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Ciaston I, Dobosz E, Potempa J, Koziel J. The subversion of toll-like receptor signaling by bacterial and viral proteases during the development of infectious diseases. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 88:101143. [PMID: 36152458 PMCID: PMC9924004 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that respond to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The recognition of specific microbial ligands by TLRs triggers an innate immune response and also promotes adaptive immunity, which is necessary for the efficient elimination of invading pathogens. Successful pathogens have therefore evolved strategies to subvert and/or manipulate TLR signaling. Both the impairment and uncontrolled activation of TLR signaling can harm the host, causing tissue destruction and allowing pathogens to proliferate, thus favoring disease progression. In this context, microbial proteases are key virulence factors that modify components of the TLR signaling pathway. In this review, we discuss the role of bacterial and viral proteases in the manipulation of TLR signaling, highlighting the importance of these enzymes during the development of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Ciaston
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Dobosz
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Department of Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Joanna Koziel
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
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Sharma G, Garg N, Hasan S, Shirodkar S. Prevotella: An insight into its characteristics and associated virulence factors. Microb Pathog 2022; 169:105673. [PMID: 35843443 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Prevotella species, a gram-negative obligate anaerobe, is commonly associated with human infections such as dental caries and periodontitis, as well as other conditions such as chronic osteomyelitis, bite-related infections, rheumatoid arthritis and intestinal diseases like ulcerative colitis. This generally harmless commensal possesses virulence factors such as adhesins, hemolysins, secretion systems exopolysaccharide, LPS, proteases, quorum sensing molecules and antibiotic resistance to evolve into a well-adapted pathogen capable of causing successful infection and proliferation in the host tissue. This review describes several of these virulence factors and their advantage to Prevotella spp. in causing inflammatory diseases like periodontitis. In addition, using genome analysis of Prevotella reference strains, we examined other putative virulence determinants which can provide insights as biomarkers and be the targets for effective interventions in Prevotella related diseases like periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetika Sharma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Noida Campus, Noida, 201313, India
| | - Nancy Garg
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Noida Campus, Noida, 201313, India
| | - Shamimul Hasan
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Sheetal Shirodkar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Noida Campus, Noida, 201313, India.
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Sarwar MT, Ohara-Nemoto Y, Kobayakawa T, Naito M, Nemoto TK. Characterization of substrate specificity and novel autoprocessing mechanism of dipeptidase A from Prevotella intermedia. Biol Chem 2021; 401:629-642. [PMID: 31913843 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Prevotella intermedia, a Gram-negative anaerobic rod, is frequently observed in subgingival polymicrobial biofilms from adults with chronic periodontitis. Peptidases in periodontopathic bacteria are considered to function as etiological reagents. Prevotella intermedia OMA14 cells abundantly express an unidentified cysteine peptidase specific for Arg-4-methycoumaryl-7-amide (MCA). BAU17746 (locus tag, PIOMA14_I_1238) and BAU18827 (locus tag, PIOMA14_II_0322) emerged as candidates of this peptidase from the substrate specificity and sequence similarity with C69-family Streptococcus gordonii Arg-aminopeptidase. The recombinant form of the former solely exhibited hydrolyzing activity toward Arg-MCA, and BAU17746 possesses a 26.6% amino acid identity with the C69-family Lactobacillus helveticus dipeptidase A. It was found that BAU17746 as well as L. helveticus dipeptidase A was a P1-position Arg-specific dipeptidase A, although the L. helveticus entity, a representative of the C69 family, had been reported to be specific for Leu and Phe. The full-length form of BAU17746 was intramolecularly processed to a mature form carrying the N-terminus of Cys15. In conclusion, the marked Arg-MCA-hydrolyzing activity in Pre. intermedia was mediated by BAU17746 belonging to the C69-family dipeptidase A, in which the mature form carries an essential cysteine at the N-terminus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Tanvir Sarwar
- Department of Oral Molecular Biology, Course of Medical and Dental Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Yuko Ohara-Nemoto
- Department of Oral Molecular Biology, Course of Medical and Dental Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kobayakawa
