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Lu A, Ebright B, Naik A, Tan HL, Cohen NA, Bouteiller JMC, Lazzi G, Louie SG, Humayun MS, Asante I. Hydroxypropyl-Beta Cyclodextrin Barrier Prevents Respiratory Viral Infections: A Preclinical Study. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2061. [PMID: 38396738 PMCID: PMC10888609 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence and mutation of pathogenic viruses have been occurring at an unprecedented rate in recent decades. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has developed into a global public health crisis due to extensive viral transmission. In situ RNA mapping has revealed angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression to be highest in the nose and lower in the lung, pointing to nasal susceptibility as a predominant route for infection and the cause of subsequent pulmonary effects. By blocking viral attachment and entry at the nasal airway using a cyclodextrin-based formulation, a preventative therapy can be developed to reduce viral infection at the site of entry. Here, we assess the safety and antiviral efficacy of cyclodextrin-based formulations. From these studies, hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin (HPBCD) and hydroxypropyl gamma-cyclodextrin (HPGCD) were then further evaluated for antiviral effects using SARS-CoV-2 pseudotypes. Efficacy findings were confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant infection of Calu-3 cells and using a K18-hACE2 murine model. Intranasal pre-treatment with HPBCD-based formulations reduced viral load and inflammatory signaling in the lung. In vitro efficacy studies were further conducted using lentiviruses, murine hepatitis virus (MHV), and influenza A virus subtype H1N1. These findings suggest HPBCD may be used as an agnostic barrier against transmissible pathogens, including but not limited to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Lu
- Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (A.L.); (B.E.); (A.N.); (S.G.L.)
| | - Brandon Ebright
- Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (A.L.); (B.E.); (A.N.); (S.G.L.)
| | - Aditya Naik
- Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (A.L.); (B.E.); (A.N.); (S.G.L.)
| | - Hui L. Tan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (H.L.T.); (N.A.C.)
| | - Noam A. Cohen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (H.L.T.); (N.A.C.)
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jean-Marie C. Bouteiller
- Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA; (J.-M.C.B.); (G.L.); (M.S.H.)
| | - Gianluca Lazzi
- Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA; (J.-M.C.B.); (G.L.); (M.S.H.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Stan G. Louie
- Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (A.L.); (B.E.); (A.N.); (S.G.L.)
| | - Mark S. Humayun
- Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA; (J.-M.C.B.); (G.L.); (M.S.H.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Isaac Asante
- Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (A.L.); (B.E.); (A.N.); (S.G.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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Inoue Y, Kaku Y, Harada M, Ishijima K, Kuroda Y, Tatemoto K, Virhuez-Mendoza M, Nishino A, Yamamoto T, Park ES, Inoue S, Matsuu A, Maeda K. Establishment of serological neutralizing tests using pseudotyped viruses for comprehensive detection of antibodies against all 18 lyssaviruses. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:128-134. [PMID: 38092389 PMCID: PMC10849863 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a fatal zoonotic, neurological disease caused by rabies lyssavirus (RABV) and other lyssaviruses. In this study, we established novel serological neutralizing tests (NT) based on vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotypes possessing all 18 known lyssavirus glycoproteins. Applying this system to comparative NT against rabbit sera immunized with current RABV vaccines, we showed that the current RABV vaccines fail to elicit sufficient neutralizing antibodies against lyssaviruses other than to those in phylogroup I. Furthermore, comparative NT against rabbit antisera for 18 lyssavirus glycoproteins showed glycoproteins of some lyssaviruses elicited neutralizing antibodies against a broad range of lyssaviruses. This novel testing system will be useful to comprehensively detect antibodies against lyssaviruses and evaluate their cross-reactivities for developing a future broad-protective vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Inoue
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kaku
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiko Harada
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keita Ishijima
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yudai Kuroda
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kango Tatemoto
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Ayano Nishino
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Yamamoto
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eun-Sil Park
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Matsuu
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Maeda
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Li T, Liang Z, Huang W, Wang Y. Pseudotyped Virus for Henipavirus. Adv Exp Med Biol 2023; 1407:175-90. [PMID: 36920697 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-0113-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
The genus Henipavirus (HNV) includes two virulent infectious viruses, Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV), which are the focus of considerable public health research efforts and have been classified as priority infectious diseases by the World Health Organization. Both viruses are high risk and should be handled in biosafety level 4 laboratories. Pseudotyped viruses containing the envelope proteins of HNV viruses have the same envelope protein structure as the authentic viruses; thus, they can mimic the receptor-binding and membrane fusion processes of authentic viruses with host cells and can be handled in biosafety level 2 laboratories. These characteristics enable pseudotyped viruses to be widely used in studies of viral infection mechanisms (packaging, budding, virus attachment, membrane fusion, viral entry, and glycosylation), inhibitory drug screening assays, and monoclonal antibody neutralization characteristics. This review will provide an overview of the progress of research concerning pseudotyped virus packaging systems for NiV and HeV.
