1
|
Zeng H, Wei X, Wang C. Fuzheng Kangai Decoction Restrains the Progression and Angiogenesis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2022.3484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Fuzheng Kangai decoction (FZKA) has been preliminarily proved to be effective in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study plans to investigate the clear role of FZKA on HCC progression. After establishing a HCC tumor-bearing mice model and treated with FZKA, the volumes and weights
of HCC tumor were monitored, and tumor pathology was analyzed by HE staining. The expression of the molecules related to angiogenesis, apoptosis and angiogenesis in tumor tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry, Western blot and qRT-PCR assays. In addition, HCC cells were administrated
with increasing concentrations of FZKA. Then the cell proliferation, migration and invasion ability were tested. In HCC tumor bearing mice, it was found that FZKA significantly decreased the tumor volumes, weights, aggravated tumor pathological damage, reduced VEGF, CD34, Bcl-2 expression,
but promoted the expression of Bax, cleaved caspase 3, Cyt-C in tumor tissues. Moreover, in vitro experiments demonstrated that FZKA co-incubation suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion ability of HCC cells. This study demonstrated that FZKA has the potential to inhibit
HCC progression by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting angiogenesis.
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang M, Qi J, He Q, Ma D, Li J, Chu X, Zuo S, Zhang Y, Li L, Chu L. Liquiritigenin protects against myocardial ischemic by inhibiting oxidative stress, apoptosis, and L-type Ca 2+ channels. Phytother Res 2022; 36:3619-3631. [PMID: 35747908 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Liquiritigenin (Lq) offers cytoprotective effects against various cardiac injuries, but its beneficial effects on myocardial ischemic (MI) injury and the related mechanisms remain unclear. In the in vivo study, an animal model of MI was induced by intraperitoneal injection of isoproterenol (Iso, 85 mg/kg). ECG, heart rate, serum levels of CK and CK-MB, histopathological changes, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were all measured. In vitro, H9c2 cells were divided into four groups and treated for 24 hr with liquiritigenin (30 μmol/L and 100 μmol/L) followed with CoCl2 (800 μmol/L) for another 24 hr. Cell viability, apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential, and intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+ ]i ) were then assessed. The L-type Ca2+ current (ICa-L ) was detected using a patch clamp technique on isolated rat ventricular myocytes. The myocyte contraction and Ca2+ transients were measured using an IonOptix detection system. The remarkable cardiac injury and generation of intracellular ROS induced by Iso were alleviated via treatment with Lq. CoCl2 administration induced cell apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and Ca2+ overload in H9c2; Lq reduces these deleterious effects of CoCl2 . Meanwhile, Lq blocked ICa-L in a dose-dependent manner. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration of Lq was 110.87 μmol/L. Lq reversibly reduced the amplitude of cell contraction as well as the Ca2+ transients. The results show that Lq protects against MI injury by antioxidation, antiapoptosis, counteraction mitochondrial dysfunction, and inhibition of ICa-L , thus damping intracellular Ca2+ .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muqing Zhang
- College of Integrative Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China.,Affiliated Hospital, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jiaying Qi
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qianqian He
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Donglai Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xi Chu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Saijie Zuo
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China.,International Joint Research Center on Resource Utilization and Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Li Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Li Chu
- College of Integrative Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Liver-Kidney Patterns, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
SHI CC, QIN KM, XU K, CHEN A, CAI T, CAI BC. Development of liquiritigenin-phospholipid complex with the enhanced oral bioavailability. Chin J Nat Med 2020; 18:916-921. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(20)60035-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
4
|
