1
|
Azaman FA, Brennan Fournet ME, Sheikh Ab Hamid S, Zawawi MSF, da Silva Junior VA, Devine DM. Enhancement of Scaffold In Vivo Biodegradability for Bone Regeneration Using P28 Peptide Formulations. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:876. [PMID: 37375823 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of bone tissue engineering has shown a great variety of bone graft substitute materials under development to date, with the aim to reconstruct new bone tissue while maintaining characteristics close to the native bone. Currently, insufficient scaffold degradation remains the critical limitation for the success of tailoring the bone formation turnover rate. This study examines novel scaffold formulations to improve the degradation rate in vivo, utilising chitosan (CS), hydroxyapatite (HAp) and fluorapatite (FAp) at different ratios. Previously, the P28 peptide was reported to present similar, if not better performance in new bone production to its native protein, bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), in promoting osteogenesis in vivo. Therefore, various P28 concentrations were incorporated into the CS/HAp/FAp scaffolds for implantation in vivo. H&E staining shows minimal scaffold traces in most of the defects induced after eight weeks, showing the enhanced biodegradability of the scaffolds in vivo. The HE stain highlighted the thickened periosteum indicating a new bone formation in the scaffolds, where CS/HAp/FAp/P28 75 µg and CS/HAp/FAp/P28 150 µg showed the cortical and trabecular thickening. CS/HAp/FAp 1:1 P28 150 µg scaffolds showed a higher intensity of calcein green label with the absence of xylenol orange label, which indicates that mineralisation and remodelling was not ongoing four days prior to sacrifice. Conversely, double labelling was observed in the CS/HAp/FAp 1:1 P28 25 µg and CS/HAp/FAp/P28 75 µg, which indicates continued mineralisation at days ten and four prior to sacrifice. Based on the HE and fluorochrome label, CS/HAp/FAp 1:1 with P28 peptides presented a consistent positive osteoinduction following the implantation in the femoral condyle defects. These results show the ability of this tailored formulation to improve the scaffold degradation for bone regeneration and present a cost-effective alternative to BMP-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farah Alwani Azaman
- PRISM Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon (TUS), N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland
- Tissue Bank, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 16150 Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | | | - Suzina Sheikh Ab Hamid
- Tissue Bank, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 16150 Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Syahrul Fitri Zawawi
- Tissue Bank, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 16150 Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | | | - Declan M Devine
- PRISM Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon (TUS), N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Broussolle T, Roux JP, Chapurlat R, Barrey C. Murine models of posterolateral spinal fusion: A systematic review. Neurochirurgie 2023; 69:101428. [PMID: 36871885 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2023.101428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rodent models are commonly used experimentally to assess treatment effectiveness in spinal fusion. Certain factors are associated with better fusion rates. The objectives of the present study were to report the protocols most frequently used, to evaluate factors known to positively influence fusion rate, and to identify new factors. METHOD A systematic literature search of PubMed and Web of Science found 139 experimental studies of posterolateral lumbar spinal fusion in rodent models. Data for level and location of fusion, animal strain, sex, weight and age, graft, decortication, fusion assessment and fusion and mortality rates were collected and analyzed. RESULTS The standard murine model for spinal fusion was male Sprague Dawley rats of 295g weight and 13 weeks' age, using decortication, with L4-L5 as fusion level. The last two criteria were associated with significantly better fusion rates. On manual palpation, the overall mean fusion rate in rats was 58% and the autograft mean fusion rate was 61%. Most studies evaluated fusion as a binary on manual palpation, and only a few used CT and histology. Average mortality was 3.03% in rats and 1.56% in mice. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest using a rat model, younger than 10 weeks and weighing more than 300 grams on the day of surgery, to optimize fusion rates, with decortication before grafting and fusing the L4-L5 level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Broussolle
- Department of Spine Surgery, P. Wertheimer University Hospital, GHE, hospices civils de Lyon, université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France; Inserm UMR 1033, université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
| | - Jean-Paul Roux
