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Bai J, Zhao Y, Shi K, Fan Y, Ha Y, Chen Y, Luo B, Lu Y, Jie W, Shen Z. HIF-1α-mediated LAMC1 overexpression is an unfavorable predictor of prognosis for glioma patients: evidence from pan-cancer analysis and validation experiments. J Transl Med 2024; 22:391. [PMID: 38678297 PMCID: PMC11056071 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05218-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laminin subunit gamma-1 (LAMC1) is a major extracellular matrix molecule involved in the tumor microenvironment. Knowledge of the biological features and clinical relevance of LAMC1 in cancers remains limited. METHODS We conducted comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of LAMC1 gene expression and clinical relevance in pan-cancer datasets of public databases and validated LAMC1 expression in glioma tissues and cell lines. The association and regulatory mechanism between hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and LAMC1 expression were explored. RESULTS LAMC1 expression in most cancers in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) including glioma was significantly higher than that in normal tissues, which had a poor prognosis and were related to various clinicopathological features. Data from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas also showed high expression of LAMC1 in glioma associated with poor prognoses. In clinical glioma tissues, LAMC1 protein was highly expressed and correlated to poor overall survival. LAMC1 knockdown in Hs683 glioma cells attenuated cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, while overexpression of LAMC1 in U251 cells leads to the opposite trend. Most TCGA solid cancers including glioma showed enhancement of HIF-1α expression. High HIF-1α expression leads to adverse prognosis in gliomas, besides, HIF-1α expression was positively related to LAMC1. Mechanistically, HIF-1α directly upregulated LAMC1 promotor activity. Hypoxia (2% O2)-treated Hs683 and U251 cells exhibited upregulated HIF-1α and LAMC1 expression, which was significantly attenuated by HIF-1α inhibitor YC-1 and accompanied by attenuated cell proliferation and invasion. CONCLUSIONS High expression of LAMC1 in some solid tumors including gliomas suggests a poor prognosis. The hypoxic microenvironment in gliomas activates the HIF-1α/LAMC1 signaling, thereby promoting tumor progression. Targeted intervention on the HIF-1α/LAMC1 signaling attenuates cell growth and invasion, suggesting a new strategy for glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Bai
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Yangyang Zhao
- Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital & Cancer Institute, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570102, China
- Emergency and Trauma College, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China
| | - Kaijia Shi
- Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital & Cancer Institute, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570102, China
| | - Yonghao Fan
- Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital & Cancer Institute, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570102, China
| | - Yanping Ha
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital & Cancer Institute, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570102, China
| | - Botao Luo
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
| | - Yanda Lu
- Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital & Cancer Institute, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570102, China.
| | - Wei Jie
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China.
- Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital & Cancer Institute, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570102, China.
- Emergency and Trauma College, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China.
| | - Zhihua Shen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China.
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Martín-Bórnez M, Falcón D, Morrugares R, Siegfried G, Khatib AM, Rosado JA, Galeano-Otero I, Smani T. New Insights into the Reparative Angiogenesis after Myocardial Infarction. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12298. [PMID: 37569674 PMCID: PMC10418963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) causes massive loss of cardiac myocytes and injury to the coronary microcirculation, overwhelming the limited capacity of cardiac regeneration. Cardiac repair after MI is finely organized by complex series of procedures involving a robust angiogenic response that begins in the peri-infarcted border area of the infarcted heart, concluding with fibroblast proliferation and scar formation. Efficient neovascularization after MI limits hypertrophied myocytes and scar extent by the reduction in collagen deposition and sustains the improvement in cardiac function. Compelling evidence from animal models and classical in vitro angiogenic approaches demonstrate that a plethora of well-orchestrated signaling pathways involving Notch, Wnt, PI3K, and the modulation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration through ion channels, regulate angiogenesis from existing endothelial cells (ECs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in the infarcted heart. Moreover, cardiac repair after MI involves cell-to-cell communication by paracrine/autocrine signals, mainly through the delivery of extracellular vesicles hosting pro-angiogenic proteins and non-coding RNAs, as microRNAs (miRNAs). This review highlights some general insights into signaling pathways activated under MI, focusing on the role of Ca2+ influx, Notch activated pathway, and miRNAs in EC activation and angiogenesis after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Martín-Bórnez
- Group of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University Hospital of Virgen del Rocío/University of Seville/CSIC, Avenida Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain; (M.M.-B.); (D.F.); (R.M.)
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Débora Falcón
- Group of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University Hospital of Virgen del Rocío/University of Seville/CSIC, Avenida Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain; (M.M.-B.); (D.F.); (R.M.)
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Rosario Morrugares
- Group of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University Hospital of Virgen del Rocío/University of Seville/CSIC, Avenida Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain; (M.M.-B.); (D.F.); (R.M.)
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Geraldine Siegfried
- RyTME, Bordeaux Institute of Oncology (BRIC)-UMR1312 Inserm, B2 Ouest, Allée Geoffroy St Hilaire CS50023, 33615 Pessac, France (A.-M.K.)
| | - Abdel-Majid Khatib
- RyTME, Bordeaux Institute of Oncology (BRIC)-UMR1312 Inserm, B2 Ouest, Allée Geoffroy St Hilaire CS50023, 33615 Pessac, France (A.-M.K.)
| | - Juan A. Rosado
- Cellular Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers (IMPB), University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain;
| | - Isabel Galeano-Otero
- Group of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University Hospital of Virgen del Rocío/University of Seville/CSIC, Avenida Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain; (M.M.-B.); (D.F.); (R.M.)
