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Davis DN, Strong MD, Chambers E, Hart MD, Bettaieb A, Clarke SL, Smith BJ, Stoecker BJ, Lucas EA, Lin D, Chowanadisai W. A role for zinc transporter gene SLC39A12 in the nervous system and beyond. Gene 2021; 799:145824. [PMID: 34252531 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The SLC39A12 gene encodes the zinc transporter protein ZIP12, which is expressed across many tissues and is highly abundant in the vertebrate nervous system. As a zinc transporter, ZIP12 functions to transport zinc across cellular membranes, including cellular zinc influx across the plasma membrane. Genome-wide association and exome sequencing studies have shown that brain susceptibility-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) intensity is associated with ZIP12 polymorphisms and rare mutations. ZIP12 is required for neural tube closure and embryonic development in Xenopus tropicalis. Frog embryos depleted of ZIP12 by antisense morpholinos develop an anterior neural tube defect and lack viability. ZIP12 is also necessary for neurite outgrowth and mitochondrial function in mouse neural cells. ZIP12 mRNA is increased in brain regions of schizophrenic patients. Outside of the nervous system, hypoxia induces ZIP12 expression in multiple mammalian species, including humans, which leads to endothelial and smooth muscle thickening in the lung and contributes towards pulmonary hypertension. Other studies have associated ZIP12 with other diseases such as cancer. Given that ZIP12 is highly expressed in the brain and that susceptibility-weighted MRI is associated with brain metal content, ZIP12 may affect neurological diseases and psychiatric illnesses such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and schizophrenia. Furthermore, the induction of ZIP12 and resultant zinc uptake under pathophysiological conditions may be a critical component of disease pathology, such as in pulmonary hypertension. Drug compounds that bind metals like zinc may be able to treat diseases associated with impaired zinc homeostasis and altered ZIP12 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle N Davis
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Morgan D Strong
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Emily Chambers
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Matthew D Hart
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Ahmed Bettaieb
- University of Tennessee, Department of Nutrition, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Stephen L Clarke
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Brenda J Smith
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Barbara J Stoecker
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Edralin A Lucas
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Dingbo Lin
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Winyoo Chowanadisai
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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Mazuryk J, Puchalska I, Koziński K, Ślusarz MJ, Ruczyński J, Rekowski P, Rogujski P, Płatek R, Wiśniewska MB, Piotrowski A, Janus Ł, Skowron PM, Pikuła M, Sachadyn P, Rodziewicz-Motowidło S, Czupryn A, Mucha P. PTD4 Peptide Increases Neural Viability in an In Vitro Model of Acute Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116086. [PMID: 34200045 PMCID: PMC8200211 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a disturbance in cerebral blood flow caused by brain tissue ischemia and hypoxia. We optimized a multifactorial in vitro model of acute ischemic stroke using rat primary neural cultures. This model was exploited to investigate the pro-viable activity of cell-penetrating peptides: arginine-rich Tat(49–57)-NH2 (R49KKRRQRRR57-amide) and its less basic analogue, PTD4 (Y47ARAAARQARA57-amide). Our model included glucose deprivation, oxidative stress, lactic acidosis, and excitotoxicity. Neurotoxicity of these peptides was excluded below a concentration of 50 μm, and PTD4-induced pro-survival was more pronounced. Circular dichroism spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) calculations proved potential contribution of the peptide conformational properties to neuroprotection: in MD, Tat(49–57)-NH2 adopted a random coil and polyproline type II helical structure, whereas PTD4 adopted a helical structure. In an aqueous environment, the peptides mostly adopted a random coil conformation (PTD4) or a polyproline type II helical (Tat(49–57)-NH2) structure. In 30% TFE, PTD4 showed a tendency to adopt a helical structure. Overall, the pro-viable activity of PTD4 was not correlated with the arginine content but rather with the peptide’s ability to adopt a helical structure in the membrane-mimicking environment, which enhances its cell membrane permeability. PTD4 may act as a leader sequence in novel drugs for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Mazuryk
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (P.R.); (R.P.); (A.C.)
