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Marin D, Marchesan S. Self-Assembled Peptide Nanostructures for ECM Biomimicry. Nanomaterials 2022; 12:2147. [PMID: 35807982 PMCID: PMC9268130 DOI: 10.3390/nano12132147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are functional building blocks of living organisms that exert a wide variety of functions, but their synthesis and industrial production can be cumbersome and expensive. By contrast, short peptides are very convenient to prepare at a low cost on a large scale, and their self-assembly into nanostructures and gels is a popular avenue for protein biomimicry. In this Review, we will analyze the last 5-year progress on the incorporation of bioactive motifs into self-assembling peptides to mimic functional proteins of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and guide cell fate inside hydrogel scaffolds.
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Yu X, Zhang D, Zheng X, Tang C. C1q tumor necrosis factor-related protein 9 in atherosclerosis: Mechanistic insights and therapeutic potential. Atherosclerosis 2018; 276:109-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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3
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Veeraraghavan R, Hoeker GS, Alvarez-Laviada A, Hoagland D, Wan X, King DR, Sanchez-Alonso J, Chen C, Jourdan J, Isom LL, Deschenes I, Smyth JW, Gorelik J, Poelzing S, Gourdie RG. The adhesion function of the sodium channel beta subunit (β1) contributes to cardiac action potential propagation. eLife 2018; 7:37610. [PMID: 30106376 PMCID: PMC6122953 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational modeling indicates that cardiac conduction may involve ephaptic coupling – intercellular communication involving electrochemical signaling across narrow extracellular clefts between cardiomyocytes. We hypothesized that β1(SCN1B) –mediated adhesion scaffolds trans-activating NaV1.5 (SCN5A) channels within narrow (<30 nm) perinexal clefts adjacent to gap junctions (GJs), facilitating ephaptic coupling. Super-resolution imaging indicated preferential β1 localization at the perinexus, where it co-locates with NaV1.5. Smart patch clamp (SPC) indicated greater sodium current density (INa) at perinexi, relative to non-junctional sites. A novel, rationally designed peptide, βadp1, potently and selectively inhibited β1-mediated adhesion, in electric cell-substrate impedance sensing studies. βadp1 significantly widened perinexi in guinea pig ventricles, and selectively reduced perinexal INa, but not whole cell INa, in myocyte monolayers. In optical mapping studies, βadp1 precipitated arrhythmogenic conduction slowing. In summary, β1-mediated adhesion at the perinexus facilitates action potential propagation between cardiomyocytes, and may represent a novel target for anti-arrhythmic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rengasayee Veeraraghavan
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic University, Roanoke, United States.,School of Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic University, Roanoke, United States
| | - Gregory S Hoeker
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic University, Roanoke, United States.,School of Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic University, Roanoke, United States
| | | | - Daniel Hoagland
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic University, Roanoke, United States.,School of Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic University, Roanoke, United States
| | - Xiaoping Wan
- Heart and Vascular Research Center, MetroHealth Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States
| | - D Ryan King
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic University, Roanoke, United States.,School of Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic University, Roanoke, United States.,Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Tech, Virginia, United States
| | - Jose Sanchez-Alonso
- Department of Myocardial Function, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chunling Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Jane Jourdan
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic University, Roanoke, United States.,School of Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic University, Roanoke, United States
| | - Lori L Isom
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Isabelle Deschenes
- Heart and Vascular Research Center, MetroHealth Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Unites States
| | - James W Smyth
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic University, Roanoke, United States.,School of Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic University, Roanoke, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Blacksburg, United States
| | - Julia Gorelik
- Department of Myocardial Function, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Poelzing
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic University, Roanoke, United States.,School of Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic University, Roanoke, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic University, Blacksburg, United States
| | - Robert G Gourdie
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic University, Roanoke, United States.,School of Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic University, Roanoke, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic University, Blacksburg, United States
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Andreyeva A, Nieweg K, Horstmann K, Klapper S, Müller-Schiffmann A, Korth C, Gottmann K. C-terminal fragment of N-cadherin accelerates synapse destabilization by amyloid-β. Brain 2012; 135:2140-54. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Abstract