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Sun C, Chi H, Yuan F, Li J, Yang J, Zheng A, Wang F, Sun L, Zhang Y, Hu P, Jiao L, Deng Y, Xie L. An antibody cocktail with broadened mutational resistance and effective protection against SARS-CoV-2. Sci China Life Sci 2023; 66:165-79. [PMID: 36184693 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2166-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies have been proven to be highly effective in treating mild and moderate COVID-19 patients, but continuous emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants poses significant challenges. Antibody cocktail treatments reduce the risk of escape mutants and resistance. In this study, a new cocktail composed of two highly potent neutralizing antibodies (HB27 and H89Y) was developed, whose binding epitope is different from those cocktails that received emergency use authorization. This cocktail showed more potent and balanced neutralizing activities (IC50 0.9-11.3 ng mL-1) against a broad spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 variants over individual HB27 or H89Y antibodies. Furthermore, the cocktail conferred more effective protection against the SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant in an aged murine model than monotherapy. It was shown to prevent SARS-CoV-2 mutational escape in vitro and effectively neutralize 61 types of pseudoviruses harbouring single amino acid mutation originated from variants and escape strains of Bamlanivimab, Casirivimab and Imdevimab with IC50 of 0.6-65 ng mL-1. Despite its breadth of variant neutralization, the HB27+H89Y combo and EUA cocktails lost their potencies against Omicron variant. Our results provide important insights that new antibody cocktails covering different epitopes are valuable tools to counter virus mutation and escape, highlighting the need to search for more conserved epitopes to combat Omicron.
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Mi D, Hu J, Qian Z. A Lentiviral Pseudotype System to Characterize SARS-CoV-2 Glycoprotein. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2610:187-99. [PMID: 36534292 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2895-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2 causes worldwide COVID-19 pandemic and poses a great threat to global public health. Due to its high pathogenicity and infectivity, live SARS-CoV-2 is classified as a BSL-3 agent and has to be handled in BSL-3 condition. Nevertheless, entry of SARS-CoV-2 is mediated by viral spike (S) glycoprotein, and pseudovirus with SARS-CoV-2 S protein can mimic every entry step of SARS-CoV-2 virus and be studied in BSL-2 settings. In this chapter, we describe a detailed protocol of production of lentivirus-based SARS-CoV-2 S pseudovirus and its application in study of virus entry and determination of neutralizing antibody titer of human sera against SARS-CoV-2.
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Cao J, Liu Y, Zhou M, Dong S, Hou Y, Jia X, Lan X, Zhang Y, Guo J, Xiao G, Wang W. Screening of Botanical Drugs against SARS-CoV-2 Entry Reveals Novel Therapeutic Agents to Treat COVID-19. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020353. [PMID: 35215943 PMCID: PMC8877376 DOI: 10.3390/v14020353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
An escalating pandemic caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has severely impacted global health. There is a severe lack of specific treatment options for diseases caused by SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we used a pseudotype virus (pv) containing the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein to screen a botanical drug library containing 1037 botanical drugs to identify agents that prevent SARS-CoV-2 entry into the cell. Our study identified four hits, including angeloylgomisin O, schisandrin B, procyanidin, and oleanonic acid, as effective SARS-CoV-2 S pv entry inhibitors in the micromolar range. A mechanistic study revealed that these four agents inhibited SARS-CoV-2 S pv entry by blocking spike (S) protein-mediated membrane fusion. Furthermore, angeloylgomisin O and schisandrin B inhibited authentic SARS-CoV-2 with a high selective index (SI; 50% cytotoxic concentration/50% inhibition concentration). Our drug combination studies performed in cellular antiviral assays revealed that angeloylgomisin O has synergistic effects in combination with remdesivir, a drug widely used to treat SARS-CoV-2-mediated infections. We also showed that two hits could inhibit the newly emerged alpha (B.1.1.7) and beta (B.1.351) variants. Our findings collectively indicate that angeloylgomisin O and schisandrin B could inhibit SARS-CoV-2 efficiently, thereby making them potential therapeutic agents to treat the coronavirus disease of 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.H.); (X.J.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (G.X.)