- Department of Oral Molecular Biology, Course of Medical and Dental Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Mariko Naito
- Department of Microbiology and Oral Infection, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Takayuki K Nemoto
- Department of Oral Molecular Biology, Course of Medical and Dental Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
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Tsuzuno T, Takahashi N, Yamada-Hara M, Yokoji-Takeuchi M, Sulijaya B, Aoki-Nonaka Y, Matsugishi A, Katakura K, Tabeta K, Yamazaki K. Ingestion of Porphyromonas gingivalis exacerbates colitis via intestinal epithelial barrier disruption in mice. J Periodontal Res 2021; 56:275-288. [PMID: 33512709 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ingested periodontal pathogens on experimental colitis in mice and to elucidate its underlying mechanisms. BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is defined as a chronic intestinal inflammation that results in damage to the gastrointestinal tract. Epidemiological studies have shown an association between IBD and periodontitis. Although a large number of ingested oral bacteria reach gastrointestinal tract constantly, the effect of ingested periodontal pathogens on intestinal inflammation is still unknown. METHODS Experimental colitis was induced by inclusion of dextran sodium sulfate solution in drinking water of the mice. Major periodontal pathogens (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, and Fusobacterium nucleatum) were administered orally every day during the experiment. The severity of colitis between the groups was compared. In vitro studies of the intestinal epithelial cell line were conducted to explore the molecular mechanisms by which periodontal pathogens affect the development of colitis. RESULTS The oral administration of P. gingivalis significantly increased the severity of colitis when compared to other pathogens in the DSS-induced colitis model. The ingested P. gingivalis disrupted the colonic epithelial barrier by decreasing the expression of tight junction proteins in vivo. In vitro permeability assays using the intestinal epithelial cell line suggested the P. gingivalis-specific epithelial barrier disruption. The possible involvement of gingipains in the exacerbation of colitis was implied by using P. gingivalis lacking gingipains. CONCLUSION Porphyromonas gingivalis exacerbates gastrointestinal inflammation by directly interacting with the intestinal epithelial barrier in a susceptible host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Tsuzuno
- Research Unit for Oral-Systemic Connection, Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Naoki Takahashi
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Miki Yamada-Hara
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Mai Yokoji-Takeuchi
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Benso Sulijaya
- Research Unit for Oral-Systemic Connection, Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Yukari Aoki-Nonaka
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Aoi Matsugishi
- Research Unit for Oral-Systemic Connection, Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kyoko Katakura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Iwase general hospital, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Koichi Tabeta
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Yamazaki
- Research Unit for Oral-Systemic Connection, Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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Vijaya Kumar K, Faizuddin M, DSouza ND, Rao A. Estimation of soluble CD14 levels in gingival crevicular fluid and serum in diseased and healthy periodontium. J Oral Biosci 2020; 62:289-295. [PMID: 32771407 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the levels of sCD14 in gingival crevicular fluid and serum under periodontally-healthy and diseased conditions. METHODS The subjects were divided into three groups of 15, each as follows: healthy, gingivitis, and periodontitis. Periodontal parameters including Probing pocket depth, Clinical attachment level, Bleeding index, and Plaque index. Gingival crevicular fluid and serum samples were collected and analyzed for sCD14 levels using commercially-available ELISA kits. RESULTS The mean concentration of sCD14 in GCF was significantly lower in the gingivitis (134.5 ± 26.85 ng/mL) and periodontitis (103.23 ± 20.36 ng/mL) groups than in the healthy group (172.77 ± 46.33 ng/mL); p < 0.001. The mean serum concentration of sCD14 in the healthy group was 1528.13 ± 387.37 ng/mL, which was significantly less than that of the periodontitis group (2051.50 ± 381.10 ng/mL); p = 0.011. CONCLUSIONS The serum sCD14 levels in the periodontitis groups were significantly higher than those in the healthy controls. The levels of sCD14 in GCF were significantly lower in the gingivitis and periodontitis groups than in the healthy group.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Vijaya Kumar
- Department of Periodontics, Yenepoya Dental College, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India.
| | | | - Neevan Dr DSouza
- KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India.
| | - Anupama Rao
- Department of Periodontics, Yenepoya Dental College, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India.
