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Hausinger RP, Rifayee SBJS, Thomas MG, Chatterjee S, Hu J, Christov CZ. Biological formation of ethylene. RSC Chem Biol 2023; 4:635-646. [PMID: 37654506 PMCID: PMC10467617 DOI: 10.1039/d3cb00066d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the structures, biochemical properties, and mechanisms of two major biological sources of ethylene, the ethylene-forming enzyme (EFE) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) oxidase (ACCO). EFE is found in selected bacteria and fungi where it catalyzes two reactions: (1) the oxygen-dependent conversion of 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) to ethylene plus three molecules of CO2/bicarbonate and (2) the oxidative decarboxylation of 2OG while transforming l-arginine to guanidine and l-Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid. ACCO is present in plants where it makes the plant hormone by transforming ACC, O2, and an external reductant to ethylene, HCN, CO2, and water. Despite catalyzing distinct chemical reactions, EFE and ACCO are related in sequence and structure, and both enzymes require Fe(ii) for their activity. Advances in our understanding of EFE, derived from both experimental and computational approaches, have clarified how this enzyme catalyzes its dual reactions. Drawing on the published mechanistic studies of ACCO and noting the parallels between this enzyme and EFE, we propose a novel reaction mechanism for ACCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Hausinger
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan 48824 USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan 48824 USA
| | | | - Midhun G Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University Houghton Michigan 49931 USA
| | - Shramana Chatterjee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan 48824 USA
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan 48824 USA
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan 48824 USA
| | - Christo Z Christov
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University Houghton Michigan 49931 USA
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Li Y, Qi M, Zhang Q, Xu Z, Zhang Y, Gao Y, Qi Y, Qiu L, Wang M. Phylogenesis of the Functional 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Oxidase of Fungi and Plants. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 9. [PMID: 36675876 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) pathway that synthesizes ethylene is shared in seed plants, fungi and probably other organisms. However, the evolutionary relationship of the key enzyme ACC oxidase (ACO) in the pathway among organisms remains unknown. Herein, we cloned, expressed and characterized five ACOs from the straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) and the oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus): VvACO1-4 and PoACO. The five mushroom ACOs and the previously identified AbACO of the button mushroom contained all three conserved residues that bound to Fe(II) in plant ACOs. They also had variable residues that were conserved and bound to ascorbate and bicarbonate in plant ACOs and harbored only 1-2 of the five conserved ACO motifs in plant ACOs. Particularly, VvACO2 and AbACO had only one ACO motif 2. Additionally, VvACO4 shared 44.23% sequence identity with the cyanobacterium Hapalosiphon putative functional ACO. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the functional ACOs of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants co-occurred in Type I, Type II and Type III, while putative functional gymnosperm ACOs also appeared in Type III. The putative functional bacterial ACO, functional fungi and slime mold ACOs were clustered in ancestral Type IV. These results indicate that ACO motif 2, ACC and Fe(II) are essential for ACO activity. The ACOs of the other organisms may come from the horizontal transfer of fungal ACOs, which were found ordinarily in basidiomycetes. It is mostly the first case for the horizontal gene transfers from fungi to seed plants. The horizontal transfer of ACOs from fungi to plants probably facilitates the fungal-plant symbioses, plant-land colonization and further evolution to form seeds.
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Cui Y, Jiang Y, Xiao M, Munir MZ, Riaz S, Rasul F, Daroch M. Discovery of Five New Ethylene-Forming Enzymes for Clean Production of Ethylene in E. coli. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4500. [PMID: 35562889 PMCID: PMC9101411 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethylene is an essential platform chemical with a conjugated double bond, which can produce many secondary chemical products through copolymerisation. At present, ethylene production is mainly from petroleum fractionation and cracking, which are unsustainable in the long term, and harmful to our environment. Therefore, a hot research field is seeking a cleaner method for ethylene production. Based on the model ethylene-forming enzyme (Efe) AAD16440.1 (6vp4.1.A) from Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicol, we evaluated five putative Efe protein sequences using the data derived from phylogenetic analyses and the conservation of their catalytic structures. Then, pBAD expression frameworks were constructed, and relevant enzymes were expressed in E. coli BL21. Finally, enzymatic activity in vitro and in vivo was detected to demonstrate their catalytic activity. Our results show that the activity in vitro measured by the conversion of α-ketoglutarate was from 0.21-0.72 μmol ethylene/mg/min, which varied across the temperatures. In cells, the activity of the new Efes was 12.28-147.43 μmol/gDCW/h (DCW, dry cellular weight). Both results prove that all the five putative Efes could produce ethylene.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Maurycy Daroch
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, 2199 Lishui Rd., Shenzhen 518055, China; (Y.C.); (Y.J.); (M.X.); (M.Z.M.); (S.R.); (F.R.)