Liao X, Bu Y, Jia Q. Traditional Chinese medicine as supportive care for the management of liver cancer: Past, present, and future. Genes Dis 2020; 7:370-379. [PMID: 32884991 PMCID: PMC7452431 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2019.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is the sixth most commonly diagnosed cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Western medicine and therapies are the primary treatment strategies of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the general prognosis for HCC patients is still dismal. Under these circumstances, HCC prevention is particularly important. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) encompasses a wealth of documented therapeutic resources, and "preventative treatment" is the principle of TCM. In China, TCM has been used for HCC prevention for thousands of years, and has also been demonstrated to be effective for the treatment of HCC in modern China. However, the TCM theory for prevention and treatment of HCC is more widely accepted in China than abroad. In this review, we first summarize the herbs and ancient formulas with therapeutic effects on HCC. We also review the research status of TCM in modern medicine as well as the current obstacles in its development. Finally, we discuss the future of TCM in the context of precision and integrated medicine. After reviewing the literature, we believe that TCM, through ancient development, is an advanced method of cancer treatment with positive curative effects, despite its surrounding controversy. Furthermore, precise analyses and systematic research methods provides novel approaches to modernize TCM for the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liao
- Department of Nutrition, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yang Bu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Hospital, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750001, China
| | - Qingan Jia
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li X, Sun R, Liu R. Natural products in licorice for the therapy of liver diseases: Progress and future opportunities. Pharmacol Res 2019; 144:210-26. [PMID: 31022523 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Liver diseases related complications represent a significant source of morbidity and mortality worldwide, creating a substantial economic burden. Oxidative stress, excessive inflammation, and dysregulated energy metabolism significantly contributed to liver diseases. Therefore, discovery of novel therapeutic drugs for the treatment of liver diseases are urgently required. Licorice is one of the most commonly used herbal drugs in Traditional Chinese Medicine for the treatment of liver diseases and drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Various bioactive components have been isolated and identified from the licorice, including glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhetinic acid, liquiritigenin, Isoliquiritigenin, licochalcone A, and glycycoumarin. Emerging evidence suggested that these natural products relieved liver diseases and prevented DILI through multi-targeting therapeutic mechanisms, including anti-steatosis, anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammation, immunoregulation, anti-fibrosis, anti-cancer, and drug-drug interactions. In the current review, we summarized the recent progress in the research of hepatoprotective and toxic effects of different licorice-derived bioactive ingredients and also highlighted the potency of these compounds as promising therapeutic options for the treatment of liver diseases and DILI. We also outlined the networks of underlying molecular signaling pathways. Further pharmacology and toxicology research will contribute to the development of natural products in licorice and their derivatives as medicines with alluring prospect in the clinical application.
Collapse
|
6
|
García ER, Gutierrez EA, de Melo FCSA, Novaes RD, Gonçalves RV. Flavonoids Effects on Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Murine Models: A Systematic Review. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2018; 2018:6328970. [PMID: 29681978 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6328970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second most common cause of cancer deaths worldwide. It occurs primarily as manifestation of other pathological processes, such as viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, and toxin exposure that affect directly the cellular process. Studies were selected from PubMed and Scopus databases according to the PRISMA statement. The research filters were constructed using three parameters: flavonoids, hepatocellular carcinoma, and animal model. The bias analysis of the 34 selected works was done using the ARRIVE guidelines. The most widely used flavonoid in the studies was epigallocatechin gallate extracted from green tea. In general, the treatment with different flavonoids presented inhibition of tumor growth and antiangiogenic, antimetastatic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. The bias analysis evidenced the absence of methodological processes in all studies, such as the age or weight of the animals, the method of flavonoids' extraction, or the experimental designs, analytical methods, and outcome measures. It has been known that flavonoids have a protective effect against HCC. However, the absence or incomplete characterization of the animal models, treatment protocols, and phytochemical and toxicity analyses impaired the internal validity of the individual studies, making it difficult to determine the effectiveness of plant-derived products in the treatment of HCC.