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Tarik Smani
- Group of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University Hospital of Virgen del Rocío/University of Seville/CSIC, Avenida Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain; (M.M.-B.); (D.F.); (R.M.)
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain
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Ala M. The beneficial effects of mesenchymal stem cells and their exosomes on myocardial infarction and critical considerations for enhancing their efficacy. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 89:101980. [PMID: 37302757 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stromal cells with regenerative, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. MSCs and their exosomes significantly improved structural and functional alterations after myocardial infarction (MI) in preclinical studies and clinical trials. By reprograming intracellular signaling pathways, MSCs attenuate inflammatory response, oxidative stress, apoptosis, pyroptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and improve angiogenesis, mitochondrial biogenesis, and myocardial remodeling after MI. MSC-derived exosomes contain a mixture of non-coding RNAs, growth factors, anti-inflammatory mediators, and anti-fibrotic factors. Although primary results from clinical trials were promising, greater efficacies can be achieved by controlling several modifiable factors. The optimum timing of transplantation, route of administration, origin of MSCs, number of doses, and number of cells per dose need to be further investigated by future studies. Newly, highly effective MSC delivery systems have been developed to improve the efficacy of MSCs and their exosomes. Moreover, MSCs can be more efficacious after being pretreated with non-coding RNAs, growth factors, anti-inflammatory or inflammatory mediators, and hypoxia. Similarly, viral vector-mediated overexpression of particular genes can augment the protective effects of MSCs on MI. Therefore, future clinical trials must consider these advances in preclinical studies to properly reflect the efficacy of MSCs or their exosomes for MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moein Ala
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Abstract
Notch signaling is involved in cell fate determination and deregulated in human solid tumors. Hypoxia is an important feature in many solid tumors, which activates hypoxia-induced factors (HIFs) and their downstream targets to promote tumorigenesis and cancer development. Recently, HIFs have been shown to trigger the Notch signaling pathway in a variety of organisms and tissues. In this review, we focus on the pro- and anti-tumorigenic functions of Notch signaling and discuss the crosstalk between Notch signaling and cellular hypoxic response in cancer pathogenesis, including epithelia-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, and the maintenance of cancer stem cells. The pharmacological strategies targeting Notch signaling and hypoxia in cancer are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhou Guo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of National Health Commission, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Niu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of National Health Commission, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Xie
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of National Health Commission, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiansheng Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of National Health Commission, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaochen Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of National Health Commission, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Xiaochen Li,
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Yang T, Wu E, Zhu X, Leng Y, Ye S, Dong R, Liu J, Zhong J, Zheng Y, Xu W, Luo J, Kong L, Zhang H. TKF, a mexicanolide-type limonoid derivative, suppressed hepatic stellate cells activation and liver fibrosis through inhibition of the YAP/Notch3 pathway. Phytomedicine 2022; 107:154466. [PMID: 36182796 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver fibrosis is a common scarring response and may ultimately lead to liver cancer, unfortunately, there is currently no effective antifibrotic drug approved for human use. Limonoids exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities; however, the potential role of limonoids against fibrosis is largely unknown. PURPOSE This study investigates the antifibrotic activities and potential mechanisms of TKF (3-tigloyl-khasenegasin F), a natural mexicanolide-type limonoid derivative. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS Two well-established mouse models (CCl4 challenge and bile duct ligation) were used to assess anti-fibrotic effects of TKF in vivo. Human hepatic stellate cell (HSC) line LX-2 and mouse primary hepatic stellate cells (pHSCs) also served as in vitro liver fibrosis models. RESULT TKF administration significantly attenuated hepatic histopathological injury and collagen accumulation and suppressed fibrogenesis-associated gene expression including Col1a1, Acta2, and Timp1. In LX-2 cells and mouse pHSCs, TKF dose-dependently suppressed HSC activation and the expression levels of fibrogenic markers. Mechanistic studies showed that TKF inhibited Notch3-Hes1 and YAP signalings in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, YAP inhibition or knockdown downregulated the Notch3 expression; however, Notch3 inhibition or knockdown did not affect the level of YAP in activated HSC. We revealed that TKF inhibited Notch3-Hes1 activation and downregulated hepatic fibrogenic gene expression via inhibiting YAP. CONCLUSION The therapeutic benefit of TKF against liver fibrosis results from inhibition of YAP and Notch3-Hes1 pathways, indicating that TKF may be a novel therapeutic candidate for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Enyi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingrong Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengtao Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruirui Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaman Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiawen Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingyi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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Liu X, Chen Q, Ji X, Yu W, Wang T, Han J, Li S, Liu J, Zeng F, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Luo Q, Wang S, Wang F. Astragaloside IV promotes pharmacological effect of Descurainia sophia seeds on isoproterenol-induced cardiomyopathy in rats by synergistically modulating the myosin motor. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:939483. [PMID: 36034815 PMCID: PMC9403516 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.939483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Descurainia sophia seeds (DS), Astragalus mongholicus (AM), and their formulas are widely used to treat heart failure caused by various cardiac diseases in traditional Chinese medicine practice. However, the molecular mechanism of action of DS and AM has not been completely understood. Herein, we first used mass spectrometry coupled to UPLC to characterize the chemical components of DS and AM decoctions, then applied MS-based quantitative proteomic analysis to profile protein expression in the heart of rats with isoproterenol-induced cardiomyopathy (ISO-iCM) before and after treated with DS alone or combined with AM, astragaloside IV (AS4), calycosin-7-glucoside (C7G), and Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) from AM. We demonstrated for the first time that DS decoction alone could reverse the most of differentially expressed proteins in the heart of the rats with ISO-iCM, including the commonly recognized biomarkers natriuretic peptides (NPPA) of cardiomyopathy and sarcomeric myosin light chain 4 (MYL4), relieving ISO-iCM in rats, but AM did not pronouncedly improve the pharmacological efficiency of DS. Significantly, we revealed that AS4 remarkably promoted the pharmacological potency of DS by complementarily reversing myosin motor MYH6/7, and further downregulating NPPA and MYL4. In contrast, APS reduced the efficiency of DS due to upregulating NPPA and MYL4. These findings not only provide novel insights to better understanding in the combination principle of traditional Chinese medicine but also highlight the power of mass spectrometric proteomics strategy combined with conventional pathological approaches for the traditional medicine research.
