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Li W, Wang W, Zhang M, Chen Q, Li F, Li S. Association of serum sclerostin levels with marrow adiposity in postmenopausal women with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. BMC Endocr Disord 2024; 24:55. [PMID: 38679740 PMCID: PMC11056049 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-024-01591-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticoids and sclerostin act as inhibitors of the Wnt signaling pathway, thereby hindering bone formation. Given the pathway's intricate association with mesenchymal stem cells, the hypothesis suggests that heightened sclerostin levels may be intricately linked to an augmentation in marrow adiposity induced by glucocorticoids. This study endeavored to delve into the nuanced relationship between circulating sclerostin and bone marrow adipose tissue in postmenopausal women grappling with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO). METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 103 patients with autoimmune-associated diseases underwent glucocorticoid treatment, boasting an average age of 61.3 years (standard deviation 7.1 years). The investigation encompassed a thorough assessment, incorporating medical history, anthropometric data, biochemical analysis, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements of lumbar and femoral bone mineral density (BMD). Osteoporosis criteria were established at a T-score of -2.5 or lower. Additionally, MR spectroscopy quantified the vertebral marrow fat fraction. RESULTS BMD at the femoral neck, total hip, and lumbar spine showcased an inverse correlation with marrow fat fraction (r = -0.511 to - 0.647, P < 0.001). Serum sclerostin levels exhibited a positive correlation with BMD at various skeletal sites (r = 0.476 to 0.589, P < 0.001). A noteworthy correlation emerged between circulating sclerostin and marrow fat fraction at the lumbar spine (r = -0.731, 95% CI, -0.810 to -0.627, P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis brought to light that vertebral marrow fat fraction significantly contributed to sclerostin serum concentrations (standardized regression coefficient ß = 0.462, P < 0.001). Even after adjusting for age, body mass index, physical activity, renal function, BMD, and the duration and doses of glucocorticoid treatment, serum sclerostin levels maintained a significant correlation with marrow fat fraction. CONCLUSIONS Circulating sclerostin levels exhibited a noteworthy association with marrow adiposity in postmenopausal women grappling with GIO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Radiology, Pudong New Area, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, No. 1500 Zhouyuan Road, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Radiology, Pudong New Area, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, No. 1500 Zhouyuan Road, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Minlan Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pudong New Area, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Radiology, Pudong New Area, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, No. 1500 Zhouyuan Road, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Fengyi Li
- Department of Radiology, Pudong New Area, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, No. 1500 Zhouyuan Road, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Shaojun Li
- Department of Radiology, Pudong New Area, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, No. 1500 Zhouyuan Road, Shanghai, 201318, China.
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Sørensen NN, Andreasen CM, Jensen PR, Hauge EM, Bollerslev J, Delaissé JM, Kassem M, Jafari A, Diaz-delCastillo M, Andersen TL. Disturbed bone marrow adiposity in patients with Cushing's syndrome and glucocorticoid- and postmenopausal- induced osteoporosis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1232574. [PMID: 37881495 PMCID: PMC10597666 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1232574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Skeletal stem/progenitor cells (SSPCs) in the bone marrow can differentiate into osteoblasts or adipocytes in response to microenvironmental signalling input, including hormonal signalling. Glucocorticoids (GC) are corticosteroid hormones that promote adipogenic differentiation and are endogenously increased in patients with Cushing´s syndrome (CS). Here, we investigate bone marrow adiposity changes in response to endogenous or exogenous GC increases. For that, we characterize bone biopsies from patients with CS and post-menopausal women with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GC-O), compared to age-matched controls, including postmenopausal osteoporotic patients (PM-O). Methods Transiliac crest bone biopsies from CS patients and healthy controls, and from postmenopausal women with GC-O and matched controls were analysed; an additional cohort included biopsies from women with PM-O. Plastic-embedded biopsies were sectioned for histomorphometric characterization and quantification of adipocytes. The fraction of adipocyte area per tissue (Ad.Ar/T.Ar) and marrow area (Ad.Ar/Ma.Ar), mean adipocyte profile area (Ad.Pf.Ar) and adipocyte profile density (N.Ad.Pf/Ma.Ar) were determined and correlated to steroid levels. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of adipocytes in relation to trabecular bone was characterized and correlations between bone marrow adiposity and bone remodeling parameters investigated. Results Biopsies from patients with CS and GC-O presented increased Ad.Ar/Ma.Ar, along with adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia. In patients with CS, both Ad.Ar/Ma.Ar and Ad.Pf.Ar significantly correlated with serum cortisol levels. Spatial distribution analyses revealed that, in CS, the increase in Ad.Ar/Ma.Ar near to trabecular bone (<100 µm) was mediated by both adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia, while N.Ad.Pf/Ma.Ar further into the marrow (>100 µm) remained unchanged. In contrast, patients with GC-O only presented increased Ad.Ar/Ma.Ar and mean Ad.Pf.Ar>100 µm from trabecular bone surface, highlighting the differential effect of increased endogenous steroid accumulation. Finally, the Ad.Ar/Ma.Ar and Ad.Ar/T.Ar correlated with the canopy coverage above remodeling events. Conclusion Increased cortisol production in patients with CS induces increased bone marrow adiposity, primarily mediated by adipocyte hypertrophy. This adiposity is particularly evident near trabecular bone surfaces, where hyperplasia also occurs. The differential pattern of adiposity in patients with CS and GC-O highlights that bone marrow adipocytes and their progenitors may respond differently in these two GC-mediated bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina N. Sørensen
- Research Unit of Pathology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christina M. Andreasen
- Research Unit of Pathology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Danish Spatial Imaging Consortium (DanSIC), Denmark
| | - Pia R. Jensen
- Clinical Cell Biology (KCB), Vejle/Lillebaelt Hospital, Institute of Regional Health Research (IRS), University of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Ellen M. Hauge
- Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens Bollerslev
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jean-Marie Delaissé
- Research Unit of Pathology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Moustapha Kassem
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Molecular Endocrinology & Stem Cell Research Unit (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Abbas Jafari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Molecular Endocrinology & Stem Cell Research Unit (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Marta Diaz-delCastillo
- Danish Spatial Imaging Consortium (DanSIC), Denmark
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas L. Andersen
- Research Unit of Pathology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Danish Spatial Imaging Consortium (DanSIC), Denmark
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Feng T, Xie Y, Xie W, Chen Y, Wang P, Li L, Han J, Ta D, Cheng L, Cheng Q. Characterization of multi-biomarkers for bone health assessment based on photoacoustic physicochemical analysis method. Photoacoustics 2022; 25:100320. [PMID: 35004172 PMCID: PMC8717597 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2021.100320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) techniques are potential alternatives to histopathology. The physicochemical spectrogram (PCS) generated by the PA measurement at multiple wavelengths can presents the morphology and chemical composition target at multi-biomarkers simultaneously. In this work, via multi-wavelength PA measurements performed on rabbit bone models, we investigated the feasibility of using PCSs for bone health assessment. A comprehensive analysis of the PCSs, termed PA physicochemical analysis (PAPCA), was conducted. The "slope" and "relative content" were used as the PAPCA-quantified parameters to characterize the changes in the physical and chemical properties of bone tissue, respectively. The findings are consistent well with the gold-standard imaging results. It demonstrated that the PAPCA can be used to characterize both the microstructure and content of multi-biomarkers which highly related with bone health. Considering the PA technique is noninvasive and radiation-free, it has great potential in the implementation and monitoring of bone diseases progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Feng