- Department of Electrode Processes, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (P.M.); Tel.: +48-22-343-2094 (J.M.); +48-58-523-5432 (P.M.)
| | - Izabela Puchalska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (I.P.); (M.J.Ś.); (J.R.); (P.R.); (P.M.S.); (S.R.-M.)
- Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, 80-172 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Kamil Koziński
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (M.B.W.)
| | - Magdalena J. Ślusarz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (I.P.); (M.J.Ś.); (J.R.); (P.R.); (P.M.S.); (S.R.-M.)
| | - Jarosław Ruczyński
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (I.P.); (M.J.Ś.); (J.R.); (P.R.); (P.M.S.); (S.R.-M.)
| | - Piotr Rekowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (I.P.); (M.J.Ś.); (J.R.); (P.R.); (P.M.S.); (S.R.-M.)
| | - Piotr Rogujski
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (P.R.); (R.P.); (A.C.)
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute PAS, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Płatek
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (P.R.); (R.P.); (A.C.)
- Laboratory for Regenerative Biotechnology, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Marta Barbara Wiśniewska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (M.B.W.)
| | - Arkadiusz Piotrowski
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | | | - Piotr M. Skowron
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (I.P.); (M.J.Ś.); (J.R.); (P.R.); (P.M.S.); (S.R.-M.)
| | - Michał Pikuła
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Embryology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Paweł Sachadyn
- Laboratory for Regenerative Biotechnology, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Sylwia Rodziewicz-Motowidło
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (I.P.); (M.J.Ś.); (J.R.); (P.R.); (P.M.S.); (S.R.-M.)
| | - Artur Czupryn
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (P.R.); (R.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Piotr Mucha
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (I.P.); (M.J.Ś.); (J.R.); (P.R.); (P.M.S.); (S.R.-M.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (P.M.); Tel.: +48-22-343-2094 (J.M.); +48-58-523-5432 (P.M.)
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Ahmed MAE, Farouk Fahmy H. Histological study on the effect of sodium azide on the corpus striatum of albino rats and the possible protective role of L-carnitine: . ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 36:39-49. [DOI: 10.1097/01.ehx.0000424089.76006.d7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Riha PD, Rojas JC, Colorado RA, Gonzalez-Lima F. Animal model of posterior cingulate cortex hypometabolism implicated in amnestic MCI and AD. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2008; 90:112-24. [PMID: 18316212 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2008.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Revised: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) is the brain region displaying the earliest sign of energy hypometabolism in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) who develop Alzheimer's disease (AD). In particular, the activity of the mitochondrial respiratory enzyme cytochrome oxidase (C.O.) is selectively inhibited within the PCC in AD. The present study is the first experimental analysis designed to model in animals the localized cortical C.O. inhibition found as the earliest metabolic sign of early-stage AD in human neuroimaging studies. Rats were used to model local inhibition of C.O. by direct injection of the C.O. inhibitor sodium azide into the PCC. Learning and memory were examined in a spatial holeboard task and brains were analyzed using quantitative histochemical, morphological and biochemical techniques. Behavioral results showed that sodium azide-treated rats were impaired in their memory of the baited pattern in probe trials as compared to their training scores before treatment, without non-specific behavioral differences. Brain analyses showed that C.O. inhibition was specific to the PCC, and sodium azide increased lipid peroxidation, gliosis and neuron loss, and lead to a network functional disconnection between the PCC and interconnected hippocampal regions. It was concluded that impaired memory by local C.O. inhibition in the PCC may serve to model in animals a metabolic lesion similar to that found in patients with amnestic MCI and early-stage AD. This model may be useful as an in vivo testing platform to investigate neuroprotective strategies to prevent or reduce the amnestic effects produced by posterior cingulate energy hypometabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Riha