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Wang P, Zeng G, Yan Y, Zhang SY, Dong Y, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Liu H, Zhang Z, Jiang C, Pang Y. Disruption of adipocyte HIF-1α improves atherosclerosis through the inhibition of ceramide generation. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1899-1912. [PMID: 35847503 PMCID: PMC9279628 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic multifactorial cardiovascular disease. Western diets have been reported to affect atherosclerosis through regulating adipose function. In high cholesterol diet-fed ApoE–/– mice, adipocyte HIF-1α deficiency or direct inhibition of HIF-1α by the selective pharmacological HIF-1α inhibitor PX-478 alleviates high cholesterol diet-induced atherosclerosis by reducing adipose ceramide generation, which lowers cholesterol levels and reduces inflammatory responses, resulting in improved dyslipidemia and atherogenesis. Smpd3, the gene encoding neutral sphingomyelinase, is identified as a new target gene directly regulated by HIF-1α that is involved in ceramide generation. Injection of lentivirus-SMPD3 in epididymal adipose tissue reverses the decrease in ceramides in adipocytes and eliminates the improvements on atherosclerosis in the adipocyte HIF-1α-deficient mice. Therefore, HIF-1α inhibition may constitute a novel approach to slow atherosclerotic progression.
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Zhang Q, Wang L, Wang S, Cheng H, Xu L, Pei G, Wang Y, Fu C, Jiang Y, He C, Wei Q. Signaling pathways and targeted therapy for myocardial infarction. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:78. [PMID: 35273164 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00925-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the treatment of myocardial infarction (MI) has improved considerably, it is still a worldwide disease with high morbidity and high mortality. Whilst there is still a long way to go for discovering ideal treatments, therapeutic strategies committed to cardioprotection and cardiac repair following cardiac ischemia are emerging. Evidence of pathological characteristics in MI illustrates cell signaling pathways that participate in the survival, proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy of cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, monocytes, and stem cells. These signaling pathways include the key players in inflammation response, e.g., NLRP3/caspase-1 and TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB; the crucial mediators in oxidative stress and apoptosis, for instance, Notch, Hippo/YAP, RhoA/ROCK, Nrf2/HO-1, and Sonic hedgehog; the controller of myocardial fibrosis such as TGF-β/SMADs and Wnt/β-catenin; and the main regulator of angiogenesis, PI3K/Akt, MAPK, JAK/STAT, Sonic hedgehog, etc. Since signaling pathways play an important role in administering the process of MI, aiming at targeting these aberrant signaling pathways and improving the pathological manifestations in MI is indispensable and promising. Hence, drug therapy, gene therapy, protein therapy, cell therapy, and exosome therapy have been emerging and are known as novel therapies. In this review, we summarize the therapeutic strategies for MI by regulating these associated pathways, which contribute to inhibiting cardiomyocytes death, attenuating inflammation, enhancing angiogenesis, etc. so as to repair and re-functionalize damaged hearts.