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.H.); (X.J.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (G.X.)
| | - Minmin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.H.); (X.J.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (G.X.)
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Siqi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.H.); (X.J.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (G.X.)
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuxia Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.H.); (X.J.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (G.X.)
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoying Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.H.); (X.J.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (G.X.)
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaohao Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.H.); (X.J.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (G.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yueli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.H.); (X.J.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (G.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.H.); (X.J.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (G.X.)
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gengfu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.H.); (X.J.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (G.X.)
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.H.); (X.J.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (G.X.)
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-87198232
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Salazar-García M, Acosta-Contreras S, Rodríguez-Martínez G, Cruz-Rangel A, Flores-Alanis A, Patiño-López G, Luna-Pineda VM. Pseudotyped Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 Spike for the Study of Variants, Vaccines, and Therapeutics Against Coronavirus Disease 2019. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:817200. [PMID: 35095820 PMCID: PMC8795712 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.817200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
World Health Organization (WHO) has prioritized the infectious emerging diseases such as Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in terms of research and development of effective tests, vaccines, antivirals, and other treatments. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological causative agent of COVID-19, is a virus belonging to risk group 3 that requires Biosafety Level (BSL)-3 laboratories and the corresponding facilities for handling. An alternative to these BSL-3/-4 laboratories is to use a pseudotyped virus that can be handled in a BSL-2 laboratory for study purposes. Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) can be generated with complementary DNA from complete negative-stranded genomic RNA, with deleted G glycoprotein and, instead, incorporation of other fusion protein, like SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S protein). Accordingly, it is called pseudotyped VSV-SARS-CoV-2 S. In this review, we have described the generation of pseudotyped VSV with a focus on the optimization and application of pseudotyped VSV-SARS-CoV-2 S. The application of this pseudovirus has been addressed by its use in neutralizing antibody assays in order to evaluate a new vaccine, emergent SARS-CoV-2 variants (delta and omicron), and approved vaccine efficacy against variants of concern as well as in viral fusion-focused treatment analysis that can be performed under BSL-2 conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Salazar-García
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo y Teratogénesis Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México “Federico Gómez”, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Investigación en COVID-19, Hospital Infantil de México “Federico Gómez”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Samyr Acosta-Contreras
- Laboratorio de Investigación en COVID-19, Hospital Infantil de México “Federico Gómez”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Armando Cruz-Rangel
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica de Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Flores-Alanis
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Genaro Patiño-López
- Unidad de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México “Federico Gómez”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Victor M. Luna-Pineda
- Laboratorio de Investigación en COVID-19, Hospital Infantil de México “Federico Gómez”, Mexico City, Mexico
- Unidad de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México “Federico Gómez”, Mexico City, Mexico
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Peng KW, Carey T, Lech P, Vandergaast R, Muñoz-Alía MÁ, Packiriswamy N, Gnanadurai C, Krotova K, Tesfay M, Ziegler C, Haselton M, Sevola K, Lathrum C, Reiter S, Narjari R, Balakrishnan B, Suksanpaisan L, Sakuma T, Recker J, Zhang L, Waniger S, Russell L, Petro CD, Kyratsous CA, Baum A, Janecek JL, Lee RM, Ramachandran S, Graham ML, Russell SJ. Boosting of SARS-CoV-2 immunity in nonhuman primates using an oral rhabdoviral vaccine. Vaccine 2022; 40:2342-2351. [PMID: 35282925 PMCID: PMC8743387 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
An orally active vaccine capable of boosting SARS-CoV-2 immune responses in previously infected or vaccinated individuals would help efforts to achieve and sustain herd immunity. Unlike mRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles and recombinant replication-defective adenoviruses, replicating vesicular stomatitis viruses with SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins (VSV-SARS2) were poorly immunogenic after intramuscular administration in clinical trials. Here, by G protein trans-complementation, we generated VSV-SARS2(+G) virions with expanded target cell tropism. Compared to parental VSV-SARS2, G-supplemented viruses were orally active in virus-naive and vaccine-primed cynomolgus macaques, powerfully boosting SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody titers. Clinical testing of this oral VSV-SARS2(+G) vaccine is planned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah-Whye Peng
- Vyriad Inc, Rochester MN 55901, USA; Imanis Life Sciences, Rochester MN 55901, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, MN 55905, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mulu Tesfay
- Imanis Life Sciences, Rochester MN 55901, USA
| | | | | | - Kara Sevola
- Imanis Life Sciences, Rochester MN 55901, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lianwen Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, MN 55905, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Alina Baum
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Stephen J Russell
- Vyriad Inc, Rochester MN 55901, USA; Imanis Life Sciences, Rochester MN 55901, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, MN 55905, USA.