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4
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Kallio P, Kugler A, Pyytövaara S, Stensjö K, Allahverdiyeva Y, Gao X, Lindblad P, Lindberg P. Photoautotrophic production of renewable ethylene by engineered cyanobacteria: Steering the cell metabolism towards biotechnological use. Physiol Plant 2021; 173:579-590. [PMID: 33864400 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene is a volatile hydrocarbon with a massive global market in the plastic industry. The ethylene now used for commercial applications is produced exclusively from nonrenewable petroleum sources, while competitive biotechnological production systems do not yet exist. This review focuses on the currently developed photoautotrophic bioproduction strategies that enable direct solar-driven conversion of CO2 into ethylene, based on the use of genetically engineered photosynthetic cyanobacteria expressing heterologous ethylene forming enzyme (EFE) from Pseudomonas syringae. The emphasis is on the different engineering strategies to express EFE and to direct the cellular carbon flux towards the primary metabolite 2-oxoglutarate, highlighting associated metabolic constraints, and technical considerations on cultivation strategies and conditional parameters. While the research field has progressed towards more robust strains with better production profiles, and deeper understanding of the associated metabolic limitations, it is clear that there is room for significant improvement to reach industrial relevance. At the same time, existing information and the development of synthetic biology tools for engineering cyanobacteria open new possibilities for improving the prospects for the sustainable production of renewable ethylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauli Kallio
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Amit Kugler
- Microbial Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Samuli Pyytövaara
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Karin Stensjö
- Microbial Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yagut Allahverdiyeva
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Xiang Gao
- Microbial Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Peter Lindblad
- Microbial Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pia Lindberg
- Microbial Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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He Y, Wu B, Xia W, Zhao KY, Qin Y, Tan Q, Yu QH, Liu PT, Hu GQ, He MX. Metabolic engineering of Zymomonas moblis for ethylene production from straw hydrolysate. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:1709-20. [PMID: 33512573 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Biological ethylene production is a promising sustainable alternative approach for fossil-based ethylene production. The high glucose utilization of Z. mobilis makes it as a promising bioethylene producer. In this study, Zymomonas mobilis has been engineered to produce ethylene through the introduction of the synthetic ethylene-forming enzyme (EFE). We also investigated the effect of systematically knocking out the competitive metabolic pathway of pyruvate in an effort to improve the availability of pyruvate for ethylene production in Z. mobilis expressing EFE. Guided by these results, we tested a number of conjectures that could improve the α-ketoglutarate supply. Optimization of these pathways and different substrate supplies resulted in a greater production of ethylene (from 1.36 to 12.83 nmol/OD600/mL), which may guide future engineering work on ethylene production using other organisms. Meanwhile, we achieved an ethylene production of 5.8 nmol/OD600/mL in the ZM532-efe strain using enzymatic straw hydrolysate of corn straw as the sole carbon source. As a preferred host in biorefinery technologies using lignocellulosic biomass as feedstock, heterologous expression of EFE in Z. mobilis converts the non-ethylene producing strain into an ethylene-producing one using a metabolic engineering approach, which is of great significance for the utilization of cellulosic biomass in the future. KEY POINTS: • Heterologous expression of EFE in Z. mobilis successfully converted the non-ethylene producing strain into an ethylene producer (1.36 nmol/OD600/mL). Targeted modifications of the central carbon metabolism can effectively improve ethylene production (peak production: 8.3 nmol/OD600/mL). • The addition of nutrients to the medium can further increase the production of ethylene (peak production: 12.8 nmol/OD600/mL). • The ZM532-efe strain achieved an ethylene production of 5.8 nmol/OD600/mL when enzymatic hydrolysate of corn straw was used as the sole carbon source.
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Liu Y, Guo M, Du R, Chi J, He X, Xie Z, Huang K, Luo Y, Xu W. A gas reporting whole-cell microbial biosensor system for rapid on-site detection of mercury contamination in soils. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 170:112660. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Goldberg NW, Knight AM, Zhang RK, Arnold FH. Nitrene Transfer Catalyzed by a Non-Heme Iron Enzyme and Enhanced by Non-Native Small-Molecule Ligands. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:19585-19588. [PMID: 31790588 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Transition-metal catalysis is a powerful tool for the construction of chemical bonds. Here we show that Pseudomonas savastanoi ethylene-forming enzyme, a non-heme iron enzyme, can catalyze olefin aziridination and nitrene C-H insertion, and that these activities can be improved by directed evolution. The non-heme iron center allows for facile modification of the primary coordination sphere by addition of metal-coordinating molecules, enabling control over enzyme activity and selectivity using small molecules.
