1
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Banks CM, Trott JF, Hovey RC. The prolactin receptor: A cross-species comparison of gene structure, transcriptional regulation, tissue-specificity, and genetic variation. J Neuroendocrinol 2024:e13385. [PMID: 38586906 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The conserved and multifaceted functions of prolactin (PRL) are coordinated through varied distribution and expression of its cell-surface receptor (PRLR) across a range of tissues and physiological states. The resultant heterogeneous expression of PRLR mRNA and protein across different organs and cell types supports a wide range of PRL-regulated processes including reproduction, lactation, development, and homeostasis. Genetic variation within the PRLR gene also accounts for several phenotypes impacting agricultural production and human pathology. The goal of this review is to highlight the many elements that control differential expression of the PRLR across tissues, and the various phenotypes that exist across species due to variation in the PRLR gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M Banks
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Josephine F Trott
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Russell C Hovey
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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2
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Kuliczkowska-Płaksej J, Zdrojowy-Wełna A, Jawiarczyk-Przybyłowska A, Gojny Ł, Bolanowski M. Diagnosis and therapeutic approach to bone health in patients with hypopituitarism. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2024:10.1007/s11154-024-09878-w. [PMID: 38565758 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-024-09878-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The results of many studies in recent years indicate a significant impact of pituitary function on bone health. The proper function of the pituitary gland has a significant impact on the growth of the skeleton and the appearance of sexual dimorphism. It is also responsible for achieving peak bone mass, which protects against the development of osteoporosis and fractures later in life. It is also liable for the proper remodeling of the skeleton, which is a physiological mechanism managing the proper mechanical resistance of bones and the possibility of its regeneration after injuries. Pituitary diseases causing hypofunction and deficiency of tropic hormones, and thus deficiency of key hormones of effector organs, have a negative impact on the skeleton, resulting in reduced bone mass and susceptibility to pathological fractures. The early appearance of pituitary dysfunction, i.e. in the pre-pubertal period, is responsible for failure to achieve peak bone mass, and thus the risk of developing osteoporosis in later years. This argues for the need for a thorough assessment of patients with hypopituitarism, not only in terms of metabolic disorders, but also in terms of bone disorders. Early and properly performed treatment may prevent patients from developing the bone complications that are so common in this pathology. The aim of this review is to discuss the physiological, pathophysiological, and clinical insights of bone involvement in pituitary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Kuliczkowska-Płaksej
- Department and Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Isotope Therapy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wybrzeże Pasteura 4, Wrocław, 50-367, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Zdrojowy-Wełna
- Department and Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Isotope Therapy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wybrzeże Pasteura 4, Wrocław, 50-367, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Jawiarczyk-Przybyłowska
- Department and Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Isotope Therapy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wybrzeże Pasteura 4, Wrocław, 50-367, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Gojny
- Department and Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Isotope Therapy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wybrzeże Pasteura 4, Wrocław, 50-367, Poland
| | - Marek Bolanowski
- Department and Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Isotope Therapy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wybrzeże Pasteura 4, Wrocław, 50-367, Poland
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3
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Yun SJ, Sang H, Park SY, Chin SO. Effect of Hyperprolactinemia on Bone Metabolism: Focusing on Osteopenia/Osteoporosis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1474. [PMID: 38338751 PMCID: PMC10855748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Prolactin is a hormone secreted from lactotroph cells in the anterior pituitary gland to induce lactation after birth. Hyperprolactinemia unrelated to lactation is a common cause of amenorrhea in women of a childbearing age, and a consequent decrease in the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by a high prolactin level can result in decreased bone mineral density. Osteoporosis is a common skeletal disorder characterized by decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and quality, which results in decreased bone strength. In patients with hyperprolactinemia, changes in BMD can be induced indirectly by the inhibition of the GnRH-gonadal axis due to increased prolactin levels or by the direct action of prolactin on osteoblasts and, possibly, osteoclast cells. This review highlights the recent work on bone remodeling and discusses our knowledge of how prolactin modulates these interactions, with a brief literature review on the relationship between prolactin and bone metabolism and suggestions for new possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sang Ouk Chin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (S.J.Y.); (H.S.); (S.Y.P.)