- Inserm UMR 1033, université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - R Chapurlat
- Inserm UMR 1033, université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - C Barrey
- Department of Spine Surgery, P. Wertheimer University Hospital, GHE, hospices civils de Lyon, université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France; Arts et métiers ParisTech, ENSAM, 151, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ko MJ, Hong H, Choi H, Kang H, Kim D. Multifunctional Magnetic Nanoparticles for Dynamic Imaging and Therapy. Advanced NanoBiomed Research 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202200053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Min Jun Ko
- Department of Radiology Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Chicago IL 60611 USA
| | - Hyunsik Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjun Choi
- Department of Radiology Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Chicago IL 60611 USA
- Department of Bioengineering University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago IL 60607 USA
| | - Heemin Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
- College of Medicine Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong‐Hyun Kim
- Department of Radiology Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Chicago IL 60611 USA
- Department of Bioengineering University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago IL 60607 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering McCormick School of Engineering Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center Northwestern University Chicago Illinois 60611 USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Park HJ, Hong H, Thangam R, Song MG, Kim JE, Jo EH, Jang YJ, Choi WH, Lee MY, Kang H, Lee KB. Static and Dynamic Biomaterial Engineering for Cell Modulation. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:nano12081377. [PMID: 35458085 PMCID: PMC9028203 DOI: 10.3390/nano12081377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In the biological microenvironment, cells are surrounded by an extracellular matrix (ECM), with which they dynamically interact during various biological processes. Specifically, the physical and chemical properties of the ECM work cooperatively to influence the behavior and fate of cells directly and indirectly, which invokes various physiological responses in the body. Hence, efficient strategies to modulate cellular responses for a specific purpose have become important for various scientific fields such as biology, pharmacy, and medicine. Among many approaches, the utilization of biomaterials has been studied the most because they can be meticulously engineered to mimic cellular modulatory behavior. For such careful engineering, studies on physical modulation (e.g., ECM topography, stiffness, and wettability) and chemical manipulation (e.g., composition and soluble and surface biosignals) have been actively conducted. At present, the scope of research is being shifted from static (considering only the initial environment and the effects of each element) to biomimetic dynamic (including the concepts of time and gradient) modulation in both physical and chemical manipulations. This review provides an overall perspective on how the static and dynamic biomaterials are actively engineered to modulate targeted cellular responses while highlighting the importance and advance from static modulation to biomimetic dynamic modulation for biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Joon Park
- Department of Interdisciplinary Biomicrosystem Technology, College of Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea;
| | - Hyunsik Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (H.H.); (R.T.)
| | - Ramar Thangam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (H.H.); (R.T.)
- Institute for High Technology Materials and Devices, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Min-Gyo Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (M.-G.S.); (W.-H.C.); (M.-Y.L.)
| | - Ju-Eun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (J.-E.K.); (E.-H.J.)
| | - Eun-Hae Jo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (J.-E.K.); (E.-H.J.)
| | - Yun-Jeong Jang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Armour College of Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA;
| | - Won-Hyoung Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (M.-G.S.); (W.-H.C.); (M.-Y.L.)
| | - Min-Young Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (M.-G.S.); (W.-H.C.); (M.-Y.L.)
| | - Heemin Kang
- Department of Interdisciplinary Biomicrosystem Technology, College of Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea;
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (H.H.); (R.T.)
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (K.-B.L.)
| | - Kyu-Back Lee
- Department of Interdisciplinary Biomicrosystem Technology, College of Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (M.-G.S.); (W.-H.C.); (M.-Y.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (J.-E.K.); (E.-H.J.)