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, 1 University Station A8000, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Garcia RAG, Liu L, Hu Z, Gonzalez A, von Borstel RW, Saydoff JA. Severe cytochrome c oxidase inhibition in vivo does not induce a pyrimidine deficiency; neuroprotective action of oral uridine prodrug PN401 requires supraphysiological levels of uridine. Brain Res 2005; 1066:164-71. [PMID: 16330000 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2005] [Revised: 10/17/2005] [Accepted: 10/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction leads to a pyrimidine deficiency since the pyrimidine biosynthetic enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase is coupled to the electron transport chain. The uridine prodrug triacetyluridine (PN401) is neuroprotective in several models of neurodegenerative disease involving respiratory chain toxins. Therefore, the therapeutic effects of PN401 might involve the correction of a pyrimidine deficiency secondary to respiratory chain impairment. We infused mice with the cytochrome c oxidase inhibitor azide, which inhibited brain complex IV activity. Chronic infusion of azide for 2 or 14 days induced significant toxicity and mortality but did not cause a pyrimidine deficit in the brain. In contrast, the pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor N-phosphonoacetyl-l-aspartate (PALA) produced a pyrimidine deficit with minimal mortality. Treatment with 6% PN401 decreased mortality and cerebrocortical apoptosis caused by azide. Previously, we found that optimal neuroprotection against mitochondrial complex II inhibition required 4-6% PN401. PN401 at 1, 3, 6 and 10% in chow induced nonlinear increases in plasma uridine with 6% PN401 elevating plasma uridine up to 80 muM, and these higher micromolar uridine levels were also required for neuroprotection in chemical hypoxia models in vitro. Our results indicate that severe complex IV inhibition in vivo does not lead to a pyrimidine deficiency, and therefore the protective effect of PN401 in the azide toxin model is not mediated through the correction of a pyrimidine deficiency. Furthermore, supraphysiological levels of uridine are required to produce optimal protective effects in disorders involving impairment of mitochondrial respiratory complex II or IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando A G Garcia
- Neuroscience Research, Wellstat Therapeutics, 930 Clopper Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
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6
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Greene JG, Greenamyre JT. Mitochondria, metabolic inhibitors and neurodegeneration. NEURODEGENER DIS 2005. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9780511544873.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Roehrs C, Garrido-Sanabria ER, Da Silva AC, Faria LC, Sinhorin VDG, Marques RH, Priel MR, Rubin MA, Cavalheiro EA, Mello CF. Succinate increases neuronal post-synaptic excitatory potentials in vitro and induces convulsive behavior through N-methyl-d-aspartate-mediated mechanisms. Neuroscience 2004; 125:965-71. [PMID: 15120856 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Succinate is a dicarboxylic acid that accumulates due to succinate dehydrogenase inhibition by malonate and methylmalonate exposure. These neurotoxins cause increased excitability and excitotoxic damage, which can be prevented by administering high amounts of succinate. In the present study we investigated whether succinate alters hippocampal field excitatory post-synaptic potentials. Bath application of succinate at intermediate concentrations (0.3-1 mM) increased the slope of field excitatory post-synaptic potentials in hippocampal slices, and at high concentrations (above 1 mM) did not alter or decrease field excitatory post-synaptic potentials slope. Succinate-induced enhancement of field excitatory post-synaptic potentials slope was abolished by the addition of d-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (50 microM) to the perfusate, supporting the involvement of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors in the excitatory effect of this organic acid. Accordingly, succinate (0.8-7.5 micromol) i.c.v. administration caused dose-dependent convulsive behavior in mice. The i.c.v. co-administration of MK-801 (7 nmol) fully prevented succinate-induced convulsions, further suggesting the involvement of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors in the convulsant action of succinate. Our data indicate that accumulation of moderate amounts of succinate may contribute to the excitotoxicity induced by succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors, through the activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Roehrs
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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García O, Massieu L. Strategies for neuroprotection against L-trans-2,4-pyrrolidine dicarboxylate-induced neuronal damage during energy impairment in vitro. J Neurosci Res 2001; 64:418-28. [PMID: 11340649 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Increased levels of extracellular excitatory amino acids and failure of energy metabolism are two conditions associated with brain ischemia. In the present study we have combined the simultaneous inhibition of glutamate uptake and mitochondrial electron transport chain to simulate neuronal damage associated with brain ischemia. Results show that cerebellar granule neurons are not vulnerable to transient glutamate uptake inhibition by L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate (PDC) despite the increase in the extracellular concentration of glutamate, unless they are simultaneously