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4
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Charoenphandhu N, Chanpaisaeng K, Teerapornpuntakit J, Wongdee K. Editorial: Crosstalk between bone and other cells. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1209053. [PMID: 37228815 PMCID: PMC10203695 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1209053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Narattaphol Charoenphandhu
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- The Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Krittikan Chanpaisaeng
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Jarinthorn Teerapornpuntakit
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Kannikar Wongdee
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
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5
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Phummisutthigoon S, Lertsuwan K, Panupinthu N, Aeimlapa R, Teerapornpuntakit J, Chankamngoen W, Thongbunchoo J, Charoenphandhu N, Wongdee K. Fe3+ opposes the 1,25(OH)2D3-induced calcium transport across intestinal epithelium-like Caco-2 monolayer in the presence or absence of ascorbic acid. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273267. [PMID: 36040915 PMCID: PMC9426938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although iron is an essential element for hemoglobin and cytochrome synthesis, excessive intestinal iron absorption—as seen in dietary iron supplementation and hereditary disease called thalassemia—could interfere with transepithelial transport of calcium across the intestinal mucosa. The underlying cellular mechanism of iron-induced decrease in intestinal calcium absorption remains elusive, but it has been hypothesized that excess iron probably negates the actions of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D3]. Herein, we exposed the 1,25(OH)2D3-treated epithelium-like Caco-2 monolayer to FeCl3 to demonstrate the inhibitory effect of ferric ion on 1,25(OH)2D3-induced transepithelial calcium transport. We found that a 24-h exposure to FeCl3 on the apical side significantly decreased calcium transport, while increasing the transepithelial resistance (TER) in 1,25(OH)2D3-treated monolayer. The inhibitory action of FeCl3 was considered rapid since 60-min exposure was sufficient to block the 1,25(OH)2D3-induced decrease in TER and increase in calcium flux. Interestingly, FeCl3 did not affect the baseline calcium transport in the absence of 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment. Furthermore, although ascorbic acid is often administered to maximize calcium solubility and to enhance intestinal calcium absorption, it apparently had no effect on calcium transport across the FeCl3- and 1,25(OH)2D3-treated Caco-2 monolayer. In conclusion, apical exposure to ferric ion appeared to negate the 1,25(OH)2D3-stimulated calcium transport across the intestinal epithelium. The present finding has, therefore, provided important information for development of calcium and iron supplement products and treatment protocol for specific groups of individuals, such as thalassemia patients and pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukpapohn Phummisutthigoon
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kornkamon Lertsuwan
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nattapon Panupinthu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ratchaneevan Aeimlapa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jarinthorn Teerapornpuntakit
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Wasutorn Chankamngoen
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jirawan Thongbunchoo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narattaphol Charoenphandhu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- The Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Dusit, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
| | - Kannikar Wongdee
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
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6
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Mills EG, Yang L, Nielsen MF, Kassem M, Dhillo WS, Comninos AN. The Relationship Between Bone and Reproductive Hormones Beyond Estrogens and Androgens. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:691-719. [PMID: 33901271 PMCID: PMC8599211 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive hormones play a crucial role in the growth and maintenance of the mammalian skeleton. Indeed, the biological significance for this hormonal regulation of skeletal homeostasis is best illustrated by common clinical reproductive disorders, such as primary ovarian insufficiency, hypothalamic amenorrhea, congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and early menopause, which contribute to the clinical burden of low bone mineral density and increased risk for fragility fracture. Emerging evidence relating to traditional reproductive hormones and the recent discovery of newer reproductive neuropeptides and hormones has deepened our understanding of the interaction between bone and the reproductive system. In this review, we provide a contemporary summary of the literature examining the relationship between bone biology and reproductive signals that extend beyond estrogens and androgens, and include kisspeptin, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, progesterone, inhibin, activin, and relaxin. A comprehensive and up-to-date review of the recent basic and clinical research advances is essential given the prevalence of clinical reproductive disorders, the emerging roles of upstream reproductive hormones in bone physiology, as well as the urgent need to develop novel safe and effective therapies for bone fragility in a rapidly aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard G Mills
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lisa Yang
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Morten F Nielsen
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Odense & institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Moustapha Kassem
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Odense & institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Waljit S Dhillo
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Alexander N Comninos
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.,Endocrine Bone Unit, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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7
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Abstract
Skeletal integrity is maintained through the tightly regulated bone remodeling process that occurs continuously throughout postnatal life to replace old bone and to repair skeletal damage. This is maintained primarily through complex interactions between bone resorbing osteoclasts and bone forming osteoblasts. Other elements within the bone microenvironment, including stromal, osteogenic, hematopoietic, endothelial and neural cells, also contribute to maintaining skeletal integrity. Disruption of the dynamic interactions between these diverse cellular systems can lead to poor bone health and an increased susceptibility to skeletal diseases including osteopenia, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, osteomalacia, and major fractures. Recent reports have implicated a direct role for the Eph tyrosine kinase receptors and their ephrin ligands during bone development, homeostasis and skeletal repair. These membrane-bound molecules mediate contact-dependent signaling through both the Eph receptors, termed forward signaling, and through the ephrin ligands, referred to as reverse signaling. This review will focus on Eph/ ephrin cross-talk as mediators of hematopoietic and stromal cell communication, and how these interactions contribute to blood/ bone marrow function and skeletal integrity during normal steady state or pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Arthur