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (K.-B.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zeng Y, Shih YRV, Baht GS, Varghese S. In Vivo Sequestration of Innate Small Molecules to Promote Bone Healing. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e1906022. [PMID: 31833120 PMCID: PMC7042087 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201906022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Approaches that enable innate repair mechanisms hold great potential for tissue repair. Herein, biomaterial-assisted sequestration of small molecules is described to localize pro-regenerative signaling at the injury site. Specifically, a synthetic biomaterial containing boronate molecules is designed to sequester adenosine, a small molecule ubiquitously present in the human body. The biomaterial-assisted sequestration of adenosine leverages the transient surge of extracellular adenosine following injury to prolong local adenosine signaling. It is demonstrated that implantation of the biomaterial patch following injury establishes an in situ stockpile of adenosine, resulting in accelerated healing by promoting both osteoblastogenesis and angiogenesis. The adenosine content within the patch recedes to the physiological level as the tissue regenerates. In addition to sequestering endogenous adenosine, the biomaterial is also able to deliver exogenous adenosine to the site of injury, offering a versatile solution to utilizing adenosine as a potential therapeutic for tissue repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuze Zeng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yu-Ru V. Shih
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Gurpreet S. Baht
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Shyni Varghese
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang Y, Chen M, Dai Z, Cao H, Li J, Zhang W. Sustained protein therapeutics enabled by self-healing nanocomposite hydrogels for non-invasive bone regeneration. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:682-693. [DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01455a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The self-healing nanocomposite hydrogel for sustained release of BMP-2 to enhance bone regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhao Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjiao Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Ninth People's Hospital
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai 200011
| | - Zhaobo Dai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- People's Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Ninth People's Hospital
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai 200011
| | - Weian Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Raic A, Friedrich F, Kratzer D, Bieback K, Lahann J, Lee-Thedieck C. Potential of electrospun cationic BSA fibers to guide osteogenic MSC differentiation via surface charge and fibrous topography. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20003. [PMID: 31882795 PMCID: PMC6934613 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56508-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Large or complex bone fractures often need clinical treatments for sufficient bone repair. New treatment strategies have pursued the idea of using mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in combination with osteoinductive materials to guide differentiation of MSCs into bone cells ensuring complete bone regeneration. To overcome the challenge of developing such materials, fundamental studies are needed to analyze and understand the MSC behavior on modified surfaces of applicable materials for bone healing. For this purpose, we developed a fibrous scaffold resembling the bone/bone marrow extracellular matrix (ECM) based on protein without addition of synthetic polymers. With this biomimetic in vitro model we identified the fibrous structure as well as the charge of the material to be responsible for its effects on MSC differentiation. Positive charge was introduced via cationization that additionally supported the stability of the scaffold in cell culture, and acted as nucleation point for mineralization during osteogenesis. Furthermore, we revealed enhanced focal adhesion formation and osteogenic differentiation of MSCs cultured on positively charged protein fibers. This pure protein-based and chemically modifiable, fibrous ECM model allows the investigation of MSC behavior on biomimetic materials to unfold new vistas how to direct cells' differentiation for the development of new bone regenerating strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annamarija Raic
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Hannover, 30419, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Frank Friedrich
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Competence Center for Material Moisture, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Domenic Kratzer
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Hannover, 30419, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Karen Bieback
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University; German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg - Hessen, Mannheim, 68167, Germany
| | - Joerg Lahann
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
- Biointerfaces Institute and Departments of Chemical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering and Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Cornelia Lee-Thedieck
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Hannover, 30419, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zeng Y, Hoque J, Varghese S. Biomaterial-assisted local and systemic delivery of bioactive agents for bone repair. Acta Biomater 2019; 93:152-168. [PMID: 30711659 PMCID: PMC6615988 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although bone tissues possess an intrinsic capacity for repair, there are cases where bone healing is either impaired or insufficient, such as fracture non-union, osteoporosis, osteomyelitis, and cancers. In these cases, treatments like surgical interventions are used, either alone or in combination with bioactive agents, to promote tissue repair and manage associated clinical complications. Improving the efficacy of bioactive agents often requires carriers, with biomaterials being a pivotal player. In this review, we discuss the role of biomaterials in realizing the local and systemic delivery of biomolecules to the bone tissue. The versatility of biomaterials enables design of carriers with the desired loading efficiency, release profile, and on-demand delivery. Besides local administration, systemic administration of drugs is necessary to combat diseases like osteoporosis, warranting bone-targeting drug delivery systems. Thus, chemical moieties with the affinity towards bone extracellular matrix components like apatite minerals have been widely utilized to create bone-targeting carriers with better biodistribution, which cannot be achieved by the drugs alone. Bone-targeting carriers combined with the desired drugs or bioactive agents have been extensively investigated to enhance bone healing while minimizing off-target effects. Herein, these advancements in the field have been systematically reviewed. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Drug delivery is imperative when surgical interventions are not sufficient to address various bone diseases/defects. Biomaterial-assisted delivery systems have been designed to provide drugs with the desired loading efficiency, sustained release, and on-demand delivery to enhance bone healing. By surveying recent advances in the field, this review outlines the design of biomaterials as carriers for the local and systemic delivery of bioactive agents to the bone tissue. Particularly, biomaterials that bear chemical moieties with affinity to bone are attractive, as they can present the desired bioactive agents to the bone tissue efficiently and thus enhance the drug efficacy for bone repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuze Zeng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jiaul Hoque
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Shyni Varghese
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu M, Nakasaki M, Shih YRV, Varghese S. Effect of age on biomaterial-mediated in situ bone tissue regeneration. Acta Biomater 2018; 78:329-340. [PMID: 29966759 PMCID: PMC6286153 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Emerging studies show the potential application of synthetic biomaterials that are intrinsically osteoconductive and osteoinductive as bone grafts to treat critical bone defects. Here, the biomaterial not only assists recruitment of endogenous cells, but also supports cellular activities relevant to bone tissue formation and function. While such biomaterial-mediated in situ tissue engineering is highly attractive, success of such an approach relies largely on the regenerative potential of the recruited cells, which is anticipated to vary with age. In this study, we investigated the effect of the age of the host on mineralized biomaterial-mediated bone tissue repair using critical-sized cranial defects as a model system. Mice of varying ages, 1-month-old (juvenile), 2-month-old (young-adult), 6-month-old (middle-aged), and 14-month-old (elderly), were used as recipients. Our results show that the bio-mineralized scaffolds support bone tissue formation by recruiting endogenous cells for all groups albeit with differences in an age-related manner. Analyses of bone tissue formation after 2 and 8 weeks post-treatment show low mineral deposition and reduced number of osteocalcin and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-expressing cells in elderly mice. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Tissue engineering strategies that promote tissue repair through recruitment of endogenous cells will have a significant impact in regenerative medicine. Previous studies from our group have shown that biomineralized materials containing calcium phosphate minerals can contribute to neo-bone tissue through recruitment and activation of endogenous cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of age of the recipient on biomaterial-mediated bone tissue repair. Our results show that the age of the recipient mouse had a significant impact on the quality and quantity of the engineered neo-bone tissues, in which delayed/compromised bone tissue formation was observed in older mice. These findings are in agreement with the clinical observations that age of patients is a key factor in bone repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengqian Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Manando Nakasaki
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Yu-Ru Vernon Shih
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Shyni Varghese
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kang H, Zeng Y, Varghese S. Functionally graded multilayer scaffolds for in vivo osteochondral tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2018; 78:365-377. [PMID: 30031911 PMCID: PMC6309375 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Osteochondral tissue repair remains a significant challenge in orthopedic surgery. Tissue engineering of osteochondral tissue has transpired as a potential therapeutic solution as it can effectively regenerate bone, cartilage, and the bone-cartilage interface. While advancements in scaffold fabrication and stem cell engineering have made significant progress towards the engineering of composite tissues, such as osteochondral tissue, new approaches are required to improve the outcome of such strategies. Herein, we discuss the use of a single-unit trilayer scaffold with depth-varying pore architecture and mineral environment to engineer osteochondral tissues in vivo. The trilayer scaffold includes a biomineralized bottom layer mimicking the calcium phosphate (CaP)-rich bone microenvironment, a cryogel middle layer with anisotropic pore architecture, and a hydrogel top layer. The mineralized bottom layer was designed to support bone formation, while the macroporous middle layer and hydrogel top layer were designed to support cartilage tissue formation. The bottom layer was kept acellular and the top two layers were loaded with cells prior to implantation. When implanted in vivo, these trilayer scaffolds resulted in the formation of osteochondral tissue with a lubricin-rich cartilage surface. The osteochondral tissue formation was a result of continuous differentiation of the transplanted cells to form cartilage tissue and recruitment of endogenous cells through the mineralized bottom layer to form bone tissue. Our results suggest that integrating exogenous cell-based cartilage tissue engineering along with scaffold-driven in situ bone tissue engineering could be a powerful approach to engineer analogs of osteochondral tissue. In addition to offering new therapeutic opportunities, such approaches and systems could also advance our fundamental understanding of osteochondral tissue regeneration and repair. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE In this work, we describe the use of a single-unit trilayer scaffold with depth-varying pore architecture and mineral environment to engineer osteochondral tissues in vivo. The trilayer scaffold was designed to support continued differentiation of the donor cells to form cartilage tissue while supporting bone formation through recruitment of endogenous cells. When implanted in vivo, these trilayer scaffolds partially loaded with cells resulted in the formation of osteochondral tissue with a lubricin-rich cartilage surface. Approaches such as the one presented here that integrates ex vivo tissue engineering along with endogenous cell-mediated tissue engineering can have a significant impact in tissue engineering composite tissues with diverse cell populations and functionality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heemin Kang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Yuze Zeng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Shyni Varghese