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Uppulapu SK, Alam MJ, Kumar S, Banerjee SK. Indazole and its Derivatives in Cardiovascular Diseases: Overview, Current Scenario, and Future Perspectives. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:1177-1188. [PMID: 34906057 PMCID: PMC10782885 DOI: 10.2174/1568026621666211214151534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Indazoles are a class of heterocyclic compounds with a bicyclic ring structure composed of a pyrazole ring and a benzene ring. Indazole-containing compounds with various functional groups have important pharmacological activities and can be used as structural motifs in designing novel drug molecules. Some of the indazole-containing molecules are approved by FDA and are already in the market. However, very few drugs with indazole rings have been developed against cardiovascular diseases. This review aims to summarize the structural and pharmacological functions of indazole derivatives which have shown efficacy against cardiovascular pathologies in experimental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shravan Kumar Uppulapu
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati 781101, India
| | - Md. Jahangir Alam
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati 781101, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Sanjay Kumar Banerjee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati 781101, India
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Knox C, Camberos V, Ceja L, Monteon A, Hughes L, Longo L, Kearns-Jonker M. Long-Term Hypoxia Maintains a State of Dedifferentiation and Enhanced Stemness in Fetal Cardiovascular Progenitor Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9382. [PMID: 34502291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-stage mammalian embryos survive within a low oxygen tension environment and develop into fully functional, healthy organisms despite this hypoxic stress. This suggests that hypoxia plays a regulative role in fetal development that influences cell mobilization, differentiation, proliferation, and survival. The long-term hypoxic environment is sustained throughout gestation. Elucidation of the mechanisms by which cardiovascular stem cells survive and thrive under hypoxic conditions would benefit cell-based therapies where stem cell survival is limited in the hypoxic environment of the infarcted heart. The current study addressed the impact of long-term hypoxia on fetal Islet-1+ cardiovascular progenitor cell clones, which were isolated from sheep housed at high altitude. The cells were then cultured in vitro in 1% oxygen and compared with control Islet-1+ cardiovascular progenitor cells maintained at 21% oxygen. RT-PCR, western blotting, flow cytometry, and migration assays evaluated adaptation to long term hypoxia in terms of survival, proliferation, and signaling. Non-canonical Wnt, Notch, AKT, HIF-2α and Yap1 transcripts were induced by hypoxia. The hypoxic niche environment regulates these signaling pathways to sustain the dedifferentiation and survival of fetal cardiovascular progenitor cells.
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Zhao K, Weng L, Xu T, Yang C, Zhang J, Ni G, Guo X, Tu J, Zhang D, Sun W, Kong X. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound prevents prolonged hypoxia-induced cardiac fibrosis through HIF-1α/DNMT3a pathway via a TRAAK-dependent manner. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:1500-1514. [PMID: 34343366 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced cardiac fibrosis is an important pathological process in cardiovascular disorders. This study aimed to determine whether low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS), a novel and safe apparatus, could alleviate hypoxia-induced cardiac fibrosis, and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Hypoxia (1% O2 ) and transverse aortic constriction (TAC) were performed on neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts and mice to induce cardiac fibrosis, respectively. LIPUS irradiation was applied for 20 minutes every 6 hours for a total of 2 times in vitro, and every 2 days from 1 week before surgery to 4 weeks after surgery in vivo. We found that LIPUS dose-dependently attenuated hypoxia-induced cardiac fibroblast phenotypic conversion in vitro, and ameliorated TAC-induced cardiac fibrosis in vivo. Hypoxia significantly upregulated the nuclear protein expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and DNA methyltransferase 3a (DNMT3a). LIPUS pre-treatment reversed the elevated expression of HIF-1α, and DNMT3a. Further experiments revealed that HIF-1α stabilizer dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG) hindered the anti-fibrotic effect of LIPUS, and hampered LIPUS-mediated downregulation of DNMT3a. DNMT3a small interfering RNA (siRNA) prevented hypoxia-induced cardiac fibrosis. Results also showed that the mechanosensitive protein-TWIK-related arachidonic acid-activated K+ channel (TRAAK) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was downregulated in hypoxia-induced cardiac fibroblasts, and TAC-induced hearts. TRAAK siRNA impeded LIPUS-mediated anti-fibrotic effect and downregulation of HIF-1α and DNMT3a. Above results indicated that LIPUS could prevent prolonged hypoxia-induced cardiac fibrosis through TRAAK-mediated HIF-1α/DNMT3a signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liqing Weng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tianhua Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuanxi Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gehui Ni
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiasheng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Tu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangqing Kong
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Chandrakar P, Seth A, Rani A, Dutta M, Parmar N, Descoteaux A, Kar S. Jagged-Notch-mediated divergence of immune cell crosstalk maintains the anti-inflammatory response in visceral leishmaniasis. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs.252494. [PMID: 33589499 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.252494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling governs crucial aspects of intercellular communication spanning antigen-presenting cells and T-cells. In this study, we investigate how Leishmania donovani takes advantage of this pathway to quell host immune responses. We report induction of the Notch ligand Jagged1 in L. donovani-infected bone marrow macrophages (BMMϕs) and subsequent activation of RBPJκ (also known as RBPJ) in T cells, which in turn upregulates the transcription factor GATA3. Activated RBPJκ also associates with the histone acetyltransferase p300 (also known as EP300), which binds with the Bcl2l12 promoter and enhances its expression. Interaction of Bcl2L12 with GATA3 in CD4+ T cells facilitates its binding to the interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-4 promoters, thereby increasing the secretion of these cytokines. Silencing Jagged1 hindered these events in a BMMϕ-T cell co-culture system. Upon further scrutiny, we found that parasite lipophosphoglycan (LPG) induces the host phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway, which activates β-catenin and Egr1, the two transcription factors responsible for driving Jagged1 expression. In v ivo morpholino-silencing of Jagged1 suppresses anti-inflammatory cytokine responses and reduces organ parasite burden in L. donovani-infected Balb/c mice, suggesting that L. donovani-induced host Jagged1-Notch signaling skews macrophage-T cell crosstalk into disease-promoting Th2 mode in experimental visceral leishmaniasis.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Chandrakar