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stan Gronthos
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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8
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Tiyasatkulkovit W, Aksornthong S, Adulyaritthikul P, Upanan P, Wongdee K, Aeimlapa R, Teerapornpuntakit J, Rojviriya C, Panupinthu N, Charoenphandhu N. Excessive salt consumption causes systemic calcium mishandling and worsens microarchitecture and strength of long bones in rats. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1850. [PMID: 33473159 PMCID: PMC7817681 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81413-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive salt intake has been associated with the development of non-communicable diseases, including hypertension with several cardiovascular consequences. Although the detrimental effects of high salt on the skeleton have been reported, longitudinal assessment of calcium balance together with changes in bone microarchitecture and strength under salt loading has not been fully demonstrated. To address these unanswered issues, male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed normal salt diet (NSD; 0.8% NaCl) or high salt diet (HSD; 8% NaCl) for 5 months. Elevation of blood pressure, cardiac hypertrophy and glomerular deterioration were observed in HSD, thus validating the model. The balance studies were performed to monitor calcium input and output upon HSD challenge. The HSD-induced increase in calcium losses in urine and feces together with reduced fractional calcium absorption led to a decrease in calcium retention. With these calcium imbalances, we therefore examined microstructural changes of long bones of the hind limbs. Using the synchrotron radiation x-ray tomographic microscopy, we showed that trabecular structure of tibia and femur of HSD displayed a marked increase in porosity. Consistently, the volumetric micro-computed tomography also demonstrated a significant decrease in trabecular bone mineral density with expansion of endosteal perimeter in the tibia. Interestingly, bone histomorphometric analyses indicated that salt loading caused an increase in osteoclast number together with decreases in osteoblast number and osteoid volume. This uncoupling process of bone remodeling in HSD might underlie an accelerated bone loss and bone structural changes. In conclusion, long-term excessive salt consumption leads to impairment of skeletal mass and integrity possibly through negative calcium balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wacharaporn Tiyasatkulkovit
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand ,grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Sirion Aksornthong
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand ,grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Punyanuch Adulyaritthikul
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand ,grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Pornpailin Upanan
- grid.411825.b0000 0000 9482 780XFaculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, 20131 Thailand
| | - Kannikar Wongdee
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand ,grid.411825.b0000 0000 9482 780XFaculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, 20131 Thailand
| | - Ratchaneevan Aeimlapa
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand ,grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Jarinthorn Teerapornpuntakit
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand ,grid.412029.c0000 0000 9211 2704Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000 Thailand
| | - Catleya Rojviriya
- grid.472685.aSynchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization), Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000 Thailand
| | - Nattapon Panupinthu
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand ,grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Narattaphol Charoenphandhu
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand ,grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand ,grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170 Thailand ,The Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Dusit, Bangkok, 10300 Thailand
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9
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Abstract
Chronic psychological stress affects many body systems, including the skeleton, through various mechanisms. This review aims to provide an overview of the factors mediating the relationship between psychological stress and bone health. These factors can be divided into physiological and behavioural changes induced by psychological stress. The physiological factors involve endocrinological changes, such as increased glucocorticoids, prolactin, leptin and parathyroid hormone levels and reduced gonadal hormones. Low-grade inflammation and hyperactivation of the sympathetic nervous system during psychological stress are also physiological changes detrimental to bone health. The behavioural changes during mental stress, such as altered dietary pattern, cigarette smoking, alcoholism and physical inactivity, also threaten the skeletal system. Psychological stress may be partly responsible for epigenetic regulation of skeletal development. It may also mediate the relationship between socioeconomic status and bone health. However, more direct evidence is required to prove these hypotheses. In conclusion, chronic psychological stress should be recognised as a risk factor of osteoporosis and stress-coping methods should be incorporated as part of the comprehensive osteoporosis-preventing strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Sheng Ng
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Yong Chin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000, Malaysia
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10
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Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) has direct and indirect effects on bone metabolism. Experimental studies showed that in the presence of high PRL levels bone resorption was increased as well as bone formation was suppressed. Increased PRL levels in humans caused a reduction in sex hormone levels which turn may have detrimental effects on bone. Patients with hyperprolactinemia did have often decreased bone mineral density as well as an increased risk of fractures. Since PRL control may be relevant to bone health it is a clinical open issue the inclusion of skeletal health in future guidelines as indication to proactive screening, prevention and treatment particularly in high risk patients such as hyperprolactinemic women after menopause and patients with drug induced hyperprolactinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi di Filippo
- Division of Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Via Olgettina, 58, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Mauro Doga
- Division of Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Via Olgettina, 58, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Eugenia Resmini
- Endocrinology/Medicine Departments, Hospital Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Giustina
- Division of Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Via Olgettina, 58, Milan, 20132, Italy.