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Petes C, Mintsopoulos V, Finnen RL, Banfield BW, Gee K. The effects of CD14 and IL-27 on induction of endotoxin tolerance in human monocytes and macrophages. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:17631-17645. [PMID: 30242126 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon repeated exposure to endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), myeloid cells enter a refractory state called endotoxin tolerance as a homeostatic mechanism. In innate immune cells, LPS is recognized by co-receptors Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and CD-14 to initiate an inflammatory response for subsequent cytokine production. One such cytokine, interleukin (IL)-27, is produced by myeloid cells in response to bacterial infection. In monocytes, IL-27 has proinflammatory functions such as up-regulating TLR4 expression for enhanced LPS-mediated cytokine production; alternatively, IL-27 induces inhibitory functions in activated macrophages. This study investigated the effects of IL-27 on the induction of endotoxin tolerance in models of human monocytes compared with macrophages. Our data demonstrate that IL-27 inhibits endotoxin tolerance by up-regulating cell surface TLR4 expression and soluble CD14 production to mediate stability of the surface LPS-TLR4-CD14 complex in THP-1 cells. In contrast, elevated basal expression of membrane-bound CD14 in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-THP-1 cells, primary monocytes, and primary macrophages may promote CD14-mediated endocytosis and be responsible for the preservation of an endotoxin-tolerized state in the presence of IL-27. Overall, the efficacy of IL-27 in inhibiting endotoxin tolerance in human THP-1 monocytes and PMA-THP-1 macrophages is affected by membrane-bound and soluble CD14 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlene Petes
- From the Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Victoria Mintsopoulos
- From the Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Renée L Finnen
- From the Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Bruce W Banfield
- From the Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Katrina Gee
- From the Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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7
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Ruan Y, Shen L, Zou Y, Qi Z, Yin J, Jiang J, Guo L, He L, Chen Z, Tang Z, Qin S. Comparative genome analysis of Prevotella intermedia strain isolated from infected root canal reveals features related to pathogenicity and adaptation. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:122. [PMID: 25765460 PMCID: PMC4349605 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Many species of the genus Prevotella are pathogens that cause oral diseases. Prevotella intermedia is known to cause various oral disorders e.g. periodontal disease, periapical periodontitis and noma as well as colonize in the respiratory tract and be associated with cystic fibrosis and chronic bronchitis. It is of clinical significance to identify the main drive of its various adaptation and pathogenicity. In order to explore the intra-species genetic differences among strains of Prevotella intermedia of different niches, we isolated a strain Prevotella intermedia ZT from the infected root canal of a Chinese patient with periapical periodontitis and gained a draft genome sequence. We annotated the genome and compared it with the genomes of other taxa in the genus Prevotella. Results The raw data set, consisting of approximately 65X-coverage reads, was trimmed and assembled into contigs from which 2165 ORFs were predicted. The comparison of the Prevotella intermedia ZT genome sequence with the published genome sequence of Prevotella intermedia 17 and Prevotella intermedia ATCC25611 revealed that ~14% of the genes were strain-specific. The Preveotella intermedia strains share a set of conserved genes contributing to its adaptation and pathogenic and possess strain-specific genes especially those involved in adhesion and secreting bacteriocin. The Prevotella intermedia ZT shares similar gene content with other taxa of genus Prevotella. The genomes of the genus Prevotella is highly dynamic with relative conserved parts: on average, about half of the genes in one Prevotella genome were not included in another genome of the different Prevotella species. The degree of conservation varied with different pathways: the ability of amino acid biosynthesis varied greatly with species but the pathway of cell wall components biosynthesis were nearly constant. Phylogenetic tree shows that the taxa from different niches are scarcely distributed among clades. Conclusions Prevotella intermedia ZT belongs to a genus marked with highly dynamic genomes. The specific genes of Prevotella intermedia indicate that adhesion, competing with surrounding microbes and horizontal gene transfer are the main drive of the evolution of Prevotella intermedia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1272-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Ruan
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders(Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashang Road, Shanghai, 200030, China. .,Shanghai Institutes of Pilot Genomics and Human Health, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Lu Shen
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders(Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashang Road, Shanghai, 200030, China. .,Shanghai Institutes of Pilot Genomics and Human Health, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Yan Zou
- Department of Endodontics, 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Zhengnan Qi
- Department of Endodontics, 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Endodontics, 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Jie Jiang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders(Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashang Road, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Liang Guo
- The Fourth Hospital of Jinan City; Taishan Medical College, Jinan, 250031, China.