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Svoboda T, Parich A, Güldener U, Schöfbeck D, Twaruschek K, Václavíková M, Hellinger R, Wiesenberger G, Schuhmacher R, Adam G. Biochemical Characterization of the Fusarium graminearum Candidate ACC-Deaminases and Virulence Testing of Knockout Mutant Strains. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:1072. [PMID: 31552072 PMCID: PMC6746940 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a plant pathogenic fungus which is able to infect wheat and other economically important cereal crop species. The role of ethylene in the interaction with host plants is unclear and controversial. We have analyzed the inventory of genes with a putative function in ethylene production or degradation of the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC). F. graminearum, in contrast to other species, does not contain a candidate gene encoding ethylene-forming enzyme. Three genes with similarity to ACC synthases exist; heterologous expression of these did not reveal enzymatic activity. The F. graminearum genome contains in addition two ACC deaminase candidate genes. We have expressed both genes in E. coli and characterized the enzymatic properties of the affinity-purified products. One of the proteins had indeed ACC deaminase activity, with kinetic properties similar to ethylene-stress reducing enzymes of plant growth promoting bacteria. The other candidate was inactive with ACC but turned out to be a d-cysteine desulfhydrase. Since it had been reported that ethylene insensitivity in transgenic wheat increased Fusarium resistance and reduced the content of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) in infected wheat, we generated single and double knockout mutants of both genes in the F. graminearum strain PH-1. No statistically significant effect of the gene disruptions on fungal spread or mycotoxin content was detected, indicating that the ability of the fungus to manipulate the production of the gaseous plant hormones ethylene and H2S is dispensable for full virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Svoboda
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Alexandra Parich
- BOKU, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Tulln, Austria
| | - Ulrich Güldener
- Department of Bioinformatics, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Denise Schöfbeck
- BOKU, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Tulln, Austria
| | - Krisztian Twaruschek
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Marta Václavíková
- BOKU, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Tulln, Austria
| | - Roland Hellinger
- BOKU, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Tulln, Austria
| | - Gerlinde Wiesenberger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Rainer Schuhmacher
- BOKU, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Tulln, Austria
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
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Meng LJ, Liu YY, Zhou HS, Yin XJ, Wu JP, Wu MB, Xu G, Yang LR. Driving Transamination Irreversible by Decomposing Byproduct α-Ketoglutarate into Ethylene Using Ethylene-Forming Enzyme. Catal Letters 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-018-2552-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Crump BC, Wojahn JM, Tomas F, Mueller RS. Metatranscriptomics and Amplicon Sequencing Reveal Mutualisms in Seagrass Microbiomes. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:388. [PMID: 29599758 PMCID: PMC5863793 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial plants benefit from many well-understood mutualistic relationships with root- and leaf-associated microbiomes, but relatively little is known about these relationships for seagrass and other aquatic plants. We used 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and metatranscriptomics to assess potential mutualisms between microorganisms and the seagrasses Zostera marina and Zostera japonica collected from mixed beds in Netarts Bay, OR, United States. The phylogenetic composition of leaf-, root-, and water column-associated bacterial communities were strikingly different, but these communities were not significantly different between plant species. Many taxa present on leaves were related to organisms capable of consuming the common plant metabolic waste product methanol, and of producing agarases, which can limit the growth of epiphytic algae. Taxa present on roots were related to organisms capable of oxidizing toxic sulfur compounds and of fixing nitrogen. Metatranscriptomic sequencing identified expression of genes involved in all of these microbial metabolic processes at levels greater than typical water column bacterioplankton, and also identified expression of genes involved in denitrification and in bacterial synthesis of the plant growth hormone indole-3-acetate. These results provide the first evidence using metatranscriptomics that seagrass microbiomes carry out a broad range of functions that may benefit their hosts, and imply that microbe-plant mutualisms support the health and growth of aquatic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron C. Crump
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - John M. Wojahn
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Fiona Tomas
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados (IMEDEA), Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB) – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Esporles, Spain
| | - Ryan S. Mueller
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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Wilson J, Gering S, Pinard J, Lucas R, Briggs BR. Bio-production of gaseous alkenes: ethylene, isoprene, isobutene. Biotechnol Biofuels 2018; 11:234. [PMID: 30181774 PMCID: PMC6114056 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1230-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
To reduce emissions from petrochemical refinement, bio-production has been heralded as a way to create economically valuable compounds with fewer harmful effects. For example, gaseous alkenes are precursor molecules that can be polymerized into a variety of industrially significant compounds and have biological production pathways. Production levels, however, remain low, thus enhancing bio-production of gaseous petrochemicals for chemical precursors is critical. This review covers the metabolic pathways and production levels of the gaseous alkenes ethylene, isoprene, and isobutene. Techniques needed to drive production to higher levels are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Wilson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA
| | - Sarah Gering
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA
| | - Jessica Pinard
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA
| | - Ryan Lucas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA
| | - Brandon R. Briggs
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA
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Veetil VP, Angermayr SA, Hellingwerf KJ. Ethylene production with engineered Synechocystis sp PCC 6803 strains. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:34. [PMID: 28231787 PMCID: PMC5324202 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0645-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology of cyanobacteria offer a promising sustainable alternative approach for fossil-based ethylene production, by using sunlight via oxygenic photosynthesis, to convert carbon dioxide directly into ethylene. Towards this, both well-studied cyanobacteria, i.e., Synechocystis sp PCC 6803 and Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942, have been engineered to produce ethylene by introducing the ethylene-forming enzyme (Efe) from Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola PK2 (the Kudzu strain), which catalyzes the conversion of the ubiquitous tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate 2-oxoglutarate into ethylene. Results This study focuses on Synechocystis sp PCC 6803 and shows stable ethylene production through the integration of a codon-optimized version of the efe gene under control of the Ptrc promoter and the core Shine–Dalgarno sequence (5′-AGGAGG-3′) as the ribosome-binding site (RBS), at the slr0168 neutral site. We have increased ethylene production twofold by RBS screening and further investigated improving ethylene production from a single gene copy of efe, using multiple tandem promoters and by putting our best construct on an RSF1010-based broad-host-self-replicating plasmid, which has a higher copy number than the genome. Moreover, to raise the intracellular amounts of the key Efe substrate, 2-oxoglutarate, from which ethylene is formed, we constructed a glycogen-synthesis knockout mutant (ΔglgC) and introduced the ethylene biosynthetic pathway in it. Under nitrogen limiting conditions, the glycogen knockout strain has increased intracellular 2-oxoglutarate levels; however, surprisingly, ethylene production was lower in this strain than in the wild-type background. Conclusion Making use of different RBS sequences, production of ethylene ranging over a 20-fold difference has been achieved. However, a further increase of production through multiple tandem promoters and a broad-host plasmid was not achieved speculating that the transcription strength and the gene copy number are not the limiting factors in our system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Puthan Veetil