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11
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Handa K, Kiyohara S, Yamakawa T, Ishikawa K, Hosonuma M, Sakai N, Karakawa A, Chatani M, Tsuji M, Inagaki K, Kiuchi Y, Takami M, Negishi-Koga T. Bone loss caused by dopaminergic degeneration and levodopa treatment in Parkinson's disease model mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13768. [PMID: 31551490 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50336-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence have shown the association of Parkinson’s disease (PD) with osteoporosis. Bone loss in PD patients, considered to be multifactorial and a result of motor disfunction, is a hallmark symptom that causes immobility and decreased muscle strength, as well as malnutrition and medication. However, no known experimental evidence has been presented showing deleterious effects of anti-PD drugs on bone or involvement of dopaminergic degeneration in bone metabolism. Here, we show that osteoporosis associated with PD is caused by dopaminergic degeneration itself, with no deficit of motor activity, as well as treatment with levodopa, the current gold-standard medication for affected patients. Our findings show that neurotoxin-induced dopaminergic degeneration resulted in bone loss due to accelerated osteoclastogenesis and suppressed bone formation, which was associated with elevated prolactin. On the other hand, using an experimental model of postmenopausal osteoporosis, dopaminergic degeneration did not result in exacerbation of bone loss due to estrogen deficiency, but rather reduction of bone loss. Thus, this study provides evidence for the regulation of bone metabolism by the dopaminergic system through both gonadal steroid hormone-dependent and -independent functions, leading to possible early detection of osteoporosis development in individuals with PD.
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12
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Tiyasatkulkovit W, Promruk W, Rojviriya C, Pakawanit P, Chaimongkolnukul K, Kengkoom K, Teerapornpuntakit J, Panupinthu N, Charoenphandhu N. Impairment of bone microstructure and upregulation of osteoclastogenic markers in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12293. [PMID: 31444374 PMCID: PMC6707260 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48797-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension and osteoporosis are the major non-communicable diseases in the elderly worldwide. Although clinical studies reported that hypertensive patients experienced significant bone loss and likelihood of fracture, the causal relationship between hypertension and osteoporosis has been elusive due to other confounding factors associated with these diseases. In this study, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were used to address this relationship and further explored the biophysical properties and the underlying mechanisms. Long bones of the hind limbs from 18-week-old female SHR were subjected to determination of bone mineral density (BMD) and their mechanical properties. Using synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM), femoral heads of SHR displayed marked increase in porosity within trabecular area together with decrease in cortical thickness. The volumetric micro-computed tomography also demonstrated significant decreases in trabecular BMD, cortical thickness and total cross-sectional area of the long bones. These changes also led to susceptibility of the long bones to fracture indicated by marked decreases in yield load, stiffness and maximum load using three-point bending tests. At the cellular mechanism, an increase in the expression of osteoclastogenic markers with decrease in the expression of alkaline phosphatase was found in primary osteoblast-enriched cultures isolated from long bones of these SHR suggesting an imbalance in bone remodeling. Taken together, defective bone mass and strength in hypertensive rats were likely due to excessive bone resorption. Development of novel therapeutic interventions that concomitantly target hypertension and osteoporosis should be helpful in reduction of unwanted outcomes, such as bone fractures, in elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wacharaporn Tiyasatkulkovit
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Worachet Promruk
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Catleya Rojviriya
- Synchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization), Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Phakkhananan Pakawanit
- Synchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization), Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | | | - Kanchana Kengkoom
- National Laboratory Animal Center, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Jarinthorn Teerapornpuntakit
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Nattapon Panupinthu
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Narattaphol Charoenphandhu
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand. .,Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand. .,The Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Dusit, Bangkok, 10300, Thailand.
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13
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Arthur A, Nguyen TM, Paton S, Klisuric A, Zannettino ACW, Gronthos S. The osteoprogenitor-specific loss of ephrinB1 results in an osteoporotic phenotype affecting the balance between bone formation and resorption. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12756. [PMID: 30143786 PMCID: PMC6109077 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31190-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of conditional deletion of ephrinB1 in osteoprogenitor cells driven by the Osterix (Osx) promoter, on skeletal integrity in a murine model of ovariectomy-induced (OVX) osteoporosis. Histomorphometric and μCT analyses revealed that loss of ephrinB1 in sham Osx:cre-ephrinB1fl/fl mice caused a reduction in trabecular bone comparable to OVX Osx:Cre mice, which was associated with a significant reduction in bone formation rates and decrease in osteoblast numbers. Interestingly, these observations were not exacerbated in OVX Osx:cre-ephrinB1fl/fl mice. Furthermore, sham Osx:cre-ephrinB1fl/fl mice displayed significantly higher osteoclast numbers and circulating degraded collagen type 1 compared to OVX Osx:Cre mice. Confirmation studies found that cultured monocytes expressing EphB2 formed fewer TRAP+ multinucleated osteoclasts and exhibited lower resorption activity in the presence of soluble ephrinB1-Fc compared to IgG control. This inhibition of osteoclast formation and function induced by ephrinB1-Fc was reversed in the presence of an EphB2 chemical inhibitor. Collectively, these observations suggest that ephrinB1, expressed by osteoprogenitors, influences bone loss during the development of osteoporosis, by regulating both osteoblast and osteoclast formation and function, leading to a loss of skeletal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Arthur
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, SA, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, 5000, SA, Australia
| | - Thao M Nguyen
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, SA, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, 5000, SA, Australia
| | - Sharon Paton
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, SA, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, 5000, SA, Australia.,Myeloma Research Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, SA, Australia
| | - Ana Klisuric
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, SA, Australia
| | - Andrew C W Zannettino
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, 5000, SA, Australia.,Myeloma Research Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, SA, Australia
| | - Stan Gronthos
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, SA, Australia. .,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, 5000, SA, Australia.