Collapse
|
7
|
Meng FC, Lin JK. Liquiritigenin Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Proliferation, Invasion, and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition by Decreasing Expression of Runt-Related Transcription Factor 2. Oncol Res 2018; 27:139-146. [PMID: 29471888 PMCID: PMC7848391 DOI: 10.3727/096504018x15185747911701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of tumor metastasis is one of the most important purposes in colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment. This study aimed to explore the effects of liquiritigenin, a flavonoid extracted from the roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, on HCT116 cell proliferation, invasion, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We found that liquiritigenin significantly inhibited HCT116 cell proliferation, invasion, and the EMT process, but had no influence on cell apoptosis. Moreover, liquiritigenin remarkably reduced the expression of runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) in HCT116 cells. Overexpression of Runx2 obviously reversed the liquiritigenin-induced invasion and EMT inhibition. Furthermore, liquiritigenin inactivated the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) pathway in HCT116 cells. Upregulation of Runx2 reversed the liquiritigenin-induced PI3K/AKT pathway inactivation. In conclusion, our research verified that liquiritigenin exerted significant inhibitory effects on CRC invasion and EMT process by downregulating the expression of Runx2 and inactivating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Liquiritigenin could be an effective therapeutic and preventative medicine for CRC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Chun Meng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Kai Lin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
He Z, Jiang C, Zhang J, Yin Z, Yin Z, Zhu Y, Fu J. Neem tree ( Azadirachta indica ) extract specifically suppresses the growth of tumors in H22-bearing Kunming mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 71:201-8. [DOI: 10.1515/znc-2014-4210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Recently, neem tree (Azadirachta indica) extract (NTE) has been reported to have various antitumor activities against gastric, breast, prostate, and skin cancer, respectively. The current study was designed to evaluate the effect of NTE on hepatic cancer in a mouse model. The possible side effects elicited by NTE were also evaluated. The components in NTE were analyzed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). H22 cells-bearing Kumming mice were generated by injecting H22 cells subcutaneously into the right forelimb armpit of the mice. Then the mice were treated daily for 27 days with NTE (150, 300, and 600 mg/kg body weight) by intragastric administration, using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC, 1%) as blank control and cyclophosphamide (CTX, 20 mg/kg) as positive control. The antitumor effect of NTE was evaluated by assessment of survival rate, body weight, tumor volume and weight, tumor histology, thymus and spleen indexes, and liver histology. The tumor weight and volume in groups of NTE and CTX were significantly lower than those in the CMC group. The survival rate in the NTE group receiving the high dose (600 mg/kg) was significantly higher than that in the CTX and CMC groups. Compared with CTX, NTE was observed to have a tumor-specific cytotoxicity without impairing the normal liver tissue. Additionally, the higher indexes of thymus and spleen indicated that NTE could facilitate the growth of immune organs. The results indicate that NTE is a promising candidate for the antitumor treatment with high efficacy and safety.
Collapse
|
9
|
Hu B, An HM, Wang SS, Chen JJ, Xu L. Preventive and Therapeutic Effects of Chinese Herbal Compounds against Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Molecules 2016; 21:142. [PMID: 26828466 PMCID: PMC6274246 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21020142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese Medicines, unique biomedical and pharmaceutical resources, have been widely used for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) prevention and treatment. Accumulated Chinese herb-derived compounds with significant anti-cancer effects against HCC have been identified. Chinese herbal compounds are effective in preventing carcinogenesis, inhibiting cell proliferation, arresting cell cycle, inducing apoptosis, autophagy, cell senescence and anoikis, inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metastasis and angiogenesis, regulating immune function, reversing drug resistance and enhancing the effects of chemotherapy in HCC. This paper comprehensively reviews these compounds and their effects on HCC. Finally, the perspectives and rational application of herbal compounds for HCC management are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Hu
- Department of Oncology and Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Hong-Mei An
- Department of Science & Technology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 202032, China.
| | - Shuang-Shuang Wang
- Department of Oncology and Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Jin-Jun Chen
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, The Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200011, China.