- Division of Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.,Division of Biological Sciences, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Postal Staff College Area, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
| | - Anuradha Seth
- Division of Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.,Division of Biological Sciences, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Postal Staff College Area, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
| | - Ankita Rani
- Division of Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.,Division of Biological Sciences, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Postal Staff College Area, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
| | - Mukul Dutta
- Division of Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.,Division of Biological Sciences, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Postal Staff College Area, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
| | - Naveen Parmar
- Division of Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.,Division of Biological Sciences, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Postal Staff College Area, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
| | - Albert Descoteaux
- Centre for Host-Parasite Interactions, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Susanta Kar
- Division of Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India .,Division of Biological Sciences, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Postal Staff College Area, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
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13
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Jing X, Ren D, Gao F, Chen Y, Wu X, Han Y, Han Q, Li L, Wang X, Tang W, Zhang Y. Gene deficiency or pharmacological inhibition of PDCD4-mediated FGR signaling protects against acute kidney injury. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:394-405. [PMID: 33643819 PMCID: PMC7893143 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) modulates distinct signal transduction pathways in different pathological conditions. Despite acute and chronic immune responses elicited by ischemia contributing to the functional deterioration of the kidney, the contributions and mechanisms of PDCD4 in acute kidney injury (AKI) have remained unclear. Using two murine AKI models including renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) and cisplatin-induced AKI, we found that PDCD4 deficiency markedly ameliorated renal dysfunction and inflammatory responses in AKI mice. Consistently, upregulation of PDCD4 was also confirmed in the kidneys from patients with biopsy confirmed acute tubular necrosis from a retrospective cohort study. Moreover, we found that overexpression of Fgr, a member of the tyrosine kinase family, dramatically aggravated renal injury and counteracted the protective effects of PDCD4 deficiency in AKI mice. We discovered that FGR upregulated NOTCH1 expression through activating STAT3. Most importantly, we further found that systemic administration of ponatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, significantly ameliorated AKI in mice. In summary, we identified that PDCD4 served as an important regulator, at least in part, of FGR/NOTCH1-mediated tubular apoptosis and inflammation in AKI mice. Furthermore, our findings suggest that ponatinib-mediated pharmacologic targeting of this pathway had therapeutic potential for mitigating AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Jing
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China
| | - Dandan Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- Chengda Biology Co., Ltd., Shenyang 110179, China
| | - Fei Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xiao Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yue Han
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Qingsheng Han
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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Shao Z, Wang K, Zhang S, Yuan J, Liao X, Wu C, Zou Y, Ha Y, Shen Z, Guo J, Jie W. Ingenuity pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes involved in signaling pathways and molecular networks in RhoE gene‑edited cardiomyocytes. Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:1225-1238. [PMID: 32705255 PMCID: PMC7388835 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RhoE/Rnd3 is an atypical member of the Rho superfamily of proteins, However, the global biological function profile of this protein remains unsolved. In the present study, a RhoE‑knockout H9C2 cardiomyocyte cell line was established using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, following which differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the knockout and wild‑type cell lines were screened using whole genome expression gene chips. A total of 829 DEGs, including 417 upregulated and 412 downregulated, were identified using the threshold of fold changes ≥1.2 and P<0.05. Using the ingenuity pathways analysis system with a threshold of ‑Log (P‑value)>2, 67 canonical pathways were found to be enriched. Many of the detected signaling pathways, including that of oncostatin M signaling, were found to be associated with the inflammatory response. Subsequent disease and function analysis indicated that apart from cardiovascular disease and development function, RhoE may also be involved in other diseases and function, including organismal survival, cancer, organismal injury and abnormalities, cell‑to‑cell signaling and interaction, and molecular transport. In addition, 885 upstream regulators were enriched, including 59 molecules that were predicated to be strongly activated (Z‑score >2) and 60 molecules that were predicated to be significantly inhibited (Z‑scores <‑2). In particular, 33 regulatory effects and 25 networks were revealed to be associated with the DEGs. Among them, the most significant regulatory effects were 'adhesion of endothelial cells' and 'recruitment of myeloid cells' and the top network was 'neurological disease', 'hereditary disorder, organismal injury and abnormalities'. In conclusion, the present study successfully edited the RhoE gene in H9C2 cells using CRISPR/Cas9 technology and subsequently analyzed the enriched DEGs along with their associated canonical signaling pathways, diseases and functions classification, upstream regulatory molecules, regulatory effects and interaction networks. The results of the present study should facilitate the discovery of the global biological and functional properties of RhoE and provide new insights into role of RhoE in human diseases, especially those in the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongming Shao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, P.R. China
| | - Keke Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, P.R. China
| | - Shuya Zhang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Cardiovascular Diseases Research and Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research of The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, P.R. China
| | - Jianling Yuan