- Molecular Microbial Physiology Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Reliance Technology Group, Reliance Industries Ltd., Navi Mumbai, India
| | - S Andreas Angermayr
- Molecular Microbial Physiology Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Klaas J Hellingwerf
- Molecular Microbial Physiology Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Lynch S, Eckert C, Yu J, Gill R, Maness PC. Overcoming substrate limitations for improved production of ethylene in E. coli. Biotechnol Biofuels 2016; 9:3. [PMID: 26734073 PMCID: PMC4700776 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0413-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethylene is an important industrial compound for the production of a wide variety of plastics and chemicals. At present, ethylene production involves steam cracking of a fossil-based feedstock, representing the highest CO2-emitting process in the chemical industry. Biological ethylene production can be achieved via expression of a single protein, the ethylene-forming enzyme (EFE), found in some bacteria and fungi; it has the potential to provide a sustainable alternative to steam cracking, provided that significant increases in productivity can be achieved. A key barrier is determining factors that influence the availability of substrates for the EFE reaction in potential microbial hosts. In the presence of O2, EFE catalyzes ethylene formation from the substrates α-ketoglutarate (AKG) and arginine. The concentrations of AKG, a key TCA cycle intermediate, and arginine are tightly controlled by an intricate regulatory system that coordinates carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Therefore, reliably predicting which genetic changes will ultimately lead to increased AKG and arginine availability is challenging. RESULTS We systematically explored the effects of media composition (rich versus defined), gene copy number, and the addition of exogenous substrates and other metabolites on the formation of ethylene in Escherichia coli expressing EFE. Guided by these results, we tested a number of genetic modifications predicted to improve substrate supply and ethylene production, including knockout of competing pathways and overexpression of key enzymes. Several such modifications led to higher AKG levels and higher ethylene productivity, with the best performing strain more than doubling ethylene productivity (from 81 ± 3 to 188 ± 13 nmol/OD600/mL). CONCLUSIONS Both EFE activity and substrate supply can be limiting factors in ethylene production. Targeted modifications in central carbon metabolism, such as overexpression of isocitrate dehydrogenase, and deletion of glutamate synthase or the transcription regulator ArgR, can effectively enhance substrate supply and ethylene productivity. These results not only provide insight into the intricate regulatory network of the TCA cycle, but also guide future pathway and genome-scale engineering efforts to further boost ethylene productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Lynch
- />Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401 USA
- />Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Carrie Eckert
- />Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401 USA
- />Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Jianping Yu
- />Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Ryan Gill
- />Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Pin-Ching Maness
- />Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401 USA
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Digiacomo F, Girelli G, Aor B, Marchioretti C, Pedrotti M, Perli T, Tonon E, Valentini V, Avi D, Ferrentino G, Dorigato A, Torre P, Jousson O, Mansy SS, Del Bianco C. Ethylene-producing bacteria that ripen fruit. ACS Synth Biol 2014; 3:935-8. [PMID: 25393892 DOI: 10.1021/sb5000077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ethylene is a plant hormone widely used to ripen fruit. However, the synthesis, handling, and storage of ethylene are environmentally harmful and dangerous. We engineered E. coli to produce ethylene through the activity of the ethylene-forming enzyme (EFE) from Pseudomonas syringae. EFE converts a citric acid cycle intermediate, 2-oxoglutarate, to ethylene in a single step. The production of ethylene was placed under the control of arabinose and blue light responsive regulatory systems. The resulting bacteria were capable of accelerating the ripening of tomatoes, kiwifruit, and apples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Digiacomo
- Centre
for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Via delle Regole 101, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Gabriele Girelli
- Centre
for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Via delle Regole 101, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Bruno Aor
- Centre
for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Via delle Regole 101, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Caterina Marchioretti
- Centre
for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Via delle Regole 101, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Michele Pedrotti
- Centre
for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Via delle Regole 101, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Thomas Perli
- Centre
for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Via delle Regole 101, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Emil Tonon
- Centre
for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Via delle Regole 101, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Viola Valentini
- Centre
for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Via delle Regole 101, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Damiano Avi
- Atomic
and Molecular Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Giovanna Ferrentino
- Department
of Materials Engineering and Industrial Technologies, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Andrea Dorigato
- Department
of Materials Engineering and Industrial Technologies, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Paola Torre
- Centre
for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Via delle Regole 101, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Olivier Jousson
- Centre
for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Via delle Regole 101, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Sheref S. Mansy
- Centre
for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Via delle Regole 101, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Cristina Del Bianco
- Centre
for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Via delle Regole 101, 38123 Trento, Italy
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15