exposed to the mitochondrial toxins 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) or sodium azide. Cell damage was assessed by light microscopy observation, by reduction of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), and by the fluorescent markers for live and dead cells, calcein and ethidium homodimer, respectively. The protective effect of alternative energy substrates, such as pyruvate, acetoacetate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate against PDC-induced neuronal death during 3-NP exposure was studied and compared to the effects of the antioxidant vitamin E, the spin trapper alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN), voltage-dependent calcium channel antagonists, and glutamate receptor antagonists. Results show that neuronal damage can be efficiently prevented in the presence of pyruvate and the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist MK-801, whereas the non-NMDA receptor antagonist NBQX, acetoacetate, vitamin E, and PBN showed partial protection. In contrast, beta-hydroxybutyrate and voltage-dependent calcium channels blockers did not show any protective effect at the concentrations tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- O García
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., México
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Abstract
Because of the potential role of mitochondrial dysfunction in nigrostriatal degeneration in Parkinson's disease, the effects of rotenone (an inhibitor of mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase and a naturally occurring toxicant) on the levels of striatal dopamine (DA) and DA metabolites were evaluated after acute and subchronic administration to mice. Systemic acute treatment with relatively high doses of rotenone did not affect DA concentration, but caused a significant increase in both DA metabolites, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA). DOPAC and HVA changes were measured at 1 day and were reversed within 1 week, paralleling the time course of rotenone-induced increase in striatal lactate levels. Subchronic administration with a relatively mild dose of rotenone did not significantly alter the striatal levels of DA and DOPAC, while it slightly reduced HVA concentration. No neurochemical signs of dopaminergic damage were seen when mice were co-exposed to rotenone and diethyldithiocarbamate, a compound known to enhance nigrostriatal injury caused by the neurotoxicant 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Also, rotenone did not cause additional injury to animals previously lesioned by MPTP. Taken together, data indicate that rotenone is not capable of causing overt dopaminergic toxicity under the testing paradigms used in this study. Rather, an increase in DA turnover, as indicated by a higher (DOPAC+HVA)/DA ratio, seems to be associated to rotenone-induced striatal energy impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Thiffault
- The Parkinson's Institute, Sunnyvale, CA 94089, USA.
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Knyihár-Csillik E, Okuno E, Vécsei L. Effects of in vivo sodium azide administration on the immunohistochemical localization of kynurenine aminotransferase in the rat brain. Neuroscience 1999; 94:269-77. [PMID: 10613517 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(99)00306-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous excitotoxins that act on receptors of cerebral excitatory amino acids play important roles in the pathogenesis of excitotoxic brain diseases. Activation of excitatory amino acid receptors results in neuronal death characteristic of these disorders. Kynurenic acid, a powerful endogenous excitatory amino acid receptor antagonist, which is therefore widely regarded as a potent neuroprotective agent, is produced from its biological precursor, L-kynurenine, by the action of the enzyme kynurenine aminotransferase-I. The chemical hypoxia induced by mitochondrial toxins produces a secondary excitotoxicity, leading to the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Accordingly, sodium azide, an inhibitor of cytochrome oxidase, induces the release of excitotoxins via an energy impairment and this, in turn, results in neurodegeneration. Since energy-dependent secondary excitotoxic mechanisms also account for the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, a study was made of the effects of sodium azide on the immunohistochemical localization of kynurenine aminotransferase-I. After in vivo administration of sodium azide for five days, a markedly decreased glial kynurenine aminotransferase-I immunoreactivity was found by immunohistochemical techniques in the glial cells of the striatum, hippocampus, dentate gyrus and temporal cortex; at the same time, kynurenine aminotransferase-I started to be expressed by nerve cells which had not been immunoreactive previously. The accumulation of kynurenine aminotransferase-I reaction product around the ribosomes of neuronal endoplasmic reticulum suggests de novo synthesis of kynurenine aminotransferase-I in the reactive nerve cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Knyihár-Csillik
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical University, Szeged, Hungary.