| | - Lin He
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders(Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashang Road, Shanghai, 200030, China. .,Shanghai Institutes of Pilot Genomics and Human Health, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Zijiang Chen
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders(Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashang Road, Shanghai, 200030, China. .,Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Zisheng Tang
- Department of Endodontics, 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Shengying Qin
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders(Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashang Road, Shanghai, 200030, China. .,Shanghai Institutes of Pilot Genomics and Human Health, Shanghai, 200030, China.
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Öztürk A, Yıldız L. Expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1 and toll-like receptor 4 in aggressive periodontitis and in chronic periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2011; 46:475-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gonzales JR, Harnack L, Schmitt-Corsitto G, Boedeker RH, Chakraborty T, Domann E, Meyle J. A novel approach to the use of subgingival controlled-release chlorhexidine delivery in chronic periodontitis: a randomized clinical trial. J Periodontol 2011; 82:1131-9. [PMID: 21491990 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2011.100287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to analyze clinical, microbiologic, and serologic effects of chlorhexidine (CHX) chips used as a subgingival controlled-release delivery device before and immediately after scaling and root planing (SRP). METHODS Twenty-four patients presenting with ≥12 teeth with probing depth (PD) ≥5 mm and bleeding on probing were assigned in test or control groups. After prophylaxis, CHX chips (test) or placebo chips (control) were placed in pockets with PD ≥5 mm. Ten days later, SRP was performed in all teeth with PD ≥4 mm in a single appointment. Immediately after SRP, new chips were inserted in all pockets with PD ≥5 mm. Parameters were assessed at baseline; beginning of SRP; and 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment. Subgingival samples were obtained at baseline; beginning of SRP; and at 1 month after treatment. Periodontal pathogens Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola were analyzed. Serum levels of high sensitive C-reactive and lipopolysaccharide-binding proteins were measured. The changes of the parameters between and within the groups were tested by Mann-Whitney U test (P <0.05). RESULTS All clinical and serologic parameters improved in both groups over time. There was a significant difference in clinical attachment level (CAL) gain from baseline to 6 months between groups (1.17 mm in the test group versus 0.79 mm in the placebo group) (P <0.05). The treatment with CHX chips showed a greater reduction of the microorganisms of the "red complex" after 1 month (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION The use of CHX chips before and immediately after SRP improved CAL and reduced the subgingival microorganisms of the red complex in the treatment of chronic periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose R Gonzales
- Department of Periodontology, Dental School, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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10
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Abstract
In light of recent studies based on cultivation-independent methods, it appears that the diversity of Prevotella in human microbiota is greater than was previously assumed from cultivation-based studies, and that the implication of these bacteria in several human diseases was unrecognized. While some Prevotella taxa were found during opportunistic infections, changes in Prevotella abundance and diversity were discovered during dysbiosis-associated diseases. As member of the microbiota, Prevotella may also be considered as a reservoir for resistance genes. Greater knowledge on Prevotella diversity, as well as new insights into its pathogenic potential and implication in dysbiosis are expected from the use of human microbe identification microarrays, from whole-genome sequence analyse, and from the NIH Human Microbiome Project data. New approaches, including molecular-based methods, could contribute to improve the diagnosis of Prevotella infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentine Alauzet
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, EA 4369, Faculté de Médecine, Nancy Université, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