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14
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Abstract
Neuroendocrinology of bone is a new area of research based on the evidence that pituitary hormones may directly modulate bone remodeling and metabolism. Skeletal fragility associated with high risk of fractures is a common complication of several pituitary diseases such as hypopituitarism, Cushing disease, acromegaly, and hyperprolactinemia. As in other forms of secondary osteoporosis, pituitary diseases generally affect bone quality more than bone quantity, and fractures may occur even in the presence of normal or low-normal bone mineral density as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, making difficult the prediction of fractures in these clinical settings. Treatment of pituitary hormone excess and deficiency generally improves skeletal health, although some patients remain at high risk of fractures, and treatment with bone-active drugs may become mandatory. The aim of this review is to discuss the physiological, pathophysiological, and clinical insights of bone involvement in pituitary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefano Frara
- Institute of Endocrinology, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Giustina
- Institute of Endocrinology, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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15
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Macari S, Sharma LA, Wyatt A, da Silva JM, Dias GJ, Silva TA, Szawka RE, Grattan DR. Lactation induces increases in the RANK/RANKL/OPG system in maxillary bone. Bone 2018; 110:160-169. [PMID: 29382610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The underlying causes of maxillary bone loss during lactation remain poorly understood. We evaluated the impact of lactation on physiological and mechanically-induced alveolar bone remodeling. Nulliparous non-lactating (N-LAC) and 21-day lactating (LAC) mice underwent mechanically-induced bone remodeling by orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). Micro-computed tomography (microCT) was performed in the maxilla, femur and vertebra. Tartrate-resistant-acid phosphatase (TRAP) and Masson's trichrome labelling was performed in the maxillary bone and gene expression was determined in the periodontal ligament. The effect of prolactin on osteoclast (OCL) and osteoblast (OBL) differentiation was also investigated in N-LAC and LAC mice. Lactation increased alveolar bone loss in the maxilla, femur and vertebra, while OTM was enhanced. The number of OCL and OBL was higher in the maxilla of LAC mice. OTM increased OCL in both groups; while OBL was increased only in N-LAC but not in LAC mice, in which cell numbers were already elevated. The alveolar bone loss during lactation was associated with increased expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-KappaB (RANK), RANK ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in the maxilla. OTM induced the same responses in N-LAC mice, whereas it had no further effect in LAC mice. Lactation enhanced differentiation of OCL and OBL from bone marrow cells, and prolactin recapitulated OCL differentiation in N-LAC mice. Thus, lactation increases physiological maxillary bone remodeling and OTM, and both require activation of RANK/RANKL/OPG system. These findings expand our knowledge of lactation-induced osteopenia and have possible impact on clinical practice regarding orthodontic treatments and dental implants in lactating women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraia Macari
- Departamento de Odontopediatria e Ortodontia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Lavanya A Sharma
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Amanda Wyatt
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Janine Maíra da Silva
- Departamento de Clínica, Patologia e Cirurgia Odontológicas, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - George J Dias
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tarcília A Silva
- Departamento de Clínica, Patologia e Cirurgia Odontológicas, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raphael E Szawka
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - David R Grattan
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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16
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Abstract
The normal developmental program that prolactin generates in the mammary gland is usurped in the cancerous process and can be used out of its normal cellular context at a site of secondary metastasis. Prolactin is a pleiotropic peptide hormone and cytokine that is secreted from the pituitary gland, as well as from normal and cancerous breast cells. Experimental and epidemiologic data suggest that prolactin is associated with mammary gland development, and also the increased risk of breast tumors and metastatic disease in postmenopausal women. Breast cancer spreads to the bone in approximately 70% of cases with advanced breast cancer. Despite treatment, new bone metastases will still occur in 30%–50% of patients. Only 20% of patients with bone metastases survive five years after the diagnosis of bone metastasis. The breast cancer cells in the bone microenvironment release soluble factors that engage osteoclasts and/or osteoblasts and result in bone breakdown. The breakdown of the bone matrix, in turn, enhances the proliferation of the cancer cells, creating a vicious cycle. Recently, it was shown that prolactin accelerated the breast cancer cell-mediated osteoclast differentiation and bone breakdown by the regulation of breast cancer-secreted proteins. Interestingly, prolactin has the potential to affect multiple proteins that are involved in both breast development and likely bone metastasis, as well. Prolactin has normal bone homeostatic roles and, combined with the natural “recycling” of proteins in different tissues that can be used for breast development and function, or in bone function, increases the impact of prolactin signaling in breast cancer bone metastases. Thus, this review will focus on the role of prolactin in breast development, bone homeostasis and in breast cancer to bone metastases, covering the molecular aspects of the vicious cycle.