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Park LC, Zhang H, Sheu KF, Calingasan NY, Kristal BS, Lindsay JG, Gibson GE. Metabolic impairment induces oxidative stress, compromises inflammatory responses, and inactivates a key mitochondrial enzyme in microglia. J Neurochem 1999; 72:1948-58. [PMID: 10217272 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.0721948.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Microglial activation, oxidative stress, and dysfunctions in mitochondria, including the reduction of cytochrome oxidase activity, have been implicated in neurodegeneration. The current experiments tested the effects of reducing cytochrome oxidase activity on the ability of microglia to respond to inflammatory insults. Inhibition of cytochrome oxidase by azide reduced oxygen consumption and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production but did not affect cell viability. Azide also attenuated microglial activation, as measured by nitric oxide (NO.) production in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). It is surprising that the inhibition of cytochrome oxidase also diminished the activity of the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC), a Krebs cycle enzyme. This reduction was exaggerated when the azide-treated microglia were also treated with LPS. The combination of the azide-stimulated ROS and LPS-induced NO. would likely cause peroxynitrite formation in microglia. Thus, the possibility that KGDHC was inactivated by peroxynitrite was tested. Peroxynitrite inhibited the activity of isolated KGDHC, nitrated tyrosine residues of all three KGDHC subunits, and reduced immunoreactivity to antibodies against two KGDHC components. Thus, our data suggest that inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain diminishes aerobic energy metabolism, interferes with microglial inflammatory responses, and compromises mitochondrial function, including KGDHC activity, which is vulnerable to NO. and peroxynitrite that result from microglial activation. Thus, activation of metabolically compromised microglia can further diminish their oxidative capacity, creating a deleterious spiral that may contribute to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Park
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cornell University Medical College at Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, New York 10605, USA
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Kowall NW, Kuemmerle S, Ferrante RJ. Chapter 3 The Genetic Basis and Molecular Pathogenesis of Huntington's Disease. Genetic Aberrancies and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Elsevier; 1999. pp. 81-92. [DOI: 10.1016/s1566-3124(08)60023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Sato S, Gobbel GT, Honkaniemi J, Li Y, Kondo T, Murakami K, Sato M, Copin JC, Sharp FR, Chan PH. Decreased expression of bcl-2 and bcl-x mRNA coincides with apoptosis following intracerebral administration of 3-nitropropionic acid. Brain Res 1998; 808:56-64. [PMID: 9795133 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00784-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial toxin, 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP), is an irreversible inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase that induces apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. We injected 3-NP into the striatum of rats to examine the potential role of Bcl-2 or Bcl-x, proteins that can inhibit apoptosis, in brain injury due to 3-NP. Electrophoretic examination of striatal tissue indicated that 3-NP induced internucleosomal fragmentation typical of apoptosis. There was also histologic evidence of apoptosis based on staining by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) method. Apoptosis was first observed 6 h after injection, was maximal at 1 day, and was still observed on day 7. Expression of bcl-2, bcl-x, and c-jun mRNA expression was evaluated 1, 3, 6, and 12 h and 1, 3, 5, and 7 days after injection using in situ hybridization. Both bcl-2 and bcl-x mRNA expression in the striatum decreased starting at 6 h and continued to 5 days after injection. This was in contrast to an apparent increase in c-jun expression. The similarity in the time course of apoptosis to that of suppression of bcl-2 and bcl-x mRNA suggests that changes in expression of these genes may contribute to apoptosis following 3-NP injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sato
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0651, USA
