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Banerjee A, Mukherjee S, Maji BK. Worldwide flavor enhancer monosodium glutamate combined with high lipid diet provokes metabolic alterations and systemic anomalies: An overview. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:938-961. [PMID: 34026558 PMCID: PMC8120859 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavor enhancing high lipid diet acts as silent killer. Monosodium glutamate mixed with high lipid diet alters redox-status. Monosodium glutamate mixed with high lipid diet induces systemic anomalies.
In this fast-food era, people depend on ready-made foods and engage in minimal physical activities that ultimately change their food habits. Majorities of such foods have harmful effects on human health due to higher percentages of saturated fatty acids, trans-fatty acids, and hydrogenated fats in the form of high lipid diet (HLD). Moreover, food manufacturers add monosodium glutamate (MSG) to enhance the taste and palatability of the HLD. Both MSG and HLD induce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thereby alter the redox-homeostasis to cause systemic damage. However, MSG mixed HLD (MH) consumption leads to dyslipidemia, silently develops non-alcoholic fatty liver disease followed by metabolic alterations and systemic anomalies, even malignancies, via modulating different signaling pathways. This comprehensive review formulates health care strategies to create global awareness about the harmful impact of MH on the human body and recommends the daily consumption of more natural foods rich in antioxidants instead of toxic ingredients to counterbalance the MH-induced systemic anomalies.
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Gregg JR, Zhang X, Chapin B, Ward J, Kim J, Davis J, Daniel CR. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and grade group progression in localized prostate cancer: An active surveillance cohort. Cancer 2021; 127:720-728. [PMID: 33411364 PMCID: PMC9810094 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.33182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Mediterranean diet (MD) may be beneficial for men with localized prostate cancer (PCa) on active surveillance (AS) because of its anti-inflammatory, antilipidemic, and chemopreventive properties. This study prospectively investigated adherence to the MD with Gleason score progression and explored associations by diabetes status, statin use, and other factors. METHODS Men with newly diagnosed PCa on an AS protocol (n = 410) completed a baseline food frequency questionnaire, and the MD score was calculated across 9 energy-adjusted food groups. Cox proportional hazards models were fit to evaluate multivariable-adjusted associations of the MD score with progression-free survival; progression was defined as an increase in the Gleason grade group (GG) score over a biennial monitoring regimen. RESULTS In this cohort, 15% of the men were diabetic, 44% of the men used statins, and 76 men progressed (median follow-up, 36 months). After adjustments for clinical factors, higher adherence to the MD was associated with a lower risk of GG progression among all men (hazard ratio [HR] per 1-unit increase in MD score, 0.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.77-1.01), non-White men (HR per 1-unit increase in MD score, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.45-0.92; P for interaction = .07), and men without diabetes (HR per 1-unit increase in MD score, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.71-0.96; P for interaction = .03). When joint effects of the MD score and statin use were examined, a similar risk reduction was observed among men with high MD scores who did not use statins in comparison with men with low/moderate MD scores with no statin use. CONCLUSIONS The MD is associated with a lower risk of GG progression in men on AS, and this is consistent with prior reports about the MD and reduced cancer morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R. Gregg
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX,Joint Corresponding authors: Justin R. Gregg, MD, Mailing address: 1155 Pressler Street, Unit 1373, Department of Urology, Division of Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, , Phone: 713-563-1432, Fax: 713-794-4824, Carrie R. Daniel, PhD, Mailing address: 1155 Pressler Street, Unit 1340, Room CPB4.3241, Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, , Phone: 713-563-5783, Fax: 713-563-1367
| | - Xiaotao Zhang
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Brian Chapin
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Jeri Kim
- Merck & Co., Inc. Kenilworth, NJ
| | - John Davis
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Carrie R. Daniel
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX,Joint Corresponding authors: Justin R. Gregg, MD, Mailing address: 1155 Pressler Street, Unit 1373, Department of Urology, Division of Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, , Phone: 713-563-1432, Fax: 713-794-4824, Carrie R. Daniel, PhD, Mailing address: 1155 Pressler Street, Unit 1340, Room CPB4.3241, Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, , Phone: 713-563-5783, Fax: 713-563-1367
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Joshi T, Patel I, Kumar A, Donovan V, Levenson AS. Grape Powder Supplementation Attenuates Prostate Neoplasia Associated with Pten Haploinsufficiency in Mice Fed High-Fat Diet. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e2000326. [PMID: 32618118 PMCID: PMC8103660 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Previous studies have identified potent anticancer activities of polyphenols in preventing prostate cancer. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the chemopreventive potential of grape powder (GP) supplemented diets in genetically predisposed and obesity-provoked prostate cancer. METHODS AND RESULTS Prostate-specific Pten heterozygous (Pten+/f ) transgenic mice are fed low- and high-fat diet (LFD and HFD, respectively) supplemented with 10% GP for 33 weeks, ad libitum. Prostate tissues are characterized using immunohistochemistry and western blots, and sera are analyzed by ELISA and qRT-PCR. Pten+/f mice fed LFD and HFD supplemented with 10% GP show favorable histopathology, significant reduction of the proliferative rate of prostate epithelial cells (Ki67), and rescue of PTEN expression. The most potent protective effect of GP supplementation is detected against HFD-induced increase in inflammation (IL-1β; TGF-β1), activation of cell survival pathways (Akt, AR), and angiogenesis (CD31) in Pten+/f mice. Moreover, GP supplementation reduces circulating levels of oncogenic microRNAs (miR-34a; miR-22) in Pten+/f mice. There are no significant changes in body weight and food intake in GP supplemented diet groups. CONCLUSIONS GP diet supplementation can be a beneficial chemopreventive strategy for obesity-related inflammation and prostate cancer progression. Monitoring serum miRNAs can facilitate the non-invasive evaluation of chemoprevention efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Joshi
- Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Ishani Patel
- Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Avinash Kumar
- Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | | | - Anait S. Levenson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, NY 11548, USA
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Holly JMP, Biernacka K, Perks CM. The role of insulin-like growth factors in the development of prostate cancer. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2020; 15:237-250. [PMID: 32441162 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2020.1764844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preclinical, clinical, and population studies have provided robust evidence for an important role for the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system in the development of prostate cancer. AREAS COVERED An overview of the IGF system is provided. The evidence implicating the IGF system in the development of prostate cancer is summarized. The compelling evidence culminated in a number of clinical trials of agents targeting the system; the reasons for the failure of these trials are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Clinical trials of agents targeting the IGF system in prostate cancer were terminated due to limited objective clinical responses and are unlikely to be resumed unless a convincing predictive biomarker is identified that would enable the selection of likely responders. The aging population and increased screening will lead to greater diagnosis of prostate cancer. Although the vast majority will be indolent disease, the epidemics of obesity and diabetes will increase the proportion that progress to clinical disease. The increased population of worried men will result in more trials aimed to reduce the risk of disease progression; actual clinical endpoints will be challenging and the IGFs remain the best intermediate biomarkers to indicate a response that could alter the course of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff M P Holly
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Translational Health Science, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital , Bristol, UK
| | - Kalina Biernacka
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Translational Health Science, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital , Bristol, UK
| | - Claire M Perks
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Translational Health Science, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital , Bristol, UK
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Nogueira-Lima E, Lamas CDA, Baseggio AM, do Vale JSF, Maróstica Junior MR, Cagnon VHA. High-fat diet effects on the prostatic adenocarcinoma model and jaboticaba peel extract intake: protective response in metabolic disorders and liver histopathology. Nutr Cancer 2019; 72:1366-1377. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2019.1684526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Nogueira-Lima
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Andressa Mara Baseggio
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Lin PH, Freedland SJ. Dietary intake and prostate cancer, continued pursuit for evidence. Transl Androl Urol 2019; 8:S246-S249. [PMID: 31392135 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2019.01.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pao-Hwa Lin
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Stephen J Freedland
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Center for Integrated Research on Cancer and Lifestyle, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Narita S, Nara T, Sato H, Koizumi A, Huang M, Inoue T, Habuchi T. Research Evidence on High-Fat Diet-Induced Prostate Cancer Development and Progression. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8050597. [PMID: 31052319 PMCID: PMC6572108 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although recent evidence has suggested that a high-fat diet (HFD) plays an important role in prostate carcinogenesis, the underlying mechanisms have largely remained unknown. This review thus summarizes previous preclinical studies that have used prostate cancer cells and animal models to assess the impact of dietary fat on prostate cancer development and progression. Large variations in the previous studies were found during the selection of preclinical models and types of dietary intervention. Subcutaneous human prostate cancer cell xenografts, such as LNCaP, LAPC-4, and PC-3 and genetic engineered mouse models, such as TRAMP and Pten knockout, were frequently used. The dietary interventions had not been standardized, and distinct variations in the phenotype were observed in different studies using distinct HFD components. The use of different dietary components in the research models is reported to influence the effect of diet-induced metabolic disorders. The proposed underlying mechanisms for HFD-induced prostate cancer were divided into (1) growth factor signaling, (2) lipid metabolism, (3) inflammation, (4) hormonal modulation, and others. A number of preclinical studies proposed that dietary fat and/or obesity enhanced prostate cancer development and progression. However, the relationship still remains controversial, and care should be taken when interpreting the results in a human context. Future studies using more sophisticated preclinical models are imperative in order to explore deeper understanding regarding the impact of dietary fat on the development and progression of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Narita
- Department of Urology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan.