- School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yejing Xie
- School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Weiya Xie
- Institute of Acoustics, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yingna Chen
- Institute of Acoustics, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lan Li
- Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Han
- School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Dean Ta
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Liming Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Qian Cheng
- Institute of Acoustics, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- The Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
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4
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Aaron N, Kraakman MJ, Zhou Q, Liu Q, Costa S, Yang J, Liu L, Yu L, Wang L, He Y, Fan L, Hirakawa H, Ding L, Lo J, Wang W, Zhao B, Guo E, Sun L, Rosen CJ, Qiang L. Adipsin promotes bone marrow adiposity by priming mesenchymal stem cells. eLife 2021; 10:69209. [PMID: 34155972 PMCID: PMC8219379 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Marrow adipose tissue (MAT) has been shown to be vital for regulating metabolism and maintaining skeletal homeostasis in the bone marrow (BM) niche. As a reflection of BM remodeling, MAT is highly responsive to nutrient fluctuations, hormonal changes, and metabolic disturbances such as obesity and diabetes mellitus. Expansion of MAT has also been strongly associated with bone loss in mice and humans. However, the regulation of BM plasticity remains poorly understood, as does the mechanism that links changes in marrow adiposity with bone remodeling. Methods We studied deletion of Adipsin, and its downstream effector, C3, in C57BL/6 mice as well as the bone-protected PPARγ constitutive deacetylation 2KR mice to assess BM plasticity. The mice were challenged with thiazolidinedione treatment, calorie restriction, or aging to induce bone loss and MAT expansion. Analysis of bone mineral density and marrow adiposity was performed using a μCT scanner and by RNA analysis to assess adipocyte and osteoblast markers. For in vitro studies, primary bone marrow stromal cells were isolated and subjected to osteoblastogenic or adipogenic differentiation or chemical treatment followed by morphological and molecular analyses. Clinical data was obtained from samples of a previous clinical trial of fasting and high-calorie diet in healthy human volunteers. Results We show that Adipsin is the most upregulated adipokine during MAT expansion in mice and humans in a PPARγ acetylation-dependent manner. Genetic ablation of Adipsin in mice specifically inhibited MAT expansion but not peripheral adipose depots, and improved bone mass during calorie restriction, thiazolidinedione treatment, and aging. These effects were mediated through its downstream effector, complement component C3, to prime common progenitor cells toward adipogenesis rather than osteoblastogenesis through inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Conclusions Adipsin promotes new adipocyte formation and affects skeletal remodeling in the BM niche. Our study reveals a novel mechanism whereby the BM sustains its own plasticity through paracrine and endocrine actions of a unique adipokine. Funding This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health T32DK007328 (NA), F31DK124926 (NA), R01DK121140 (JCL), R01AR068970 (BZ), R01AR071463 (BZ), R01DK112943 (LQ), R24DK092759 (CJR), and P01HL087123 (LQ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Aaron
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Cente, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States,Department of Pharmacology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Michael J Kraakman
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Cente, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States,Department of Medicine, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Qiuzhong Zhou
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
| | - Qiongming Liu
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Cente, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States,Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Samantha Costa
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research InstituteScarboroughUnited States,School of Medicine, Tufts UniversityBostonUnited States,Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of MaineOronoUnited States
| | - Jing Yang
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Cente, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States,Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Longhua Liu
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Cente, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States,Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Lexiang Yu
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Cente, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States,Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Liheng Wang
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Cente, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States,Department of Medicine, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Ying He
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Cente, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States,Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Lihong Fan
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Cente, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States,Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Hiroyuki Hirakawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States,Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkUnited States
| | - Lei Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States,Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkUnited States
| | - James Lo
- Weill Center for Metabolic Health, Cardiovascular Research Institute, and Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkUnited States
| | - Weidong Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Science CenterOklahoma CityUnited States
| | - Baohong Zhao
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and The David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; Graduate Program in Cell & Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical SciencesNew YorkUnited States
| | - Edward Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Lei Sun
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
| | - Cliff J Rosen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research InstituteScarboroughUnited States
| | - Li Qiang
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Cente, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States,Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
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Baraghithy S, Smoum R, Attar-Namdar M, Mechoulam R, Bab I, Tam J. HU-671, a Novel Oleoyl Serine Derivative, Exhibits Enhanced Efficacy in Reversing Ovariectomy-Induced Osteoporosis and Bone Marrow Adiposity. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203719. [PMID: 31623098 PMCID: PMC6832161 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oleoyl serine (OS), an endogenous fatty acyl amide (FAA) found in bone, has been shown to have an anti-osteoporotic effect. OS, being an amide, can be hydrolyzed in the body by amidases. Hindering its amide bond by introducing adjacent substituents has been demonstrated as a successful method for prolonging its skeletal activity. Here, we tested the therapeutic efficacy of two methylated OS derivatives, oleoyl α-methyl serine (HU-671) and 2-methyl-oleoyl serine (HU-681), in an ovariectomized mouse model for osteoporosis by utilizing combined micro-computed tomography, histomorphometry, and cell culture analyses. Our findings indicate that daily treatment for 6 weeks with OS or HU-671 completely rescues bone loss, whereas HU-681 has only a partial effect. The increased bone density was primarily due to enhanced trabecular thickness and number. Moreover, the most effective dose of HU-671 was 0.5 mg/kg/day, an order of magnitude lower than with OS. The reversal of bone loss resulted from increased bone formation and decreased bone resorption, as well as reversal of bone marrow adiposity. These results were further confirmed by determining the serum levels of osteocalcin and type 1 collagen C-terminal crosslinks, as well as demonstrating the enhanced antiadipogenic effect of HU-671. Taken together, these data suggest that methylation interferes with OS’s metabolism, thus enhancing its effects by extending its availability to its target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saja Baraghithy
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel;
- Bone Laboratory, Institute for Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel; (R.S.)
| | - Reem Smoum
- Bone Laboratory, Institute for Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel; (R.S.)
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel;
| | - Malka Attar-Namdar
- Bone Laboratory, Institute for Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel; (R.S.)
| | - Raphael Mechoulam
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel;
| | - Itai Bab
- Bone Laboratory, Institute for Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel; (R.S.)
