1
|
Abbas H, Sajid MS, Rizwan HM, Tahir UB, Farooqi SH, Iqbal Z, Malik MA, Yaseen K, Maqbool M, Raza FA, Raza M, Fouad D, Ataya FS. Exploring mosquito abundance and Plasmodium infection through nested-PCR: implications for disease surveillance and control. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9871. [PMID: 38684775 PMCID: PMC11058852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60662-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The Plasmodium is responsible for malaria which poses a major health threat, globally. This study is based on the estimation of the relative abundance of mosquitoes, and finding out the correlations of meteorological parameters (temperature, humidity and rainfall) with the abundance of mosquitoes. In addition, this study also focused on the use of nested PCR (species-specific nucleotide sequences of 18S rRNA genes) to explore the Plasmodium spp. in female Anopheles. In the current study, the percentage relative abundance of Culex mosquitoes was 57.65% and Anopheles 42.34% among the study areas. In addition, the highest number of mosquitoes was found in March in district Mandi Bahauddin at 21 °C (Tmax = 27, Tmin = 15) average temperature, 69% average relative humidity and 131 mm rainfall, and these climatic factors were found to affect the abundance of the mosquitoes, directly or indirectly. Molecular analysis showed that overall, 41.3% of the female Anopheles pools were positive for genus Plasmodium. Among species, the prevalence of Plasmodium (P.) vivax (78.1%) was significantly higher than P. falciparum (21.9%). This study will be helpful in the estimation of future risk of mosquito-borne diseases along with population dynamic of mosquitoes to enhance the effectiveness of vector surveillance and control programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haider Abbas
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
- Department of Pathobiology (Parasitology Section), KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Sub-Campus, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad S Sajid
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz M Rizwan
- Department of Pathobiology (Parasitology Section), KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Sub-Campus, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Urfa B Tahir
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shahid H Farooqi
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Medicine Section), KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Sub-Campus, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Iqbal
- Department of Animal Sciences (Livestock Section), KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Sub-Campus, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad A Malik
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Kashaf Yaseen
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Mahvish Maqbool
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Faiz A Raza
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Health, Research Centre, , King Edward Medical University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Mohsin Raza
- Department of Basic Sciences (Physiology Section), KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Sub-Campus, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Dalia Fouad
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 22452, Riyadh, 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farid S Ataya
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li X, Bai Y, Wu Y, Zeng W, Xiang Z, Zhao H, Zhao W, Chen X, Duan M, Wang X, Zhu W, Sun K, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Qin Y, Rosenthal BM, Cui L, Yang Z. PvMSP-3α and PvMSP-3β genotyping reveals higher genetic diversity in Plasmodium vivax parasites from migrant workers than residents at the China-Myanmar border. Infect Genet Evol 2022; 106:105387. [PMID: 36403920 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetic diversity of malaria parasites traces the origin and spread of new variants and can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of malaria control measures. Therefore, this study aims to improve the understanding of the molecular epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax malaria at the China-Myanmar border by genotyping the PvMSP-3α and PvMSP-3β genes. METHODS Blood samples were collected from P. vivax malaria patients along the China-Myanmar border. The PvMSP-3α and PvMSP-3β genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the genetic polymorphism and haplotype of the two genes were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 422 blood samples were used for this study, of which 224 were analyzed at PvMSP-3α and 126 at PvMSP-3β. Samples mainly were from young adults aged 18-45 years, although local patients were significantly younger than migrant laborers crossing the border at Tengchong (P < 0.0001). Molecular evolutionary analysis revealed that PvMSP-3α and PvMSP-3β underwent diversifying natural selection, and intragenic recombination contributed to the diversity of the isolates. Based on the length of the genes, we identified three types of PvMSP-3α [1.9-2.0 kb (Type-A), 1.4-1.5 kb (Type-B), and 1.1-1.3 kb (Type-C)] and two types of PvMSP-3β [1.7-2.2 kb (Type-A) and 1.4-1.5 kb (Type-B)]. Migrant laborers returning to China through Tengchong bore P. vivax infections displaying significantly higher genetic diversity than local residents. CONCLUSIONS Both PvMSP-3 paralogs were subjected to diversifying selection in each sample population. Clustering of alleles supports ephemeral endemic differentiation of alleles, but the broader phylogeny suggests that alleles transit the globe, perhaps accelerated by movements of migrants such as those transiting Tengchong.
Collapse
|
3
|
Võ TC, Trinh NTM, Lê HG, Kang JM, Yoo WG, Quang HH, Na BK. Genetic Diversity of Circumsporozoite Surface Protein of Plasmodium vivax from the Central Highlands, Vietnam. Pathogens 2022; 11:1158. [PMID: 36297215 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The circumsporozoite surface protein of Plasmodium vivax (PvCSP) plays a critical role in parasite biology. It has been extensively studied as a leading vivax-malaria-vaccine candidate. In this study, the genetic polymorphism and natural selection of pvcsp in P. vivax isolates collected from the Central Highlands, Vietnam were analyzed to understand the genetic structure of the parasite circulating in the endemic area and to provide baseline information for effective vaccine development based on the protein. Only two major alleles, VK210 and VK247, were detected in Vietnamese pvcsp, with VK247 being the predominant one. The N-terminal and C-terminal regions of Vietnamese VK210 and VK247 variants showed a low genetic diversity. Amino acid substitutions, insertions of a single amino acid or octapeptide (ANKKAEDA in VK210 and ANKKAGDA in VK247), and tetrapeptide repeat motifs (GGNA) were the main factors generating genetic diversity in the two regions of the Vietnamese VK210 and VK247 variants. Interestingly, these two regions of Vietnamese pvcsp displayed a unique natural selection pressure distinct from global pvcsp, particularly with the neighboring Southeast Asian pvcsp population. Meanwhile, the central repeat region (CRR) in both the VK210 and VK247 variants showed a high degree of polymorphic characters, caused by varying numbers, types, and combinations of peptide repeat motifs (PRMs) in Vietnamese pvcsp. Highly complicated polymorphic patterns of the CRR were also detected in global pvcsp. These results expand our understanding of the genetic structure of Vietnamese pvcsp and the population dynamics of P. vivax in the Central Highlands, Vietnam.
