined by the combination of immune thrombocytopenia and autoimmune hemolytic anemia. RESULTS ES was observed in 11 of 850 (1.3%) cSLE patients. The majority of them had hemorrhagic manifestations (91%) and active disease (82%). All patients with ES were hospitalized and none died. Comparisons of cSLE patients with and without ES at diagnosis revealed similar frequencies of female gender, multiorgan involvement, autoantibodies profile, and low complement (P > 0.05). Patients with ES had a lower frequency of malar rash (9% vs. 53%, P = 0.003) and musculoskeletal involvement (18% vs. 69%, P = 0.001) than those without this complication. The frequencies of intravenous methylprednisolone (82% vs. 43%, P = 0.013) and intravenous immunoglobulin use (64% vs. 3%, P < 0.0001) were significantly higher in the ES group, with similar current prednisone dose between groups (1.1 [0.76-1.5] vs. 1.0 mg/kg/day [0-30], P = 0.195). CONCLUSIONS Our large multicenter study identified ES as a rare and severe initial manifestation of active cSLE with good outcome. Diagnosis is challenging due to the lack of typical signs and symptoms of lupus and the requirement to exclude infection and primary immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella E Lube
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo city, São Paulo - Brazil
| | - Mariana Paes Leme Ferriani
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo city, São Paulo - Brazil
| | - Lucia Maria Arruda Campos
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo city, São Paulo - Brazil
| | - Maria Teresa Terreri
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo city, São Paulo - Brazil
| | - Eloisa Bonfá
- Division of Rheumatology, FMUSP, São Paulo city, São Paulo - Brazil
| | - Claudia Saad Magalhães
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Botucatu, São Paulo - Brazil
| | - Nadia Emi Aikawa
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo city, São Paulo - Brazil.,Division of Rheumatology, FMUSP, São Paulo city, São Paulo - Brazil
| | - Daniela Petry Piotto
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo city, São Paulo - Brazil
| | | | | | - Simone Appenzeller
- Rheumatology Unit, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo - Brazil
| | | | | | - Clovis Artur Silva
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo city, São Paulo - Brazil.,Division of Rheumatology, FMUSP, São Paulo city, São Paulo - Brazil
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