| | - Joseph Tam
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-2-6757645; Fax: +972-2-6757015
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Abstract
Osteoporosis is a major public health problem affecting more than 200 million people worldwide. The use of different animal models, for the study of its pathophysiology and treatments, is important being actually the ovariectomized rat the most widely used; although this model has several problems due its small size, lack of true closure of epiphyseal plate and bone differences with humans. This review is aimed at summarizing the most common methods published for osteoporosis induction in rabbits as model for human disease with their advantages and disadvantages. The paper shows the advantages of the use of this specie compared with the rat. All the techniques seemed to achieve the osteoporotic condition, but the one which obtained the most consistent bone mineral reduction in less time was the combination of surgery and corticoid treatment. The conclusion of the review was that rabbits are promising as a model of osteoporosis research because of their size, haversian remodelling and closure of epiphyseal plate, which solve some of the problems of the rat model. There are different techniques in the literature used to achieve the osteoporotic condition with diverse results, but there is a lack of consensus as to the best one.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Permuy
- Departamento de Anatomía, Producción Animal e Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Universidade De Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Mónica López-Peña
- Departamento de Anatomía, Producción Animal e Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Universidade De Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Fernando Muñoz
- Departamento de Anatomía, Producción Animal e Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Universidade De Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Antonio González-Cantalapiedra
- Departamento de Anatomía, Producción Animal e Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Universidade De Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002, Lugo, Spain
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Abstract
Pubertal disorders in the context of chronic disease especially in those with chronic inflammatory disorders or those requiring prolonged periods of treatment with glucocorticoid are common reasons for referral to the paediatric endocrine clinic. Disorders of puberty are also common in adolescents with disability requiring management by paediatric endocrinologists. In these adolescents, impaired skeletal development is also observed and this can be associated with fragility fractures. Chronic inflammation, glucocorticoid and sub-optimal nutrition all impact on the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis, and can also impact on skeletal development locally by their effects on the growth plate and bone. Addressing pubertal disorders is important to ensure adolescents with chronic disease are matched with their peers, promote adequate bone mass accrual and linear growth. Careful discussion with primary clinicians, the young person and the family is needed when instituting endocrine therapies to address puberty and manage bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Kao
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - M Denker
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - M Zacharin
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - S C Wong
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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Esche J, Shi L, Hartmann MF, Schönau E, Wudy SA, Remer T. Glucocorticoids and Body Fat Inversely Associate With Bone Marrow Density of the Distal Radius in Healthy Youths. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:2250-2256. [PMID: 30715368 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-02108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Elevated bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) is associated with lower bone quality, higher fracture rates, and an unfavorable overall metabolic profile. Apart from age, particularly glucocorticoids (GC), body fat, and diet are discussed to influence BMAT. We hypothesized that already in healthy youths, higher fat intake, higher fat mass index (FMI), and higher GC secretion, still within the normal range, may associate with increased BMAT. DESIGN In a subsample of healthy 6- to 18-year-old participants of the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study, peripheral quantitative CT of the nondominant proximal forearm was used to determine bone marrow density of the distal radius as an inverse surrogate parameter for BMAT. In those participants (n = 172) who had collected two, 24-hour urines within around one year before bone measurement, major urinary GC metabolites were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and summed up to assess daily adrenal GC secretion (ΣC21). Dietary intake was assessed by 3-day weighed dietary records. FMI was anthropometrically calculated. Separate multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the relationships of ΣC21, FMI, and fat intake with BMAT. RESULTS After controlling for confounders, such as age, energy intake, and forearm muscle area, ΣC21 (β = -0.042) and FMI (β = -0.002) showed inverse relationships with bone marrow density (P < 0.05), whereas fat intake did not associate significantly. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that already a moderately elevated GC secretion and higher body fatness during adolescence may adversely impact BMAT, an indicator for long-term bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Esche
- Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Lijie Shi
- Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michaela F Hartmann
- Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Eckhard Schönau
- Children's Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan A Wudy
- Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Remer
- Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Dortmund, Germany
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9
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Mehdi SJ, Johnson SK, Epstein J, Zangari M, Qu P, Hoering A, van Rhee F, Schinke C, Thanendrarajan S, Barlogie B, Davies FE, Morgan GJ, Yaccoby S. Mesenchymal stem cells gene signature in high-risk myeloma bone marrow linked to suppression of distinct IGFBP2-expressing small adipocytes. Br J Haematol 2018; 184:578-593. [PMID: 30408155 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that multiple myeloma (MM) induces proliferation and expansion of bone marrow (BM) mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), but others showed that MM cells induce MSC senescence. To clarify the interaction between MM and MSCs, we exploited our established MSC gene signature to identify gene expression changes in myeloma MSCs and associated functional differences. Single MSCs from patients with MM had changes in expression of genes associated with cellular proliferation and senescence and a higher proportion of senescent cells and lower proliferative potential than those from age-matched healthy donors. Single MSCs from both sources heterogeneously express MSC genes associated with adipogenesis and osteoblastogenesis. We identified the gene encoding insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (IGFBP2), an MSC gene commonly altered in high risk MM, as under-expressed. Morphologically, IGFBP2+ cells are underrepresented in MM BM compared to smouldering MM. Strong IGFBP2 and adiponectin co-expression was detected in a subset of small adipocytes. Co-culturing normal MSCs with myeloma cells suppressed MSC differentiation to adipocytes and osteoblasts, and reduced expression of IGFBP2 and adiponectin. Recombinant IGFBP2 blocked IGF1-mediated myeloma cell growth. Our data demonstrate that myeloma MSCs are less proliferative and that IGFBP2+ small adipocytes are a distinct mesenchymal cell population suppressed by myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed J Mehdi
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Sarah K Johnson
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Joshua Epstein
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Maurizio Zangari
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Pingping Qu
- Cancer Research and Biostatistics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Frits van Rhee
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Carolina Schinke
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | - Bart Barlogie
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Faith E Davies
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Gareth J Morgan
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Shmuel Yaccoby
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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10
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Abstract
Bone marrow adipocytes (BMA-) constitute an original and heterogeneous fat depot whose development appears interlinked with bone status throughout life. The gradual replacement of the haematopoietic tissue by BMA arises in a well-ordered way during childhood and adolescence concomitantly to bone growth and continues at a slower rate throughout the adult life. Importantly, BM adiposity quantity is found well associated with bone mineral density (BMD) loss at different skeletal sites in primary osteoporosis such as in ageing or menopause but also in secondary osteoporosis consecutive to anorexia nervosa. Since BMA and osteoblasts originate from a common mesenchymal stem cell, adipogenesis is considered as a competitive process that disrupts osteoblastogenesis. Besides, most factors secreted by bone and bone marrow cells (ligands and antagonists of the WNT/β-catenin pathway, BMP and others) reciprocally regulate the two processes. Hormones such as oestrogens, glucocorticoids, parathyroid and growth hormones that control bone remodelling also modulate the differentiation and the activity of BMA. Actually, BMA could also contribute to bone loss through the release of paracrine factors altering osteoblast and/or osteoclast formation and function. Based on clinical and fundamental studies, this review aims at presenting and discussing these current arguments that support but also challenge the involvement of BMA in the bone mass integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tareck Rharass