| | - Taketoshi Nara
- Department of Urology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan.
| | - Hiromi Sato
- Department of Urology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Koizumi
- Department of Urology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan.
| | - Mingguo Huang
- Department of Urology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan.
| | - Takamitsu Inoue
- Department of Urology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan.
| | - Tomonori Habuchi
- Department of Urology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan.
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Abstract
The uncontrolled cellular growth that characterizes tumor formation requires a constant delivery of nutrients. Since the 1970s, researchers have wondered if the supply of nutrients from the diet could impact tumor development. Numerous studies have assessed the impact of dietary components, specifically sugar and fat, to increased cancer risk. For the most part, data from these trials have been inconclusive; however, this does not indicate that dietary factors do not contribute to cancer progression. Rather, the dietary contribution may be dependent on tumor, patient, and context, making it difficult to detect in the setting of large trials. In this review, we combine data from prospective cohort trials with mechanistic studies in mice to argue that fat and sugar can play a role in tumorigenesis and disease progression. We find that certain tumors may respond directly to dietary sugar (colorectal and endometrial cancers) and fat (prostate cancer) or indirectly to the obese state (breast cancer).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus D. Goncalves
- Meyer Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA;, ,
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Benjamin D. Hopkins
- Meyer Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA;, ,
| | - Lewis C. Cantley
- Meyer Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA;, ,
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Gregg JR, Zheng J, Lopez DS, Reichard C, Browman G, Chapin B, Kim J, Davis J, Daniel CR. Diet quality and Gleason grade progression among localised prostate cancer patients on active surveillance. Br J Cancer 2019; 120:466-71. [PMID: 30679782 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0380-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background High diet quality may support a metabolic and anti-inflammatory state less conducive to tumour progression. We prospectively investigated diet quality in relation to Gleason grade progression among localised prostate cancer patients on active surveillance, a clinical management strategy of disease monitoring and delayed intervention. Methods Men with newly diagnosed Gleason score 6 or 7 prostate cancer enroled on a biennial monitoring regimen. Patients completed a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) at baseline (n = 411) and first 6-month follow-up (n = 263). Cox proportional hazards models were fitted to evaluate multivariable-adjusted associations of diet quality [defined via the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015] with Gleason grade progression. Results After a median follow-up of 36 months, 76 men progressed. Following adjustment for clinicopathologic factors, we observed a suggestive inverse association between baseline diet quality and Gleason grade progression [hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the highest vs. the lowest HEI-2015 tertile: 0.59 (0.32–1.08); Ptrend = 0.06]. We observed no associations with diet quality at 6-month follow-up, nor change in diet quality from baseline. Conclusions In localised prostate cancer patients on surveillance, higher diet quality or conformance with United States dietary guidelines at enrolment may lower risk of Gleason grade progression, though additional confirmatory research is needed.