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Liao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, P.R. China
| | - Caixia Wu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Zou
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, P.R. China
| | - Yanping Ha
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, P.R. China
| | - Zhihua Shen
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, P.R. China
| | - Junli Guo
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Cardiovascular Diseases Research and Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research of The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, P.R. China
| | - Wei Jie
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, P.R. China
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Zhang H, Tian Y, Liang D, Fu Q, Jia L, Wu D, Zhu X. The Effects of Inhibition of MicroRNA-375 in a Mouse Model of Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiac Toxicity. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e920557. [PMID: 32186283 PMCID: PMC7102408 DOI: 10.12659/msm.920557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Doxorubicin-induced myocardial toxicity is associated with oxidative stress, cardiomyocyte, apoptosis, and loss of contractile function. Previous studies showed that microRNA-375 (miR-375) expression was increased in mouse models of heart failure and clinically, and that inhibition of miR-375 reduced inflammation and increased survival of cardiomyocytes. This study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of inhibition of miR-375 in a mouse model of doxorubicin-induced cardiac toxicity in vivo and in doxorubicin-treated rat and mouse cardiomyocytes in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS The mouse model of doxorubicin-induced cardiac toxicity was developed using an intraperitoneal injection of doxorubicin (15 mg/kg diluted in 0.9% saline) for eight days. Treatment was followed by a single subcutaneous injection of miR-375 inhibitor. H9c2 rat cardiac myocytes and adult murine cardiomyocytes (AMCs) were cultured in vitro and treated with doxorubicin, with and without pretreatment with miR-375 inhibitor. RESULTS Doxorubicin significantly upregulated miR-375 expression in vitro and in vivo, and inhibition of miR-375 re-established myocardial redox homeostasis, prevented doxorubicin-induced oxidative stress and cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and activated the PDK1/AKT axis by reducing the direct binding of miR-375 to 3' UTR of the PDK1 gene. Inhibition of PDK1 and AKT abolished the protective role of miR-375 inhibition on doxorubicin-induced oxidative damage. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of miR-375 prevented oxidative damage in a mouse model of doxorubicin-induced cardiac toxicity in vivo and in doxorubicin-treated rat and mouse cardiomyocytes in vitro through the PDK1/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjing, China (mainland)
| | - Yikui Tian
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjing, China (mainland)
| | - Degang Liang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjing, China (mainland)
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjing, China (mainland)
| | - Liqun Jia
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjing, China (mainland)
| | - Dawei Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjing, China (mainland)
| | - Xinyuan Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjing, China (mainland)
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Li XQ, Liu YK, Yi J, Dong JS, Zhang PP, Wan L, Li K. MicroRNA-143 Increases Oxidative Stress and Myocardial Cell Apoptosis in a Mouse Model of Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiac Toxicity. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e920394. [PMID: 32170053 PMCID: PMC7085239 DOI: 10.12659/msm.920394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress and myocardial apoptosis are features of doxorubicin-induced cardiac toxicity that can result in cardiac dysfunction. Previous studies showed that microRNA-143 (miR-143) was expressed in the myocardium and had a role in cardiac function. This study aimed to investigate the effects and possible molecular mechanisms of miR-143 on oxidative stress and myocardial cell apoptosis in a mouse model of doxorubicin-induced cardiac toxicity. MATERIAL AND METHODS Mice underwent intraperitoneal injection of doxorubicin (15 mg/kg) daily for eight days to develop the mouse model of doxorubicin-induced cardiac toxicity. Four days before doxorubicin administration, a group of mice was pretreated daily with a miR-143 antagonist (25 mg/kg/day) for four consecutive days by tail vein injection. The study included the use of a miR-143 antagomir, or anti-microRNA, an oligonucleotide that silenced endogenous microRNA (miR), and an agomir to miR-143, and also the AKT inhibitor, MK2206. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunoblot analysis were used to measure mRNA and protein expression, respectively. RESULTS Doxorubicin treatment increased the expression of miR-143, which was reduced by the miR-143 antagomir. Overexpression of miR-143 increased doxorubicin-induced myocardial apoptosis and oxidative stress. The use of the miR-143 antagomir significantly activated protein kinase B (PKB) and AKT, which were reduced in the presence of the AKT inhibitor, MK2206. However, the use of the miR-143 antagomir further down-regulated AKT phosphorylation following doxorubicin treatment and increased AKT activation. CONCLUSIONS In a mouse model of doxorubicin-induced cardiac toxicity, miR-143 increased oxidative stress and myocardial cell apoptosis following doxorubicin treatment by inhibiting AKT.
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Xu C, Liu CH, Zhang DL. MicroRNA-22 inhibition prevents doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity via upregulating SIRT1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 521:485-491. [PMID: 31677784 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and cardiomyocyte apoptosis contributed to the progression of doxorubicin (Dox)-induced cardiotoxicity. Recent studies identified microRNA-22 (miR-22) as a cardiac- and skeletal muscle-enriched microRNA that functioned as a key regulator in stress-induced cardiac injury. The present study aimed to investigate the role and possible mechanism of miR-22 on Dox-induced oxidative stress and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Mice were exposed to reduplicative injections of Dox (i.p., 4 mg/kg) weekly for consecutive 4 weeks to generate Dox-induced cardiotoxicity. Herein, we found that miR-22 level was significantly increased in murine hearts subjected to chronic Dox treatment. MiR-22 inhibition attenuated oxidative stress and cardiomyocyte apoptosis in vivo and in vitro, thereby preventing Dox-induced cardiac dysfunction. Mechanistically, we observed that miR-22 directly bound to the 3'-UTR of Sirt1 and caused SIRT1 downregulation. Conversely, miR-22 antagomir upregulated SIRT1 expression and SIRT1 inhibitor abolished the beneficial effects of miR-22 antagomir. In conclusion, miR-22 inhibition prevented oxidative stress and cardiomyocyte apoptosis via upregulating SIRT1 and miR-22 might be a new target for treating Dox-induced cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, PR China
| | - Chang-Hui Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, PR China
| | - Da-Li Zhang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, PR China.