- Littoral Côte d’Opale University, Lille University, EA 4490, PMOI, Physiopathologie des Maladies Osseuses Inflammatoires, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Stéphanie Lucas
- Littoral Côte d’Opale University, Lille University, EA 4490, PMOI, Physiopathologie des Maladies Osseuses Inflammatoires, Lille, F-59000, France
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11
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Bray TJP, Chouhan MD, Punwani S, Bainbridge A, Hall-Craggs MA. Fat fraction mapping using magnetic resonance imaging: insight into pathophysiology. Br J Radiol 2018; 91:20170344. [PMID: 28936896 PMCID: PMC6223159 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20170344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose cells have traditionally been viewed as a simple, passive energy storage depot for triglycerides. However, in recent years it has become clear that adipose cells are highly physiologically active and have a multitude of endocrine, metabolic, haematological and immune functions. Changes in the number or size of adipose cells may be directly implicated in disease (e.g. in the metabolic syndrome), but may also be linked to other pathological processes such as inflammation, malignant infiltration or infarction. MRI is ideally suited to the quantification of fat, since most of the acquired signal comes from water and fat protons. Fat fraction (FF, the proportion of the acquired signal derived from fat protons) has, therefore, emerged as an objective, image-based biomarker of disease. Methods for FF quantification are becoming increasingly available in both research and clinical settings, but these methods vary depending on the scanner, manufacturer, imaging sequence and reconstruction software being used. Careful selection of the imaging method-and correct interpretation-can improve the accuracy of FF measurements, minimize potential confounding factors and maximize clinical utility. Here, we review methods for fat quantification and their strengths and weaknesses, before considering how they can be tailored to specific applications, particularly in the gastrointestinal and musculoskeletal systems. FF quantification is becoming established as a clinical and research tool, and understanding the underlying principles will be helpful to both imaging scientists and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy JP Bray
- Centre for
Medical Imaging, University College London,University College London,
London, UK
| | - Manil D Chouhan
- Centre for
Medical Imaging, University College London,University College London,
London, UK
| | - Shonit Punwani
- Centre for
Medical Imaging, University College London,University College London,
London, UK
| | - Alan Bainbridge
- Department
of Medical Physics, University College London
Hospitals,University
College London Hospitals, London,
UK
| | - Margaret A Hall-Craggs
- Centre for
Medical Imaging, University College London,University College London,
London, UK
- Department
of Medical Physics, University College London
Hospitals,University
College London Hospitals, London,
UK
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12
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Li S, Jiang H, Wang B, Gu M, Zhang N, Liang W, Wang Y. Effect of Leptin on Marrow Adiposity in Ovariectomized Rabbits Assessed by Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2018; 42:588-93. [PMID: 29489596 DOI: 10.1097/RCT.0000000000000725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Leptin acts to influence bone metabolism through indirect hypothalamic relay and direct peripheral pathways. Leptin enhances the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to the osteoblast rather than the adipocyte lineage, but the in vivo impacts of leptin on ovariectomy (OVX)-induced marrow adiposity are poorly understood. In this work, we aimed to address this question. METHODS Forty-five female New Zealand rabbits were divided into sham + vehicle, OVX + vehicle, and OVX + leptin for 5 months. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry were performed to longitudinally evaluate marrow fat fraction and bone density at 0, 2.5, and 5 months, respectively. At the end of experiment, quantitative parameters of marrow adipocytes were assessed by histopathology. RESULTS Estrogen-deficient rabbits markedly exhibited expansion of marrow fat in a time-dependent manner, with a variation of marrow fat fraction (+19.7%) at 2.5 months relative to baseline conditions, and it was maintained until 5 months (+49.2%; all P < 0.001), which was accompanied by diminished bone density. Adipocyte diameter, density, and adipocytes area percentage in the OVX controls was increased by 50.7%, 76.3%, and 135.5%, respectively, relative to the sham controls (all P < 0.001). These OVX-induced marrow adiposity and bone loss were partly restored by leptin treatment. Treatment with leptin prevented OVX-induced increases in bone turnover in rabbits. CONCLUSIONS Early leptin administration inhibits the adipogenic effect of estrogen deficiency in terms of reverting marrow fat expansion seen in OVX rabbits. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy may be a useful tool for longitudinal and interventional assessments in osteoporosis.
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13
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Abstract
Most adipocytes exist in discrete depots throughout the body, notably in well-defined white and brown adipose tissues. However, adipocytes also reside within specialized niches, of which the most abundant is within bone marrow. Whereas bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) shares many properties in common with white adipose tissue, the distinct functions of BMAT are reflected by its development, regulation, protein secretion, and lipid composition. In addition to its potential role as a local energy reservoir, BMAT also secretes proteins, including adiponectin, RANK ligand, dipeptidyl peptidase-4, and stem cell factor, which contribute to local marrow niche functions and which may also influence global metabolism. The characteristics of BMAT are also distinct depending on whether marrow adipocytes are contained within yellow or red marrow, as these can be thought of as 'constitutive' and 'regulated', respectively. The rBMAT for instance can be expanded or depleted by myriad factors, including age, nutrition, endocrine status and pharmaceuticals. Herein we review the site specificity, age-related development, regulation and metabolic characteristics of BMAT under various metabolic conditions, including the functional interactions with bone and hematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziru Li
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Julie Hardij
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Devika P Bagchi
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Erica L Scheller
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Ormond A MacDougald
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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14
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Li G, Xu Z, Chen Y, Chang S, Calimente H, Hu J, Wu D. Longitudinal assessment of marrow fat content using three-point Dixon technique in osteoporotic rabbits. Menopause 2016; 23:1339-44. [PMID: 27529463 DOI: 10.1097/GME.0000000000000721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this longitudinal pilot study, we aimed to investigate the intra-, interobserver, and scan-rescan reproducibility of marrow fat fraction (FF) measurements using three-point Dixon imaging in osteoporotic rabbits: comparison with histopathology. METHODS Twenty female rabbits were randomly assigned to sham-operation and ovariectomy in combination with daily methylprednisolone hemisuccinate groups (n = 10 per group). Marrow FF by three-point Dixon technique and bone density by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry were assessed at baseline, 6 and 12 weeks after operation. Intra-, inter-reader, and scan-rescan reliability of FF measurements were evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman 95% limit of agreement. Histomorphometry was performed to quantify marrow adipocyte parameters. RESULTS Intra- and inter-reader reproducibility of FF measurements was "substantial" (ICC = 0.984 and 0.978, respectively). Although the ICC for scan-rescan reliability was excellent (ICC = 0.962), increased measurement variability was observed using Bland-Altman plot. Relative to the sham-operated rabbits, the adipocytes mean diameter, density, and percent adipocytes area in the osteoporotic rabbits increased by 23.4%, 68.9%, and 117.0%, respectively. Marrow FF was positively correlated with the quantitative parameters of adipocytes, particularly with percent adipocyte area, but inversely associated with bone density. At the relatively early stage, the percentage of bone loss was similar to that of elevated fatty marrow in the osteoporotic rabbits; at the later stage, the change for the latter outweighed that of the former. CONCLUSIONS Results of three-point Dixon technique demonstrated a very reproducible manner within and between observers and acceptable scan-rescan performance in the assessment of marrow fat in rabbits.