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Centonze D, Calabresi P, Pisani A, Marinelli S, Marfia GA, Bernardi G. Electrophysiology of the neuroprotective agent riluzole on striatal spiny neurons. Neuropharmacology 1998; 37:1063-70. [PMID: 9833635 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3908(98)00081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Striatal spiny neurons are selectively vulnerable in Huntington's disease (HD). No effective treatment is available to limit neuronal death in this pathological condition. In an experimental model of HD, a beneficial effect has recently been reported by the neuroprotective agent riluzole. We performed intracellular recordings in order to characterize the electrophysiological effects of this compound on striatal spiny neurons. Riluzole (0.1-100 microM) affected neither the resting membrane potential nor the input resistance/membrane conductance of the recorded cells. Bath application of this pharmacological agent produced a dose-dependent reduction of the number of spikes evoked by long-lasting depolarizing pulses. The EC50 value for this effect was 0.5 microM. Low doses of riluzole selectively reduced the firing frequency in the last part of the depolarizing pulse suggesting a use-dependent action at low concentrations of this compound. Riluzole produced a dose-dependent reduction of the amplitude of the corticostriatal glutamatergic excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) with an extrapolated EC50 value of 6 microM. This effect was reversible and maximal at a concentration of 100 microM. Paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) was not affected by riluzole suggesting that the reduction of excitatory transmission was not only caused by a decrease of presynaptic release. Accordingly, riluzole also reduced the amplitude of membrane depolarization induced by exogenous glutamate. The modulatory action of riluzole on the activity of striatal spiny neurons might support the use of this drug in experimental models of excitotoxicity and in the neurodegenerative disorders involving the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Centonze
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento Sanità, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Thörnwall M, Sharma HS, Gordh T, Sjöquist PO, Nyberg F. Substance P endopeptidase activity in the rat spinal cord following injury: influence of the new anti-oxidant compound H 290/51. Acta Neurochir Suppl 1998; 70:212-5. [PMID: 9416325 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6837-0_65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the new antioxidant compound H-290/51 was examined on the substance P endopeptidase (SPE) activity in a rat model of spinal cord injury. This compound (H-290/51) has neuro-protective effects on edema and cell changes in this model. Infliction of trauma to the cord by making an incision into the right dorsal horn of the T10-11 segment resulted in a marked upregulation of SPE in the segments rostral to the lesion. On the other hand, the injured and adjacent caudal segments exhibited a marked down-regulation of the enzyme activity. Pretreatment with H 290/51 increased the SPE activity in the T9 segment but downregulated the enzyme activity in the T10-11 and T12 segments. The drug induced enzyme activity change was not further influenced by the trauma of the cord. The results indicate that a focal trauma induces widespread alterations in spinal cord SPE activity which can be influenced by the anti-oxidant drug H 290/51, suggesting that SPE is somehow involved in cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thörnwall
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University Hospital, Uppsala University, Sweden
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Stefani A, Spadoni F, Bernardi G. Differential inhibition by riluzole, lamotrigine, and phenytoin of sodium and calcium currents in cortical neurons: implications for neuroprotective strategies. Exp Neurol 1997; 147:115-22. [PMID: 9294408 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.1997.6554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Among the several classes of drugs currently studied as neuroprotective agents, glutamate release blockers have been indicated as being rather effective. In particular, lamotrigine and riluzole have shown promise in the treatment of either acutely developing cellular damages (stroke, posttraumatic lesions) or slowly progressing neurodegenerative diseases as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. These drugs are supposed to interfere with the release of endogenous glutamate in situ, yet the mechanisms underlying this effect are not fully defined. One possibility is that lamotrigine and riluzole act by inhibiting voltage-dependent inward conductances active in the soma and/or in the axon terminal region. Therefore, we have investigated the effects of lamotrigine and riluzole on the voltage-gated sodium and calcium currents of acutely isolated neurons from the adult rat neocortex. In addition, since phenytoin is a well-known blocker of the sodium channel, we have compared lamotrigine and riluzole responses with the peak current inhibition produced by phenytoin in the same cells. Lamotrigine produced a large reduction of the high-voltage-activated calcium currents and a smaller; use-dependent inhibition of the sodium conductance. Riluzole inhibited significantly the sodium current at surprisingly low concentrations (nanomolar range) and by up to 80% at saturating doses (1-10 microM). Furthermore, riluzole inhibited both high- and low-voltage-activated calcium currents in neocortical neurons isolated from adult and young animals. By contrast, phenytoin caused only a slight reduction of high-voltage-activated calcium currents even at supratherapeutic doses (by < 12% at 10 microM). Taken together, the different pharmacological profiles of the tested agents might indicate that glutamate release blockers do not represent a homogenous class of drugs. Conversely, our findings could support their selective utilization in different disease status.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stefani