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Dowling DJ, Hamilton CM, Donnelly S, La Course J, Brophy PM, Dalton J, O'Neill SM. Major secretory antigens of the helminth Fasciola hepatica activate a suppressive dendritic cell phenotype that attenuates Th17 cells but fails to activate Th2 immune responses. Infect Immun 2010; 78:793-801. [PMID: 19917714 DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00573-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is a helminth pathogen that drives Th2/Treg immune responses in its mammalian host. The parasite releases a large number of molecules that are critical to inducing this type of immune response. Here we have selected recombinant forms of two major F. hepatica secreted molecules, the protease cathepsin L (rFhCL1) and an antioxidant, sigma class glutathione transferase (rFhGST-si), to examine their interactions with dendritic cells (DCs). Despite enzymatic and functional differences between these molecules, both induced interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-12p40, and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) secretion from DCs and enhanced CD40 expression. While this induction was mediated by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), the subsequent intracellular signaling pathways differed; rFhCL1 signaled through p38, and rFhGST-si mediated its effect via c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38, p-NF-kappaBp65, and IRF5. Neither rFhCL1 nor rFhGST-si enhanced DC phagocytosis or induced Th2 immune responses in vivo. However, DCs matured in the presence of either enzyme attenuated IL-17 production from OVA peptide-specific T cells in vivo. In addition, DCs exposed to either antigen secreted reduced levels of IL-23. Therefore, both F. hepatica FhCL1 and FhGST-si modulate host immunity by suppressing responses associated with chronic inflammation-an immune modulatory mechanism that may benefit the parasite's survival within the host.
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Potempa M, Potempa J, Kantyka T, Nguyen KA, Wawrzonek K, Manandhar SP, Popadiak K, Riesbeck K, Eick S, Blom AM. Interpain A, a cysteine proteinase from Prevotella intermedia, inhibits complement by degrading complement factor C3. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000316. [PMID: 19247445 PMCID: PMC2642729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the supporting structures of the teeth caused by, among other pathogens, Prevotella intermedia. Many strains of P. intermedia are resistant to killing by the human complement system, which is present at up to 70% of serum concentration in gingival crevicular fluid. Incubation of human serum with recombinant cysteine protease of P. intermedia (interpain A) resulted in a drastic decrease in bactericidal activity of the serum. Furthermore, a clinical strain 59 expressing interpain A was more serum-resistant than another clinical strain 57, which did not express interpain A, as determined by Western blotting. Moreover, in the presence of the cysteine protease inhibitor E64, the killing of strain 59 by human serum was enhanced. Importantly, we found that the majority of P. intermedia strains isolated from chronic and aggressive periodontitis carry and express the interpain A gene. The protective effect of interpain A against serum bactericidal activity was found to be attributable to its ability to inhibit all three complement pathways through the efficient degradation of the alpha-chain of C3 -- the major complement factor common to all three pathways. P. intermedia has been known to co-aggregate with P. gingivalis, which produce gingipains to efficiently degrade complement factors. Here, interpain A was found to have a synergistic effect with gingipains on complement degradation. In addition, interpain A was able to activate the C1 complex in serum, causing deposition of C1q on inert and bacterial surfaces, which may be important at initial stages of infection when local inflammatory reaction may be beneficial for a pathogen. Taken together, the newly characterized interpain A proteinase appears to be an important virulence factor of P. intermedia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Potempa
- Lund University, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Section of Medical Protein Chemistry, University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
- Jagiellonian University, Department of Microbiology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Jagiellonian University, Department of Microbiology, Krakow, Poland
- University of Georgia, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tomasz Kantyka
- Jagiellonian University, Department of Microbiology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ky-Anh Nguyen
- Westmead Millennium Institute, Institute of Dental Research, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Surya P. Manandhar
- Westmead Millennium Institute, Institute of Dental Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Katarzyna Popadiak
- Lund University, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Section of Medical Protein Chemistry, University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
- Jagiellonian University, Department of Microbiology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kristian Riesbeck