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15
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Abstract
Adipocytes of the marrow adipose tissue (MAT) are distributed throughout the skeleton, are embedded in extracellular matrix, and are surrounded by cells of the hematopoietic and osteogenic lineages. MAT is a persistent component of the skeletal microenvironment and has the potential to impact local processes including bone accrual and hematopoietic function. In this review, we discuss the initial evolution of MAT in vertebrate lineages while emphasizing comparisons to the development of peripheral adipose, hematopoietic, and skeletal tissues. We then apply these evolutionary clues to define putative functions of MAT. Lastly, we explore the regulation of MAT by two major components of its microenvironment, the extracellular matrix and the nerves embedded within. The extracellular matrix and nerves contribute to both rapid and continuous modification of the MAT niche and may help to explain evolutionary conserved mechanisms underlying the coordinated regulation of blood, bone, and MAT within the skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa S Craft
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Erica L Scheller
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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16
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Kennedy DE, Knight KL. Inflammatory Changes in Bone Marrow Microenvironment Associated with Declining B Lymphopoiesis. J Immunol 2017; 198:3471-3479. [PMID: 28320833 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
B lymphopoiesis arrests precipitously in rabbits such that by 2-4 mo of age, before sexual maturity, little to no B lymphopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow (BM). Previously, we showed that in mice, adipocytes inhibit B lymphopoiesis in vitro by inducing inflammatory myeloid cells, which produce IL-1β. In this study, we characterized rabbit BM after the arrest of B lymphopoiesis and found a dramatic increase in fat, increased CD11b+ myeloid cells, and upregulated expression of the inflammatory molecules, IL-1β and S100A9, by the myeloid cells. We added BM fat, CD11b+ myeloid cells, and recombinant S100A9 to B lymphopoiesis cultures and found that they inhibited B lymphopoiesis and enhanced myelopoiesis. Unlike IL-1β, which inhibits B lymphopoiesis by acting on early lymphoid progenitors, S100A9 inhibits B lymphopoiesis by acting on myeloid cells and promoting the release of inflammatory molecules, including IL-1β. Many molecules produced by adipocytes activate the NLRP3 inflammasome, and the NLRP3 inhibitor, glibenclamide, restored B lymphopoiesis and minimized induction of myeloid cells induced by adipocyte-conditioned medium in vitro. We suggest that fat provides an inflammatory microenvironment in the BM and promotes/activates myeloid cells to produce inflammatory molecules such as IL-1β and S100A9, which negatively regulate B lymphopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenick E Kennedy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University, Chicago, IL 60153
| | - Katherine L Knight
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University, Chicago, IL 60153
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17
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Liu Y, Wu S, Cui R, Chan Q, Zhang S, Liao Y, Huang C. Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy-Detected Changes of Marrow Fat Content in a Rabbit Model of Osteoporosis Treated With Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2017; 41:231-5. [PMID: 27824667 DOI: 10.1097/RCT.0000000000000517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to longitudinally evaluate the changes in marrow fat content of ovariectomized (OVX) rabbits treated with epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H-MRS). METHODS Thirty-six female New Zealand rabbits were equally divided into sham operation, OVX controls, and OVX treated with EGCG (intraperitoneally, 1.8 mg/kg) for 5 months. Marrow fat fraction by H-MRS and bone density by peripheral quantitative computed tomography were determined at 0, 3, and 5 months. Serum biomarkers and marrow adipocytes were determined at the end of experiment. RESULTS Estrogen deficiency increased marrow fat content in a time-dependent manner, with a variation of marrow fat fraction (FF) (+25.3%) at month 3 from baseline, and it was maintained until month 5 (+66.6%, all P < 0.001). In comparison with the sham-operated controls, adipocytes density, size, and percentage of adipocytes area in the OVX controls increased by 62.9%, 44.4%, and 178%, respectively (all P < 0.05). These OVX-induced pathological changes were partly reversed by EGCG treatment. In addition, EGCG treatment reduced bone turnover and increased bone density of OVX rabbits. CONCLUSIONS Epigallocatechin-3-gallate exhibits an anabolic effect on osteoporotic bone by concomitantly rescuing bone mass and mitigating marrow adiposity. H-MRS appears to be a useful tool for monitoring osteoporosis-related treatments.
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18
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Fan JZ, Wang Y, Meng Y, Li GW, Chang SX, Nian H, Liang YJ. Panax notoginseng saponins mitigate ovariectomy-induced bone loss and inhibit marrow adiposity in rats. Menopause 2015; 22:1343-50. [PMID: 26035148 DOI: 10.1097/GME.0000000000000471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous data have suggested that Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) can prevent estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss by dual action: stimulation of new bone formation and inhibition of bone resorption. Marrow adipogenesis has been identified as a negative indicator of skeletal strength and integrity. This study assessed the effects of early PNS supplementation on bone microarchitecture preservation and marrow fat content in an ovariectomized rat model. METHODS Forty adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four equal groups for 12 weeks of treatment: (1) sham operation (SHAM) + vehicle; (2) ovariectomy (OVX) + vehicle; (3) OVX + 17β-estradiol (25 μg/kg); (4) OVX + PNS (300 mg/kg/d, PO). Marrow fat content of the femur was determined, using fat/water magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), at baseline and 6 and 12 weeks after operation. At the end of the experiment, bone turnover, trabecular microarchitecture, and marrow adipocytes were assessed by serum biomarkers, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), and histopathology, respectively. The effects of PNS on adipocytic differentiation were reflected by expression levels of the adipogenic genes PPARγ2 and C/EBPα, as determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Ovariectomized rats experienced remarkable increases in marrow fat content across time points, which were accompanied by elevated rate of bone turnover, global volumetric bone density, and trabecular microarchitecture deterioration. These OVX-induced pathological changes are reversible in that most of them could be mostly corrected upon 17β-estradiol treatment. PNS treatment significantly reduced marrow adipogenesis (adipocyte density, -27.2%; size, -22.7%; adipocyte volume-to-tissue volume ratio, -53.3%; all P < 0.01) and adipocyte marker gene expression, and prevented bone mass loss and microarchitecture deterioration. Moreover, PNS enhanced osteoblast activity but suppressed osteoclast turnover, as evidenced by decreased levels of serum C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen and elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase. CONCLUSIONS PNS mitigates estrogen deficiency-induced deterioration of trabecular microarchitecture and suppresses marrow adipogenesis.
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19
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Xu H, Zhang Y, Dong H, Pei F, Li G, Wu D. To assess the association between vertebral marrow fat content and colorectal adenoma in postmenopausal women using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Acta Radiol 2016; 57:1033-9. [PMID: 26567964 DOI: 10.1177/0284185115616292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although lower bone mineral density (BMD) is considered to have an increased risk for colorectal adenoma, no association between marrow fat content and colorectal adenoma has been elucidated yet. PURPOSE To evaluate the relationship between marrow fat fraction (MFF) and the presence of colorectal adenoma in postmenopausal women using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). MATERIAL AND METHODS We performed a cross-sectional observational study on 152 postmenopausal patients with colorectal adenoma and 100 matched control subjects who underwent screening colonoscopy, biochemical measurements, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and MRS. Logistic regression models were performed to assess the relationships among BMD, MFF, and colorectal adenoma. RESULTS With univariate analysis, marrow fat accumulation was higher and BMD values were lower in patients with colorectal adenoma compared with those in controls. After adjustment for potential confounders including demographics, health history, blood lipid levels, indexes of glucose metabolism, and validated measures of diet and physical activity, MFF was significantly positively associated with colorectal adenoma (odds ratio [OR], 1.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10-2.46; P = 0.008). Vertebral BMD, but not total hip and femoral neck BMD, was inversely related with colorectal adenoma (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.14-0.89; P = 0.027). Additionally, MFF was associated with adenoma number, size, and high-risk adenoma (all P < 0.01). MFF was found to be an independent risk factor of a high-risk colorectal adenoma (OR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.24-3.60; P = 0.019). CONCLUSION Marrow fat accumulation is highly associated with colorectal adenoma, particularly high-risk adenoma, in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Xu