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9
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Chen M, Zhang XE. Construction and applications of SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses: a mini review. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:1574-1580. [PMID: 33907521 PMCID: PMC8071765 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.59184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has posed a serious threat to global public health and social stability. There is an urgent need for understanding the nature and infection mechanism of the virus. Owing to its high infectivity and pathogenicity and lack of effective treatments, live SARS-CoV-2 has to be handled in biosafety level 3 laboratories, which has impeded research into SARS-CoV-2 and the development of vaccines and therapeutics. Pseudotyped viruses that lack certain gene sequences of the virulent virus are safer and can be investigated in biosafety level 2 laboratories, providing a useful virological tool for the study of SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we will discuss the construction of SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses based on different packaging systems, current applications, limitations, and further explorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghai Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xian-En Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
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10
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Fu X, Tao L, Zhang X. Comprehensive and systemic optimization for improving the yield of SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped virus. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2021; 20:350-356. [PMID: 33521163 PMCID: PMC7823204 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Virus neutralization assay is principally conducted by measuring the ability of the antibodies in patient sera to prevent the infection of susceptible cells by the virus. As SARS-CoV-2 is classified as a risk group 3 pathogen, neutralization assay using a live virus needs to be handled in a biosafety level 3 laboratory. To overcome this limitation, pseudotyped viruses have been developed as an alternative for the live SARS-CoV-2. However, one of the issues that we and others have encountered during the production of pseudotyped virus with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was the low virus yield. In our own experience, we were only able initially to produce a stock with a virus titer that is more than two orders of magnitude lower than what we usually get with a vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G) pseudotyped lentiviral vector. We have conducted a series of improvements, including using a C-terminal truncated form of spike protein and a D614G mutated spike. Together, these have led to a significant improvement in the yield of the pseudotyped virus. Finally, our data show that using a high-affinity ACE2-expressing cell line resulted in a reduction in detection sensitivity of the neutralization assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinping Fu
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and Center for Nuclear Receptor and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Lihua Tao
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and Center for Nuclear Receptor and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Xiaoliu Zhang
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and Center for Nuclear Receptor and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
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Hilterbrand AT, Daly RE, Heldwein EE. Contributions of the Four Essential Entry Glycoproteins to HSV-1 Tropism and the Selection of Entry Routes. mBio 2021; 12:e00143-21. [PMID: 33653890 PMCID: PMC8092210 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00143-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2) encode up to 16 envelope proteins, four of which are essential for entry. However, whether these four proteins alone are sufficient to dictate the broad cellular tropism of HSV-1 and the selection of different cell type-dependent entry routes is unknown. To begin addressing this, we previously pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), lacking its native glycoprotein G, with only the four essential entry glycoproteins of HSV-1: gB, gH, gL, and gD. This novel VSVΔG-BHLD pseudotype recapitulated several important features of HSV-1 entry: the requirement for gB, gH, gL, gD, and a cellular receptor and sensitivity to anti-gB and anti-gH/gL neutralizing antibodies. However, due to the use of a single cell type in that study, the tropism of the VSVΔG-BHLD pseudotype was not investigated. Here, we show that the cellular tropism of the pseudotype is severely limited compared to that of wild-type HSV-1 and that its entry pathways differ from the native HSV-1 entry pathways. To test the hypothesis that other HSV-1 envelope proteins may contribute to HSV-1 tropism, we generated a derivative pseudotype containing the HSV-1 glycoprotein C (VSVΔG-BHLD-gC) and observed a gC-dependent increase in entry efficiency in two cell types. We propose that the pseudotyping platform developed here has the potential to uncover functional contributions of HSV-1 envelope proteins to entry in a gain-of-function manner.IMPORTANCE Herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2) contain up to 16 different proteins in their envelopes. Four of these, glycoproteins gB, gD, gH, and gL, are termed essential with regard to entry, whereas the rest are typically referred to as nonessential based on the entry phenotypes of the respective single genetic deletions. However, the single-gene deletion approach, which relies on robust loss-of-function phenotypes, may be confounded by functional redundancies among the many HSV-1 envelope proteins. We have developed a pseudotyping platform in which the essential four entry glycoproteins are isolated from the rest, which can be added back individually for systematic gain-of-function entry experiments. Here, we show the utility of this platform for dissecting the contributions of HSV envelope proteins, both the essential four and the remaining dozen (using gC as an example), to HSV entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Hilterbrand