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Oncology and Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Liquorice foliage
Collapse
|
11
|
Jung EH, Lee JH, Kim SC, Kim YW. AMPK activation by liquiritigenin inhibited oxidative hepatic injury and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by nutrition deprivation as mediated with induction of farnesoid X receptor. Eur J Nutr 2015; 56:635-647. [PMID: 26646674 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1107-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nutrition is indispensable for cell survival and proliferation. Thus, loss of nutrition caused by serum starvation in cells could induce formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in cell death. Liquiritigenin (LQ) is an active flavonoid in licorice and plays a role in the liver as a hepatic protectant. METHODS This study investigated the effect of LQ, metformin [an activator of activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)] and GW4064 [a ligand of farnesoid X receptor (FXR)] on mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress induced by serum deprivation as well as its molecular mechanism, as assessed by immunoblot and flow cytometer assays. RESULTS Serum deprivation in HepG2, H4IIE and AML12 cells successfully induced oxidative stress and apoptosis, as indicated by depletion of glutathione, formation of ROS, and altered expression of apoptosis-related proteins such as procaspase-3, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, and Bcl-2. However, LQ pretreatment significantly blocked these pathological changes and mitochondrial dysfunction caused by serum deprivation. Moreover, LQ activated AMPK in HepG2 cells and mice liver, as shown by phosphorylation of AMPK and ACC, and this activation was mediated by its upstream kinase (i.e., LKB1). Experiments using a chemical inhibitor of AMPK with LKB1-deficient Hela cells revealed the role of the LKB1-AMPK pathway in cellular protection conferred by LQ. LQ also induced protein and mRNA expression of both FXR as well as small heterodimer partner, which is important since treatment with FXR ligand GW4064 protected hepatocytes against cell death and mitochondrial damage induced by serum deprivation. CONCLUSION AMPK activators such as LQ can protect hepatocytes against oxidative hepatic injury and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by serum deprivation, and the beneficial effect might be mediated through the LKB1 pathway as well as FXR induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Hye Jung
- Department of Herbal Formula, Medical Research Center (MRC-GHF), College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Ju-Hee Lee
- Department of Herbal Formula, Medical Research Center (MRC-GHF), College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Korea.,College of Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Korea
| | - Sang Chan Kim
- Department of Herbal Formula, Medical Research Center (MRC-GHF), College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Young Woo Kim
- Department of Herbal Formula, Medical Research Center (MRC-GHF), College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) is one of the two key receptors (ERα, ERβ) that facilitate biological actions of 17β-estradiol (E2). ERβ is widely expressed in many tissues, and its expression is reduced or lost during progression of many tumors. ERβ facilitates estrogen signaling by both genomic (classical and non-classical) and extra-nuclear signaling. Emerging evidence suggests that ERβ functions as a tissue-specific tumor suppressor with anti-proliferative actions. Recent studies have identified a number of naturally available selective ERβ agonists. Targeting ERβ using its naturally available ligands is an attractive approach for treating and preventing cancers. This review presents the beneficial actions of ERβ signaling and clinical utility of several natural ERβ ligands as potential cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gangadhara R Sareddy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Ratna K Vadlamudi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Cancer Therapy & Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Uchino K, Okamoto K, Sakai E, Yoneshima E, Iwatake M, Fukuma Y, Nishishita K, Tsukuba T. Dual Effects of Liquiritigenin on the Proliferation of Bone Cells: Promotion of Osteoblast Differentiation and Inhibition of Osteoclast Differentiation. Phytother Res 2015; 29:1714-21. [PMID: 26172226 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Bone is constantly controlled by a balance between osteoblastic bone formation and osteoclastic bone resorption. Liquiritigenin is a plant-derived flavonoid and has various pharmacological effects, such as antioxidative, antitumor, and antiinflammatory effects. Here, we show that liquiritigenin has dual effects on the proliferation of bone cells, regarding the promotion of osteoblast differentiation and the inhibition of osteoclast differentiation. Liquiritigenin-treated murine osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells showed an increased alkaline phosphatase activity and enhanced phosphorylation of Smad1/5 compared with untreated cells. Moreover, liquiritigenin inhibited osteoclast differentiation, its bone-resorption activity through slightly decreased the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa Bα; however, the phosphorylation of Akt and p38 slightly increased in bone marrow-derived osteoclasts. The expression levels of the osteoclast marker proteins nuclear factor of activated T-cell cytoplasmic-1, Src, and cathepsin K diminished. These results suggest that liquiritigenin may be useful as a therapeutic and/or preventive agent for osteoporosis or inflammatory bone diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaho Uchino