Collapse
|
4
|
Kuesap J, Rungsihirunrat K, Chaijaroenkul W, Mungthin M. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein-3 alpha and beta from diverse geographic areas of Thailand. Jpn J Infect Dis 2021; 75:241-248. [PMID: 34588369 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2021.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is parasitic disease cause by Plasmodium infection. In Thailand, co-infections of Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum are commonly found. P. vivax infection has been increasing in the past decade. The objective of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity patterns of Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein 3 (PvMSP-3) genes in total of 450 isolates collected from Thai-neighboring border during two different periods (2009-20 14 and 2015 -2016) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method. Three major types of PvMSP-3α (A, B, and C) and PvMSP-3β (A, B, and C) were detected based on PCR products size. Forty five and 23 of PvMSP-3α and, 41 and 30 alleles of PvMSP-3β genes from the first period and second period, respectively, with difference frequencies of samples were distinguished. The results strongly indicate genetic diversity patterns of PvMSP-3 in the second period especially samples from Thai-Myanmar border. These two polymorphic genes could be used as a molecular epidemiologic marker for genotyping P. vivax isolate in Thailand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiraporn Kuesap
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Thailand
| | | | - Wanna Chaijaroenkul
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Thailand
| | - Mathirut Mungthin
- Department of Pharmacology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ullah I, Afridi SG, Khan AU, Israr M, Ali A, Shams S, Jabeen H, Rasool A, Akbar F, Rahat MA, Haris M, Khan A, Siraj M, Shah M. PCR-RFLP Based genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax genotypes in district Mardan, Pakistan. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 82:e241110. [PMID: 34133560 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.241110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is the most common human malaria parasite in Asian countries including Pakistan. Present study was designed to explore the genetic diversity of plasmodium vivax genotypes based on Pvmsp-3α and Pvmsp-3βgenes using allelic specific nested PCR and RFLP assays markers from field isolates in district Mardan, Pakistan. Blood samples of 200 P. vivax malarial patients were collected after taking their written informed consent. Genetic diversity in nested PCR products was determined by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) utilizing Alu1 and PstI restriction enzymes for alpha and beta gene products digestion, respectively. For analysis the genetic diversity of the sub allelic variants of Pvmsp3α and Pvmsp3β genes, Chi-Square test was performed by utilizing Minitab programming software 18. The P value 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. For Pvmsp-3α genes after gel electrophoresis of digested products, four distinct genotypes were obtained from total of 50 samples; type A: 35 (70%) (1.5-2.0 kb), 12 of type B (24%) (1.5-1.7 kb), 2 of type C (4%) (0.5-1.5) and one for type D (2%) (0.5-0.65 kb) which could be characterized into 9 allelic pattern (A1-A4, B1-B3, C1, D), in which A3 remained the most predominant. For Pvmsp-3βgenes, three distinct genotypes were obtained from 50 samples; 40(80%) of type A (1.5-2.5 kb), 9 (18%) of type B (1.0-1.5kb) and 1(2%) of type C (0.65 kb) which could be characterized into 6 allelic patterns (A1-A3, B1-B2, and C1). Most dominant one in Type A was A1 alleles which were noted (46%), while in Type B, the most dominant were B1 (10%).This study is the first ever report of molecular epidemiology and genetic variation in Pvmsp-3α and Pvmsp-3β genes of P. vivax isolates by using PCR/RFLP from District Mardan and showed a remarkable level of genetic diversity in the studied genes of circulating parasites in the study area. The results of this study will contribute in future studies about the genetic structure of parasite and vaccine development against the malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Ullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - S G Afridi
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - A U Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - M Israr
- Department of Forensic Sciences, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | - A Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Saidu Medical College, Saidu Sharif, Swat, Pakistan
| | - S Shams
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - H Jabeen
- Department of Microbiology, Women University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - A Rasool
- Centre for Biotechnology & Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | - F Akbar
- Centre for Biotechnology & Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | - M A Rahat
- Department of Genetics, Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - M Haris
- Department of Genetics, Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - A Khan
- Department of Genetics, Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - M Siraj
- Department of Zoology, Abbottabad University of Science & Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - M Shah
- Centre for Animal Sciences & Fisheries, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Qureshi NA, Fatima H, Afzal M, Khattak AA, Nawaz MA. Occurrence and seasonal variation of human Plasmodium infection in Punjab Province, Pakistan. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:935. [PMID: 31694574 PMCID: PMC6836532 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4590-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is the fifth leading cause of death worldwide. Pakistan is considered as a moderate malaria-endemic country but still, 177 million individuals are at risk of malaria. Roughly 60% of Pakistan’s population, live in malaria-endemic regions. The present study is based upon the survey of various health care centers in 10 major cities of Northern and Southern Punjab to find out the malarial infection patterns in 2015. The diagnosis, seasonal variations, age and gender-wise distribution of Plasmodium spp. circulating in the study area were also included in the objectives. Methods The malaria-suspected patients ‘16075’ were enrolled for malaria diagnosis using microscopy, out of which 925 were malaria positive which were processed for molecular analysis using nested PCR. The 18S rRNA genes of Plasmodium species were amplified, sequenced, blast and the phylogenetic tree was constructed based on sequences using online integrated tool MEGA7. Results The 364 cases recruited from Northern Punjab with the highest incidence in Rawalpindi (25.5%) and lowest in Chakwal (15.9%). From Southern Punjab 561 cases were enlisted Rajanpur (21.4%) maximum and lowest from Multan and Rahim Yar Khan (18%). The slide positivity rate, annual parasite incidence, and annual blood examination rates were 5.7 per 1000 population, 0.1, and 0.2% respectively. The only P. vivax (66.7%), P. falciparum (23.7%) and mixed infection by these two species (9.6%) were diagnosed. The same trend (P. vivax > P. falciparum > mixed infection) in species identification %age was confirmed from molecular analysis. However, the occurrence of malaria was higher in Southern Punjab (5.5%) as compared to the Northern Punjab (4.0%). The overall malaria percentage occurrence of treatment-seeking patients in all recruited cities of Punjab was 4.9%. The age-group of 1–20 and males among genders were more affected by malaria. The comparison of different seasons showed that the malaria infection was at a peak in Summer and post-monsoon. Conclusion The incidence of malaria was high in the flood infected rural areas of Southern Punjab, Summer, and post-monsoon. The age group (1–20) and gender-wise males were more affected by malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naveeda Akhtar Qureshi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Biological Science, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Huma Fatima
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Biological Science, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Biological Science, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Ali Khattak
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Haripur, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 26220, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali Nawaz
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Biological Science, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Thanapongpichat S, Khammanee T, Sawangjaroen N, Buncherd H, Tun AW. Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax in Clinical Isolates from Southern Thailand using PvMSP1, PvMSP3 (PvMSP3α, PvMSP3β) Genes and Eight Microsatellite Markers. Korean J Parasitol 2019; 57:469-479. [PMID: 31715687 PMCID: PMC6851248 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2019.57.5.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is usually considered morbidity in endemic areas of Asia, Central and South America, and some part of Africa. In Thailand, previous studies indicated the genetic diversity of P. vivax in malaria-endemic regions such as the western part of Thailand bordering with Myanmar. The objective of the study is to investigate the genetic diversity of P. vivax circulating in Southern Thailand by using 3 antigenic markers and 8 microsatellite markers. Dried blood spots were collected from Chumphon, Phang Nga, Ranong and, Surat Thani provinces of Thailand. By PCR, 3 distinct sizes of PvMSP3α, 2 sizes of PvMSP3β and 2 sizes of PvMSP1 F2 were detected based on the length of PCR products, respectively. PCR/RFLP analyses of these antigen genes revealed high levels of genetic diversity. The genotyping of 8 microsatellite loci showed high genetic diversity as indicated by high alleles per locus and high expected heterozygosity (HE). The genotyping markers also showed multiple-clones of infection. Mixed genotypes were detected in 4.8% of PvMSP3α, 29.1% in PvMSP3β and 55.3% of microsatellite markers. These results showed that there was high genetic diversity of P. vivax isolated from Southern Thailand, indicating that the genetic diversity of P. vivax in this region was comparable to those observed other areas of Thailand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thunchanok Khammanee
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Nongyao Sawangjaroen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Hansuk Buncherd
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Aung Win Tun