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Raecliffe E Daly
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Graduate Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ekaterina E Heldwein
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Graduate Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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12
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Condor Capcha JM, Lambert G, Dykxhoorn DM, Salerno AG, Hare JM, Whitt MA, Pahwa S, Jayaweera DT, Shehadeh LA. Generation of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Pseudotyped Virus for Viral Entry and Neutralization Assays: A 1-Week Protocol. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 7:618651. [PMID: 33521067 PMCID: PMC7843445 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.618651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus requires reliable assays for studying viral entry mechanisms which remains poorly understood. This knowledge is important for the development of therapeutic approaches to control SARS-CoV-2 infection by permitting the screening for neutralizing antibodies and other agents that can block infection. This is particularly important for patients who are at high risk for severe outcomes related to COVID-19. The production of pseudotyped viral particles may seem like a daunting task for a non-virology laboratory without experience in the two most commonly used pseudotyping systems, namely retro/lentiviruses and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) which lacks the VSV envelope glycoprotein (VSVΔG). By incorporating the most up-to-date knowledge, we have developed a detailed, easy-to-follow novel protocol for producing SARS-CoV-2 spike-bearing pseudovirus using the VSV-ΔG system. We describe the infection assay which uses GFP fluorescence as a measure of infection in a 24-well live imaging system. We present results of our optimization of the system to enhance viral infection levels through the over-expression of human ACE2 receptor and the overexpression of at least one of two proteases - TMPRSS2 or Furin, as well as, supplementation with Poloxamer 407 (P407) and Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) as adjuvants. We show that the system works efficiently in three unrelated, clinically relevant cell lines: human 293T (renal epithelial) cells, human Calu-3 (lung epithelial) cells, and the non-human primate (African Green Monkey) cell line, Vero-E6 (renal epithelial) cells. In addition, we have used this system to show infection of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPS-CMs). This system is efficient (virus generation, titration, and infection assays can be performed in 1 week), quantitative, inexpensive, and readily scalable for application in drug development and therapeutic screening approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Manuel Condor Capcha
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Guerline Lambert
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Derek M Dykxhoorn
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Alessandro G Salerno
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Joshua M Hare
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Michael A Whitt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Savita Pahwa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Dushyantha T Jayaweera
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Lina A Shehadeh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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13
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Li H, Zhao C, Zhang Y, Yuan F, Zhang Q, Shi X, Zhang L, Qin C, Zheng A. Establishment of replication-competent vesicular stomatitis virus-based recombinant viruses suitable for SARS-CoV-2 entry and neutralization assays. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:2269-2277. [PMID: 32990161 PMCID: PMC7594855 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1830715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Replication-competent vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based recombinant viruses are useful tools for studying emerging and highly pathogenic enveloped viruses in level 2 biosafety facilities. Here, we used a replication-competent recombinant VSVs (rVSVs) encoding the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 in place of the original G glycoprotein (rVSV-eGFP-SARS-CoV-2) to develop a high-throughput entry assay for SARS-CoV-2. The S protein was incorporated into the recovered rVSV-eGFP-SARS-CoV-2 particles, which could be neutralized by sera from convalescent COVID-19 patients. The recombinant SARS-CoV-2 also displayed entry characteristics similar to the wild type virus, such as cell tropism and pH-dependence. The neutralizing titers of antibodies and sera measured by rVSV-eGFP-SARS-CoV-2 were highly correlated with those measured by wild-type viruses or pseudoviruses. Therefore, this is a safe and convenient screening tool for SARS-CoV-2, and it may promote the development of COVID-19 vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoyue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuanling Shi
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Linqi Zhang
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengfeng Qin
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Aihua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, People's Republic of China
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14