- Lund University, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Section of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sigrun Eick
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Anna M. Blom
- Lund University, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Section of Medical Protein Chemistry, University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Ji S, Kim Y, Min BM, Han SH, Choi Y. Innate immune responses of gingival epithelial cells to nonperiodontopathic and periodontopathic bacteria. J Periodontal Res 2008; 42:503-10. [PMID: 17956462 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2007.00974.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE We have previously reported different susceptibilities of periodontopathic and nonperiodontopathic bacteria to antimicrobial peptides and phagocytosis by neutrophils. Differences between the two groups of bacteria may exist also in their ability to induce immune responses from the host. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of various oral bacteria on innate immune responses by gingival epithelial cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS HOK-16B cells were cocultured with live or lysed nonperiodontopathic (n = 3) and periodontopathic (n = 5) bacterial species. The levels of human beta defensin-1, -2 and -3, and of the cathelicidin, LL-37, were examined by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and the accumulated interleukin-8 and interleukin-1 alpha were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Nonperiodontopathic bacteria up-regulated some antimicrobial peptides without affecting the levels of cytokines. In the periodontopathic group, the orange-complex bacteria induced antimicrobial peptides and interleukin-8 efficiently, but the red-complex bacteria often demonstrated suppressive effects. In contrast to live bacteria, bacterial lysates had no suppressive effects. In addition, some bacterial lysates demonstrated a reduced ability to induce antimicrobial peptides compared with live bacteria. CONCLUSION The nonperiodontopathic, the orange-complex, and the red-complex bacteria had different effects on the innate immune responses from gingival epithelial cells, which may affect the outcome of their host-microbial interaction in gingival sulcus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ji
- Department of Oromaxillofacial Infection & Immunity, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
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Mallorquí-Fernández N, Manandhar SP, Mallorquí-Fernández G, Usón I, Wawrzonek K, Kantyka T, Solà M, Thøgersen IB, Enghild JJ, Potempa J, Gomis-Rüth FX. A new autocatalytic activation mechanism for cysteine proteases revealed by Prevotella intermedia interpain A. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:2871-82. [PMID: 17993455 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708481200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Prevotella intermedia is a major periodontopathogen contributing to human gingivitis and periodontitis. Such pathogens release proteases as virulence factors that cause deterrence of host defenses and tissue destruction. A new cysteine protease from the cysteine-histidine-dyad class, interpain A, was studied in its zymogenic and self-processed mature forms. The latter consists of a bivalved moiety made up by two subdomains. In the structure of a catalytic cysteine-to-alanine zymogen variant, the right subdomain interacts with an unusual prodomain, thus contributing to latency. Unlike the catalytic cysteine residue, already in its competent conformation in the zymogen, the catalytic histidine is swung out from its active conformation and trapped in a cage shaped by a backing helix, a zymogenic hairpin, and a latency flap in the zymogen. Dramatic rearrangement of up to 20A of these elements triggered by a tryptophan switch occurs during activation and accounts for a new activation mechanism for proteolytic enzymes. These findings can be extrapolated to related potentially pathogenic cysteine proteases such as Streprococcus pyogenes SpeB and Porphyromonas gingivalis periodontain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Mallorquí-Fernández
- Departament de Biologia Estructural, Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, Spain