- Faculty of Graduate Studies, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kaur H, Sehgal R, Kumar A, Sehgal A, Bharti PK, Bansal D, Mohapatra PK, Mahanta J, Sultan AA. Exploration of genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite protein (Pvcsp) and Plasmodium vivax sexual stage antigen (Pvs25) among North Indian isolates. Malar J 2019; 18:308. [PMID: 31492135 PMCID: PMC6731556 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2939-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is one of the important vector-borne diseases with high fatality rates in tropical countries. The pattern of emergence and spread of novel antigenic variants, leading to escape of vaccine-induced immunity might be factors responsible for severe malaria. A high level of polymorphism has been reported among malarial antigens which are under selection pressure imposed by host immunity. There are limited reports available on comparative stage-specific genetic diversity among Plasmodium vivax candidate genes in complicated vivax malaria. The present study was planned to study genetic diversity (Pvcsp and Pvs25) among complicated and uncomplicated P. vivax isolates. METHODS Pvcsp and Pvs2-specific PCRs and DNA sequencing were performed on P. vivax PCR positive samples. Genetic diversity was analysed using appropriate software. RESULTS The present study was carried out on 143 P. vivax clinical isolates, collected from Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh. Among the classic and variant types of Pvcsp, the VK210 (99%; 115/116) was found to be predominant in both complicated and uncomplicated group isolates. Out of the various peptide repeat motifs (PRMs) observed, GDRADGQPA (PRM1) and GDRAAGQPA (PRM2) was the most widely distributed among the P. vivax isolates. Whereas among the Pvs25 isolates, 100% of double mutants (E97Q/I130T) in both the complicated (45/45) as well as in the uncomplicated (81/81) group was observed. CONCLUSION An analysis of genetic variability enables an understanding of the role of genetic variants in severe vivax malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hargobinder Kaur
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Archit Kumar
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Alka Sehgal
- Department of Obstt. & Gynae, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Praveen K Bharti
- National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Nagpur Road, Garha, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Devendra Bansal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha, Qatar.,Ministry of Public Health, Doha, Qatar
| | - Pradyumna K Mohapatra
- Regional Medical Research Centre, NE, Indian Council of Medical Research, Post Box no.105, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Jagadish Mahanta
- Regional Medical Research Centre, NE, Indian Council of Medical Research, Post Box no.105, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Ali A Sultan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Goryacheva II, Baranova AM, Lukashev AN, Gordeev MI, Usenbaev NT, Shaikevich EV. Genetic characterization of Plasmodium vivax in the Kyrgyz Republic. Infect Genet Evol 2018; 66:262-268. [PMID: 30339983 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
At the end of 2016, Kyrgyz Republic was certified by the World Health Organization as a malaria-free country, while only a decade ago this disease posed a serious health threat. The progress achieved by Kyrgyz Republic provides a unique example of tertian (Plasmodium vivax) malaria elimination. This success was based on an integrated approach, including measures for the treatment of infected people and disease prevention, vector control and the development of an effective national epidemiological surveillance system. Lower P. vivax msp-1, msp-3α, csp and dbpII genes polymorphism was revealed in Kyrgyz Republic in compare with that in Tajikistan. Molecular characterization of the causative agent found that P. vivax populations in Kyrgyz Republic was comprised by several lineages, highly divergent in the south-western and genetically homogeneous in the northern regions of Kyrgyz Republic, d. Such profile in the northern regions was compatible with several recent introductions rather than a long-term endemic circulation of the parasite. A low level of genetic variability suggested that the parasitic systems of tertian malaria, were not adapted, which, along with other factors, largely determined the possibility of malaria elimination in northern Kyrgyz Republic. Other determinants included environmental, social, and epidemiological factors that limited the spread of malaria. South-western Kyrgyz Republic, a region with a high level of interstate migration, requires considerable attention to prevent the spread of malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I I Goryacheva
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | | | | | - M I Gordeev
- Moscow Region State University, Moscow 105005, Russia
| | - N T Usenbaev
- Sanitary-Epidemiological Department of Kyrgyz Republic MOH, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - E V Shaikevich
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium vivax remains a potential cause of morbidity and mortality for people living where it is endemic. Understanding the regional genetic diversity of P. vivax is valuable for studying population dynamics and tracing the origins of parasites. The Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite gene (PvCSP) is highly polymorphic and has been used previously as a marker in P. vivax population studies. The aim of this study is to investigate the genetic diversity of the PvCSP, to provide more genetic polymorphism data for further studies on P. vivax population structure, and tracking of the origin of clinical cases. METHODS Nested PCR and DNA sequencing of the PvCSP were performed to obtain nucleotide sequences of P. vivax isolates collected from Zhejiang province, China, between 2006 and 2014. To investigate the genetic diversity of PvCSP, the nucleotide sequences and amino acid sequences of the PvCSP were analyzed using DNAstar, Mega software and the phylogenetic tree constructed. The relatedness between the polymorphism and infection source were also analyzed using the SPSS software. RESULTS The 66 P. vivax isolates collected from Zhejiang province were either indigenous cases or cases imported from different regions of the world. All 66 P. vivax isolates belonged to the VK210 variant. Fourteen different Peptide Repeat Motifs (PRMs) were detected in the Central Repeat Region (CRR) of PvCSP, among which, two PRMs of GDRADGQPA and GDRAAGQPA were widely distributed in all isolates. Several polymorphic characteristics of the VK210 variant were observed, including the insertion sequence of 12 peptides, the frequency of the GGNA repeat, the frequency of the PRMs repeat in CRR, and the frequency of the PRM of GNGAGGQAA repeat, which were indicative for tracking the parasite. CONCLUSION This study presents abundant genetic diversity in the PvCSP marker among P. vivax strains around the world. The genetic data are valuable to expand the polymorphism information on P. vivax, which could be helpful for further study on population dynamics and tracking the origin of P. vivax.
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu Y, Zhou RM, Zhang YL, Wang DQ, Li SH, Yang CY, Qian D, Zhao YL, Zhang HW, Xu BL. Analysis of polymorphisms in the circumsporozoite protein gene of Plasmodium vivax isolates from Henan Province, China. Malar J 2018; 17:103. [PMID: 29506527 PMCID: PMC5838951 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2237-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium vivax malaria has historically been a major source of disease in Henan, China. In the 1970s, the morbidity of malaria was highest in the country. With support from the government and the efforts of healthcare personnel, the reported malaria cases have declined dramatically and a national elimination programme was launched in 2010. To achieve the goal, it is essential to study the diversity of autochthonous malaria and transmission of Plasmodium parasites, which will provide baseline data for disease control and management. METHODS Thirty-two P. vivax isolates from Henan province were collected from 2008 to 2011, and circumsporozoite protein (csp) genes were analysed to estimate the genetic diversity of this parasite. RESULTS The assessment of csp sequences indicated that all the isolates were the VK210 type, however, none of them was identical to the VK210 strain. The sequences displayed variations in the central region, and eight sub-types were observed. Among the sub-types, HN7 was the most prevalent (37.5%), followed by HN3 (34.4%). A total of 653 repeat units were discovered in 32 Henan isolates. Nucleotide sequences were grouped in 13 unique repeat nucleotide sequence allotypes that coded for 7 different repeated amino acid allotypes. B (GNGAGGQAA) and D (GDRAAGQPA) were more frequent based on the results; they represented 53.9% (352/653) of the total. In comparison to the basic repeat units of VK210, more than 75% of the central repeat units had at least one non-synonymous nucleotide change. CONCLUSIONS Recent P. vivax populations in Henan province showed some degree of genetic diversity in csp, with 8 sub-types among 32 samples. Meantime, the results also suggested its relative conserved parasite populations. This could provide interesting baseline data that allow identifying whether potential new cases differ from the parasites already circulating in the area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan China
| | - Rui-min Zhou
- Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan China
| | - Ya-lan Zhang
- Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan China
| | - Duo-quan Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Su-hua Li
- Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan China
| | - Cheng-yun Yang
- Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan China
| | - Dan Qian
- Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan China
| | - Yu-ling Zhao
- Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan China
| | - Hong-wei Zhang
- Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan China
| | - Bian-li Xu
- Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nazeri S, Zakeri S, Mehrizi AA, Djadid ND. Naturally acquired immune responses to thrombospondin-related adhesion protein (TRAP) of Plasmodium vivax in patients from areas of unstable malaria transmission. Acta Trop 2017; 173:45-54. [PMID: 28549910 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A key tool for the control, elimination, and eradication of Plasmodium vivax is the development of an effective vaccine. The thrombospondin-related adhesion protein (TRAP) is one of the major sporozoite antigens that plays an important role in the invasion of mosquito salivary glands and hepatocytes by sporozoites. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the naturally acquired antibodies to the P. vivax TRAP (PvTRAP) in patients from malaria-endemic areas of Iran (n=116), Afghanistan (n=50), and Pakistan (n=50). The PvTRAP gene was expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3)-pET23a and used as antigen in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The profile of immunoglobulin G (IgG) isotype and the avidity of IgG, IgG1, and IgG3 to PvTRAP, as well as the association between anti-PvTRAP isotype responses and host age were evaluated. Only 42.24% of Iranian, 38% of Afghani, and 44% of Pakistani patients infected with P. vivax had positive anti-PvTRAP IgG, and the prevalence of responders in the three countries did not differ significantly (P>0.05). Moreover, the prevalence of IgG1 and IgG3 antibody responses to PvTRAP showed no significant correlation with age (P>0.05). Individuals exposed to vivax malaria in the unstable malaria transmission areas are able to produce antibodies to the TRAP antigen at all ages in response to P. vivax infections. Finally, the presence of mature IgG1 and IgG3 antibodies with high to intermediate avidity against PvTRAP antigen (>60%) provide more information to understand the interactions between the host and P. vivax parasite. In summary, the present study provides data that support the rational development of an effective pre-erythrocytic stage vaccine based on PvTRAP antigen.