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Johansson N, Persson KO, Larsson C, Norbeck J. Comparative sequence analysis and mutagenesis of ethylene forming enzyme (EFE) 2-oxoglutarate/Fe(II)-dependent dioxygenase homologs. BMC Biochem 2014; 15:22. [PMID: 25278273 PMCID: PMC4202696 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-15-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Ethylene is one of the most used chemical monomers derived from non-renewable sources and we are investigating the possibility of producing it in yeast via the ethylene forming enzyme (EFE) from Pseudomonas syringae. To enable engineering strategies to improve the enzyme, it is necessary to identify the regions and amino acid residues involved in ethylene formation. Results We identified the open reading frame for the EFE homolog in Penicillium digitatum and also showed its capability of mediating ethylene production in yeast. The sequence of the EFE homologs from P.digitatum and P. syringae was compared to that of the non-functional EFE-homolog from Penicillium chrysogenum and ten amino acids were found to correlate with ethylene production. Several of these amino acid residues were found to be important for ethylene production via point mutations in P. syringae EFE. The EFE homolog from P. chrysogenum was engineered at 10 amino acid residues to mimic the P. syringae EFE, but this did not confer ethylene producing capability. Furthermore, we predicted the structure of EFE by homology to known structures of 2-oxoglutarate/Fe(II) dependent dioxygenases. Three of the amino acids correlating with ethylene production are located in the predicted 2-oxoglutarate binding domain. A protein domain specific for the EFE-class was shown to be essential for activity. Based on the structure and alanine substitutions, it is likely that amino acids (H189, D191 and H268) are responsible for binding the Fe(II) ligand. Conclusion We provide further insight into the structure and function of the ethylene forming (EFE) - subclass of 2-oxoglutarate/Fe(II) dependent dioxygenases. We conclude that residues in addition to the 10 identified positions implicated in ethylene production by sequence comparison, are important for determining ethylene formation. We also demonstrate the use of an alternative EFE gene. The data from this study will provide the basis for directed protein engineering to enhance the ethylene production capability and properties of EFE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joakim Norbeck
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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16
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Eckert C, Xu W, Xiong W, Lynch S, Ungerer J, Tao L, Gill R, Maness PC, Yu J. Ethylene-forming enzyme and bioethylene production. Biotechnol Biofuels 2014; 7:33. [PMID: 24589138 PMCID: PMC3946592 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-7-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, ethylene is the most produced organic compound. It serves as a building block for a wide variety of plastics, textiles, and chemicals, and a process has been developed for its conversion into liquid transportation fuels. Currently, commercial ethylene production involves steam cracking of fossil fuels, and is the highest CO2-emitting process in the chemical industry. Therefore, there is great interest in developing technology for ethylene production from renewable resources including CO2 and biomass. Ethylene is produced naturally by plants and some microbes that live with plants. One of the metabolic pathways used by microbes is via an ethylene-forming enzyme (EFE), which uses α-ketoglutarate and arginine as substrates. EFE is a promising biotechnology target because the expression of a single gene is sufficient for ethylene production in the absence of toxic intermediates. Here we present the first comprehensive review and analysis of EFE, including its discovery, sequence diversity, reaction mechanism, predicted involvement in diverse metabolic modes, heterologous expression, and requirements for harvesting of bioethylene. A number of knowledge gaps and factors that limit ethylene productivity are identified, as well as strategies that could guide future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Eckert
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Wu Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70503, USA
| | - Wei Xiong
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Sean Lynch
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Justin Ungerer
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Ling Tao
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Ryan Gill
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Pin-Ching Maness
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Jianping Yu
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, USA
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17
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Abstract
The ethylene-forming enzyme (EFE) from Pseudomonas syringae catalyzes the synthesis of ethylene which can be easily detected in the headspace of closed cultures. A synthetic codon-optimized gene encoding N-terminal His-tagged EFE (EFEh) was expressed in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (Synechocystis) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) under the control of diverse promoters in a self-replicating broad host-range plasmid. Ethylene synthesis was stably maintained in both organisms in contrast to earlier work in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942. The rate of ethylene accumulation was used as a reporter for protein expression in order to assess promoter strength and inducibility with the different expression systems. Several metal-inducible cyanobacterial promoters did not function in E. coli but were well-regulated in cyanobacteria, albeit at a low level of expression. The E. coli promoter Ptrc resulted in constitutive expression in cyanobacteria regardless of whether IPTG was added or not. In contrast, a Lac promoter variant, PA1lacO-1, induced EFE-expression in Synechocystis at a level of expression as high as the Trc promoter and allowed a fine level of IPTG-dependent regulation of protein-expression. The regulation was tight at low cell density and became more relaxed in more dense cultures. A synthetic quorum-sensing promoter system was also constructed and shown to function well in E. coli, however, only a very low level of EFE-activity was observed in Synechocystis, independent of cell density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Guerrero
- University of Turku, Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, Turku, Finland
| | - Verónica Carbonell
- University of Turku, Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, Turku, Finland
| | - Matteo Cossu
- University of Turku, Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, Turku, Finland
| | - Danilo Correddu
- University of Turku, Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, Turku, Finland
| | - Patrik R. Jones
- University of Turku, Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, Turku, Finland
- * E-mail:
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18
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Abstract
Significant amounts of ethylene were produced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea, pv. phaseolicola (which had been isolated from viny weed Pueraria lobata [Willd.] Ohwi [common name, kudzu]), and pv. pisi in synthetic medium. On the other hand, the bean strains of P. syringae pv. phaseolicola and strains of 17 other pathovars did not produce ethylene. P. syringae pv. glycinea and P. syringae pv. phaseolicola produced nearly identical levels of ethylene (about 5 x 10(sup-7) nl h(sup-1) cell(sup-1)), which were about 10 times higher than the ethylene level of P. syringae pv. pisi. Two 22-bp oligonucleotide primers derived from the ethylene-forming enzyme (efe) gene of P. syringae pv. phaseolicola PK2 were investigated for their ability to detect ethylene-producing P. syringae strains by PCR analysis. PCR amplification with this primer set resulted in a specific 0.99-kb fragment in all ethylene-producing strains with the exception of the P. syringae pv. pisi strains. Therefore, P. syringae pv. pisi may use a different biosynthetic pathway for ethylene production or the sequence of the efe gene is less conserved in this bacterium. P. syringae pv. phaseolicola isolated from kudzu and P. syringae pv. glycinea also produced ethylene in planta. It could be shown that the enhanced ethylene production in diseased tissue was due to the production of ethylene by the inoculated bacteria. Ethylene production in vitro and in planta was strictly growth associated.