- Department of Radiology, Ningbo Medical Treatment Center Lihuili Hospital, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yuqin Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Ningbo Medical Treatment Center Lihuili Hospital, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Haibo Dong
- Department of Radiology, Ningbo Medical Treatment Center Lihuili Hospital, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Feng Pei
- Department of Anus-intestines, Ningbo Medical Treatment Center Lihuili Hospital, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Guanwu Li
- Department of Radiology, Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Dongmei Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
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20
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Li B, Jiang Y, Sun J, Liang J, Jin Y. MR spectroscopy for assessing the effects of oxytocin on marrow adipogenesis induced by glucocorticoid in rabbits. Acta Radiol 2016; 57:701-7. [PMID: 26297728 DOI: 10.1177/0284185115599804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies suggest that oxytocin (OT) negatively modulates adipogenesis while promoting osteogenesis in vitro. Because of its effects on marrow stromal cells, OT might have potential utility in therapy for glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO). PURPOSE To explore the effects of OT on marrow adipogenesis in a rabbit model of GIO. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty-six-month-old female New Zealand rabbits were randomly assigned to the control, GIO, and GIO + OT groups. Magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy and multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) were performed to detect marrow fat content (MFC) and bone mineral density (BMD) at baseline, and 1, 2, and 3 months. After 3 months of treatment, marrow adipocytes were quantitatively evaluated by histopathology. RESULTS In the GIO group, MFC substantially increased from 34.1% to 43.2% at month 1, and it was maintained until month 3 (by 59.2%, all P <0.01). MFC values in the GIO group were significantly different from the control and OT-treated groups over time. Early OT treatment reversed marrow adiposity to levels of the controls. BMD values were significantly lower in the GIO group at months 2 and 3 compared to the controls; however, partial recovery of vertebral BMD (87.1% of baseline) and femoral BMD (89.3% of baseline) in the OT-treated group were observed. The mean diameter and density of adipocyte and percentage of adipocyte area increased by 30.0%, 70.1%, and 88.9%, respectively (all P <0.05) in the GIO group, but remained unchanged in the OT-treated group. CONCLUSION Early OT treatment was sufficient to eliminate glucocorticoid-induced marrow adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqing Li
- Department of Radiology, Shijingshan Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yuqing Jiang
- Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Hospital, The First Affiliated College of Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jinlei Sun
- Department of Radiology, Shijingshan Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jie Liang
- Department of Radiology, Shijingshan Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yulian Jin
- Department of Radiology, Shijingshan Hospital, Beijing, PR China
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21
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Abstract
B lymphopoiesis is necessary to generate a diverse pool of naïve B cells that are able to respond to a broad spectrum of antigens during immune responses to pathogens and to vaccination. Rabbits have been utilized for many years to generate high affinity monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. Specific antibodies generated in rabbits have greatly advanced scientific discoveries, but the unique qualities of rabbit B cell development have been underappreciated. Unlike in humans and mice, where B lymphopoiesis declines in mid to late life, B lymphopoiesis in rabbits arrests early in life, between 2 and 4 months of age. This review focuses on the early loss of B cell development in rabbits and the contribution of the bone marrow microenvironment to this process. We also propose directions for future research in this area, and discuss how the rabbit can be used as a model to understand the decline of B lymphopoiesis that occurs in humans late in life. Such studies will be important for developing therapeutics targeted to prevent and/or reverse declining B lymphopoiesis in the elderly, as well as boosting immunity and antibody responses after infection or vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenick E Kennedy
- Loyola University Chicago, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, USA
| | - Pamela L Witte
- Loyola University Chicago, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, USA
| | - Katherine L Knight
- Loyola University Chicago, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, USA.
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22
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Gjoksi B, Ghayor C, Bhattacharya I, Zenobi-Wong M, Weber FE. The bromodomain inhibitor N-methyl pyrrolidone reduced fat accumulation in an ovariectomized rat model. Clin Epigenetics 2016; 8:42. [PMID: 27110299 PMCID: PMC4840488 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-016-0209-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Weight gain is one of the consequences of estrogen deficiency and constitutes a major health problem. The present study highlights the effects of N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) on adipogenesis in osteoporosis induced by estrogen deficiency in an ovariectomized rat model. Results Ovariectomy resulted in body weight gain, increased femoral marrow adipocytes, and hypertrophic adipocytes in white adipose tissue, distorted serum leptin, and TNF-α and PPARγ levels. Treatment with NMP normalized these parameters similar to the control group. In vitro, NMP inhibited the differentiation of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes and hMSCs, indicating its anti-adipogenic effect. Moreover, PPARγ was significantly reduced with NMP treatment in in vivo and in vitro experiments. NMP inhibited BRD2 and BRD4 binding in an AlphaScreen assay, with an IC50 of 3 and 4 mM, respectively. The effect of NMP was consistent with its role as a bromodomain inhibitor. Conclusions Our data indicates that NMP inhibits the adipogenic effect of estrogen deficiency at the level of PPARγ expression by BRD4 inhibition. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13148-016-0209-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bebeka Gjoksi
- Oral Biotechnology & Bioengineering, Center for Dental Medicine, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ; Cartilage Engineering + Regeneration Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chafik Ghayor
- Oral Biotechnology & Bioengineering, Center for Dental Medicine, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Indranil Bhattacharya
- Oral Biotechnology & Bioengineering, Center for Dental Medicine, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ; Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcy Zenobi-Wong
- Cartilage Engineering + Regeneration Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ; CABMM, Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Franz E Weber
- Oral Biotechnology & Bioengineering, Center for Dental Medicine, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ; CABMM, Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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23
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Cawthorn WP, Scheller EL, Parlee SD, Pham HA, Learman BS, Redshaw CMH, Sulston RJ, Burr AA, Das AK, Simon BR, Mori H, Bree AJ, Schell B, Krishnan V, MacDougald OA. Expansion of Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue During Caloric Restriction Is Associated With Increased Circulating Glucocorticoids and Not With Hypoleptinemia. Endocrinology 2016; 157:508-21. [PMID: 26696121 PMCID: PMC4733126 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow adipose tissue (MAT) accounts for up to 70% of bone marrow volume in healthy adults and increases further in clinical conditions of altered skeletal or metabolic function. Perhaps most strikingly, and in stark contrast to white adipose tissue, MAT has been found to increase during caloric restriction (CR) in humans and many other species. Hypoleptinemia may drive MAT expansion during CR but this has not been demonstrated conclusively. Indeed, MAT formation and function are poorly understood; hence, the physiological and pathological roles of MAT remain elusive. We recently revealed that MAT contributes to hyperadiponectinemia and systemic adaptations to CR. To further these observations, we have now performed CR studies in rabbits to determine whether CR affects adiponectin production by MAT. Moderate or extensive CR decreased bone mass, white adipose tissue mass, and circulating leptin but, surprisingly, did not cause hyperadiponectinemia or MAT expansion. Although this unexpected finding limited our subsequent MAT characterization, it demonstrates that during CR, bone loss can occur independently of MAT expansion; increased MAT may be required for hyperadiponectinemia; and hypoleptinemia is not sufficient for MAT expansion. We further investigated this relationship in mice. In females, CR increased MAT without decreasing circulating leptin, suggesting that hypoleptinemia is also not necessary for MAT expansion. Finally, circulating glucocorticoids increased during CR in mice but not rabbits, suggesting that glucocorticoids might drive MAT expansion during CR. These observations provide insights into the causes and consequences of CR-associated MAT expansion, knowledge with potential relevance to health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Cawthorn