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) has long been a useful research tool in virology and recently become an essential part of medicinal products. Vesiculovirus research is growing quickly following its adaptation to clinical gene and cell therapy and oncolytic virotherapy. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the versatility of VSV as a research tool and biological reagent, its use as a viral and vaccine vector delivering therapeutic and immunogenic transgenes and an oncolytic virus aiding cancer treatment. Challenges such as the immune response against such advanced therapeutic medicinal products and manufacturing constraints are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION The field of in vivo gene and cell therapy is advancing rapidly with VSV used in many ways. Comparison of VSV's use as a versatile therapeutic reagent unveils further prospects and problems for each application. Overcoming immunological challenges to aid repeated administration of viral vectors and minimizing harmful host-vector interactions remains one of the major challenges. In the future, exploitation of reverse genetic tools may assist the creation of recombinant viral variants that have improved onco-selectivity and more efficient vaccine vector activity. This will add to the preferential features of VSV as an excellent advanced therapy medicinal product (ATMP) platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altar M Munis
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford, UK.,Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control , South Mimms, UK
| | - Emma M Bentley
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control , South Mimms, UK
| | - Yasuhiro Takeuchi
- Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control , South Mimms, UK.,Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London , London, UK
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15
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Sakata M, Tani H, Anraku M, Kataoka M, Nagata N, Seki F, Tahara M, Otsuki N, Okamoto K, Takeda M, Mori Y. Analysis of VSV pseudotype virus infection mediated by rubella virus envelope proteins. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11607. [PMID: 28912595 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10865-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Rubella virus (RV) generally causes a systemic infection in humans. Viral cell tropism is a key determinant of viral pathogenesis, but the tropism of RV is currently poorly understood. We analyzed various human cell lines and determined that RV only establishes an infection efficiently in particular non-immune cell lines. To establish an infection the host cells must be susceptible and permissible. To assess the susceptibility of individual cell lines, we generated a pseudotype vesicular stomatitis virus bearing RV envelope proteins (VSV-RV/CE2E1). VSV-RV/CE2E1 entered cells in an RV envelope protein-dependent manner, and thus the infection was neutralized completely by an RV-specific antibody. The infection was Ca2+-dependent and inhibited by endosomal acidification inhibitors, further confirming the dependency on RV envelope proteins for the VSV-RV/CE2E1 infection. Human non-immune cell lines were mostly susceptible to VSV-RV/CE2E1, while immune cell lines were much less susceptible than non-immune cell lines. However, susceptibility of immune cells to VSV-RV/CE2E1 was increased upon stimulation of these cells. Our data therefore suggest that immune cells are generally less susceptible to RV infection than non-immune cells, but the susceptibility of immune cells is enhanced upon stimulation.
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16
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Lee SS, Phy K, Peden K, Sheng-Fowler L. Development of a micro-neutralization assay for ebolaviruses using a replication-competent vesicular stomatitis hybrid virus and a quantitative PCR readout. Vaccine 2017; 35:5481-5486. [PMID: 28427845 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Development of vaccines against highly pathogenic viruses that could also be used as agents of bioterrorism is both a public health issue and a national security priority. Methods that can quantify neutralizing antibodies will likely be crucial in demonstrating vaccine effectiveness, as most licensed viral vaccines are effective due to their capacity to elicit neutralizing antibodies. Assays to determine whether antibodies are neutralizing traditionally involve infectious virus, and the assay most commonly used is the plaque-reduction neutralization test (PRNT). However, when the virus is highly pathogenic, this assay must be done under the appropriate level of containment; for tier one select agents, such as Ebola virus (EBOV), it is performed under Biological Safety Level 4 (BSL-4) conditions. Developing high-throughput neutralization assays for these viruses that can be done in standard BSL-2 laboratories should facilitate vaccine development. Our approach is to use a replication-competent hybrid virus whose genome carries the envelope gene from the pathogenic virus on the genetic backbone of a non-pathogenic virus, such as vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). We have generated hybrid VSVs carrying the envelope genes for several species of ebolavirus. The readout for infectivity is a one-step reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), an approach that we have used for other viruses that allows robustness and adaptability to automation. Using this method, we have shown that neutralization can be assessed within 6-16h after infection. Importantly, the titers obtained in our assay with two characterized antibodies were in agreement with titers obtained in other assays. Finally, although in this paper we describe the VSV platform to quantify neutralizing antibodies to ebolaviruses, the platform should be directly applicable to any virus whose envelope is compatible with VSV biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella S Lee
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Kathryn Phy
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Keith Peden
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States.