Collapse
|
13
|
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - You‐Gan Wang
- Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Simon B, Sow F, Al Mukhaini SK, Al-Abri S, Ali OAM, Bonnot G, Bienvenu AL, Petersen E, Picot S. An outbreak of locally acquired Plasmodium vivax malaria among migrant workers in Oman. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 24:25. [PMID: 28695821 PMCID: PMC5504921 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2017028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is the most widely distributed human malaria parasite. Outside sub-Saharan Africa, the proportion of P. vivax malaria is rising. A major cause for concern is the re-emergence of Plasmodium vivax in malaria-free areas. Oman, situated in the south-eastern corner of the Arabian Peninsula, has long been an area of vivax malaria transmission but no locally acquired cases were reported in 2004. However, local transmission has been registered in small outbreaks since 2007. In this study, a local outbreak of 54 cases over 50 days in 2014 was analyzed retrospectively and stained blood slides have been obtained for parasite identification and genotyping. The aim of this study was to identify the geographical origin of these cases, in an attempt to differentiate between imported cases and local transmission. Using circumsporozoite protein (csp), merozoite surface protein 1 (msp1), and merozoite surface protein 3 (msp3) markers for genotyping of parasite DNA obtained by scrapping off the surface of smears, genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis were performed. The study found that the samples had very low genetic diversity, a temperate genotype, and a high genetic distance, with most of the reference strains coming from endemic countries. We conclude that a small outbreak of imported malaria is not associated with re-emergence of malaria transmission in Oman, as no new cases have been seen since the outbreak ended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Simon
- Malaria Research Unit, SMITh, ICBMS UMR 5246, University of Lyon, Campus Lyon-Tech La Doua, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Fatimata Sow
- Malaria Research Unit, SMITh, ICBMS UMR 5246, University of Lyon, Campus Lyon-Tech La Doua, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Said K Al Mukhaini
- The Department of Malaria, Directorate General for Disease Surveillance and Control, Ministry of Health, P. O. Box 393, Postal Code 113, Muscat, Oman
| | - Seif Al-Abri
- Directorate General for Disease Surveillance and Control, Ministry of Health, P. O. Box 2657, CPO 111, Muscat, Oman
| | - Osama A M Ali
- The Department of Malaria, Directorate General for Disease Surveillance and Control, Ministry of Health, P. O. Box 393, Postal Code 113, Muscat, Oman
| | - Guillaume Bonnot
- Malaria Research Unit, SMITh, ICBMS UMR 5246, University of Lyon, Campus Lyon-Tech La Doua, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anne-Lise Bienvenu
- Malaria Research Unit, SMITh, ICBMS UMR 5246, University of Lyon, Campus Lyon-Tech La Doua, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France - Service Pharmacie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 103 Grande Rue de la Croix-Rousse, 69317 Lyon, France
| | - Eskild Petersen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Royal Hospital, P. O. Box 1331, CPO 111, Muscat, Oman - Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Aarhus, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Stéphane Picot
- Malaria Research Unit, SMITh, ICBMS UMR 5246, University of Lyon, Campus Lyon-Tech La Doua, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France - Institut de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 103 Grande Rue de la Croix-Rousse, 69317 Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bitencourt Chaves L, Perce-da-Silva DDS, Rodrigues-da-Silva RN, Martins da Silva JH, Cassiano GC, Machado RLD, Pratt-Riccio LR, Banic DM, Lima-Junior JDC. Plasmodium vivax Cell Traversal Protein for Ookinetes and Sporozoites (PvCelTOS) gene sequence and potential epitopes are highly conserved among isolates from different regions of Brazilian Amazon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005344. [PMID: 28158176 PMCID: PMC5310920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Plasmodium vivax Cell-traversal protein for ookinetes and sporozoites (PvCelTOS) plays an important role in the traversal of host cells. Although essential to PvCelTOS progress as a vaccine candidate, its genetic diversity remains uncharted. Therefore, we investigated the PvCelTOS genetic polymorphism in 119 field isolates from five different regions of Brazilian Amazon (Manaus, Novo Repartimento, Porto Velho, Plácido de Castro and Oiapoque). Moreover, we also evaluated the potential impact of non-synonymous mutations found in the predicted structure and epitopes of PvCelTOS. The field isolates showed high similarity (99.3% of bp) with the reference Sal-1 strain, presenting only four Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) at positions 24A, 28A, 109A and 352C. The frequency of synonymous C109A (82%) was higher than all others (p<0.0001). However, the non-synonymous G28A and G352C were observed in 9.2% and 11.7% isolates. The great majority of the isolates (79.8%) revealed complete amino acid sequence homology with Sal-1, 10.9% presented complete homology with Brazil I and two undescribed PvCelTOS sequences were observed in 9.2% field isolates. Concerning the prediction analysis, the N-terminal substitution (Gly10Ser) was predicted to be within a B-cell epitope (PvCelTOS Accession Nos. AB194053.1) and exposed at the protein surface, while the Val118Leu substitution was not a predicted epitope. Therefore, our data suggest that although G28A SNP might interfere in potential B-cell epitopes at PvCelTOS N-terminal region the gene sequence is highly conserved among the isolates from different geographic regions, which is an important feature to be taken into account when evaluating its potential as a vaccine candidate. Cell-traversal protein for ookinetes and sporozoites (CelTOS) presents a pivotal role in the cell traversal of host cells in mosquito and vertebrate hosts. For this reason, it has been considered a potential novel alternative for a vaccine against malaria caused by P. falciparum. However, little is known about its orthologous P. vivax CelTOS. Although the genetic diversity of this protein could be a limiting factor for acquisition of immunity and present implications for an effective vaccine development, it has never been explored. Thus, considering that the epidemiology of malaria in Brazil presents variable transmission rates and the knowledge on the genetic polymorphism of PvCelTOS remains unknown, we aimed to identify the pvceltos gene in isolates from five different regions of the Brazilian Amazon and to study the potential impacts of the genetic diversity of PvCelTOS in protein structures and predicted epitopes. Our findings indicate that PvCelTOS is an extremely conserved protein, presenting only four SNPs in the entire sequences of field isolates from Brazilian Amazon. The two non-synonymous mutations found in our field isolates presented no significant effect on the protein structure and a very low impact on potential T and B-cell epitopes indicated by our epitope prediction. Collectively, our data suggest that the small need to avoid the immune recognition by the human host and its importance on the parasite’s survival and transmission reflects a very conservative profile of pvceltos gene in field samples from Brazil and other endemic areas worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lana Bitencourt Chaves
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Gustavo Capatti Cassiano
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases - Prof. Luiz Jacintho da Silva, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Lilian Rose Pratt-Riccio
- Laboratory of Malaria Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dalma Maria Banic
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Josué da Costa Lima-Junior
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Anwar MY, Lewnard JA, Parikh S, Pitzer VE. Time series analysis of malaria in Afghanistan: using ARIMA models to predict future trends in incidence. Malar J 2016; 15:566. [PMID: 27876041 PMCID: PMC5120433 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1602-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria remains endemic in Afghanistan. National control and prevention strategies would be greatly enhanced through a better ability to forecast future trends in disease incidence. It is, therefore, of interest to develop a predictive tool for malaria patterns based on the current passive and affordable surveillance system in this resource-limited region. Methods This study employs data from Ministry of Public Health monthly reports from January 2005 to September 2015. Malaria incidence in Afghanistan was forecasted using autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models in order to build a predictive tool for malaria surveillance. Environmental and climate data were incorporated to assess whether they improve predictive power of models. Results Two models were identified, each appropriate for different time horizons. For near-term forecasts, malaria incidence can be predicted based on the number of cases in the four previous months and 12 months prior (Model 1); for longer-term prediction, malaria incidence can be predicted using the rates 1 and 12 months prior (Model 2). Next, climate and environmental variables were incorporated to assess whether the predictive power of proposed models could be improved. Enhanced vegetation index was found to have increased the predictive accuracy of longer-term forecasts. Conclusion Results indicate ARIMA models can be applied to forecast malaria patterns in Afghanistan, complementing current surveillance systems. The models provide a means to better understand malaria dynamics in a resource-limited context with minimal data input, yielding forecasts that can be used for public health planning at the national level. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1602-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Y Anwar
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Joseph A Lewnard
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sunil Parikh
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Virginia E Pitzer