During development of the nervous system, neurons extend axons over considerable distances in a highly stereospecific fashion in order to innervate their targets in an appropriate manner. This involves the recognition, by the axonal growth cone, of guidance cues that determine the pathway taken by the axons. These guidance cues can act to promote and/or repel growth cone advance. The directed growth of axons is partly governed by cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) on the neuronal growth cone that bind to CAMs on the surface of other axons or nonneuronal cells. In vitro assays have established the importance of the CAMs ((neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM), N-cadherin, and L1) in promoting axonal growth over cells. Compelling evidence implicates the fibroblast growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase as the primary signal transduction molecule in the CAM pathway. CAMs are important constituents of synapses, and they appear to play important and diverse roles in regulating synaptic plasticity associated with learning and memory. Synthetic NCAM peptide mimetics corresponding to the binding site of NCAM for the fibroblast growth factor receptor promote synaptogenesis, enhance presynaptic function, and facilitate memory consolidation. Dimeric versions of functional binding motifs of N-cadherin behave as N-cadherin agonists, promoting both neuritogenesis and neuronal cell survival. Negative extracellular signals that physically direct neurite growth have also been described. The latter include the myelin inhibitory proteins, Nogo, myelin-associated glycoprotein, and oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein. Potentiation of outgrowth-promoting signals, together with antagonism of myelin proteins or their convergent receptor, NgR, and its second messenger pathways, may provide new opportunities in the rational design of treatments for acute brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Skaper
- Department of Pharmacology and Anesthesiology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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Zhou Z, Hu J, Passafaro M, Xie W, Jia Z. GluA2 (GluR2) regulates metabotropic glutamate receptor-dependent long-term depression through N-cadherin-dependent and cofilin-mediated actin reorganization. J Neurosci 2011; 31:819-33. [PMID: 21248105 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3869-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The GluA2 (GluR2) subunit is critical for the regulation of AMPA receptor properties and synaptic plasticity, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that GluA2 regulates metabotropic glutamate receptor-dependent long-term depression (mGluR-LTD) through a previously unknown mechanism involving N-cadherin-dependent and cofilin-mediated actin reorganization. We show that GluA2 is indispensable for mGluR-LTD in the hippocampus, and surprisingly this action of GluA2 is mediated by its extracellular domain interaction with N-cadherin. Accordingly, we show that the function of N-cadherin is regulated by and required for mGluR-LTD. Furthermore, we show that the regulatory effect of GluA2/N-cadherin is mediated through activation of Rho GTPase Rac1 and its downstream actin regulator cofilin, and, importantly, the requirement for GluA2/N-cadherin can be overcome by manipulating cofilin. These results provide compelling evidence that the extracellular domain of GluA2 regulates long-lasting synaptic plasticity through a signaling mechanism that is distinct from those used by the other domains of the receptor subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuc Ung
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Bag 10, Clayton South MDC 3169, Australia
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Parkville 3152, Australia
| | - David A. Winkler
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Bag 10, Clayton South MDC 3169, Australia
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Parkville 3152, Australia
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Corell M, Wicher G, Limbach C, Kilimann MW, Colman DR, Fex Svenningsen Å. Spatiotemporal distribution and function of N-cadherin in postnatal Schwann cells: A matter of adhesion? J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:2338-49. [PMID: 20623533 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During embryonic development of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), the adhesion molecule neuronal cadherin (N-cadherin) is expressed by Schwann cell precursors and associated with axonal growth cones. N-cadherin expression levels decrease as precursors differentiate into Schwann cells. In this study, we investigated the distribution of N-cadherin in the developing postnatal and adult rat peripheral nervous system. N-cadherin was found primarily in ensheathing glia throughout development, concentrated at neuron-glial or glial-glial contacts of the sciatic nerve, dorsal root ganglia (DRG), and myenteric plexi. In the sciatic nerve, N-cadherin decreases with age and progress of myelination. In adult animals, N-cadherin was found exclusively in nonmyelinating Schwann cells. The distribution of N-cadherin in developing E17 DRG primary cultures is similar to what was observed in vivo. Functional studies of N-cadherin in these cultures, using the antagonist peptide INPISGQ, show a disruption of the attachment between Schwann cells, but no interference in the initial or long-term contact between Schwann cells and axons. We suggest that N-cadherin acts primarily in the adhesion between glial cells during postnatal development. It may form adherents/junctions between nonmyelinating glia, which contribute to the stable tubular structure encapsulating thin caliber axons and thus stabilize the nerve structure as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Corell