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19
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Bignell DRD, Huguet-tapia JC, Joshi MV, Pettis GS, Loria R. What does it take to be a plant pathogen: genomic insights from Streptomyces species. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2010; 98:179-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-010-9429-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Joardar V, Lindeberg M, Jackson RW, Selengut J, Dodson R, Brinkac LM, Daugherty SC, Deboy R, Durkin AS, Giglio MG, Madupu R, Nelson WC, Rosovitz MJ, Sullivan S, Crabtree J, Creasy T, Davidsen T, Haft DH, Zafar N, Zhou L, Halpin R, Holley T, Khouri H, Feldblyum T, White O, Fraser CM, Chatterjee AK, Cartinhour S, Schneider DJ, Mansfield J, Collmer A, Buell CR. Whole-genome sequence analysis of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola 1448A reveals divergence among pathovars in genes involved in virulence and transposition. J Bacteriol 2005; 187:6488-98. [PMID: 16159782 PMCID: PMC1236638 DOI: 10.1128/jb.187.18.6488-6498.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, a gram-negative bacterial plant pathogen, is the causal agent of halo blight of bean. In this study, we report on the genome sequence of P. syringae pv. phaseolicola isolate 1448A, which encodes 5,353 open reading frames (ORFs) on one circular chromosome (5,928,787 bp) and two plasmids (131,950 bp and 51,711 bp). Comparative analyses with a phylogenetically divergent pathovar, P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000, revealed a strong degree of conservation at the gene and genome levels. In total, 4,133 ORFs were identified as putative orthologs in these two pathovars using a reciprocal best-hit method, with 3,941 ORFs present in conserved, syntenic blocks. Although these two pathovars are highly similar at the physiological level, they have distinct host ranges; 1448A causes disease in beans, and DC3000 is pathogenic on tomato and Arabidopsis. Examination of the complement of ORFs encoding virulence, fitness, and survival factors revealed a substantial, but not complete, overlap between these two pathovars. Another distinguishing feature between the two pathovars is their distinctive sets of transposable elements. With access to a fifth complete pseudomonad genome sequence, we were able to identify 3,567 ORFs that likely comprise the core Pseudomonas genome and 365 ORFs that are P. syringae specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinita Joardar
- The Institute for Genomic Research, 9712 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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21
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Lu SE, Wang N, Wang J, Chen ZJ, Gross DC. Oligonucleotide microarray analysis of the salA regulon controlling phytotoxin production by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2005; 18:324-333. [PMID: 15828684 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-18-0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The salA gene is a key regulatory element for syringomycin production by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae and encodes a member of the LuxR regulatory protein family. Previous studies revealed that salA, a member of the GacS/GacA signal transduction system, was required for bacterial virulence, syringomycin production, and expression of the syrB1 synthetase gene. To define the SalA regulon, the spotted oligonucleotide microarray was constructed using gene-specific 70-mer oligonucleotides of all open reading frames (ORFs) predicted in the syringomycin (syr) and syringopeptin (syp) gene clusters along with representative genes important to bacterial virulence, growth, and survival. The microarray containing 95 oligos was used to analyze transcriptional changes in a salA mutant (B301DSL07) and its wild-type strain, B301D. Expression of 16 genes was significantly higher (> twofold) in B301D than in the salA mutant; the maximum change in expression was 15-fold for some toxin biosynthesis genes. Except for the sylD synthetase gene for syringolin production, all ORFs controlled by SalA were located in the syr-syp genomic island and were associated with biosynthesis, secretion, and regulation of syringomycin and syringopeptin. The positive regulatory effect of SalA on transcription of sypA, syrB1, syrC, and sylD was verified by reporter fusions or real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. None of the genes or ORFs was significantly down-regulated by the salA gene. These results demonstrated that a subgenomic oligonucleotide microarray is a powerful tool for defining the SalA regulon and its relationship to other genes important to plant pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-En Lu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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22
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Takahama K, Matsuoka M, Nagahama K, Ogawa T. Construction and analysis of a recombinant cyanobacterium expressing a chromosomally inserted gene for an ethylene-forming enzyme at the psbAI locus. J Biosci Bioeng 2003; 95:302-5. [PMID: 16233410 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(03)80034-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2002] [Accepted: 10/23/2002] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The coding sequence of a gene for a Pseudomonas syringae ethylene-forming enzyme was inserted at the psbAI locus in a cyanobacterium, Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 via rps12-mediated gene replacement. The recombinant strain photoautotrophically produced ethylene at 451 nl ml(-1) h(-1) OD730(-1), but showed a depressed specific growth rate as well as a yellow-green phenotype indicating a severe metabolic stress. The rate of ethylene production in the recombinant culture decreased as a result of competition with faster growing ethylene-non-forming mutants that carried short nucleotide insertions within the coding sequence of the gene for the ethylene-forming enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Takahama