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Shabani SH, Zakeri S, Mehrizi AA, Mortazavi Y, Djadid ND. Population genetics structure of Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite protein during the elimination process in low and unstable malaria transmission areas, southeast of Iran. Acta Trop 2016; 160:23-34. [PMID: 27102931 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In Iran, the prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax has dropped after a national malaria elimination program was launched. To estimate the likelihood of success and to measure the outcome of malaria intervention tools during elimination programs (2008-2012), the population genetic surveys of Iranian P. vivax isolates (n=60) were carried out using the CSP genetic marker. The results were compared with a similar work that was carried out during a control phase (2000-2003) in the same study areas. Based on PCR-RFLP analysis, 49 (81.67%) of 60 studied samples were VK210 and 11 (18.33%) were VK247 with no mixed genotypes. However, 10.97% of P. vivax isolates of control phase harbored the mixed genotypes. Sequencing analysis of 50 pvcsp gene showed 14 distinct haplotypes, of which 11 and 3 were VK210 and VK247 types, respectively. However, during the control phase, 19 distinct subtypes (11 VK210 and 8 VK247) were reported. Also, 7 of 11 VK210 and the VK247F subtypes were new, and 3 out of 7 new VK210 and VK247F were isolated from the patients with Pakistani nationality. The lower nucleotide diversity per site (π=0.02017±0.00436 and π=0.04525±0.00255) and haplotype diversity (Hd=0.513±0.093 and Hd=0.691±0.128) as well as lower In/Del haplotype [Hd(i)=0.243 and 0] and nucleotide diversity [π(i)=0.00078 and 0] were recorded for VK210 and VK247of the elimination samples, respectively. In conclusion, the comparison of PRMs and RATs in CRR along with the polymorphism analysis of the sequence lengths, SNPs, and In/Del polymorphisms in all analyzed samples showed lower genetic diversity for PvCSP in the elimination samples. Also, although there is a turnover of P. vivax parasite genotypes in the study areas, reduction in genetic diversity and transmission was detected due to scaling-up of the intervention tools during an elimination program in Iran. This notable challenge of the elimination program must be taken into account and controlled by active surveillance for limiting both reintroductions of new allelic forms as well as the spread of drug-resistant parasite to prevent any disease outbreaks.
Collapse
|
18
|
Howard N, Enayatullah S, Mohammad N, Mayan I, Shamszai Z, Rowland M, Leslie T. Towards a strategy for malaria in pregnancy in Afghanistan: analysis of clinical realities and women's perceptions of malaria and anaemia. Malar J 2015; 14:431. [PMID: 26537247 PMCID: PMC4633046 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0964-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Afghanistan has some of the worst maternal and infant mortality indicators in the world and malaria is a significant public health concern. Study objectives were to assess prevalence of malaria and anaemia, related knowledge and practices, and malaria prevention barriers among pregnant women in eastern Afghanistan. Methods Three studies were conducted: (1) a clinical survey of maternal malaria, maternal anaemia, and neonatal birthweight in a rural district hospital delivery-ward; (2) a case–control study of malaria risk among reproductive-age women attending primary-level clinics; and (3) community surveys of malaria and anaemia prevalence, socioeconomic status, malaria knowledge and reported behaviour among pregnant women. Results Among 517 delivery-ward participants (1), one malaria case (prevalence 1.9/1000), 179 anaemia cases (prevalence 346/1000), and 59 low-birthweight deliveries (prevalence 107/1000) were detected. Anaemia was not associated with age, gravidity, intestinal parasite prevalence, or low-birthweight at delivery. Among 141 malaria cases and 1010 controls (2), no association was found between malaria infection and pregnancy (AOR 0.89; 95 % CI 0.57–1.39), parity (AOR 0.95; 95 % CI 0.85–1.05), age (AOR 1.02; 95 % CI 1.00–1.04), or anaemia (AOR 1.00; 95 % CI 0.65–1.54). Those reporting insecticide-treated net usage had 40 % reduced odds of malaria infection (AOR 0.60; 95 % CI 0.40–0.91). Among 530 community survey participants (3), malaria and anaemia prevalence were 3.9/1000 and 277/1000 respectively, with 34/1000 experiencing severe anaemia. Despite most women having no formal education, malaria knowledge was high. Most expressed reluctance to take malaria preventive medication during pregnancy, deeming it potentially unsafe. Conclusions Given the low malaria risk and reported avoidance of medication during pregnancy, intermittent preventive treatment is hard to justify or implement. Preventive strategy should instead focus on long-lasting insecticidal nets for all pregnant women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Howard
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, UK.
| | | | - Nader Mohammad
- Health Protection and Research Organization (HPRO), Kabul, Afghanistan.
| | - Ismail Mayan
- Health Protection and Research Organization (HPRO), Kabul, Afghanistan.
| | | | - Mark Rowland
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, UK. .,HealthNet-TPO (HNTPO), Kabul, Afghanistan.
| | - Toby Leslie
- HealthNet-TPO (HNTPO), Kabul, Afghanistan. .,Health Protection and Research Organization (HPRO), Kabul, Afghanistan.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
de Souza AM, de Araújo FCF, Fontes CJF, Carvalho LH, de Brito CFA, de Sousa TN. Multiple-clone infections of Plasmodium vivax: definition of a panel of markers for molecular epidemiology. Malar J 2015; 14:330. [PMID: 26303668 PMCID: PMC4548710 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0846-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium vivax infections commonly contain multiple genetically distinct parasite clones. The detection of multiple-clone infections depends on several factors, such as the accuracy of the genotyping method, and the type and number of the molecular markers analysed. Characterizing the multiplicity of infection has broad implications that range from population genetic studies of the parasite to malaria treatment and control. This study compared and evaluated the efficiency of neutral and non-neutral markers that are widely used in studies of molecular epidemiology to detect the multiplicity of P. vivax infection. Methods The performance of six markers was evaluated using 11 mixtures of DNA with well-defined proportions of two different parasite genotypes for each marker. These mixtures were generated by mixing cloned PCR products or patient-derived genomic DNA. In addition, 51 samples of natural infections from the Brazil were genotyped for all markers. The PCR-capillary electrophoresis-based method was used to permit direct comparisons among the markers. The criteria for differentiating minor peaks from artifacts were also evaluated. Results The analysis of DNA mixtures showed that the tandem repeat MN21 and the polymorphic blocks 2 (msp1B2) and 10 (msp1B10) of merozoite surface protein-1 allowed for the estimation of the expected ratio of both alleles in the majority of preparations. Nevertheless, msp1B2 was not able to detect the majority of multiple-clone infections in field samples; it identified only 6 % of these infections. The merozoite surface protein-3 alpha and microsatellites (PvMS6 and PvMS7) did not accurately estimate the relative clonal proportions in artificial mixtures, but the microsatellites performed well in detecting natural multiple-clone infections. Notably, the use of a less stringent criterion to score rare alleles significantly increased the sensitivity of the detection of multi-clonal infections. Conclusions Depending on the type of marker used, a considerable amplification bias was observed, which may have serious implications for the characterization of the complexity of a P. vivax infection. Based on the performance of markers in artificial mixtures of DNA and natural infections, a minimum panel of four genetic markers (PvMS6, PvMS7, MN21, and msp1B10) was defined, and these markers are highly informative regarding the genetic variability of P. vivax populations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0846-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aracele M de Souza
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Flávia C F de Araújo
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Cor J F Fontes
- Hospital Julio Muller, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
| | - Luzia H Carvalho
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Cristiana F A de Brito
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Taís N de Sousa
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kibria MG, Elahi R, Mohon AN, Khan WA, Haque R, Alam MS. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax in clinical isolates from Bangladesh. Malar J 2015; 14:267. [PMID: 26159168 PMCID: PMC4498513 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0790-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium vivax is the second most prevalent human malaria parasite in Bangladesh; however, there are no data of its genetic diversity. Several molecular markers are available where Pvcsp, Pvmsp 1 and Pvmsp 3α are most commonly used for P. vivax genotyping studies. The aim of the study was to investigate the population structure of P. vivax in Bangladesh. Methods A total of 102 P. vivax-positive blood samples were collected from different malaria-endemic areas in Bangladesh and subsequently analysed for those three genotyping markers. Nested PCR was performed for diagnosis and genotyping analysis followed by PCR–RFLP to detect genetic diversity using Pvcsp, Pvmsp 1 and Pvmsp 3α markers. Results Analysis of Pvcsp showed that the VK210 repeat type was highly prevalent (64.7%, 66/102) compared to VK247 (35.3%, 36/102), although the prevalence of VK247 was higher than other Southeast Asian countries. Analysis of these three genes revealed a diverse, circulating population of P. vivax where a total of ten, 56 and 35 distinct genotypes were detected for Pvcsp, Pvmsp 1 and Pvmsp 3α, respectively. Conclusion This genotyping observation of P. vivax is the first report from Bangladesh and will provide valuable information for establishing the genotyping methods and circulating genetic variants of these three markers available in Bangladesh.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Golam Kibria
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh.