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
González Díaz EC, Shih YRV, Nakasaki M, Liu M, Varghese S. Mineralized Biomaterials Mediated Repair of Bone Defects Through Endogenous Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2018; 24:1148-1156. [PMID: 29368582 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2017.0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic biomaterials that create a dynamic calcium (Ca2+)-, phosphate (PO43-) ion-, and calcium phosphate (CaP)-rich microenvironment, similar to that found in native bone tissue, have been shown to promote osteogenic commitment of stem cells in vitro and in vivo. The intrinsic osteoconductivity and osteoinductivity of such biomaterials make them promising bone grafts for the treatment of bone defects. We thus aimed to evaluate the potential of mineralized biomaterials to induce bone repair of a critical-sized cranial defect in the absence of exogenous cells and growth factors. Our results demonstrate that the mineralized biomaterial alone can support complete bone formation within critical-sized bone defects through recruitment of endogenous cells and neo-bone tissue formation in mice. The newly formed bone tissue recapitulated many key characteristics of native bone such as formation of bone minerals reaching similar bone mineral density, presence of bone-forming osteoblasts and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-expressing osteoclasts, as well as vascular networks. Biomaterials that recruit endogenous cells and provide a tissue-specific microenvironment to modulate cellular behavior and support generation of functional tissues are a key step forward in moving bench-side tissue engineering approaches to the bedside. Such tissue engineering strategies could eventually pave the path toward readily available therapies that significantly reduce patient cost of care and improve overall clinical outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva C González Díaz
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of California , San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Yu-Ru V Shih
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of California , San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Manando Nakasaki
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of California , San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Mengqian Liu
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of California , San Diego, La Jolla, California.,2 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California , San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Shyni Varghese
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of California , San Diego, La Jolla, California.,2 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California , San Diego, La Jolla, California
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ding Z, Han H, Fan Z, Lu H, Sang Y, Yao Y, Cheng Q, Lu Q, Kaplan DL. Nanoscale Silk-Hydroxyapatite Hydrogels for Injectable Bone Biomaterials. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:16913-16921. [PMID: 28471165 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b03932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Injectable hydrogel systems are important bone substitutes for regeneration because of their handling properties and the ability to fill irregular defects. Silk-hydroxyapatite composite materials with silk nanofibers in hydrogels were prepared and used as biomaterials for osteogenesis. These thixotropic silk nanofiber hydrogels and water-dispersible silk-HA nanoparticles were blended to form injectable nanoscale systems with a homogeneous distribution of a high HA content [60% (w/w)] to imitate bone niche. A modulus of ∼21 kPa was also achieved following the addition of HA in the systems, providing physical cues to induce osteodifferentiation. The composite hydrogels supported improved osteogenesis compared to that with silk nanofiber hydrogels. The newly formed bone tissue and bone defect healing were detected after implantation of the silk-HA composite hydrogels, suggesting utility for the regeneration of irregular bone defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhao Ding
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Han
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihai Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou 215000, People's Republic of China
| | - Haijun Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou 215000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghuan Sang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuling Yao
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Cheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Lu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University , Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shih YR, Kang H, Rao V, Chiu YJ, Kwon SK, Varghese S. In vivo engineering of bone tissues with hematopoietic functions and mixed chimerism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:5419-24. [PMID: 28484009 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1702576114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic biomimetic matrices with osteoconductivity and osteoinductivity have been developed to regenerate bone tissues. However, whether such systems harbor donor marrow in vivo and support mixed chimerism remains unknown. We devised a strategy to engineer bone tissues with a functional bone marrow (BM) compartment in vivo by using a synthetic biomaterial with spatially differing cues. Specifically, we have developed a synthetic matrix recapitulating the dual-compartment structures by modular assembly of mineralized and nonmineralized macroporous structures. Our results show that these matrices incorporated with BM cells or BM flush transplanted into recipient mice matured into functional bone displaying the cardinal features of both skeletal and hematopoietic compartments similar to native bone tissue. The hematopoietic function of bone tissues was demonstrated by its support for a higher percentage of mixed chimerism compared with i.v. injection and donor hematopoietic cell mobilization in the circulation of nonirradiated recipients. Furthermore, hematopoietic cells sorted from the engineered bone tissues reconstituted the hematopoietic system when transplanted into lethally irradiated secondary recipients. Such engineered bone tissues could potentially be used as ectopic BM surrogates for treatment of nonmalignant BM diseases and as a tool to study hematopoiesis, donor-host cell dynamics, tumor tropism, and hematopoietic cell transplantation.