- IRCCS Ospedale S. Lucia, Rome, Italy
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Guyot MC, Hantraye P, Dolan R, Palfi S, Maziére M, Brouillet E. Quantifiable bradykinesia, gait abnormalities and Huntington's disease-like striatal lesions in rats chronically treated with 3-nitropropionic acid. Neuroscience 1997; 79:45-56. [PMID: 9178864 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(96)00602-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Impairment in energy metabolism is thought to be involved in the aetiology of Huntington's disease. In line with this hypothesis, chronic systemic administration of the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid to rats and monkeys produces selective striatal lesions similar to Huntington's disease. The present study examined whether rats treated with varying regimen of 3-nitropropionic acid could present motor abnormalities reminiscent of Huntington's disease symptomatology, correlated with Huntington's disease specific striatal symptomatology. Subacute 3-nitropropionic acid treatment (15 mg/kg per day intraperitoneally for 10 days) produced dramatic motor symptoms associated with extensive neuronal loss and gliosis in the lateral striatum as well as severe hippocampal degeneration in 50% of the cases. In contrast, chronic 3-nitropropionic acid treatment (10 mg/kg per day subcutaneously for one month) led to more subtle excitotoxic-like lesions, selective for the dorsolateral striatum and more closely resembling Huntington's disease striatal pathology. Animals with these Huntington's disease-like lesions showed spontaneous motor symptoms including mild dystonia, bradykinesia and gait abnormalities, which were barely detectable on visual inspection but could be readily identified and quantified by computerized video analysis. In these chronic animals, the degree of striatal neuronal loss was significantly correlated with the severity of spontaneous motor abnormalities, as is the case in Huntington's disease. The present study demonstrates that chronic low-dose 3-nitropropionic acid treatment in rats results in a valuable model of both the histological features and motor deficits which occur in Huntington's disease. Despite the interanimal variability in terms of response to 3-nitropropionic acid treatment, this rat model may be particularly useful for evaluating the functional benefits of new therapeutic strategies for Huntington's disease, particularly those aiming to reduce the severity of motor symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Guyot
- Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Unité de Recherche Associée 2210,Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique-Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Département de Recherche Médicale, Orsay, France
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18
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Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with severe degeneration of basal ganglia neurons, especially the intrinsic neurons of the striatum, and characterized by progressive dementia and involuntary abnormal choreiform movements. Despite our increasing knowledge of the pathophysiology of HD, culminating with the discovery of the gene underlying HD, there has been no cure available to completely cease or reverse the progressive neurodegeneration and behavioral consequences of the disease. Animal models that closely mimic the neurobiological and clinical symptoms of the disease continue to offer alternative approaches for studying HD. Recently, we have reported that systemic administration of 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP), an inhibitor of the mitochondrial citric acid cycle, results in a progressive locomotor deterioration resembling that of HD. Furthermore, we observed congruent with other reports, that 3-NP produces a very selective striatal degeneration. It differs mechanistically from excitotoxic lesions in that 3-NP irreversibly inhibits the mitochondrial citric acid cycle and leads to depressed ATP levels and elevated lactate concentrations. Recent neurochemical studies have implicated lowered glutamate levels and impaired oxidative energy metabolism as underlying mechanisms for many neurodegenerative disorders, including HD. Because of the mechanistic and pathologic similarities between 3-NP lesions and HD, 3-NP has been proposed as an alternative HD model. We further demonstrated that manipulating the time course of 3-NP injections leads to sustained hyperactivity (early HD) or hypoactivity (late HD). The present review will primarily discuss this progressive behavioral pathology induced by 3-NP that closely resembles that of HD. This body of evidence suggests that the 3-NP model is an improved HD model and may offer a unique system wherein testing of experimental treatments for HD can be carried out across different stages of the disease. This future application of the 3-NP model will be very useful especially in assessing the efficacy of treatment modalities, e.g. neural transplantation, during the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Borlongan