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Developmental Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Wang C, Roy SK. Expression of E-cadherin and N-cadherin in perinatal hamster ovary: possible involvement in primordial follicle formation and regulation by follicle-stimulating hormone. Endocrinology 2010; 151:2319-30. [PMID: 20219978 PMCID: PMC2869259 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-1489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We examined the expression and hormonal regulation of E-cadherin (CDH1) and N-cadherin (CDH2) with respect to primordial follicle formation. Hamster Cdh1 and Cdh2 cDNA and amino acid sequences were more than 90% similar to those of the mouse, rat, and human. Although CDH1 expression remained exclusively in the oocytes during neonatal ovary development, CDH2 expression shifted from the oocytes to granulosa cells of primordial follicles on postnatal day (P)8. Subsequently, strong CDH2 expression was restricted to granulosa cells of growing follicles. Cdh2 mRNA levels in the ovary decreased from embryonic d 13 through P10 with a transient increase on P7, which was the day before the appearance of primordial follicles. Cdh1 mRNA levels decreased from embryonic d 13 through P3 and then showed a transient increase on P8, coinciding with the formation of primordial follicles. CDH1 and CDH2 expression were consistent with that of mRNA. Neutralization of FSH in utero impaired primordial follicle formation with an associated decrease in Cdh2 mRNA and CDH2, but an increase in Cdh1 mRNA and CDH1 expression. The altered expression was reversed by equine chorionic gonadotropin treatment on P1. Whereas a CDH2 antibody significantly reduced the formation of primordial and primary follicles in vitro, a CDH1 antibody had the opposite effect. This is the first evidence to suggest that primordial follicle formation requires a differential spatiotemporal expression and action of CDH1 and CDH2. Further, FSH regulation of primordial follicle formation may involve the action of CDH1 and CDH2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-4515, USA
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Pittet P, Lee K, Kulik AJ, Meister JJ, Hinz B. Fibrogenic fibroblasts increase intercellular adhesion strength by reinforcing individual OB-cadherin bonds. J Cell Sci 2008; 121:877-86. [PMID: 18303045 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.024877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that the switch from N-cadherin to OB-cadherin expression increases intercellular adhesion between fibroblasts during their transition from a migratory to a fibrogenic phenotype. Using atomic force microscopy we here show that part of this stronger adhesion is accomplished because OB-cadherin bonds resist approximately twofold higher forces compared with N-cadherin junctions. By assessing the adhesion force between recombinant cadherin dimers and between native cadherins in the membrane of spread fibroblasts, we demonstrate that cadherin bonds are reinforced over time with two distinct force increments. By modulating the degree of lateral cadherin diffusion and F-actin organization we can attribute the resulting three force states to the single-molecule bond rather than to cadherin cluster formation. Notably, association with actin filaments enhances cadherin adhesion strength on the single-molecule level up to threefold; actin depolymerization reduces single-bond strength to the level of cadherin constructs missing the cytoplasmic domain. Hence, fibroblasts reinforce intercellular contacts by: (1) switching from N- to OB-cadherin expression; (2) increasing the strength of single-molecule bonds in three distinct steps; and (3) actin-promoted intrinsic activation of cadherin extracellular binding. We propose that this plasticity adapts fibroblast adhesions to the changing mechanical microenvironment of tissue under remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Pittet
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Institute of Physics of the Complex Matter, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Kiryushko D, Bock E, Berezin V. Pharmacology of cell adhesion molecules of the nervous system. Curr Neuropharmacol 2007; 5:253-67. [PMID: 19305742 PMCID: PMC2644493 DOI: 10.2174/157015907782793658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Revised: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 07/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) play a pivotal role in the development and maintenance of the nervous system under normal conditions. They also are involved in numerous pathological processes such as inflammation, degenerative disorders, and cancer, making them attractive targets for drug development. The majority of CAMs are signal transducing receptors. CAM-induced intracellular signalling is triggered via homophilic (CAM-CAM) and heterophilic (CAM - other counter-receptors) interactions, which both can be targeted pharmacologically. We here describe the progress in the CAM pharmacology focusing on cadherins and CAMs of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily, such as NCAM and L1. Structural basis of CAM-mediated cell adhesion and CAM-induced signalling are outlined. Different pharmacological approaches to study functions of CAMs are presented including the use of specific antibodies, recombinant proteins, and synthetic peptides. We also discuss how unravelling of the 3D structure of CAMs provides novel pharmacological tools for dissection of CAM-induced signalling pathways and offers therapeutic opportunities for a range of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Kiryushko