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sakamoto 1-7-1, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Okamoto
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sakamoto 1-7-1, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Eiko Sakai
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sakamoto 1-7-1, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Erika Yoneshima
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sakamoto 1-7-1, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Mayumi Iwatake
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sakamoto 1-7-1, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Yutaka Fukuma
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sakamoto 1-7-1, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Nishishita
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sakamoto 1-7-1, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tsukuba
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sakamoto 1-7-1, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liu X, Wang L, Chen J, Ling Q, Wang H, Li S, Li L, Yang S, Xia M, Jing L. Estrogen receptor β agonist enhances temozolomide sensitivity of glioma cells by inhibiting PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:1516-22. [PMID: 25351348 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common primary brain tumor among adults. Temozolomide (TMZ) is widely used as the first‑line postsurgical drug for malignant glioma. However, the therapeutic efficacy of TMZ remains ineffective as inherited or acquired drug resistance is frequently observed. Estrogen receptor β (ERβ) has emerged as a tumor suppressor and a key regulator of signal transduction in glioma cells. However, little is known about the role of ERβ in regulating the chemotherapeutic response to TMZ. In the current study, the TMZ‑resistant U138 glioma cells were treated with the novel ERβ agonist liquiritigenin (Liq). It was observed that Liq significantly enhanced ERβ expression and sensitized glioma cells to TMZ‑induced proliferation inhibition. As a potential mechanism, it was noted that Liq treatment significantly inhibited the activity of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, which played a protective role against the TMZ‑induced cytotoxicity. In addition, it was demonstrated that ERβ knockdown or activation of the phosphatidylinositol‑4,5‑bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway by insulin‑like growth factor 1 both eradicated the function of Liq. These results suggest that Liq treatment enhances glioma cell susceptibility to TMZ by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. As hyperactivation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is frequently observed in gliomas, the combined use of ERβ agonists may become a feasible therapy option to overcome chemoresistance to TMZ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Libo Wang
- China‑Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Jiajun Chen
- China‑Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Qi Ling
- Jilin Medical College, Jilin, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Hongfei Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Shilin Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Liming Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Shuping Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Mingying Xia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Ling Jing
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chan KKL, Leung THY, Chan DW, Wei N, Lau GTY, Liu SS, Siu MKY, Ngan HYS. Targeting estrogen receptor subtypes (ERα and ERβ) with selective ER modulators in ovarian cancer. J Endocrinol 2014; 221:325-36. [PMID: 24819599 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer cells express both estrogen receptor α (ERα) and ERβ, and hormonal therapy is an attractive treatment option because of its relatively few side effects. However, estrogen was previously shown to have opposite effects in tumors expressing ERα compared with ERβ, indicating that the two receptor subtypes may have opposing effects. This may explain the modest response to nonselective estrogen inhibition in clinical practice. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of selectively targeting each ER subtype on ovarian cancer growth. Ovarian cancer cell lines SKOV3 and OV2008, expressing both ER subtypes, were treated with highly selective ER modulators. Sodium 3'-(1-(phenylaminocarbonyl)-3,4-tetrazolium)-bis(4-methoxy-6-nitro) benzene sulfonic acid hydrate (XTT) assay revealed that treatment with 1,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-methyl-5-[4-(2-piperidinylethoxy)phenol]-1H-pyrazole dihydrochloride (MPP) (ERα antagonist) or 2,3-bis(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-propionitrile (DPN) (ERβ agonist) significantly suppressed cell growth in both cell lines. In contrast, 4,4',4″-(4-propyl-[1H]-pyrazole-1,3,5-triyl) trisphenol (PPT) (ERα agonist) or 4-[2-phenyl-5,7-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]-pyrimidin-3-yl]phenol (PHTPP) (ERβ antagonist) significantly enhanced cell growth. These results were confirmed on a xenograft model where SKOV3 cells were injected s.c. into ovariectomized mice. We observed that the average size of xenografts in both the DPN-treated group and the MPP-treated group was significantly smaller than that for the vehicle-treated group. In addition, we found that phospho-AKT expressions in SKOV3 cells were reduced by 80% after treatment with MPP and DPN, indicating that the AKT pathway was involved. The combined treatment with MPP and DPN had a synergistic effect in suppressing ovarian cancer cell growth. Our findings indicate that targeting ER subtypes may enhance the response to hormonal treatment in women with ovarian cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Kar-Loen Chan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 6/F Professorial Block, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang D, Lu J, Liu Y, Meng Q, Xie J, Wang Z, Teng L. Liquiritigenin induces tumor cell death through mitogen-activated protein kinase- (MPAKs-) mediated pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Biomed Res Int 2014; 2014:965316. [PMID: 24738081 DOI: 10.1155/2014/965316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Liquiritigenin (LQ), separated from Glycyrrhiza radix, possesses anti-inflammatory, antihyperlipidemic, and antiallergic effects. Our present study aims to investigate the antihepatocellular carcinoma effects of LQ both in cell and animal models. LQ strikingly reduced cell viability, enhanced apoptotic rate, induced lactate dehydrogenase over-release, and increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and caspase 3 activity in both PLC/PRL/5 and HepG2 cells. The expression of cleaved PARP, the hall-marker of apoptosis, was enhanced by LQ. LQ treatment resulted in a reduction of the expressions of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xL), and an increase of the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) and P38. LQ-mediated cell viability reduction, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis related protein abnormal expressions, and JNK and P38 activation were partially abolished by N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (a ROS inhibitor) pretreatment. Moreover, LQ suppressed the activation of extracellular signaling-regulated kinase (ERKs) and reduced the translocation of phosphor-ERKs from cytoplasm to nucleus. This antitumor activity was further confirmed in PLC/PRL/5-xenografted mice model. All these data indicate that the antihepatocellular carcinoma effects of LQ are related to its modulation of the activations of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs). The study provides experimental evidence supporting LQ as a potential therapeutic agent for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment.
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Licorice is an herbal plant named for its unique sweet flavor. It is widely used in the food and tobacco industries as a sweetener. Licorice is also used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and complementary medicine. Because the use of licorice has long been a part of TCM, the details of its therapeutic applications have been thoroughly established. In modern science, licorice is of interest because of its broad range of applications. Extracts of and compounds isolated from licorice have been well studied and biologically characterized. In this review, we discuss the nutraceutical and functional activities of licorice as well as those of the extracts of and the isolated compounds from licorice, including agents with anti-inflammatory activity, cell-protective abilities, and chemopreventive effects. The side effects of licorice are also enumerated. A comparison of the activities of licorice described by modern science and TCM is also presented, revealing the correspondence of certain characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Chien Kao
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University , 250 Kuokuang Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ye L, Gong J, Wang Y, Sun X. Pharmacological Activities of Sijunzi Decoction Which Are Related to Its Antioxidant Properties. J CHEM-NY 2014; 2014:1-10. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/278318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper introduces the antioxidant constituents and pharmacological effects of Sijunzi decoction by looking up literatures in recent years. Sijunzi decoction is composed of Ginseng, Atractylodes, Tuckahoe, and Glycyrrhiza. The antioxidant ingredients of Sijunzi decoction include paeonol, dauricine, naringin, and isoliquiritigenin. The study has proved that it possesses wide pharmacological effects of anticardiovascular diseases, antinervous system disease, antidiabetes, antimetabolic syndrome, and antitumor. Research on the antioxidant components of Sijunzi decoction and their targets is a promising study area in the future.