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (W.P.C., E.L.S., S.D.P., H.A.P., B.S.L., A.A.B., H.M., A.J.B., B.S., O.A.M.) and Internal Medicine (A.K.D., O.A.M.), and Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology (B.R.S., O.A.M.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Musculoskeletal Research (W.P.C., V.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (W.P.C., C.M.H.R., R.J.S.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH16 4TJ
| | - Erica L Scheller
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (W.P.C., E.L.S., S.D.P., H.A.P., B.S.L., A.A.B., H.M., A.J.B., B.S., O.A.M.) and Internal Medicine (A.K.D., O.A.M.), and Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology (B.R.S., O.A.M.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Musculoskeletal Research (W.P.C., V.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (W.P.C., C.M.H.R., R.J.S.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH16 4TJ
| | - Sebastian D Parlee
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (W.P.C., E.L.S., S.D.P., H.A.P., B.S.L., A.A.B., H.M., A.J.B., B.S., O.A.M.) and Internal Medicine (A.K.D., O.A.M.), and Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology (B.R.S., O.A.M.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Musculoskeletal Research (W.P.C., V.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (W.P.C., C.M.H.R., R.J.S.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH16 4TJ
| | - H An Pham
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (W.P.C., E.L.S., S.D.P., H.A.P., B.S.L., A.A.B., H.M., A.J.B., B.S., O.A.M.) and Internal Medicine (A.K.D., O.A.M.), and Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology (B.R.S., O.A.M.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Musculoskeletal Research (W.P.C., V.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (W.P.C., C.M.H.R., R.J.S.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH16 4TJ
| | - Brian S Learman
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (W.P.C., E.L.S., S.D.P., H.A.P., B.S.L., A.A.B., H.M., A.J.B., B.S., O.A.M.) and Internal Medicine (A.K.D., O.A.M.), and Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology (B.R.S., O.A.M.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Musculoskeletal Research (W.P.C., V.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (W.P.C., C.M.H.R., R.J.S.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH16 4TJ
| | - Catherine M H Redshaw
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (W.P.C., E.L.S., S.D.P., H.A.P., B.S.L., A.A.B., H.M., A.J.B., B.S., O.A.M.) and Internal Medicine (A.K.D., O.A.M.), and Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology (B.R.S., O.A.M.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Musculoskeletal Research (W.P.C., V.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (W.P.C., C.M.H.R., R.J.S.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH16 4TJ
| | - Richard J Sulston
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (W.P.C., E.L.S., S.D.P., H.A.P., B.S.L., A.A.B., H.M., A.J.B., B.S., O.A.M.) and Internal Medicine (A.K.D., O.A.M.), and Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology (B.R.S., O.A.M.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Musculoskeletal Research (W.P.C., V.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (W.P.C., C.M.H.R., R.J.S.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH16 4TJ
| | - Aaron A Burr
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (W.P.C., E.L.S., S.D.P., H.A.P., B.S.L., A.A.B., H.M., A.J.B., B.S., O.A.M.) and Internal Medicine (A.K.D., O.A.M.), and Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology (B.R.S., O.A.M.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Musculoskeletal Research (W.P.C., V.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (W.P.C., C.M.H.R., R.J.S.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH16 4TJ
| | - Arun K Das
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (W.P.C., E.L.S., S.D.P., H.A.P., B.S.L., A.A.B., H.M., A.J.B., B.S., O.A.M.) and Internal Medicine (A.K.D., O.A.M.), and Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology (B.R.S., O.A.M.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Musculoskeletal Research (W.P.C., V.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (W.P.C., C.M.H.R., R.J.S.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH16 4TJ
| | - Becky R Simon
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (W.P.C., E.L.S., S.D.P., H.A.P., B.S.L., A.A.B., H.M., A.J.B., B.S., O.A.M.) and Internal Medicine (A.K.D., O.A.M.), and Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology (B.R.S., O.A.M.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Musculoskeletal Research (W.P.C., V.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (W.P.C., C.M.H.R., R.J.S.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH16 4TJ
| | - Hiroyuki Mori
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (W.P.C., E.L.S., S.D.P., H.A.P., B.S.L., A.A.B., H.M., A.J.B., B.S., O.A.M.) and Internal Medicine (A.K.D., O.A.M.), and Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology (B.R.S., O.A.M.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Musculoskeletal Research (W.P.C., V.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (W.P.C., C.M.H.R., R.J.S.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH16 4TJ
| | - Adam J Bree
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (W.P.C., E.L.S., S.D.P., H.A.P., B.S.L., A.A.B., H.M., A.J.B., B.S., O.A.M.) and Internal Medicine (A.K.D., O.A.M.), and Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology (B.R.S., O.A.M.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Musculoskeletal Research (W.P.C., V.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (W.P.C., C.M.H.R., R.J.S.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH16 4TJ
| | - Benjamin Schell
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (W.P.C., E.L.S., S.D.P., H.A.P., B.S.L., A.A.B., H.M., A.J.B., B.S., O.A.M.) and Internal Medicine (A.K.D., O.A.M.), and Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology (B.R.S., O.A.M.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Musculoskeletal Research (W.P.C., V.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (W.P.C., C.M.H.R., R.J.S.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH16 4TJ
| | - Venkatesh Krishnan
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (W.P.C., E.L.S., S.D.P., H.A.P., B.S.L., A.A.B., H.M., A.J.B., B.S., O.A.M.) and Internal Medicine (A.K.D., O.A.M.), and Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology (B.R.S., O.A.M.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Musculoskeletal Research (W.P.C., V.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (W.P.C., C.M.H.R., R.J.S.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH16 4TJ
| | - Ormond A MacDougald
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (W.P.C., E.L.S., S.D.P., H.A.P., B.S.L., A.A.B., H.M., A.J.B., B.S., O.A.M.) and Internal Medicine (A.K.D., O.A.M.), and Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology (B.R.S., O.A.M.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Musculoskeletal Research (W.P.C., V.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (W.P.C., C.M.H.R., R.J.S.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH16 4TJ
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Jacobs FA, Sadie-Van Gijsen H, van de Vyver M, Ferris WF. Vanadate Impedes Adipogenesis in Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Different Depots within Bone. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:108. [PMID: 27536268 PMCID: PMC4971437 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO) is associated with an increase in bone marrow adiposity, which skews the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) progenitors away from osteoblastogenesis and toward adipogenesis. We have previously found that vanadate, a non-specific protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, prevents GIO in rats, but it was unclear whether vanadate directly influenced adipogenesis in bone-derived MSCs. For the present study, we investigated the effect of vanadate on adipogenesis in primary rat MSCs derived from bone marrow (bmMSCs) and from the proximal end of the femur (pfMSCs). By passage 3 after isolation, both cell populations expressed the MSC cell surface markers CD90 and CD106, but not the hematopoietic marker CD45. However, although variable, expression of the fibroblast marker CD26 was higher in pfMSCs than in bmMSCs. Differentiation studies using osteogenic and adipogenic induction media (OM and AM, respectively) demonstrated that pfMSCs rapidly accumulated lipid droplets within 1 week of exposure to AM, while bmMSCs isolated from the same femur only formed lipid droplets after 3 weeks of AM treatment. Conversely, pfMSCs exposed to OM produced mineralized extracellular matrix (ECM) after 3 weeks, compared to 1 week for OM-treated bmMSCs. Vanadate (10 μM) added to AM resulted in a significant reduction in AM-induced intracellular lipid accumulation and expression of adipogenic gene markers (PPARγ2, aP2, adipsin) in both pfMSCs and bmMSCs. Pharmacological concentrations of glucocorticoids (1 μM) alone did not induce lipid accumulation in either bmMSCs or pfMSCs, but resulted in significant cell death in pfMSCs. Our findings demonstrate the existence of at least two fundamentally different MSC depots within the femur and highlights the presence of MSCs capable of rapid adipogenesis within the proximal femur, an area prone to osteoporotic fractures. In addition, our results suggest that the increased bone marrow adiposity observed in GIO may not be solely due to direct effect of glucocorticoids on bone-derived MSCs, and that an increase in femur lipid content may also arise from increased adipogenesis in MSCs residing outside of the bone marrow niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frans Alexander Jacobs
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Hanél Sadie-Van Gijsen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Mari van de Vyver