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17
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Teerapornpuntakit J, Wongdee K, Krishnamra N, Charoenphandhu N. Expression of osteoclastogenic factor transcripts in osteoblast-like UMR-106 cells after exposure to FGF-23 or FGF-23 combined with parathyroid hormone. Cell Biol Int 2016; 40:329-40. [PMID: 26694880 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As a bone-derived hormone, fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) negatively regulates phosphate and calcium metabolism, while retaining growth-promoting action for mesenchymal cell differentiation. Elevated FGF-23 levels, together with hyperparathyroidism, are often observed in chronic kidney disease, which is associated with impaired bone mineralization and enhanced bone resorption. Although overexpression of osteoblast-derived osteoclastogenic cytokines might contribute to this metabolic bone disease, whether FGF-23 alone and FGF-23 plus parathyroid hormone (PTH) directly modulated the expression of osteoblast-derived osteoclastogenic genes remained elusive. Herein, we demonstrated the direct effects of FGF-23 on proliferation and mRNA expression of osteoblast-specific differentiation and osteoclastogenic markers in rat osteoblast-like UMR-106 cells in the presence or absence of PTH. FGF-23 was found to suppress UMR-106 cell proliferation, while increasing FGF-23 expression, the latter of which suggested the presence of positive feedback regulation of FGF-23 expression in osteoblasts. FGF-23 also upregulated the mRNA expression of osteoblast differentiation markers (e.g., Runx2, osterix, AJ18, Dlx5, alkaline phosphatase, and osteopontin), osteoclastogenic factors (e.g., MCSF, MCP-1, IL-6, and TNF-α), and bone resorption regulators (RANKL and osteoprotegerin). However, combined PTH and FGF-23 exposure did not alter the levels of FGF-23-induced transcripts, suggesting that both hormones had no additive effect. In conclusion, FGF-23 directly suppressed osteoblast proliferation, while inducing osteoclastogenic gene expression in UMR-106 cells, and the FGF-23-induced transcripts were not altered by long-standing PTH exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarinthorn Teerapornpuntakit
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Microarray Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Kannikar Wongdee
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Office of Academic Management, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
| | - Nateetip Krishnamra
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narattaphol Charoenphandhu
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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18
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Field SL, Dasgupta T, Cummings M, Savage RS, Adebayo J, McSara H, Gunawardena J, Orsi NM. Bayesian modeling suggests that IL-12 (p40), IL-13 and MCP-1 drive murine cytokine networks in vivo. BMC Syst Biol 2015; 9:76. [PMID: 26553024 PMCID: PMC4640223 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-015-0226-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Cytokine-hormone network deregulations underpin pathologies ranging from autoimmune disorders to cancer, but our understanding of these networks in physiological/pathophysiological states remains patchy. We employed Bayesian networks to analyze cytokine-hormone interactions in vivo using murine lactation as a dynamic, physiological model system. Results Circulatory levels of estrogen, progesterone, prolactin and twenty-three cytokines were profiled in post partum mice with/without pups. The resultant networks were very robust and assembled about structural hubs, with evidence that interleukin (IL)-12 (p40), IL-13 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 were the primary drivers of network behavior. Network structural conservation across physiological scenarios coupled with the successful empirical validation of our approach suggested that in silico network perturbations can predict in vivo qualitative responses. In silico perturbation of network components also captured biological features of cytokine interactions (antagonism, synergy, redundancy). Conclusion These findings highlight the potential of network-based approaches in identifying novel cytokine pharmacological targets and in predicting the effects of their exogenous manipulation in inflammatory/immune disorders. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12918-015-0226-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Field
- Women's Health Research Group, Section of Cancer & Pathology, Leeds Institute of Cancer & Pathology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
| | - Tathagata Dasgupta
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA.
| | - Michele Cummings
- Women's Health Research Group, Section of Cancer & Pathology, Leeds Institute of Cancer & Pathology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
| | - Richard S Savage
- Systems Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Julius Adebayo
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA. .,IDeA Labs, Department of Computer Science, TMCB 1124, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.
| | - Hema McSara
- Women's Health Research Group, Section of Cancer & Pathology, Leeds Institute of Cancer & Pathology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
| | - Jeremy Gunawardena
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA.