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang D, Wong HK, Feng YB, Zhang ZJ. Liquiritigenin exhibits antitumour action in pituitary adenoma cells via Ras/ERKs and ROS-dependent mitochondrial signalling pathways. J Pharm Pharmacol 2013; 66:408-17. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
The purpose of this study was to investigate antitumour effects of liquiritigenin (LQ) on pituitary adenoma in in-vitro and in-vivo models.
Methods
The effects of LQ on cell viability, apoptosis rate, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and various apoptosis-related mediators were examined in MMQ and GH3 cells that are derived from rat pituitary adenoma. Antitumour effect of LQ was also examined in the mouse model of GH3-xenografted tumour.
Key findings
LQ inhibited cell viability, caused G1 phase arrest and initiated apoptosis in both MMQ and GH3 cells. LQ dissipated MMP, increased intracellular ROS level and cytosol cytochrome C, and reduced the expression of Ras, B-cell lymphoma 2 and B-cell lymphoma-extra large. LQ also inhibited the activation of extracellular signalling-regulated kinases (ERKs) and the translocation of from cytoplasm to nucleus. LQ markedly reduced tumour size without affecting bodyweight in mice with GH3 cells xenograft.
Conclusions
LQ effectively inhibits pituitary adenoma tumour growth and induces cell apoptotic death mainly via Ras/ERKs and ROS-dependent mitochondrial pathways, suggesting that LQ is a potential suppressor of pituitary adenoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hei-Kiu Wong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi-Bin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhang-Jin Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Simmler C, Hajirahimkhan A, Lankin DC, Bolton JL, Jones T, Soejarto DD, Chen SN, Pauli GF. Dynamic residual complexity of the isoliquiritigenin-liquiritigenin interconversion during bioassay. J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61:2146-57. [PMID: 23427769 PMCID: PMC3728173 DOI: 10.1021/jf304445p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive components in food plants can undergo dynamic processes that involve multiple chemical species. For example, 2'-hydroxychalcones can readily isomerize into flavanones. Although chemically well documented, this reaction has barely been explored in the context of cell-based assays. The present time-resolved study fills this gap by investigating the isomerization of isoliquiritigenin (a 2'-hydroxychalcone) and liquiritigenin (a flavanone) in two culture media (Dulbecco's modified eagle medium and Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium) with and without MCF-7 cells, using high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-electrospray ionization/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry for analysis. Both compounds were isomerized and epimerized under all investigated biological conditions, leading to mixtures of isoliquiritigenin and R/S-liquiritigenin, with 19.6% R enantiomeric excess. Consequently, all three species can potentially modulate the biological responses. This exemplifies dynamic residual complexity and demonstrates how both nonchiral reactions and enantiomeric discrimination can occur in bioassay media, with or without cells. The findings highlight the importance of controlling in situ chemical reactivity, influenced by biological systems when evaluating the mode of action of bioactives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Guido F. Pauli
- Corresponding author: Tel: +1 (312) 355-1949, Fax: +1 (312) 355-2693,
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Liu Y, Xie S, Wang Y, Luo K, Wang Y, Cai Y. Liquiritigenin inhibits tumor growth and vascularization in a mouse model of HeLa cells. Molecules 2012; 17:7206-16. [PMID: 22692244 PMCID: PMC6268641 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17067206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is one of the crucial steps in the transition of a tumor from a small, harmless cluster of mutated cells to a large, malignant growth, capable of spreading to other organs throughout the body. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) that stimulates vasculogenesis and angiogenesis is thought to be as an anti-angiogenic target for cancer therapy. Liquiritigenin (LQ), a flavanone existing in Radix glycyrrhiza, shows extensive biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. In our studies, liquiritigenin effectively inhibited the growth of tumors xenografted in nude mice from human cervical cancer cell line HeLa cells, and microvascular density (MVD) of the tumor exposed to liquiritigenin was reduced in a dose dependent manner, especially in the high dose group. Moreover, the expression and secretion of VEGF were down-regulated by the drug in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, liquiritigenin can be further studied on cancer and other diseases associated with VEGF up-regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yunqing Cai