| | - Li Sheng-Fowler
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
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17
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Skidmore MA, Kajaste-Rudnitski A, Wells NM, Guimond SE, Rudd TR, Yates EA, Vicenzi E. Inhibition of influenza H5N1 invasion by modified heparin derivatives. Med Chem Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00516c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemically modified heparin derivatives offer a potential source of effective inhibitors of viral attachment, which are suitable for further optimisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Skidmore
- Department of Biochemistry
- Institute of Integrative Biology
- University of Liverpool
- UK
- School of Life Sciences
| | - Anna Kajaste-Rudnitski
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET)
- and Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy
- Milan
- Italy
| | - Nicola M. Wells
- Department of Biochemistry
- Institute of Integrative Biology
- University of Liverpool
- UK
| | - Scott E. Guimond
- Department of Biochemistry
- Institute of Integrative Biology
- University of Liverpool
- UK
| | - Timothy R. Rudd
- Diamond Light Source Ltd
- Didcot
- UK
- Department of Biochemistry
- Institute of Integrative Biology
| | - Edwin A. Yates
- Department of Biochemistry
- Institute of Integrative Biology
- University of Liverpool
- UK
| | - Elisa Vicenzi
- Viral Pathogens and Biosafety Unit
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute
- Milano
- Italy
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18
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Meyer B, Drosten C, Müller MA. Serological assays for emerging coronaviruses: challenges and pitfalls. Virus Res 2014; 194:175-83. [PMID: 24670324 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Serological studies on SARS- and MERS-coronavirus (CoV) diagnostics were reviewed. Different types of serological assays and variable antigens were compared. Immunogenic epitopes of CoV spike proteins were less conserved than nucleocapsid proteins. Use of spike proteins was found to be superior over nucleocapsid proteins. Applicability of serological assays for analysis of animal sera was reviewed.
More than a decade after the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002/2003 the occurrence of a novel CoV termed Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) CoV challenges researchers and public health authorities. To control spread and finally contain novel viruses, rapid identification and subsequent isolation of infected individuals and their contacts is of utmost importance. Next to methods for nucleic acid detection, validated serological assays are particularly important as the timeframe for antibody detection is less restricted. During the SARS-CoV epidemic a wide variety of serological diagnostic assays were established using multiple methods as well as different viral antigens. Even though the majority of the developed assays showed high sensitivity and specificity, numerous studies reported on cross-reactive antibodies to antigens from wide-spread common cold associated CoVs. In order to improve preparedness and responsiveness during future outbreaks of novel CoVs, information and problems regarding serological diagnosis that occurred during the SARS-CoV should be acknowledged. In this review we summarize the performance of different serological assays as well as the applicability of the two main applied antigens (spike and nucleocapsid protein) used during the SARS-CoV outbreak. We highlight challenges and potential pitfalls that occur when dealing with a novel emerging coronavirus like MERS-CoV. In addition we describe problems that might occur when animal sera are tested in serological assays for the identification of putative reservoirs. Finally, we give a recommendation for a serological testing scheme and outline necessary improvements that should be implemented for a better preparedness.
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Fukushi S, Tani H, Yoshikawa T, Saijo M, Morikawa S. Serological assays based on recombinant viral proteins for the diagnosis of arenavirus hemorrhagic fevers. Viruses. 2012;4:2097-2114. [PMID: 23202455 DOI: 10.3390/v4102097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Arenaviridae, genus Arenavirus, consists of two phylogenetically independent groups: Old World (OW) and New World (NW) complexes. The Lassa and Lujo viruses in the OW complex and the Guanarito, Junin, Machupo, Sabia, and Chapare viruses in the NW complex cause viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) in humans, leading to serious public health concerns. These viruses are also considered potential bioterrorism agents. Therefore, it is of great importance to detect these pathogens rapidly and specifically in order to minimize the risk and scale of arenavirus outbreaks. However, these arenaviruses are classified as BSL-4 pathogens, thus making it difficult to develop diagnostic techniques for these virus infections in institutes without BSL-4 facilities. To overcome these difficulties, antibody detection systems in the form of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and an indirect immunofluorescence assay were developed using recombinant nucleoproteins (rNPs) derived from these viruses. Furthermore, several antigen-detection assays were developed. For example, novel monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to the rNPs of Lassa and Junin viruses were generated. Sandwich antigen-capture (Ag-capture) ELISAs using these mAbs as capture antibodies were developed and confirmed to be sensitive and specific for detecting the respective arenavirus NPs. These rNP-based assays were proposed to be useful not only for an etiological diagnosis of VHFs, but also for seroepidemiological studies on VHFs. We recently developed arenavirus neutralization assays using vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based pseudotypes bearing arenavirus recombinant glycoproteins. The goal of this article is to review the recent advances in developing laboratory diagnostic assays based on recombinant viral proteins for the diagnosis of VHFs and epidemiological studies on the VHFs caused by arenaviruses.