Collapse
|
14
|
Salamanna F, Sartori M, Brodano GB, Griffoni C, Martini L, Boriani S, Fini M. Mesenchymal Stem Cells for the Treatment of Spinal Arthrodesis: From Preclinical Research to Clinical Scenario. Stem Cells Int. 2017;2017:3537094. [PMID: 28286524 PMCID: PMC5327761 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3537094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of spinal fusion procedures has rapidly augmented over the last decades and although autogenous bone graft is the “gold standard” for these procedures, alternatives to its use have been investigated over many years. A number of emerging strategies as well as tissue engineering with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been planned to enhance spinal fusion rate. This descriptive systematic literature review summarizes the in vivo studies, dealing with the use of MSCs in spinal arthrodesis surgery and the state of the art in clinical applications. The review has yielded promising evidence supporting the use of MSCs as a cell-based therapy in spinal fusion procedures, thus representing a suitable biological approach able to reduce the high cost of osteoinductive factors as well as the high dose needed to induce bone formation. Nevertheless, despite the fact that MSCs therapy is an interesting and important opportunity of research, in this review it was detected that there are still doubts about the optimal cell concentration and delivery method as well as the ideal implantation techniques and the type of scaffolds for cell delivery. Thus, further inquiry is necessary to carefully evaluate the clinical safety and efficacy of MSCs use in spine fusion.
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Discectomy and lumbar fusion are common clinical approaches to treating intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration with the aid of autologous bone and/or biomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou
- China
- College of Life Science and Technology
| | - Zhiwen Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Riwang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Jinhuan Tian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou
- China
- Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials
| | - Guodong Sun
- Overseas Chinese Hospital Orthopaedic Research Center
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Lihua Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou
- China
- Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Shan Ding
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou
- China
- Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials
| | - Changren Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou
- China
- Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wen C, Kang H, Shih YRV, Hwang Y, Varghese S. In vivo comparison of biomineralized scaffold-directed osteogenic differentiation of human embryonic and mesenchymal stem cells. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2016; 6:121-31. [PMID: 26105532 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-015-0242-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells such as embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and multipotent stem cells like mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) hold great promise as potential cell sources for bone tissue regeneration. Comparing the in vivo osteogenesis of hESCs and hMSCs by biomaterial-based cues provides insight into the differentiation kinetics of these cells as well as their potential to contribute to bone tissue repair in vivo. Here, we compared in vivo osteogenic differentiation of hESCs and hMSCs within osteoinductive calcium phosphate (CaP)-bearing biomineralized scaffolds that recapitulate a bone-specific mineral microenvironment. Both hESCs and hMSCs underwent osteogenic differentiation responding to the biomaterial-based instructive cues. Furthermore, hMSCs underwent earlier in vivo osteogenesis compared to hESCs, but both stem cell types acquired a similar osteogenic maturation by 8 weeks of implantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cai Wen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Sipailou 2#, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Heemin Kang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California- San Diego, 9500, Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0412, USA
| | - Yu-Ru V Shih
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California- San Diego, 9500, Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0412, USA
| | - YongSung Hwang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California- San Diego, 9500, Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0412, USA
| | - Shyni Varghese
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California- San Diego, 9500, Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0412, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Calabrese G, Giuffrida R, Forte S, Salvatorelli L, Fabbi C, Figallo E, Gulisano M, Parenti R, Magro G, Colarossi C, Memeo L, Gulino R. Bone augmentation after ectopic implantation of a cell-free collagen-hydroxyapatite scaffold in the mouse. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36399. [PMID: 27821853 PMCID: PMC5099581 DOI: 10.1038/srep36399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The bone grafting is the classical way to treat large bone defects. Among the available techniques, autologous bone grafting is still the most used but, however, it can cause complications such as infection and donor site morbidity. Alternative and innovative methods rely on the development of biomaterials mimicking the structure and properties of natural bone. In this study, we characterized a cell-free scaffold, which was subcutaneously implanted in mice and then analyzed both in vivo and ex vivo after 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 weeks, respectively. Two types of biomaterials, made of either collagen alone or collagen plus magnesium-enriched hydroxyapatite have been used. The results indicate that bone augmentation and angiogenesis could spontaneously occur into the biomaterial, probably by the recruitment of host cells, and that the composition of the scaffolds is crucial. In particular, the biomaterial more closely mimicking the native bone drives the process of bone augmentation more efficiently. Gene expression analysis and immunohistochemistry demonstrate the expression of typical markers of osteogenesis by the host cells populating the scaffold. Our data suggest that this biomaterial could represent a promising tool for the reconstruction of large bone defects, without using exogenous living cells or growth factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Calabrese