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +86-25-8666-2941; Fax: +86-25-8666-2930
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sareddy GR, Nair BC, Gonugunta VK, Zhang QG, Brenner A, Brann DW, Tekmal RR, Vadlamudi RK. Therapeutic significance of estrogen receptor β agonists in gliomas. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:1174-82. [PMID: 22442308 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common and devastating central nervous system neoplasms. A gender bias exists in their development: females are at lower risk than males, implicating estrogen-mediated protective effects. Estrogen functions are mediated by two estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes: ERα, which functions as tumor promoter, and ERβ, which functions as tumor suppressor. We examined the potential use of ERβ agonists as a novel therapeutic to curb the growth of gliomas. Western analysis of six glioma model cells showed detectable expression of ERβ with little or no ERα. Treatment of glioma cells with ERβ agonists resulted in significant decrease in proliferation. Immunohistochemical analysis of tumor tissues revealed that ERβ expression is downregulated in high-grade gliomas. We found that ERβ agonists promote both expression and tumor-suppressive functions of ERβ in glioma cells. Liquiritigenin, a plant-derived ERβ agonist significantly reduced in vivo tumor growth in a xenograft model. Compared with control mice, animals treated with liquiritigenin had greater than 50% reduction in tumor volume and size. Immunohistochemical analysis of tumors revealed a significant increase in the nuclear ERβ expression with a concomitant decrease in cell proliferation in the liquiritigenin-treated group. Our results suggest that ERβ signaling has a tumor-suppressive function in gliomas. Because ERβ agonists are currently in clinical trials and are well tolerated with fewer side effects, identification of an ERβ agonist as a therapeutic agent can be readily extended to clinical use with current chemotherapies, providing an additional tool for enhancing survival in glioma patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gangadhara R Sareddy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Xie SR, Wang Y, Liu CW, Luo K, Cai YQ. Liquiritigenin inhibits serum-induced HIF-1α and VEGF expression via the AKT/mTOR-p70S6K signalling pathway in HeLa cells. Phytother Res 2011; 26:1133-41. [PMID: 22170854 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Liquiritigenin (LQ) is a non-toxic dietary flavonoid with chemopreventive and anticancer properties. However, the mechanism of its antiangiogenesis remains unclear. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and its downstream target, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), play a critical role in tumour angiogenesis and represent an attractive chemotherapeutic target. In this study, we investigated the effect of LQ on the molecular mechanism of angiogenesis. We found that LQ inhibited VEGF expression at both mRNA and protein levels. Liquiritigenin did not affect HIF-1α expression at the mRNA level, but it dramatically inhibited both serum- and mimicked hypoxic-induced HIF-1α protein accumulation in HeLa cells. Furthermore, we showed that LQ inhibited serum-induced expression of HIF-1α by reducing its stability and decreased the synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that LQ inhibited HIF-1α and VEGF expression involved in blocking the protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) signalling pathway, and the mechanisms correlated with dephosphorylation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and its effector ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K). In addition, LQ inhibited VEGF-induced formation of capillary-like structures in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Taken together, our study provided valuable insights into the mechanism of antiangiogenic effect of LQ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Rou Xie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P. R. China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Liu C, Wang Y, Xie S, Zhou Y, Ren X, Li X, Cai Y. Liquiritigenin induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis via cytochrome c release and caspases activation in heLa Cells. Phytother Res 2011; 25:277-83. [PMID: 20658471 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|