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Zhu P, Yang M, He H, Kuang Z, Liang M, Lin A, Liang S, Wen Q, Cheng Z, Sun C. Curcumin attenuates hypoxia/reoxygenation‑induced cardiomyocyte injury by downregulating Notch signaling. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:1541-1550. [PMID: 31257466 PMCID: PMC6625400 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recovery of the blood supply is the most effective treatment against ischemic heart disease; however, it is also a major cause of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in clinical therapy. Curcumin has been reported to possess beneficial effects against hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced cardiomyocyte injury by regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis and antioxidant enzyme activity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of curcumin on H/R-injured cardiomyocytes. H9C2 cardiomyocytes were pretreated with curcumin, and then cultured under H/R conditions. The viability of H9C2 cells was measured using a Cell Counting kit-8 assay, and the levels of intracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured to assess cell injury. Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis were evaluated by flow cytometry. The expression levels of Notch intracellular domain (NICD) and numerous downstream genes were analyzed via reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. The results revealed that curcumin protected H9C2 cells against H/R-induced injury, reversing the H/R-induced increases in LDH and MDA levels, and decreases in SOD levels. ROS levels in H/R-induced cells were also significantly downregulated by curcumin treatment (P<0.01), and the apoptotic rate was significantly decreased from 15.13% in the H/R group to 7.7% in the H/R + curcumin group (P<0.01). The expression levels of NICD, hairy and enhancer of split (Hes)-1, Hes-5 and hairy/enhancer-of-split related with YRPW motif protein 1 (Hey-1) were significantly decreased in H/R-treated cells following curcumin treatment. Treatment with Jagged1 attenuated the effects of curcumin on cell viability, ROS levels and apoptosis; the Notch pathway was also reactivated. The present study indicated that there was a role for the Notch pathway in the protective effects of curcumin against H/R-induced cardiomyocyte injury, suggesting that downregulation of the Notch pathway may alleviate H/R-induced injury in H9C2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Manli Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519100, P.R. China
| | - Hao He
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519100, P.R. China
| | - Zhibin Kuang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519100, P.R. China
| | - Mu Liang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519100, P.R. China
| | - Anxiao Lin
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519100, P.R. China
| | - Song Liang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519100, P.R. China
| | - Qiyun Wen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519100, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqin Cheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519100, P.R. China
| | - Chaofeng Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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Jackson AO, Tang H, Yin K. HiPS-Cardiac Trilineage Cell Generation and Transplantation: a Novel Therapy for Myocardial Infarction. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2020; 13:110-9. [PMID: 31152358 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-019-09891-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) and the availability of optimal medications, including dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), most patients still experience major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) due to frequent recurrence of thrombotic complications and myocardial infarction (MI). MI occurs secondary to a massive loss of endothelial cells (ECs), vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and cardiomyocytes (CMs). The adult cardiovascular system gradually loses the ability to spontaneously and regularly regenerate ECs, VSMCs, and CMs. However, human cells can be induced by cytokines and growth factors to regenerate human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), which progress to produce cardiac trilineage cells (CTCs) such as ECs, VSMCs, and CMs, replacing lost cells and inducing myocardial repair. Nevertheless, the processes and pathways involved in hiPSC-CTC generation and their potential therapeutic effects remain unknown. Herein, we provide evidence of in vitro CTC generation, the pathways involved, in vivo transplantation, and its therapeutic effect, which may provide novel targets in regenerative medicine for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).
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Li L, Sha Z, Wang Y, Yang D, Li J, Duan Z, Wang H, Li Y. Pre-treatment with a combination of Shenmai and Danshen injection protects cardiomyocytes against hypoxia/reoxygenation- and H 2O 2-induced injury by inhibiting mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:4643-4652. [PMID: 31086595 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has indicated that opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) has a vital role in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Shenmai injection (SMI) plus Danshen injection (DSI) combination, termed Yiqi Yangyin Huoxue (YYH) therapy is used in the clinic to treat cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial I/R injury. Previous studies by our group have demonstrated the protective effect of pretreatment with YYH against myocardial I/R injury in isolated rat hearts. The present study aimed to examine the protective effect of YYH against hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)- and H2O2-induced cardiomyocyte injury, and to determine whether this effect is produced by inhibition of mPTP opening. Primary cardiomyocytes isolated from neonatal rats were cultured and randomly grouped into a control group, injury group and pretreatment group, with six duplicated wells in each group during each assay. Cardiomyocytes in the injury group were subjected to H/R to simulate I/R or exposed to H2O2 for 2 h to induce oxidative injury. Cellular injury was assessed via release of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and cell viability was measured by an MTT assay. The mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and cytosolic reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected using the fluorescent probes rhodamine123 (Rh123) and chloromethyl-2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (CM-H2DCFDA), respectively. Intracellular Ca2+, mitochondrial Ca2+ and mPTP opening were measured using fluo-4 acetoxymethyl (Fluo-4/AM), rhodamine-2 acetoxymethyl (Rhod-2/AM) and calcein acetoxymethyl (Calcein/AM) probes, respectively. The results indicated that pretreatment with YYH enhanced cell viability, increased ΔΨm, reduced CK and LDH release, and decreased intracellular ROS and Ca2+, thus reducing cardiomyocyte injury induced by H/R or H2O2. LY294002, a specific phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, and PD98059, a specific inhibitor of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2) pathway, eliminated the protective effects of the combination therapy on cell viability and the change in the ΔΨm in cardiomyocytes. In conclusion, pre-treatment with YYH has cardioprotective effects against H/R injury and oxidative stress via activation of the PI3K/Akt and Erk1/2 signaling pathways, which reduces mPTP opening, overproduction of ROS and calcium overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China.,Key Research Laboratory Prescription Compatibility among Components, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology;, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Zhengmei Sha