- Protein Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Panum Institute Bld. 6.2, Blegdamsvej 3C, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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Wang W, Mullikin-Kilpatrick D, Crandall JE, Gronostajski RM, Litwack ED, Kilpatrick DL. Nuclear factor I coordinates multiple phases of cerebellar granule cell development via regulation of cell adhesion molecules. J Neurosci 2007; 27:6115-27. [PMID: 17553984 PMCID: PMC6672151 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0180-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A central question is how various stages of neuronal development are integrated as a differentiation program. Here we show that the nuclear factor I (NFI) family of transcriptional regulators is expressed and functions throughout the postmitotic development of cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). Expression of an NFI dominant repressor in CGN cultures blocked axon outgrowth and dendrite formation and decreased CGN migration. Inhibition of NFI transactivation also disrupted extension and fasciculation of parallel fibers as well as CGN migration to the internal granule cell layer in cerebellar slices. In postnatal day 17 Nfia-deficient mice, parallel fibers were greatly diminished and disoriented, CGN dendrite formation was dramatically impaired, and migration from the external germinal layer (EGL) was retarded. Axonal marker expression also was disrupted within the EGL of embryonic day 18 Nfib-null mice. NFI regulation of axon extension was observed under conditions of homotypic cell contact, implicating cell surface proteins as downstream mediators of its actions in CGNs. Consistent with this, the cell adhesion molecules ephrin B1 and N-cadherin were identified as NFI gene targets in CGNs using inhibitor and Nfi mutant analysis as well as chromatin immunoprecipitation. Functional inhibition of ephrin B1 or N-cadherin interfered with CGN axon extension and guidance, migration, and dendritogenesis in cell culture as well as in situ. These studies define NFI as a key regulator of postmitotic CGN development, in particular of axon formation, dendritogenesis, and migratory behavior. Furthermore, they reveal how a single transcription factor family can control and integrate multiple aspects of neuronal differentiation through the regulation of cell adhesion molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
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Abstract
During tumor progression, cancer cells undergo dramatic changes in the expression profile of adhesion molecules resulting in detachment from original tissue and acquisition of a highly motile and invasive phenotype. A hallmark of this change, also referred to as the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, is the loss of E- (epithelial) cadherin and the de novo expression of N- (neural) cadherin adhesion molecules. N-cadherin promotes tumor cell survival, migration and invasion, and a high level of its expression is often associated with poor prognosis. N-cadherin is also expressed in endothelial cells and plays an essential role in the maturation and stabilization of normal vessels and tumor-associated angiogenic vessels. Increasing experimental evidence suggests that N-cadherin is a potential therapeutic target in cancer. A peptidic N-cadherin antagonist (ADH-1) has been developed and has entered clinical testing. In this review, the authors discuss the biochemical and functional features of N-cadherin, its potential role in cancer and angiogenesis, and summarize the preclinical and clinical results achieved with ADH-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Mariotti
- Centre Pluridisciplinaire d'Oncologie, Division of Experimental Oncology, Lausanne Cancer Center, and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), NCCR Molecular Oncology, Epalinges, Switzerland.
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Shaw RM, Fay AJ, Puthenveedu MA, von Zastrow M, Jan YN, Jan LY. Microtubule plus-end-tracking proteins target gap junctions directly from the cell interior to adherens junctions. Cell 2007; 128:547-60. [PMID: 17289573 PMCID: PMC1955433 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Revised: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Gap junctions are intercellular channels that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells. For gap junctions to properly control organ formation and electrical synchronization in the heart and the brain, connexin-based hemichannels must be correctly targeted to cell-cell borders. While it is generally accepted that gap junctions form via lateral diffusion of hemichannels following microtubule-mediated delivery to the plasma membrane, we provide evidence for direct targeting of hemichannels to cell-cell junctions through a pathway that is dependent on microtubules; through the adherens-junction proteins N-cadherin and beta-catenin; through the microtubule plus-end-tracking protein (+TIP) EB1; and through its interacting protein p150(Glued). Based on live cell microscopy that includes fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF), deconvolution, and siRNA knockdown, we propose that preferential tethering of microtubule plus ends at the adherens junction promotes delivery of connexin hemichannels directly to the cell-cell border. These findings support an unanticipated mechanism for protein delivery to points of cell-cell contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin M. Shaw
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Alex J. Fay
- Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Manojkumar A. Puthenveedu
- Departments of Psychiatry and Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Mark von Zastrow