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa 33612, USA
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Sato S, Gobbel GT, Honkaniemi J, Li Y, Kondo T, Murakami K, Sato M, Copin JC, Chan PH. Apoptosis in the striatum of rats following intraperitoneal injection of 3-nitropropionic acid. Brain Res 1997; 745:343-7. [PMID: 9037431 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(96)01231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the mechanism of cellular degeneration within the striatum following administration of the mitochondrial toxin, 3-nitropropionic (3-NP) acid. Internucleosomal fragmentation typical of apoptosis was present in the DNA of cells from the striatum of 3-NP-treated rats. DNA fragmentation was also evident in this region by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling. The data suggest that striatal cells die by apoptosis following administration of 3-NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sato
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0651, USA
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Palfi S, Ferrante RJ, Brouillet E, Beal MF, Dolan R, Guyot MC, Peschanski M, Hantraye P. Chronic 3-nitropropionic acid treatment in baboons replicates the cognitive and motor deficits of Huntington's disease. J Neurosci 1996; 16:3019-25. [PMID: 8622131 [PMID: 8622131 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.16-09-03019.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We showed recently that chronic administration of the mitochondrial inhibitor 3-nitropropionic acid (3NP) in primates produces various dyskinetic movements and dystonic postures associated with selective striatal lesions displaying many similarities with the pathological features of Huntington's disease (HD). In the present study, we examined whether such a toxic treatment could also induce frontal-type deficits similar to those observed in HD patients. Cognitive performances of 3NP-treated and control baboons were compared using the object retrieval detour task (ORDT), a test designed to assess the functional integrity of the frontostriatal pathway in human and nonhuman primates. During the same time, the motor function of each animal was assessed under spontaneous "no drug" conditions, and time-sampled neurological observations were used after apomorphine administration. A significant impairment in the ORDT was observed in the 3NP animals after 3-6 weeks of treatment, occurring in the absence of spontaneous abnormal movements by in the presence of apomorphine-inducible dyskinesias. Prolonged 3NP treatment resulted in the progressive appearance of spontaneous abnormal movements. Histological evaluation of these animals showed selective bilateral caudate-putamen lesions with sparing of the cerebral cortex, notably the prefrontal cortex. The present study demonstrates that chronic 3NP treatment replicates in primates the basic pathophysiological triad of HD, including spontaneous abnormal movements, progressive striatal degeneration, and a frontostriatal syndrome of cognitive impairment.
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Borlongan CV, Koutouzis TK, Freeman TB, Cahill DW, Sanberg PR. Behavioral pathology induced by repeated systemic injections of 3-nitropropionic acid mimics the motoric symptoms of Huntington's disease. Brain Res 1995; 697:254-7. [PMID: 8593585 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(95)00901-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with severe degeneration of basal ganglia neurons, especially the intrinsic neurons of the striatum, and characterized by involuntary abnormal choreiform movements and progressive dementia. With the discovery of the gene underlying HD, genetic therapy may be the next logical step towards finding a cure, but no such treatment is currently available. Animal models that closely mimic the neurobiological and clinical symptoms of the disease may offer an alternative approach for the development of new therapies. We report that systemic administration of 3-nitropropionic acid, an inhibitor of the mitochondrial citric acid cycle, results in a progressive locomotor deterioration resembling that of HD. We further demonstrate that manipulating the time course of 3-nitropropionic acid injections leads to sustained hyperactivity (early HD) or hypoactivity (advanced HD). These data suggest that this animal model can be used to test experimental treatments for HD across different stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Borlongan
- Departments of Surgery, Neurology, Psychiatry and Pharmacology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa 33612, USA
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