- IOM Ricerca, Viagrande, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Physiology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | | | - Lucia Salvatorelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, G.F. Ingrassia, “Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele”, Anatomic Pathology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | | | - Massimo Gulisano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Physiology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosalba Parenti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Physiology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Gaetano Magro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, G.F. Ingrassia, “Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele”, Anatomic Pathology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Cristina Colarossi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- IOM Ricerca, Viagrande, Italy
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande, Italy
| | - Rosario Gulino
- IOM Ricerca, Viagrande, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Physiology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kang H, Shih YRV, Nakasaki M, Kabra H, Varghese S. Small molecule-driven direct conversion of human pluripotent stem cells into functional osteoblasts. Sci Adv 2016; 2:e1600691. [PMID: 27602403 PMCID: PMC5007071 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The abilities of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to proliferate without phenotypic alteration and to differentiate into tissue-specific progeny make them a promising cell source for regenerative medicine and development of physiologically relevant in vitro platforms. Despite this potential, efficient conversion of hPSCs into tissue-specific cells still remains a challenge. Herein, we report direct conversion of hPSCs into functional osteoblasts through the use of adenosine, a naturally occurring nucleoside in the human body. The hPSCs treated with adenosine not only expressed the molecular signatures of osteoblasts but also produced calcified bone matrix. Our findings show that the adenosine-mediated osteogenesis of hPSCs involved the adenosine A2bR. When implanted in vivo, using macroporous synthetic matrices, the human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived donor cells participated in the repair of critical-sized bone defects through the formation of neobone tissue without teratoma formation. The newly formed bone tissues exhibited various attributes of the native tissue, including vascularization and bone resorption. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of adenosine-induced differentiation of hPSCs into functional osteoblasts and their subsequent use to regenerate bone tissues in vivo. This approach that uses a physiologically relevant single small molecule to generate hPSC-derived progenitor cells is highly appealing because of its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, scalability, and impact in cell manufacturing, all of which are decisive factors for successful translational applications of hPSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heemin Kang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yu-Ru V. Shih
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Manando Nakasaki
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Harsha Kabra
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shyni Varghese
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rao V, Shih YRV, Kang H, Kabra H, Varghese S. Adenosine Signaling Mediates Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells on Mineralized Matrices. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2015; 3:185. [PMID: 26618155 PMCID: PMC4639610 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2015.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are attractive cell sources for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine due to their self-renewal and differentiation ability. Design of biomaterials with an intrinsic ability that promotes hESC differentiation to the targeted cell type boasts significant advantages for tissue regeneration. We have previously developed biomineralized calcium phosphate (CaP) matrices that inherently direct osteogenic differentiation of hESCs without the need of osteogenic-inducing chemicals or growth factors. Here, we show that CaP matrix-driven osteogenic differentiation of hESCs occurs through A2b adenosine receptor (A2bR). The inhibition of the receptor with an A2bR-specific antagonist attenuated mineralized matrix-mediated osteogenic differentiation of hESCs. In addition, when cultured on matrices in an environment deficient of CaP minerals, exogenous adenosine promoted osteogenic differentiation of hESCs, but was attenuated by the inhibition of A2bR. Such synthetic matrices that intrinsically support osteogenic commitment of hESCs are not only beneficial for bone tissue engineering but can also be used as a platform to study the effect of the physical and chemical cues to the extracellular milieu on stem cell commitment. Insights into the cell signaling during matrix-induced differentiation of stem cells will also help define the key processes and enable discovery of new targets that promote differentiation of pluripotent stem cells for bone tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Rao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Yu-Ru V Shih
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Heemin Kang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Harsha Kabra
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Shyni Varghese
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA
| |
Collapse
|