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - William Frank Ferris
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
- *Correspondence: William Frank Ferris,
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Abstract
Bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) emerges as a distinct fat depot whose importance has been proved in the bone-fat interaction. Indeed, it is well recognized that adipokines and free fatty acids released by adipocytes can directly or indirectly interfere with cells of bone remodeling or hematopoiesis. In pathological states, such as osteoporosis, each of adipose tissues - subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT), visceral WAT, brown adipose tissue (BAT), and BMAT - is differently associated with bone mineral density (BMD) variations. However, compared with the other fat depots, BMAT displays striking features that makes it a substantial actor in bone alterations. BMAT quantity is well associated with BMD loss in aging, menopause, and other metabolic conditions, such as anorexia nervosa. Consequently, BMAT is sensed as a relevant marker of a compromised bone integrity. However, analyses of BMAT development in metabolic diseases (obesity and diabetes) are scarce and should be, thus, more systematically addressed to better apprehend the bone modifications in that pathophysiological contexts. Moreover, bone marrow (BM) adipogenesis occurs throughout the whole life at different rates. Following an ordered spatiotemporal expansion, BMAT has turned to be a heterogeneous fat depot whose adipocytes diverge in their phenotype and their response to stimuli according to their location in bone and BM. In vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies point to a detrimental role of BM adipocytes (BMAs) throughout the release of paracrine factors that modulate osteoblast and/or osteoclast formation and function. However, the anatomical dissemination and the difficulties to access BMAs still hamper our understanding of the relative contribution of BMAT secretions compared with those of peripheral adipose tissues. A further characterization of the phenotype and the functional regulation of BMAs are ever more required. Based on currently available data and comparison with other fat tissues, this review addresses the originality of the BMAT with regard to its development, anatomy, metabolic properties, and response to physiological cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Hardouin
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bone Diseases PMOI, University of Littoral-Opale Coast ULCO, Boulogne sur Mer, France
| | - Tareck Rharass
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bone Diseases PMOI, University of Littoral-Opale Coast ULCO, Boulogne sur Mer, France
| | - Stéphanie Lucas
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bone Diseases PMOI, University of Littoral-Opale Coast ULCO, Boulogne sur Mer, France
- *Correspondence: Stéphanie Lucas,
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Kennedy DE, Witte PL, Knight KL. Withdrawn: Bone marrow fat and the decline of B lymphopoiesis in rabbits. Dev Comp Immunol 2015:S0145-305X(15)30071-9. [PMID: 26550685 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Domenick E Kennedy
- Loyola University Chicago, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, USA
| | - Pamela L Witte
- Loyola University Chicago, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, USA
| | - Katherine L Knight
- Loyola University Chicago, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, USA.
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Yang Y, Luo X, Yan F, Jiang Z, Li Y, Fang C, Shen J. Effect of zoledronic acid on vertebral marrow adiposity in postmenopausal osteoporosis assessed by MR spectroscopy. Skeletal Radiol 2015; 44:1499-505. [PMID: 26130070 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-015-2200-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Zoledronic acid (ZOL) has a suppressive effect on marrow adiposity in ovariectomized rats. Currently, however, data on the effect of ZOL on marrow fat in humans are unavailable. The purpose of this work was to determine the in vivo effect of ZOL on bone remodeling and marrow adipogenesis in postmenopausal osteoporosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a 12-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we studied 100 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis who were randomly given either a single dose of intravenous infusion of ZOL (5 mg) or placebo. All subjects received adequate dietary calcium and vitamin D3. Main outcome measures included bone mineral density by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, vertebral marrow fat content by proton MR spectroscopy, serum markers of bone turnover by biochemical analysis. RESULTS Ninety percent of the participants completed the 12-month follow-up. With respect to baselines, marrow fat content reduced by 8.1% in the ZOL-treated women and increased by 3.0% in the controls (all p < 0.05). In addition, there were significant increases of bone mineral density by 2.8, 2.0, and 1.7% in the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total hip, respectively, in the ZOL group compared with the placebo group. Serum levels of bone resorption marker CTX and bone formation marker BALP decreased by 33 and 18% in postmenopausal women receiving ZOL. CONCLUSIONS In postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, a single dose of ZOL therapy significantly reduced marrow adiposity. MR spectroscopy of vertebral marrow fat may therefore serve as a novel tool for BMD-independent efficacy assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Icariin prevents bone loss by stimulating new bone formation and by inhibiting bone resorption. However, less is known about how icariin affects marrow adiposity. This lack of information is a vital problem, as the degree of marrow adipogenesis may be an alternative indicator of the severity of osteoporosis in relation to the degree of osteogenesis and osteoblastogenesis. To explore this question, we tested the effects of icariin on bone mineral density (BMD) and marrow fat content in a rat model of postmenopausal osteoporosis. METHODS Thirty-six 3-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of the following treatment groups: sham operation, ovariectomized controls, and ovariectomized rats treated orally with either 17β-estradiol or icariin for 12 weeks. BMD and marrow fat fraction were dynamically measured on weeks 0, 6, and 12. After 12 weeks of treatment, serum 17β-estradiol and bone biomarker levels were measured, and marrow adipocytes were quantitatively evaluated by histopathology. RESULTS Ovariectomized controls experienced a marked increase in fat fraction over time, with increases of 40% between weeks 0 and 6 and 69.4% between weeks 6 and 12 (P < 0.001). Marrow adiposity in ovariectomized controls was dramatically higher than that in sham rats on week 6; however, a reduction in BMD was detected in ovariectomized rats on week 12 (P < 0.001). Ovariectomized rats had levels of serum alkaline phosphatase and serum C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen that were 49.4% and 67.2% higher, respectively, than those of sham rats (P < 0.001). The density, size, and volume of marrow adipocytes in ovariectomized controls were 57.3%, 29.5%, and 163% higher, respectively, than those in sham rats. Early icariin treatment decreased bone biomarker levels, inhibited bone degeneration, and restored marrow fat infiltration and adipocyte parameters to the levels observed in sham rats. Overall, the osteoprotective effect of icariin was comparable with that of 17β-estradiol; however, icariin did not produce uterine estrogenicity. CONCLUSIONS Early icariin treatment restores marrow adiposity in the estrogen-deficient rat model.
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Abstract
Obesity and osteoporosis are two of the most common chronic disorders of the 21st century. Both are accompanied by significant morbidity. The only place in the mammalian organism where bone and fat lie adjacent to each other is in the bone marrow. Marrow adipose tissue is a dynamic depot that probably exists as both constitutive and regulated compartments. Adipocytes secrete cytokines and adipokines that either stimulate or inhibit adjacent osteoblasts. The relationship of marrow adipose tissue to other fat depots is complex and might play very distinct parts in modulation of metabolic homoeostasis, haemopoiesis, and osteogenesis. Understanding of the relationship between bone and fat cells that arise from the same progenitor within the bone marrow niche provides insight into the pathophysiology of age-related osteoporosis, diabetes, and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
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30
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Abstract
Marrow adipose tissue (MAT) is functionally distinct from both white and brown adipose tissue and can contribute to systemic and skeletal metabolism. MAT formation is a spatially and temporally defined developmental event, suggesting that MAT is an organ that serves important functions and, like other organs, can undergo pathologic change. The well-documented inverse relationship between MAT and bone mineral density has been interpreted to mean that MAT removal is a possible therapeutic target for osteoporosis. However, the bone and metabolic phenotypes of patients with lipodystrophy argues that retention of MAT may actually be beneficial in some circumstances. Furthermore, MAT may exist in two forms, regulated and constitutive, with divergent responses to hematopoietic and nutritional demands. In this review, we discuss the role of MAT in lipodystrophy, bone loss, and metabolism, and highlight our current understanding of this unique adipose tissue depot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Scheller
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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