| | - Rubayet Elahi
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh. .,Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Abu Naser Mohon
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh. .,Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N1N4, Canada.
| | - Wasif A Khan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh.
| | - Rashidul Haque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh.
| | - Mohammad Shafiul Alam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Talha AA, Pirahmadi S, Mehrizi AA, Djadid ND, Nour BYM, Zakeri S. Molecular genetic analysis of Plasmodium vivax isolates from Eastern and Central Sudan using pvcsp and pvmsp-3α genes as molecular markers. Infect Genet Evol 2015; 32:12-22. [PMID: 25721363 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In Sudan, Plasmodium vivax accounts for approximately 5-10% of malaria cases. This study was carried out to determine the genetic diversity of P. vivax population from Sudan by analyzing the polymorphism of P. vivax csp (pvcsp) and pvmsp-3α genes. Blood samples (n=76) were taken from suspected malaria cases from 2012-2013 in three health centers of Eastern and Central Sudan. Parasite detection was performed by microscopy and molecular techniques, and genotyping of both genes was performed by PCR-RFLP followed by DNA sequence for only pvcsp gene (n=30). Based on microscopy analysis, 76 (%100) patients were infected with P. vivax, whereas nested-PCR results showed that 86.8% (n=66), 3.9% (n=3), and 3.9% (n=3) of tested samples had P. vivax as well as Plasmodium falciparum mono- and mixed infections, respectively. Four out of 76 samples had no results in molecular diagnosis. All sequenced samples were found to be of VK210 (100%) genotype with six distinct amino acid haplotypes, and 210A (66.7%) was the most prevalent haplotype. The Sudanese isolates displayed variations in the peptide repeat motifs (PRMs) ranging from 17 to 19 with GDRADGQPA (PRM1), GDRAAGQPA (PRM2) and DDRAAGQPA (PRM3). Also, 54 polymorphic sites with 56 mutations were found in repeat and post-repeat regions of the pvcsp and the overall nucleotide diversity (π) was 0.02149±0.00539. A negative value of dN-dS (-0.0344) was found that suggested a significant purifying selection of Sudanese pvcsp, (Z test, P<0.05). Regarding pvmsp-3α, three types were detected: types A (94.6%, 52/55), type C (3.6%, 2/55), and type B (1.8%, 1/55). No multiclonal infections were detected, and RFLP analysis identified 13 (Hha I, A1-A11, B1, and C1) and 16 (Alu I, A1-A14, B1, and C1) distinct allelic forms. In conclusion, genetic investigation among Sudanese P. vivax isolates indicated that this antigen showed limited antigenic diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albadawi Abdelbagi Talha
- Department of Parasitology, Blue Nile National Institute for Communicable Diseases, University of Gezira, P.O. Box 20, Wad Medani, Sudan; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Gezira, P.O. Box 20, Wad Medani, Sudan
| | - Sekineh Pirahmadi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Abouie Mehrizi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Dinparast Djadid
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bakri Y M Nour
- Department of Parasitology, Blue Nile National Institute for Communicable Diseases, University of Gezira, P.O. Box 20, Wad Medani, Sudan; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Gezira, P.O. Box 20, Wad Medani, Sudan
| | - Sedigheh Zakeri
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Khan SN, Khan A, Khan S, Ayaz S, Attaullah S, Khan J, Khan MA, Ali I, Shah AH. PCR/RFLP-based analysis of genetically distinct Plasmodium vivax population of Pvmsp-3α and Pvmsp-3β genes in Pakistan. Malar J 2014; 13:355. [PMID: 25199951 PMCID: PMC4164714 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium vivax is one of the widespread human malarial parasites accounting for 75% of malaria epidemics. However, there is no baseline information about the status and nature of genetic variation of Plasmodium species circulating in various parts of Pakistan. The present study was aimed at observing the molecular epidemiology and genetic variation of Plasmodium vivax by analysing its merozoite surface protein-3α (msp-3α) and merozoite surface protein-3β (msp-3β) genes, by using suballele, species-specific, combined nested PCR/RFLP detection techniques. Methods A total of 230 blood samples from suspected subjects tested slide positive for vivax malaria were collected from Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Balochistan during the period May 2012 to December 2013. Combined nested PCR/RFLP technique was conducted using Pvmsp-3α and Pvmsp-3β genetic markers to detect extent of genetic variation in clinical isolates of P. vivax in the studied areas of Pakistan. Results By PCR, P. vivax, 202/230 (87.82%), was found to be widely distributed in the studied areas. PCR/RFLP analysis showed a high range of allelic variations for both msp-3α and msp-3β genetic markers of P. vivax, i.e., 21 alleles for msp-3α and 19 for msp-3β. Statistically a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) was observed in the genetic diversity of the suballelic variants of msp-3α and msp-3β genes of P. vivax. Conclusion It is concluded that P. vivax populations are highly polymorphic and diverse allelic variants of Pvmsp-3α and Pvmsp-3β are present in Pakistan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Niaz Khan
- Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology Kohat 26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cerritos R, González-Cerón L, Nettel JA, Wegier A. Genetic structure of Plasmodium vivax using the merozoite surface protein 1 icb5-6 fragment reveals new hybrid haplotypes in southern Mexico. Malar J 2014; 13:35. [PMID: 24472213 PMCID: PMC3923247 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium vivax is a protozoan parasite with an extensive worldwide distribution, being highly prevalent in Asia as well as in Mesoamerica and South America. In southern Mexico, P. vivax transmission has been endemic and recent studies suggest that these parasites have unique biological and genetic features. The msp1 gene has shown high rate of nucleotide substitutions, deletions, insertions, and its mosaic structure reveals frequent events of recombination, maybe between highly divergent parasite isolates. METHODS The nucleotide sequence variation in the polymorphic icb5-6 fragment of the msp1 gene of Mexican and worldwide isolates was analysed. To understand how genotype diversity arises, disperses and persists in Mexico, the genetic structure and genealogical relationships of local isolates were examined. To identify new sequence hybrids and their evolutionary relationships with other P. vivax isolates circulating worldwide two haplotype networks were constructed questioning that two portions of the icb5-6 have different evolutionary history. RESULTS Twelve new msp1 icb5-6 haplotypes of P. vivax from Mexico were identified. These nucleotide sequences show mosaic structure comprising three partially conserved and two variable subfragments and resulted into five different sequence types. The variable subfragment sV1 has undergone recombination events and resulted in hybrid sequences and the haplotype network allocated the Mexican haplotypes to three lineages, corresponding to the Sal I and Belem types, and other more divergent group. In contrast, the network from icb5-6 fragment but not sV1 revealed that the Mexican haplotypes belong to two separate lineages, none of which are closely related to Sal I or Belem sequences. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the new hybrid haplotypes from southern Mexico were the result of at least three different recombination events. These rearrangements likely resulted from the recombination between haplotypes of highly divergent lineages that are frequently distributed in South America and Asia and diversified rapidly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lilia González-Cerón