- Department of Applied Microbial Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
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Weingart H, Ullrich H, Geider K, Völksch B. The Role of Ethylene Production in Virulence of Pseudomonas syringae pvs. glycinea and phaseolicola. Phytopathology 2001; 91:511-8. [PMID: 18943596 DOI: 10.1094/phyto.2001.91.5.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The importance of ethylene production for virulence of Pseudomonas syringae pvs. glycinea and phaseolicola was assayed by comparing bacterial multiplication and symptom development in bean and soybean plants inoculated with ethylene-negative (efe) mutants and wild-type strains. The efe mutants of Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea were significantly reduced in their ability to grow in planta. However, the degree of reduction was strain-dependent. Population sizes of efe mutant 16/83-E1 that did not produce the phototoxin coronatine were 10- and 15-fold lower than those of the wild-type strain on soybean and on bean, and 16/83-E1 produced very weak symptoms compared with the wild-type strain. The coronatine-producing efe mutant 7a/90-E1 reached fourfold and twofold lower population sizes compared with the wild-type strain on soybean and bean, respectively, and caused disease symptoms typical of the wild-type strain. Experiments with ethylene-insensitive soybeans confirmed these results. The virulence of the wild-type strains was reduced to the same extent in ethylene-insensitive soybean plants as the virulence of the efe mutants in ethylene-susceptible soybeans. In contrast, the virulence of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola was not affected by disruption of the efe gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Vivian
- Centre for Research in Plant Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UWE-Bristol, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK1
| | - Jesús Murillo
- Centre for Research in Plant Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UWE-Bristol, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK1
| | - Robert W Jackson
- Centre for Research in Plant Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UWE-Bristol, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK1
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25
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Abstract
Microbial proline 4-hydroxylases, which hydroxylate free L-proline to trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline, were screened in order to establish an industrial system for biotransformation of L-proline to trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline. Enzyme activities were detected in eight strains, including strains of Dactylosporangium spp. and Amycolatopsis spp. The Dactylosporangium sp. strain RH1 enzyme was partially purified 3,300-fold and was estimated to be a monomer polypeptide with an apparent molecular mass of 31 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Degenerate primers based on the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the 31-kDa polypeptide were synthesized in order to amplify the corresponding 71-bp DNA fragment. A 5.5-kbp DNA fragment was isolated by using the 71-bp fragment labeled with digoxigenin as a probe for a genomic library of Dactylosporangium sp. strain RH1 constructed in Escherichia coli. One of the open reading frames found in the cloned DNA, which encoded a 272-amino-acid polypeptide (molecular mass, 29, 715 daltons), was thought to be a proline 4-hydroxylase gene. The gene was expressed in E. coli as a fused protein with the N-terminal 34 amino acids of the beta-galactosidase alpha-fragment. The E. coli recombinant exhibited proline 4-hydroxylase activity that was 13. 6-fold higher than the activity in the original strain, Dactylosporangium sp. strain RH1. No homology was detected with other 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases when databases were searched; however, the histidine motif conserved in 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases was found in the gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shibasaki
- Tokyo Research Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd., 3-6-6, Asahimachi, Machida, Tokyo 194-8533, Japan
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Weingart H, Völksch B, Ullrich MS. Comparison of Ethylene Production by Pseudomonas syringae and Ralstonia solanacearum. Phytopathology 1999; 89:360-5. [PMID: 18944747 DOI: 10.1094/phyto.1999.89.5.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi and Ralstonia solanacearum produced ethylene at rates 20- and 200-fold lower, respectively, than strains of P. syringae pvs. cannabina, glycinea, phaseolicola, and sesami. In the current study, we investigated which ethylene biosynthetic pathways were used by P. syringae pv. pisi and R. solanacearum. Neither the activity of an ethylene-forming enzyme nor a corresponding efe gene homolog could be detected in R. solanacearum, suggesting synthesis of ethylene via 2-keto-4-methyl-thiobutyric acid. In contrast, 2-oxoglutarate-dependent ethylene formation was observed with P. syringae pv. pisi, and Southern blot hybridization revealed the presence of an efe homolog in this pathovar. The efe genes from P. syringae pvs. cannabina, glycinea, phaseolicola, pisi, and sesami were sequenced. Nucleotide sequence comparisons indicated that the efe gene in pv. pisi was not as highly conserved as it was in other P. syringae pathovars. The pv. pisi efe homolog showed numerous nucleotide substitutions and a deletion of 13 amino acids at the C-terminus of the predicted gene product. These sequence alterations might account for the lower rate of ethylene production by this pathovar. All ethylene-producing P. syringae pathovars were virulent on bush bean plants. The overlapping host range of these pathovars suggests that horizontal transfer of the efe gene may have occurred among bacteria inhabiting the same host.