| | - Nicolas M Orsi
- Women's Health Research Group, Section of Cancer & Pathology, Leeds Institute of Cancer & Pathology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
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19
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Abstract
The hypothalamic control of prolactin secretion is different from other anterior pituitary hormones, in that it is predominantly inhibitory, by means of dopamine from the tuberoinfundibular dopamine neurons. In addition, prolactin does not have an endocrine target tissue, and therefore lacks the classical feedback pathway to regulate its secretion. Instead, it is regulated by short loop feedback, whereby prolactin itself acts in the brain to stimulate production of dopamine and thereby inhibit its own secretion. Finally, despite its relatively simple name, prolactin has a broad range of functions in the body, in addition to its defining role in promoting lactation. As such, the hypothalamo-prolactin axis has many characteristics that are quite distinct from other hypothalamo-pituitary systems. This review will provide a brief overview of our current understanding of the neuroendocrine control of prolactin secretion, in particular focusing on the plasticity evident in this system, which keeps prolactin secretion at low levels most of the time, but enables extended periods of hyperprolactinemia when necessary for lactation. Key prolactin functions beyond milk production will be discussed, particularly focusing on the role of prolactin in inducing adaptive responses in multiple different systems to facilitate lactation, and the consequences if prolactin action is impaired. A feature of this pleiotropic activity is that functions that may be adaptive in the lactating state might be maladaptive if prolactin levels are elevated inappropriately. Overall, my goal is to give a flavour of both the history and current state of the field of prolactin neuroendocrinology, and identify some exciting new areas of research development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Grattan
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of AnatomyUniversity of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New ZealandMaurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoveryAuckland, New Zealand Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of AnatomyUniversity of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New ZealandMaurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoveryAuckland, New Zealand
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20
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Ardeshirpour L, Dumitru C, Dann P, Sterpka J, VanHouten J, Kim W, Kostenuik P, Wysolmerski J. OPG Treatment Prevents Bone Loss During Lactation But Does Not Affect Milk Production or Maternal Calcium Metabolism. Endocrinology 2015; 156:2762-73. [PMID: 25961842 PMCID: PMC4511126 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lactation is associated with increased bone turnover and rapid bone loss, which liberates skeletal calcium used for milk production. Previous studies suggested that an increase in the skeletal expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells ligand (RANKL) coupled with a decrease in osteoprotegerin (OPG) levels likely triggered bone loss during lactation. In this study, we treated lactating mice with recombinant OPG to determine whether bone loss during lactation was dependent on RANKL signaling and whether resorption of the maternal skeleton was required to support milk production. OPG treatment lowered bone resorption rates and completely prevented bone loss during lactation but, surprisingly, did not decrease osteoclast numbers. In contrast, OPG was quite effective at lowering osteoblast numbers and inhibiting bone formation in lactating mice. Furthermore, treatment with OPG during lactation prevented the usual anabolic response associated with reversal of lactational bone loss after weaning. Preventing bone loss had no appreciable effect on milk production, milk calcium levels, or maternal calcium homeostasis when mice were on a standard diet. However, when dietary calcium was restricted, treatment with OPG caused maternal hypocalcemia, maternal death, and decreased milk production. These studies demonstrate that RANKL signaling is a requirement for bone loss during lactation, and suggest that osteoclast activity may be required to increase osteoblast numbers during lactation in preparation for the recovery of bone mass after weaning. These data also demonstrate that maternal bone loss is not absolutely required to supply calcium for milk production unless dietary calcium intake is inadequate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Ardeshirpour
- Section of Endocrinology (L.A.), Department of Pediatrics, and Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.D., P.D., J.S., J.V., W.K., J.W.), Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520; and Department of Metabolic Disorders (P.K.), Amgen, Inc, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Cristina Dumitru
- Section of Endocrinology (L.A.), Department of Pediatrics, and Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.D., P.D., J.S., J.V., W.K., J.W.), Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520; and Department of Metabolic Disorders (P.K.), Amgen, Inc, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Pamela Dann
- Section of Endocrinology (L.A.), Department of Pediatrics, and Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.D., P.D., J.S., J.V., W.K., J.W.), Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520; and Department of Metabolic Disorders (P.K.), Amgen, Inc, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - John Sterpka
- Section of Endocrinology (L.A.), Department of Pediatrics, and Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.D., P.D., J.S., J.V., W.K., J.W.), Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520; and Department of Metabolic Disorders (P.K.), Amgen, Inc, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Joshua VanHouten
- Section of Endocrinology (L.A.), Department of Pediatrics, and Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.D., P.D., J.S., J.V., W.K., J.W.), Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520; and Department of Metabolic Disorders (P.K.), Amgen, Inc, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Wonnam Kim
- Section of Endocrinology (L.A.), Department of Pediatrics, and Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.D., P.D., J.S., J.V., W.K., J.W.), Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520; and Department of Metabolic Disorders (P.K.), Amgen, Inc, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Paul Kostenuik