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, México.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Huang B, Huang S, Su XZ, Guo H, Xu Y, Xu F, Hu X, Yang Y, Wang S, Lu F. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax population in Anhui province of China. Malar J 2014; 13:13. [PMID: 24401153 PMCID: PMC3893497 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although the numbers of malaria cases in China have been declining in recent years, outbreaks of Plasmodium vivax malaria were still being reported in rural areas south of the Yellow River. To better understand the transmission dynamics of P. vivax parasites in China, the extent of genetic diversity of P. vivax populations circulating in Bozhou of Anhui province of China were investigated using three polymorphic genetic markers: merozoite surface proteins 1 and 3α (pvmsp-1 and pvmsp-3α) and circumsporozoite protein (pvcsp). Methods Forty-five P. vivax clinical isolates from Bouzhou of Anhui province were collected from 2009 to 2010 and were analysed using PCR/RFLP or DNA sequencing. Results Seven and six distinct allelic variants were identified using PCR/RFLP analysis of pvmsp-3α with HhaI and AluI, respectively. DNA sequence analysis of pvmsp-1 (variable block 5) revealed that there were Sal-I and recombinant types but not Belem type, and seven distinct allelic variants in pvmsp-1 were detected, with recombinant subtype 2 (R2) being predominant (66.7%). All the isolates carried pvcsp with VK210 type but not VK247 or P. vivax-like types in the samples. Sequence analysis of pvcsp gene revealed 12 distinct allelic variants, with VK210-1 being predominant (41.5%). Conclusions The present data indicate that there is some degree of genetic diversity among P. vivax populations in Anhui province of China. The genetic data obtained may assist in the surveillance of P. vivax infection in endemic areas or in tracking potential future disease outbreak.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fangli Lu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rice BL, Acosta MM, Pacheco MA, Escalante AA. Merozoite surface protein-3 alpha as a genetic marker for epidemiologic studies in Plasmodium vivax: a cautionary note. Malar J 2013; 12:288. [PMID: 23964962 PMCID: PMC3765194 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium vivax is the most widespread of the human malaria parasites in terms of geography, and is thought to present unique challenges to local efforts aimed at control and elimination. Parasite molecular markers can provide much needed data on P. vivax populations, but few such markers have been critically evaluated. One marker that has seen extensive use is the gene encoding merozoite surface protein 3-alpha (MSP-3α), a blood-stage antigen known to be highly variable among P. vivax isolates. Here, a sample of complete msp-3α gene sequences is analysed in order to assess its utility as a molecular marker for epidemiologic investigations. Methods Amplification, cloning and sequencing of additional P. vivax isolates from different geographic locations, including a set of Venezuelan field isolates (n = 10), yielded a sample of 48 complete msp-3α coding sequences. Characterization of standard population genetic measures of diversity, phylogenetic analysis, and tests for recombination were performed. This allowed comparisons to patterns inferred from the in silico simulation of a polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) protocol used widely. Results The larger sample of MSP-3α diversity revealed incongruence between the observed levels of nucleotide polymorphism, which were high in all populations, and the pattern of PCR-RFLP haplotype diversity. Indeed, PCR-RFLP haplotypes were not informative of a population’s genetic diversity and identical haplotypes could be produced from analogous bands in the commonly used protocol. Evidence of frequent and variable insertion-deletion mutations and recurrent recombination between MSP-3α haplotypes complicated the inference of genetic diversity patterns and reduced the phylogenetic signal. Conclusions The genetic diversity of P. vivax msp-3α involves intragenic recombination events. Whereas the high genetic diversity of msp-3α makes it a promising marker for some epidemiological applications, the ability of msp-3α PCR-RFLP analysis to accurately track parasites is limited. Local studies of the circulating alleles are needed before implementing PCR-RFLP approaches. Furthermore, evidence from the global sample analysed here suggests such msp-3α PCR-RFLP methods are not suitable for broad geographic studies or tracking parasite populations for an extended period of time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Rice
- Center for Evolutionary Medicine and Informatics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Raza A, Ghanchi NK, Thaver AM, Jafri S, Beg MA. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax clinical isolates from southern Pakistan using pvcsp and pvmsp1 genetic markers. Malar J 2013; 12:16. [PMID: 23311628 PMCID: PMC3601996 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium vivax is the prevalent malarial species accounting for 70% of malaria burden in Pakistan; however, there is no baseline data on the circulating genotypes. Studies have shown that polymorphic loci of gene encoding antigens pvcsp and pvmsp1 can be used reliably for conducting molecular epidemiological studies. Therefore, this study aimed to bridge the existing knowledge gap on population structure on P. vivax from Pakistan using these two polymorphic genes. Methods During the period January 2008 to May 2009, a total of 250 blood samples were collected from patients tested slide positive for P. vivax, at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, or its collection units located in Baluchistan and Sindh Province. Nested PCR/RFLP was performed, using pvcsp and pvmsp1 markers to detect the extent of genetic diversity in clinical isolates of P. vivax from southern Pakistan. Results A total of 227/250 (91%) isolates were included in the analysis while the remainder were excluded due to negative PCR outcome for P.vivax. Pvcsp analysis showed that both VK 210 (85.5%, 194/227) and VK 247 type (14.5%, 33/227) were found to be circulating in P. vivax isolates from southern Pakistan. A total of sixteen and eighty-seven genotypes of pvcsp and pvmsp-1 were detected respectively. Conclusion This is the first report from southern Pakistan on characterization of P. vivax isolates confirming that extensively diverse pvcsp and pvmsp1 variants are present within this region. Results from this study provide valuable data on genetic diversity of P. vivax that will be helpful for further epidemiological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afsheen Raza
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, PO Box 3500, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Arnott A, Barry AE, Reeder JC. Understanding the population genetics of Plasmodium vivax is essential for malaria control and elimination. Malar J 2012; 11:14. [PMID: 22233585 PMCID: PMC3298510 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, infection with Plasmodium vivax was thought to be benign and self-limiting, however, recent evidence has demonstrated that infection with P. vivax can also result in severe illness and death. Research into P. vivax has been relatively neglected and much remains unknown regarding the biology, pathogenesis and epidemiology of this parasite. One of the fundamental factors governing transmission and immunity is parasite diversity. An understanding of parasite population genetic structure is necessary to understand the epidemiology, diversity, distribution and dynamics of natural P. vivax populations. In addition, studying the population structure of genes under immune selection also enables investigation of the dynamic interplay between transmission and immunity, which is crucial for vaccine development. A lack of knowledge regarding the transmission and spread of P. vivax has been particularly highlighted in areas where malaria control and elimination programmes have made progress in reducing the burden of Plasmodium falciparum, yet P. vivax remains as a substantial obstacle. With malaria elimination back on the global agenda, mapping of global and local P. vivax population structure is essential prior to establishing goals for elimination and the roll-out of interventions. A detailed knowledge of the spatial distribution, transmission and clinical burden of P. vivax is required to act as a benchmark against which control targets can be set and measured. This paper presents an overview of what is known and what is yet to be fully understood regarding P. vivax population genetics, as well as the importance and application of P. vivax population genetics studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Arnott
- Centre for Population Health, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kosaisavee V, Hastings I, Craig A, Lek-Uthai U. The genetic polymorphism of Plasmodium vivax genes in endemic regions of Thailand. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2011; 4:931-6. [DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(11)60221-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
29
|