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China.,Key Research Laboratory Prescription Compatibility among Components, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology;, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Dongli Yang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Jinghao Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Duan
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Yuhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China.,Key Research Laboratory Prescription Compatibility among Components, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology;, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
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21
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Wei L, Lun Y, Zhou X, He S, Gao L, Liu Y, He Z, Li B, Wang C. Novel urokinase-plasminogen activator inhibitor SPINK13 inhibits growth and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma in vivo. Pharmacol Res 2019; 143:73-85. [PMID: 30862605 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly aggressive malignancy that is a serious threat to the public health system of China. Urokinase-plasminogen activator (uPA) can promote the invasive growth and metastasis of HCC cells by activating matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), leading to the breakage of the extra-cellular matrix. uPA is a promising target for advanced HCC treatment. In this stuy the expression of uPA was examined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in hepatic cell lines. Protein interaction between uPA and SPINK13 was identified by immunoprecipitation. In vitro biochemical assay was used to examine the inhibitory effect of the SPINK13 on the direct cleaving of the recombinant pro-MMP9 by uPA. The antitumor effect of SPINK13 was examined by transwell assay or the nude mice tumor model.The expression of uPA was much higher in highly aggressive HCC cell lines than in lowly aggressive HCC cell lines or non-tumor hepatic cell lines. SPINK13 interacted with uPA in HCC cells and directly inhibited the cleaving of MMP9 by uPA. Treatment of the recombinant SPINK13 protein inhibited the invasion of HCC cells in several experiments, such as transwell experiments or the intrahepatic growth model. The results of the study indicated that SPINK13 could function as a promising therapeutic approach for patients with advanced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wei
- Medical School of Chinese PLA & Department of Clinical Laboratory, Medical Laboratory Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, PR China; Beijing Centre for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing 100089, PR China
| | - Yongzhi Lun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Pharmacy and Medical Technology, Putian University, Putian 351100, Fujian Province, PR China
| | - Xiaoping Zhou
- Beijing Centre for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing 100089, PR China
| | - Shang He
- Medical School of Chinese PLA & Department of Clinical Laboratory, Medical Laboratory Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, PR China
| | - Lijuan Gao
- Beijing Centre for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing 100089, PR China
| | - Yan Liu
- Beijing Centre for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing 100089, PR China
| | - Zheng He
- Medical School of Chinese PLA & Department of Clinical Laboratory, Medical Laboratory Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, PR China
| | - Baoming Li
- Beijing Centre for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing 100089, PR China.
| | - Chengbin Wang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA & Department of Clinical Laboratory, Medical Laboratory Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, PR China.
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22
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Ding RR, Yuan JL, Jia YN, Liao XM, Wang SS, Shao ZM, Feng MY, Jie W, Shen ZH. Epstein-Barr virus-encoded LMP1 regulated Pim1 kinase expression promotes nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells proliferation. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:1137-1146. [PMID: 30809095 PMCID: PMC6376889 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s190274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epstein–Barr virus-encoded LMP1 plays a critical role in the carcinogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), but the mechanism remains elusive. We aimed to analyze the expression and clinical pathological significance of provirus integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus 1 (Pim1) in clinical NPC, and to elucidate the effect of LMP1 on Pim1 expression and its mechanism. Methods Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of Pim1 in clinical NPC tissues and control nasopharyngeal chronic inflammation (NPI) tissues, and the correlation between Pim1 and clinical parameters of NPC patients was analyzed. The LMP1 stable expression cell line CNE1-LMP1-OV was constructed through infecting the well-differentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells CNE1 with LMP1 overexpressing lentivirus. Then the in vivo experiments were conducted. Results Among 89 NPC patients, 48 cases (53.93%) were positive for Pim1, while only one case was Pim1 positive in 15 NPI controls (6.67%). Pim1 expression was not correlated with gender, age, smoking status and clinical classification of NPC patients, but positively correlated with T, N and M classification. CNE1-LMP1-OV cell line was successfully established, which displayed a higher cell proliferation ability and Pim1 expression. NF-κB inhibitor PDTC, PKC inhibitor GF109203X and STAT3 inhibitor Stattic significantly attenuated LMP1-induced Pim1 expression, and while AP-1 inhibitor SR11302 showed no inhibitory effect. Interestingly, Pim1 inhibitor quercetagetin significantly inhibited the proliferation of CNE1-LMP1-OV cells. Conclusion LMP1 mediates Pim1 expression through NF-κB, PKC and STAT3 signaling, which promotes the proliferation of NPC cells and participate in the clinical progression of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran-Ran Ding
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China,
| | - Jian-Ling Yuan
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China,
| | - Ya-Nan Jia
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China, .,Department of Pathology, Dongguan People's Hospital, Dongguan 523059, China
| | - Xiao-Min Liao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China,
| | - Si-Si Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China,
| | - Zhong-Ming Shao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China,
| | - Mu-Yin Feng
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China,
| | - Wei Jie
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China,
| | - Zhi-Hua Shen
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China,
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