- Departments of Psychiatry and Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Yuh-Nung Jan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Lily Y. Jan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- *Correspondence:
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Siu R, Fladd C, Rotin D. N-cadherin is an in vivo substrate for protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma (PTPsigma) and participates in PTPsigma-mediated inhibition of axon growth. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 27:208-19. [PMID: 17060446 PMCID: PMC1800655 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00707-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma (PTPsigma) belongs to the LAR family of receptor tyrosine phosphatases and was previously shown to negatively regulate axon growth. The substrate for PTPsigma and the effector(s) mediating this inhibitory effect were unknown. Here we report the identification of N-cadherin as an in vivo substrate for PTPsigma. Using brain lysates from PTPsigma knockout mice, in combination with substrate trapping, we identified a hyper-tyrosine-phosphorylated protein of approximately 120 kDa in the knockout animals (relative to sibling controls), which was identified by mass spectrometry and immunoblotting as N-cadherin. beta-Catenin also precipitated in the complex and was also a substrate for PTPsigma. Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, which highly express endogenous N-cadherin and PTPsigma, exhibited a faster growth rate in the knockout mice than in the sibling controls when grown on laminin or N-cadherin substrata. However, when N-cadherin function was disrupted by an inhibitory peptide or lowering calcium concentrations, the differential growth rate between the knockout and sibling control mice was greatly diminished. These results suggest that the elevated tyrosine phosphorylation of N-cadherin in the PTPsigma(-/-) mice likely disrupted N-cadherin function, resulting in accelerated DRG nerve growth. We conclude that N-cadherin is a physiological substrate for PTPsigma and that N-cadherin (and likely beta-catenin) participates in PTPsigma-mediated inhibition of axon growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Siu
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto M5G 1X8, Ontario, Canada
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Williams G, Eickholt BJ, Maison P, Prinjha R, Walsh FS, Doherty P. A complementary peptide approach applied to the design of novel semaphorin/neuropilin antagonists. J Neurochem 2005; 92:1180-90. [PMID: 15715668 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02950.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Semaphorin 3A can inhibit axonal growth and induce neuronal apoptosis following binding to neuropilin-1, with the membrane proximal MAM (meprin, A5, mu) domain in neuropilin-1 playing a key role in the formation of a higher order receptor complex. If functional motifs on semaphorin 3A and/or the MAM domain can be identified, then small-constrained peptides might be developed as antagonists. We have scored peptide pairs for complementary hydropathy and antisense homology to identify a candidate functional motif in the Ig domain of semaphorin 3A, and in the MAM domain of neuropilin-1. Synthetic peptides corresponding to these sequences fully inhibit growth cone collapse induced by semaphorin 3A. A number of smaller peptides derived from the parental sequence also inhibited the response, particularly after they were constrained by a disulfide bond. Finally, we have used an algorithm to design a peptide that is a near-perfect hydropathic complement of the candidate functional site in the MAM domain; this also inhibits the semaphorin 3A response. Thus, an algorithm-driven methodology has led to the identification of three independent semaphorin 3A antagonists. Semaphorin 3F stimulates growth cone collapse following binding to the closest relative to neuropilin-1 in the genome, neuropilin-2. Where tested, the peptides that antagonise semaphorin 3A failed to inhibit the semaphorin 3F response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Williams
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
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Abstract
The mechanism by which classical cadherins mediate cell adhesion and, in particular, the roles played by calcium and Trp2, the second amino acid in the N-terminal domain, have long been controversial. We have used antibodies to investigate the respective contributions of Trp2 and calcium to the stability of the N-terminal domain of N-cadherin. Using a peptide antibody to the betaB strand in domain 1, which detects a disordered structure, we show that both Trp2 and calcium play crucial parts in regulating stability of the domain. The epitope for another antibody, mAb GC4, has been mapped to the base of domain 1. Binding of GC4 to this epitope was shown to depend on intramolecular 'docking' of Trp2 into the domain 1 structure. Using this property, we provide evidence that calcium regulates a dynamic equilibrium between docked and undocked Trp2. Finally, a novel technique has been developed to test whether Trp2 cross-intercalation between cadherin molecules from adjacent cells (strand exchange) is central to cadherin-mediated cell adhesion. Guided by crystal structures showing strand exchange, we have introduced single cysteine point mutations into N-cadherin domain 1 in such a way that a disulphide bond will form between opposing N-cadherin molecules during cell adhesion if strand exchange occurs. The bond requires complementary cysteines to be precisely juxtaposed according to the strand exchange model. Our results demonstrate that the disulphide bond forms as predicted. This provides compelling evidence that strand exchange is indeed a primary event in cell adhesion by classical cadherins.