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20
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Kaku Y, Noguchi A, Marsh GA, Barr JA, Okutani A, Hotta K, Bazartseren B, Fukushi S, Broder CC, Yamada A, Inoue S, Wang LF. Second generation of pseudotype-based serum neutralization assay for Nipah virus antibodies: sensitive and high-throughput analysis utilizing secreted alkaline phosphatase. J Virol Methods 2011; 179:226-32. [PMID: 22115786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV), Paramyxoviridae, Henipavirus, is classified as a biosafety level (BSL) 4 pathogen, along with the closely related Hendra virus (HeV). A novel serum neutralization test was developed for measuring NiV neutralizing antibodies under BSL2 conditions using a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) expressing secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) and pseudotyped with NiV F/G proteins (VSV-NiV-SEAP). A unique characteristic of this novel assay is the ability to obtain neutralization titers by measuring SEAP activity in supernatant using a common ELISA plate reader. This confers a remarkable advantage over the first generation of NiV-pseudotypes expressing green fluorescent protein or luciferase, which require expensive and specific measuring equipment. Using panels of NiV- and HeV-specific sera from various species, the VSV-NiV-SEAP assay demonstrated neutralizing antibody status (positive/negative) consistent with that obtained by conventional live NiV test, and gave higher antibody titers than the latter. Additionally, when screening sixty-six fruit bat sera at one dilution, the VSV-NiV-SEAP assay produced identical results to the live NiV test and only required a very small amount (2μl) of sera. The results suggest that this novel VSV-NiV-SEAP assay is safe, useful for high-throughput screening of sera using an ELISA plate reader, and has high sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Kaku
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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21
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Whitt MA. Generation of VSV pseudotypes using recombinant ΔG-VSV for studies on virus entry, identification of entry inhibitors, and immune responses to vaccines. J Virol Methods 2010; 169:365-74. [PMID: 20709108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a prototypic enveloped animal virus that has been used extensively to study virus entry, replication and assembly due to its broad host range and robust replication properties in a wide variety of mammalian and insect cells. Studies on VSV assembly led to the creation of a recombinant VSV in which the glycoprotein (G) gene was deleted. This recombinant (rVSV-ΔG) has been used to produce VSV pseudotypes containing the envelope glycoproteins of heterologous viruses, including viruses that require high-level biocontainment; however, because the infectivity of rVSV-ΔG pseudotypes is restricted to a single round of replication the analysis can be performed using biosafety level 2 (BSL-2) containment. As such, rVSV-ΔG pseudotypes have facilitated the analysis of virus entry for numerous viral pathogens without the need for specialized containment facilities. The pseudotypes also provide a robust platform to screen libraries for entry inhibitors and to evaluate the neutralizing antibody responses following vaccination. This manuscript describes methods to produce and titer rVSV-ΔG pseudotypes. Procedures to generate rVSV-ΔG stocks and to quantify virus infectivity are also described. These protocols should allow any laboratory knowledgeable in general virological and cell culture techniques to produce successfully replication-restricted rVSV-ΔG pseudotypes for subsequent analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Whitt
- Department of Molecular Sciences, 858 Madison Ave., The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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22
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Kaku Y, Noguchi A, Marsh GA, McEachern JA, Okutani A, Hotta K, Bazartseren B, Fukushi S, Broder CC, Yamada A, Inoue S, Wang LF. A neutralization test for specific detection of Nipah virus antibodies using pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus expressing green fluorescent protein. J Virol Methods 2009; 160:7-13. [PMID: 19433112 PMCID: PMC7112920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Revised: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a new zoonotic paramyxovirus that emerged in 1998 and is now classified in the genus Henipavirus along with the closely related Hendra virus (HeV). NiV is highly pathogenic in several vertebrate species including humans, and the lack of available vaccines or specific treatment restricts it to biosafety level 4 (BSL4) containment. A serum neutralization test was developed for measuring NiV neutralizing antibodies under BSL2 conditions using a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) and bearing the F and G proteins of NiV (VSV–NiV–GFP). The neutralization titers were obtained by counting GFP-expressing cells or by measuring fluorescence. The performance of this new assay was compared against the conventional test using live NiV with panels of sera from several mammalian species, including sera from NiV outbreaks, experimental infections, as well as HeV-specific sera. The results obtained with the VSV–NiV–GFP based test correlated with those obtained using live NiV. Using a 50% reduction in VSV–NiV–GFP infected cells as the cut-off for neutralization, this new assay demonstrated its potential as an effective tool for detecting NiV neutralizing antibodies under BSL2 containment with greater speed, sensitivity and safety as compared to the conventional NiV serum neutralization test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Kaku
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.
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