- Section of Endocrinology (L.A.), Department of Pediatrics, and Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.D., P.D., J.S., J.V., W.K., J.W.), Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520; and Department of Metabolic Disorders (P.K.), Amgen, Inc, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - John Wysolmerski
- Section of Endocrinology (L.A.), Department of Pediatrics, and Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.D., P.D., J.S., J.V., W.K., J.W.), Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520; and Department of Metabolic Disorders (P.K.), Amgen, Inc, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
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21
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Charoenphandhu N, Nuntapornsak A, Wongdee K, Krishnamra N, Charoenphandhu J. Upregulated mRNA levels of SERT, NET, MAOB, and BDNF in various brain regions of ovariectomized rats exposed to chronic aversive stimuli. Mol Cell Biochem 2012. [PMID: 23208077 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1527-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen deficiency increases the risk of anxiety and mood disorders, presumably by deranging metabolism of the monoamine neurotransmitters and the expression of their reuptake transporters in the brain. Although estrogen-deficient individuals were also susceptible to stress, little was known regarding the effect of stress on the levels of transcripts related to brain monoamine metabolism. Herein, we used quantitative real-time PCR to quantify the mRNA levels of serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT), norepinephrine transporter (NET), monoamine oxidase-B (MAOB), tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in various brain regions of ovariectomized (OVX) rats which had been exposed for 4 weeks to chronic aversive stimuli (CAS), such as water deprivation, cage tilt, and illumination. We found that CAS induced stress responses in OVX rats as indicated by increases in the adrenal gland weight and sucrose intake. After CAS exposure, mRNA levels of SERT and NET were upregulated in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and periaqueductal gray. In addition, CAS also increased the mRNA levels of MAOB, an enzyme for dopamine degradation, in the same brain regions. However, CAS did not alter the mRNA levels of TPH or TH, both of which are rate-limiting enzymes for the synthesis of serotonin and norepinephrine in the dorsal raphé and locus coeruleus, respectively. Interestingly, mRNA expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor precursor was upregulated in the hippocampus of CAS-exposed OVX rats, suggesting a compensatory mechanism which might counteract the stress-induced depression. Therefore, the present data have provided evidence to explain how stress affected brain monoamine metabolism in estrogen-deficient stressed patients.
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22
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Wongdee K, Teerapornpuntakit J, Siangpro C, Chaipai S, Charoenphandhu N. Duodenal villous hypertrophy and upregulation of claudin-15 protein expression in lactating rats. J Mol Histol. 2013;44:103-109. [PMID: 23001625 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-012-9451-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In lactation, the intestinal absorption of nutrients and minerals, especially calcium, is markedly enhanced to supply precursors for milk production. Little is known regarding the mechanism of this lactation-induced intestinal hyperabsorption. However, it has been postulated to result from villous hypertrophy with enlarged absorptive area and the upregulation of the cation-selective tight junction protein claudin-15, which could form calcium-permeable paracellular pores, thereby enhancing the paracellular calcium absorption. Here, we demonstrated in the duodenum of 21-day lactating rats that there were increases in the villous height, villous width and crypt depth, which together led to expansion of absorptive surface area. Quantitative real-time PCR further showed that the mRNA levels of claudin-10 and -15 were increased in the duodenal mucosal cells of lactating rats as compared to age-matched unmated control rats. However, immunohistochemical analysis revealed the lactation-induced upregulation of claudin-15, but not claudin-10 protein expression in the duodenal villous cells. The present results, therefore, corroborated the previous hypothesis that lactation induced intestinal absorption of calcium and perhaps other cation minerals, in part, by increasing villous absorptive area and claudin-15 protein expression.
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23
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Teerapornpuntakit J, Wongdee K, Thongbunchoo J, Krishnamra N, Charoenphandhu N. Proliferation and mRNA expression of absorptive villous cell markers and mineral transporters in prolactin-exposed IEC-6 intestinal crypt cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2012; 30:320-7. [PMID: 22281785 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
During pregnancy and lactation, prolactin (PRL) enhances intestinal absorption of calcium and other minerals for fetal development and milk production. Although an enhanced absorptive efficiency is believed to mainly result from the upregulation of mineral transporters in the absorptive villous cells, some other possibilities, such as PRL-enhanced crypt cell proliferation and differentiation to increase the absorptive area, have never been ruled out. Here, we investigated cell proliferation and mRNA expression of mineral absorption-related genes in the PRL-exposed IEC-6 crypt cells. As expected, the cell proliferation was not altered by PRL. Inasmuch as the mRNA expressions of villous cell markers, including dipeptidylpeptidase-4, lactase and glucose transporter-5, were not increased, PRL was not likely to enhance crypt cell differentiation into the absorptive villous cells. In contrast to the previous findings in villous cells, PRL was found to downregulate the expression of calbindin-D(9k), claudin-3 and occludin in IEC-6 crypt cells, while having no effect on transient receptor potential vanilloid family channels-5/6, plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase (PMCA)-1b and Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger-1 expression. In conclusion, IEC-6 crypt cells did not respond to PRL by increasing proliferation or differentiation into villous cells. The present results thus supported the previous hypothesis that PRL enhanced mineral absorption predominantly by increasing transporter expression and activity in the absorptive villous cells.
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