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Skaper SD, Facci L, Williams G, Williams EJ, Walsh FS, Doherty P. A dimeric version of the short N-cadherin binding motif HAVDI promotes neuronal cell survival by activating an N-cadherin/fibroblast growth factor receptor signalling cascade. Mol Cell Neurosci 2004; 26:17-23. [PMID: 15121175 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2003.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2003] [Revised: 12/11/2003] [Accepted: 12/19/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The HAVDI and INPISGQ sequences have been identified as functional binding motifs in extracellular domain 1 (ECD1) of N-cadherin. Cyclic peptides containing a tandem repeat of the individual motifs function as N-cadherin agonists and stimulate neurite outgrowth. We now show that the cyclic peptide N-Ac-CHAVDINGHAVDIC-NH2 (SW4) containing the HAVDI sequence in tandem is efficacious also in promoting the in vitro survival of several populations of central nervous system neurons in paradigms where fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) is active. SW4 supported the survival of rat postnatal cerebellar granule neurons plated in serum-free medium and limited the death of differentiated granule neurons induced to die by switch to low K+ medium. In addition, SW4 rescued embryonic hippocampal and cortical neurons from injury caused by glutamic acid excitotoxicity. The neuroprotective effects of SW4 displayed a concentration dependence similar to those inducing neuritogenesis, were inhibited by a monomeric version of the same motif and by a specific FGF receptor antagonist (PD173074), and were not mimicked by the linear peptide. Inhibitors of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase), MAP kinase, and p38 kinase signalling pathways did not interfere with SW4 function. These data suggest that SW4 functions by binding to and clustering N-cadherin in neurons and thereby activating and N-cadherin/FGF receptor signalling cascade, and propose that such agonists may represent a starting point for the development of therapeutic agents promoting neuronal cell survival and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Skaper
- Neurology & GI Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development Limited, New Frontiers Science Park, Harlow CM19 5AW, Essex, UK.
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Dorrell MI, Otani A, Aguilar E, Moreno SK, Friedlander M. Adult bone marrow-derived stem cells use R-cadherin to target sites of neovascularization in the developing retina. Blood 2004; 103:3420-7. [PMID: 14726407 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-09-3012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAdult bone marrow contains a population of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that can give rise to cells capable of targeting sites of neovascularization in the peripheral or retinal vasculature. However, relatively little is known about the mechanism of targeting of these cells to sites of neovascularization. We have analyzed subpopulations of HSCs for the expression of a variety of cell surface adhesion molecules and found that R-cadherin, a calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion molecule important for normal retinal endothelial cell guidance, was preferentially expressed by functionally targeting HSCs. Preincubation of HSCs with function-blocking anti-R-cadherin antibodies or novel R-cadherin-specific peptide antagonists effectively prevented targeting of bone marrow-derived cells to the developing retinal vasculature in vivo. Whereas control-injected HSCs targeted to all 3 normal developing retinal vascular layers, blocking R-cadherin-mediated adhesion resulted in mistargeting of the HSCs to the normally avascular outer retina. Our results suggest that vascular targeting of bone marrow-derived HSCs is dependent on mechanisms similar to those used by endogenous retinal vascular endothelial cells. Thus, R-cadherin antagonists may be useful in the treatment of neovascular diseases in which circulating HSCs contribute to abnormal angiogenesis. (Blood. 2004;103:3420-3427)
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael I Dorrell
- Departmentof Cell BIology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has potential for the treatment of human neurodegenerative diseases. However, the general lack of success of neurotrophic factors in clinical trials has led to the suggestion that low molecular weight neurotrophic drugs may be better agents for therapeutic use. Here we describe small, dimeric peptides designed to mimic a pair of solvent-exposed loops important for the binding and activation of the BDNF receptor, trkB. The monomer components that make up the dimers were based on a monocyclic monomeric peptide mimic of a single loop of BDNF (loop 2) that we had previously shown to be an inhibitor of BDNF-mediated neuronal survival (O'Leary, P. D., and Hughes, R. A. (1998) J. Neurochem. 70, 1712-1721). Bicyclic dimeric peptides behaved as partial agonists with respect to BDNF, promoting the survival of embryonic chick sensory neurons in culture. We reasoned that the potency and/or efficacy of these compounds might be improved by reducing the conformational flexibility about their dimerizing linker. Thus, we designed a highly conformationally constrained tricyclic dimeric peptide and synthesized it using an efficient, quasi-one-pot approach. Although still a partial BDNF-like agonist, the tricyclic dimer was particularly potent in promoting neuronal survival in vitro (EC50 11 pm). The peptides described here, which are greatly reduced in size compared with the parent protein, could serve as useful lead compounds for the development of true neurotrophic drugs and indicate that the structure-based design approach could be used to obtain potent mimetics of other growth factors that dimerize their receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D O'Leary