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Watanabe K, Nagahama K, Sato M. A Conjugative Plasmid Carrying the efe Gene for the Ethylene-Forming Enzyme Isolated from Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea. Phytopathology 1998; 88:1205-1209. [PMID: 18944855 DOI: 10.1094/phyto.1998.88.11.1205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Previous work suggested that the efe gene encoding the ethylene-forming enzyme was present in the plasmids of three pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae including glycinea, phaseolicola (kudzu strains), and cannabina. However, no direct evidence to support this assumption had been presented. In the current study, we isolated the conjugative plasmid harboring the efe gene (ethylene plasmid) designated pETH2 from P. syringae pv. glycinea MAFF301683. pETH2 was detected by Southern blot hybridization using the efe probe, marked with the transposon mini-Tn5-Km1, and transferred into P. syringae Ni27(n), which does not produce ethylene. The transconjugant Ni27(n) (pETH2) produced ethylene at a level similar to pv. glycinea MAFF301683. In addition, the plasmid designated pCOR2, which encodes coronatine biosynthesis genes, was detected in the same strain. Although the molecular size of the plasmid pCOR2 was not easily distinguishable from pETH2, pCOR2 transferred independently into Ni27(n) and the transconjugants produced coronatine. These findings suggested that the efe gene has been horizontally dispersed among pathovars of P. syringae by plasmid-mediated conjugation in nature.
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Sato M, Watanabe K, Yazawa M, Takikawa Y, Nishiyama K. Detection of New Ethylene-Producing Bacteria, Pseudomonas syringae pvs. cannabina and sesami, by PCR Amplification of Genes for the Ethylene-Forming Enzyme. Phytopathology 1997; 87:1192-6. [PMID: 18945017 DOI: 10.1094/phyto.1997.87.12.1192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Strains of Pseudomonas syringae (78 strains and 43 pathovars) and other strains (79) of plant and insect origin were examined for the presence of the ethylene-forming enzyme gene (efe) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. The sequence of the efe gene of P. syringae pv. phaseolicola PK2 was used to design two primer sets for amplification of the gene. In addition to P.syringae pv. phaseolicola (the "kudzu strain") and P.syringae pv. glycinea, which were efficient ethylene producers, several strains of P.syringae pvs. sesami and cannabina generated PCR products of the predicted size. A DNA probe of the efe gene, isolated from strain PK2, hybridized to these PCR products, indicating homology to the P.syringae pv. phaseolicola efe gene. PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses suggested that these four pathovars harbor a similar efe gene. Furthermore, the probe hybridized to an indigenous plasmid of P.syringae pv. cannabina, suggesting that the efe gene could be located on a plasmid in this pathovar, but did not hybridize to plas-mids of P.syringae pv. sesami strains. P.syringae pvs. sesami and cannabina strains produced ethylene in King's medium B at levels similar to those of P.syringae pvs. phaseolicola and glycinea. Thus, two new ethylene-producing bacteria were detected by the PCR assay.
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Abstract
Avirulence gene D (avrD) is carried on the B-plasmid of the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato with plasmid-borne avrD homologs widely distributed among the Pseudomonads. We now report sequences in the soft rot pathogen Erwinia carotovora that cross-hybridize to avrD suggesting a conserved function beyond avirulence. Alternatively, avrD may have been transferred horizontally among species: (i) DNA linked to avrD shows evidence of class II transpositions and contains a novel IS3-related insertion sequence, and (ii) short sequences linked to avrD are similar to pathogenicity genes from a variety of unrelated pathogens. We have also identified the gene cluster that controls B-plasmid stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hanekamp
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie 82071-3944, USA
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Sakai M, Ogawa T, Matsuoka M, Fukuda H. Photosynthetic conversion of carbon dioxide to ethylene by the recombinant cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942, which harbors a gene for the ethylene-forming enzyme of Pseudomonas syringae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0922-338x(97)82004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
▪ Abstract Dioxygenases are nonheme iron-containing enzymes important in the biosynthesis of plant signaling compounds such as abscisic acid, gibberellins, and ethylene and also of secondary metabolites, notably flavonoids and alkaloids. Plant dioxygenases fall into two classes: lipoxygenases and 2-oxoacid-dependent dioxygenases. The latter catalyze hydroxylation, epoxidation, and desaturation reactions; some enzymes catalyze more than one type of reaction in successive steps in a biosynthetic pathway. This review highlights recent discoveries on both enzyme groups, particularly in relation to gibberellin biosynthesis, in vivo activity of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase, and molecular structure/function relationships. Similarities between the roles of monooxygenases and dioxygenases are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy G. Prescott
- Department of Applied Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom, Department of Agricultural Botany, Plant Science Laboratories, The University of Reading, Reading RG6 2AS, United Kingdom
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Ishihara K, Matsuoka M, Ogawa T, Fukuda H. Ethylene production using a broad-host-range plasmid in Pseudomonas syringae and Pseudomonas putida. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 82:509-11. [DOI: 10.1016/s0922-338x(97)86994-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ishihara K, Matsuoka M, Inoue Y, Tanase S, Ogawa T, Fukuda H. Overexpression and in vitro reconstitution of the ethylene-forming enzyme from Pseudomonas syringae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995; 79:205-11. [DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(95)90604-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
Hydroxylation reactions are catalysed by a few major subclasses of enzymes which are ubiquitously distributed in nature. Dioxygenases generally occur as soluble enzymes where they catalyse a diversity of oxygenation reactions in a large number of metabolic pathways in animals, plants and micro-organisms. This review discusses recent advances in the biochemistry and molecular biology of dioxygenases occurring in different biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- E De Carolis
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Fukuda H, Sakai M, Nagahama K, Fujii T, Matsuoka M, Inoue Y, Ogawa T. Heterologous expression of the gene for the ethylene-forming enzyme fromPseudomonas syringae in the cyanobacteriumSynechococcus. Biotechnol Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01022614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fukuda
- Department of Applied Microbial Technology, Kumamoto Institute of Technology, Japan
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