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Suzuki E, Umezawa K. Inhibition of macrophage activation and phagocytosis by a novel NF-κB inhibitor, dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin. Biomed Pharmacother 2006; 60:578-86. [PMID: 16978829 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2006.07.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Accepted: 07/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we designed and synthesized a new NF-kappaB inhibitor, dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin (DHMEQ). In the present research we looked into the effect of DHMEQ on the activation of macrophages, especially on the phagocytotic activity of cells of the mouse macrophage-like cell line RAW264.7. DHMEQ inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NF-kappaB activation by inhibiting its nuclear translocation from the cytoplasm. It also inhibited the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and nitric oxide (NO) production induced by LPS and interferon-gamma. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) we showed DHMEQ to inhibit LPS-induced secretion of IL-6, IL-12, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and TNF-alpha. Furthermore, DHMEQ also inhibited the phagocytosis of fluorescently labeled Escherichia coli by RAW264.7 cells treated with LPS or IL-1beta, thus being the first evidence for the involvement of NF-kappaB in the regulation of phagocytosis by use of this inhibitor. Deletion of p65 by siRNA also inhibited the phagocytosis. DHMEQ inhibited the LPS-induced but not IL-1beta-induced phagocytosis of glass beads, indicating that activation of not only NF-kappaB but also Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) is essential for the phagocytosis of E. coli. Previously we found that DHMEQ inhibited type 2 collagen-induced rheumatoid arthritis and the growth of various human carcinomas in mice. It is thus likely that inhibition of macrophage activation is involved in the mechanism of these anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities of DHMEQ in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, 223-0061, Japan
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Abstract
Although certain bacterial species appear to be risk factors for pain due to odontogenic infections, comparatively little is known about the potential mechanisms mediating this effect. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that trigeminal nociceptive neurons express the TLR4 or CD14 receptors, thus enabling sensory neurons to detect and respond to tissue levels of bacterial substances such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Immunohistochemical analyses of human and rat trigeminal neurons demonstrated that a capsaicin-sensitive subclass of nociceptors (defined by expression of TRPV1, a capsaicin receptor) expresses both TLR4 and CD14. Moreover, human dental pulp collected from patients with caries lesions demonstrated co-localization of TLR4 and CD14, with markers of peripheral sensory neurons. Collectively, these studies indicate that the capsaicin-sensitive subclass of trigeminal nociceptors expresses TLR4 and CD14. These results indicate that pain due to bacterial infections may result, in part, from direct activation of nociceptors by bacterial products such as LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wadachi
- Department of Endodontics, UTHSCSA, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary aetiologic factor of periodontal disease is the bacterial biofilm. Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria possess a plethora of structural or secreted components that may cause direct destruction to periodontal tissues or stimulate host cells to activate a wide range of inflammatory responses. These responses are intended to eliminate the microbial challenge, but may often cause further tissue damage. METHODS This review has been divided into three parts: (a) bacterial virulence factors, which includes basic information on bacterial virulence factors, and the principle inflammatory responses that host cells elicit against these factors, (b) main receptors and signalling pathways, which includes basic information about the main receptors that interact with the bacterial virulence factors, the nature of these interactions, and the activated signalling pathways that lead to inflammatory responses, and (c) initiation of inflammation, which includes a model by which the virulence factors may interact with host cells and lead to inflammatory responses in the gingiva. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS Bacterial components/virulence factors may be involved in modulating inflammatory responses and include: lipopolysaccharides (LPS), peptidoglycans, lipotechoic acids, fimbriae, proteases, heat-shock proteins, formyl-methionyl peptides, and toxins. Potential host cell receptors involved in recognizing bacterial components and initiating signalling pathways that lead to inflammatory responses include: Toll-like receptors (TLRs), CD14, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain proteins (Nod) and G-protein-coupled receptors, including formyl-methionyl peptide receptors and protease-activated receptors. Of the above bacterial and host molecules, evidence from experimental animal studies implicate LPS, fimbriae, proteases, TLRs, and CD14 in periodontal tissue or alveolar bone destruction. However, evidence verifying the involvement of any of the above molecules in periodontal tissue destruction in humans does not exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Madianos
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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