Zeyrek FY, Tachibana SI, Yuksel F, Doni N, Palacpac N, Arisue N, Horii T, Coban C, Tanabe K. Limited polymorphism of the Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein 1 gene in isolates from Turkey. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011; 83:1230-7. [PMID: 21118926 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.10-0353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The 200-kD merozoite surface protein of Plasmodium vivax (PvMSP-1) is one of the leading vaccine candidates against P. vivax malaria. However, the gene encoding PvMSP-1 (pvmsp1) is highly polymorphic and is a major obstacle to effective vaccine development. To further understand polymorphism in pvmsp1, we obtained 30 full-length pvmsp1 sequences from southeastern Turkey. Comparative analysis of sequences from Turkey and other areas showed substantially limited polymorphism. Substitutions were found at 280 and 162 amino acid sites in samples from other regions and those from Turkey, respectively. Eight substitutions were unique to Turkey. In one of them, D/E at position 1706 in the C-terminal 19-kD region, the K/E change at 1709 was the only polymorphism previously known. Limited diversity was also observed in microsatellites. Data suggest a recent population bottleneck in Turkey that may have obscured a signature for balancing selection in the C-terminal 42-kD region, which was otherwise detectable in other areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fadile Yildiz Zeyrek
- Department of Microbiology, Harran University Medical Faculty, Sanliurfa, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lima-Junior JC, Jiang J, Rodrigues-da-Silva RN, Banic DM, Tran TM, Ribeiro RY, Meyer VSE, De-Simone SG, Santos F, Moreno A, Barnwell JW, Galinski MR, Oliveira-Ferreira J. B cell epitope mapping and characterization of naturally acquired antibodies to the Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein-3α (PvMSP-3α) in malaria exposed individuals from Brazilian Amazon. Vaccine 2011; 29:1801-11. [PMID: 21215342 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.12.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The Plasmodium vivax Merozoite Surface Protein-3α (PvMSP-3α) is considered as a potential vaccine candidate. However, the detailed investigations of the type of immune responses induced in naturally exposed populations are necessary. Therefore, we aim to characterize the naturally induced antibody to PvMSP-3α in 282 individuals with different levels of exposure to malaria infections residents in Brazilian Amazon. PvMSP3 specific antibodies (IgA, IgG and IgG subclass) to five recombinant proteins and the epitope mapping by Spot-synthesis technique to full-protein sequence of amino acids (15aa sequence with overlapping sequence of 9aa) were performed. Our results indicates that PvMSP3 is highly immunogenic in naturally exposed populations, where 78% of studied individuals present IgG immune response against the full-length recombinant protein (PVMSP3-FL) and IgG subclass profile was similar to all five recombinant proteins studied with a high predominance of IgG1 and IgG3. We also observe that IgG and subclass levels against PvMSP3 are associated with malaria exposure. The PvMSP3 epitope mapping by Spot-synthesis shows a natural recognition of at least 15 antigenic determinants, located mainly in the two blocks of repeats, confirming the high immunogenicity of this region. In conclusion, PvMSP-3α is immunogenic in naturally exposed individuals to malaria infections and that antibodies to PvMSP3 are induced to several B cell epitopes. The presence of PvMSP3 cytophilic antibodies (IgG1 and IgG3), suggests that this mechanism could also occur in P. vivax.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Lima-Junior
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Institute Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Henry-Halldin CN, Sepe D, Susapu M, McNamara DT, Bockarie M, King CL, Zimmerman PA. High-throughput molecular diagnosis of circumsporozoite variants VK210 and VK247 detects complex Plasmodium vivax infections in malaria endemic populations in Papua New Guinea. Infect Genet Evol 2010; 11:391-8. [PMID: 21147267 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is endemic in lowland and coastal regions of Papua New Guinea (PNG), and is caused by Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale. Infection by P. vivax is attributed to distinct strains, VK210 and VK247, which differ in the sequence of the circumsporozoite protein (pvcsp). Here, based upon sequence polymorphisms in pvcsp, we developed a post-PCR ligation detection reaction-fluorescent microsphere assay (LDR-FMA) to distinguish these P. vivax strains. This diagnostic assay was designed to detect the presence of both VK210 and VK247 P. vivax strains simultaneously in a high-throughput 96-well format. Using this assay, we analyzed human blood samples from the Wosera (n=703) and Mugil (n=986) regions to evaluate the prevalence of these P. vivax strains. VK210 and VK247 strains were found in both study sites. In the Wosera, single infections with VK210 strain were observed to be most common (41.7%), followed by mixed-strain (36.8%) and VK247 single-strain infections (21.5%). Similarly, in Mugil, VK210 single-strain infections were most common (51.6%), followed by mixed-strain (34.4%) and VK247 single-strain infections (14%). These results suggest that the distribution of P. vivax infections was similar between the two study sites. Interestingly, we observed a non-random distribution of these two P. vivax strains, as mixed-strain infections were significantly more prevalent than expected in both study sites (Wosera and Mugil χ(2)p-value<0.001). Additionally, DNA sequence analysis of a subset of P. vivax infections showed that no individual pvcsp alleles were shared between the two study sites. Overall, our results illustrate that PNG malaria-endemic regions harbor a complex mixture of P. vivax strains, and emphasize the importance of malaria control strategies that would be effective against a highly diverse parasite population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cara N Henry-Halldin
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Wolstein Research Building, Room 4-125, 2103 Cornell Rd., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Khatoon L, Baliraine FN, Bonizzoni M, Malik SA, Yan G. Genetic structure of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum in the Bannu district of Pakistan. Malar J 2010; 9:112. [PMID: 20416089 PMCID: PMC2873525 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-9-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum are the major causative agents of malaria. While knowledge of the genetic structure of malaria parasites is useful for understanding the evolution of parasite virulence, designing anti-malarial vaccines and assessing the impact of malaria control measures, there is a paucity of information on genetic diversity of these two malaria parasites in Pakistan. This study sought to shed some light on the genetic structure of P. vivax and P. falciparum in this understudied region. METHODS The genetic diversities of P. vivax and P. falciparum populations from the densely populated, malaria-endemic Bannu district of Pakistan were evaluated by analysis of their merozoite surface protein (msp) genes by PCR-RFLP. Specifically, the Pvmsp-3alpha and Pvmsp-3beta genes of P. vivax and the Pfmsp-1 and Pfmsp-2 genes of P. falciparum were analysed. RESULTS In P. vivax, genotyping of Pvmsp-3alpha and Pvmsp-3beta genes showed a high level of diversity at these loci. Four distinct allele groups: A (1.9 kb), B (1.5 kb), C (1.2 kb), and D (0.3 kb) were detected for Pvmsp-3alpha, type A being the most prevalent (82%). Conversely, amplification of the P. vivax msp-3beta locus produced two allele groups: A (1.7-2.2 kb, 62%) and B (1.4-1.5 kb, 33%), with 5% mixed-strain infections. Restriction analysis of Pvmsp-3alpha and Pvmsp-3beta yielded 12 and 8 distinct alleles, respectively, with a combined mixed genotype prevalence of 20%. In P. falciparum, all three known genotypes of Pfmsp-1 and two of Pfmsp-2 were observed, with MAD20 occurring in 67% and 3D7/IC in 65% of the isolates, respectively. Overall, 24% P. falciparum samples exhibited mixed-strain infections. CONCLUSION These results indicate that both P. vivax and P. falciparum populations in Pakistan are highly diverse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lubna Khatoon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Frederick N Baliraine
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California - San Francisco, P.O. Box 0811, San Francisco, CA 94143-0811, USA
| | - Mariangela Bonizzoni
- College of Health Sciences, Program in Public Health, University of California - Irvine, Irvine CA 92697-4050, USA
| | - Salman A Malik
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Guiyun Yan
- College of Health Sciences, Program in Public Health, University of California - Irvine, Irvine CA 92697-4050, USA
| |
Collapse
|