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Lin PH, Aronson W, Freedland SJ. An update of research evidence on nutrition and prostate cancer. Urol Oncol 2017; 37:387-401. [PMID: 29103966 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) remains a leading cause of mortality in US and other countries. Preclinical and clinical studies have examined the role of nutrition and dietary intake on the incidence and progression of PCa with mixed results. OBJECTIVE The objective of this chapter is to provide an update of recent published literature and highlight progress in the field. MAIN FINDINGS Low carbohydrate intake, soy protein, ω3 fat, green teas, tomatoes and tomato products and the herbal mixture-zyflamend showed promise in reducing PCa risk or progression. On the contrary, a higher animal fat intake and a higher β-carotene status may increase risk. A "U" shape relationship may exist between folate, vitamin C, vitamin D and calcium with PCa risk. Conclusion Despite the inconclusive findings, the potential for a role of dietary intake for the prevention and treatment of PCa remains promising. Maintaining a healthy body weight and following a healthy dietary pattern including antioxidant rich fruits and vegetables, reduced animal fat and refined carbohydrates, should be encouraged. CONCLUSION Despite the inconclusive findings, the potential for a role of dietary intake for the prevention and treatment of PCa remains promising. Maintaining a healthy body weight and following a healthy dietary pattern including antioxidant rich fruits and vegetables, reduced animal fat and refined carbohydrates, should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pao-Hwa Lin
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
| | - William Aronson
- Urology Section, Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Urology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Stephen J Freedland
- Department of Surgery, Center for Integrated Research on Cancer and Lifestyle, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA; Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC
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Hu J, Yang T, Xu H, Hu M, Wen H, Jiang H. A novel anticancer agent icaritin inhibited proinflammatory cytokines in TRAMP mice. Int Urol Nephrol 2016; 48:1649-55. [PMID: 27282153 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-016-1341-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to investigate whether icaritin (ICT) would inhibit serum proinflammatory cytokines and postpone prostate cancer (PCa) development and progression in both normal diet and high-fat diet (HFD) transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice. METHODS TRAMP mice were randomly divided into four groups: normal diet with/without ICT group and HFD with/without ICT group. Each TRAMP mouse received intraperitoneal injection of ICT solution at the dose of 30 mg/kg 5 times per week. RESULTS ICT treatment could significantly increase the survival when compared with those in normal diet group (P = 0.015, log-rank test) and HFD group (P = 0.009, log-rank test). Proinflammatory cytokine levels, including IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, were decreased more or less in ICT-treated TRAMP mice. Moreover, significant higher inflammation scores were detected in normal diet group and HFD group compared with their relevant ICT treatment groups (P = 0.026 and P = 0.006, respectively). Meanwhile, the incidences of well-differentiated tumor tissue in two ICT treatment groups (39.13 and 31.82 %) were moderately higher than control groups (29.41 and 20.00 %, respectively), though no significant difference was observed. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our findings indicate that ICT could inhibit the development and progression of PCa in TRAMP mice via inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines.
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Xu H, Hu MB, Bai PD, Zhu WH, Liu SH, Hou JY, Xiong ZQ, Ding Q, Jiang HW. Proinflammatory cytokines in prostate cancer development and progression promoted by high-fat diet. Biomed Res Int 2015; 2015:249741. [PMID: 25722971 DOI: 10.1155/2015/249741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background. We aimed to examine whether proinflammatory cytokines participated in prostate cancer (PCa) development and progression promoted by high-fat diet (HFD). Methods. TRAMP (transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate) mice were randomly divided into two groups: normal diet group and HFD group. Mortality rate and tumor formation rate were examined. TRAMP mice were sacrificed and sampled on the 20th, 24th, and 28th week, respectively. Levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, were tested by FlowCytomix. Prostate tissue of TRAMP mice was used for histology study. Results. A total of 13 deaths of TRAMP mice were observed, among which 3 (8.33%) were from the normal diet group and 10 (27.78%) from the HFD group. The mortality rate of TRAMP mice from HFD group was significantly higher than that of normal diet group (P = 0.032). Tumor formation rate at 20th week of age of HFD group was significantly higher than that of normal diet group (P = 0.045). Proinflammatory cytokines levels, including IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, were significantly higher in HFD TRAMP mice. Conclusions. HFD could promote TRAMP mouse PCa development and progression with elevated proinflammatory cytokines levels. Proinflammatory cytokines could contribute to PCa development and progression promoted by HFD.
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