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Williams G, Williams EJ, Doherty P. Dimeric versions of two short N-cadherin binding motifs (HAVDI and INPISG) function as N-cadherin agonists. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:4361-7. [PMID: 11726665 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109185200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
N-cadherin is a member of the classical cadherin family of homophilic binding molecules. Peptide competition studies have identified the HAVDI and INPISGQ sequences as functional binding motifs in extracellular domain 1 (ECD1) of N-cadherin. Whereas monomeric versions of these motifs function as specific N-cadherin antagonists, we now show that cyclic peptides containing a tandem repeat of the individual motifs function as N-cadherin agonists. In this context, when presented to neurons as soluble molecules, the dimeric versions of the motifs stimulate neurite outgrowth in a similar manner to native N-cadherin. The response to the dimeric agonist peptides was inhibited by monomeric versions of the same motif and also by recombinant N-cadherin ECD1 protein. The responses were also inhibited by antibodies to a fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) binding motif in ECD4 of N-cadherin and by a specific FGFR antagonist (PD17304). These data suggest that the peptides function by binding to and clustering N-cadherin in neurons and thereby activating an N-cadherin/FGFR signaling cascade. The novel agonists will be invaluable for dissecting out those cadherin functions that rely on signaling as opposed to adhesion and clearly have the potential to be developed as therapeutic agents for the promotion of cell survival and axonal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Williams
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, Medical Research Council Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
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Williams EJ, Williams G, Howell FV, Skaper SD, Walsh FS, Doherty P. Identification of an N-cadherin motif that can interact with the fibroblast growth factor receptor and is required for axonal growth. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:43879-86. [PMID: 11571292 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m105876200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we show that the neurite outgrowth response stimulated by N-cadherin is inhibited by a recently developed and highly specific fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) antagonist. To test whether the N-cadherin response also requires FGF function, we developed peptide mimetics of the receptor binding sites on FGFs. Most mimetics inhibit the neurite outgrowth response stimulated by FGF in the absence of any effect on the N-cadherin response. The exceptions to this result were two mimetics of a short FGF1 sequence, which has been shown to interact with the region of the FGFR containing the histidine-alanine-valine motif. These peptides inhibited FGF and N-cadherin responses with similar efficacy. The histidine-alanine-valine region of the FGFR has previously been implicated in the N-cadherin response, and a candidate interaction site has been identified in extracellular domain 4 of N-cadherin. We now show that antibodies directed to this site on N-cadherin inhibit the neurite outgrowth response stimulated by N-cadherin, and peptide mimetics of the site inhibit N-cadherin and FGF responses. Thus, we can conclude that N-cadherin contains a novel motility motif in extracellular domain 4, and that peptide mimetics of this motif can interact with the FGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Williams
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, MRC Center for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Calcium has long been recognized as a key player in the control of axonal growth and guidance. Recent studies lend support to this pivotal role by showing that local changes in calcium can directly induce the formation of filopodia in vivo and turn a growth cone in vitro. Under normal growth conditions, the L1 adhesion molecule has now been shown to induce local rather than global changes in calcium in growth cones, and this suggests that cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) use localized calcium transients to stimulate axonal growth and guidance. A number of recent reports have demonstrated that the neurite outgrowth response stimulated by L1 and other adhesion molecules (NCAM, N-cadherin, laminin) also depends in part upon the integrity of the MAPK cascade in cells. In this review we consider the recent data and suggest that calcium and the MAPK cascade might be required for very distinct growth cone functions. Finally, we will consider the contentious issue of how the above CAMs activate signaling cascades in growth cones and review the recently available data that support the hypothesis that at least one of these CAMs (N-cadherin) might promote growth cone motility by directly interacting with the FGFR in growth cones.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Doherty
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, United Kingdom.
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