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Heyder M, Reise M, Burchardt J, Guellmar A, Beck J, Schulze-Späte U, Sigusch B, Kranz S. Photodynamic Suppression of Enterococcus Faecalis in Infected Root Canals with Indocyanine Green, Trolox TM and Near-Infrared Light. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2572. [PMID: 38004551 PMCID: PMC10674481 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15112572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, our group showed that additional supplementation of Trolox™ (vitamin E analogue) can significantly enhance the antimicrobial photodynamic effect of the photosensitizer Indocyanine green (ICG). Up to now, the combined effect has not yet been investigated on Enterococcus faecalis in dental root canals. In the present in vitro study, eighty human root canals were inoculated with E. faecalis and subsequently subjected to antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) using ICG (250, 500, 1000 µg/mL) and near-infrared laser light (NIR, 808 nm, 100 Jcm-2). Trolox™ at concentrations of 6 mM was additionally applied. As a positive control, irrigation with 3% NaOCl was used. After aPDT, root canals were manually enlarged and the collected dentin debris was subjected to microbial culture analysis. Bacterial invasion into the dentinal tubules was verified for a distance of 300 µm. aPDT caused significant suppression of E. faecalis up to a maximum of 2.9 log counts (ICG 250 µg/mL). Additional application of TroloxTM resulted in increased antibacterial activity for aPDT with ICG 500 µg/mL. The efficiency of aPDT was comparable to NaOCl-irrigation inside the dentinal tubules. In conclusion, ICG significantly suppressed E. faecalis. Additional application of TroloxTM showed only minor enhancement. Future studies should also address the effects of TroloxTM on other photodynamic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stefan Kranz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Jena, An der Alten Post 4, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.H.); (M.R.); (J.B.); (A.G.); (J.B.); (U.S.-S.); (B.S.)
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Kranz S, Heyder M, Rabe U, Liu P, Mrozinska A, Guellmar A, Berg A, Steen D, Tuckermann J, Watts DC, Sigusch B, Reise M. Osseointegration of photodynamic active biomaterials for bone regeneration in an animal bone model over a period of 12 months. Dent Mater 2023; 39:977-985. [PMID: 37709590 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous efforts led to the development of two different polymeric biomaterials for periodontal regeneration with antibacterial photodynamic surface activity. The present study aimed to investigate osseointegration and bone formation of both materials in an ovine model. METHODS Both biomaterials: 1) urethane dimethacrylate-based Biomaterial 1 (BioM1) and 2) tri-armed oligoester-urethane methacrylate-based Biomaterial 2 (BioM2) are enriched with beta-tri-calcium phosphate and the photosensitizer meso-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (mTHPC). These materials were implanted in non-critical size bone defects in the sheep femur (n = 16) and tibia (n = 8). Empty defects served as controls (n = 16). Polyfluorochrome sequential bone labeling was carried out at baseline and after 3, 6, and 12 months. Animals were sacrificed after 12 months. Bone specimens (n = 40) were fixed and subjected to microtomographic analysis (µCT) for the evaluation of the bone-volume-fraction (BV/TV), trabecular number and trabecular thickness. Subsequently, histological sections were arranged and polyfluorochrome sequential bone labeling was analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (cLSM). RESULTS cLSM analysis revealed that highest remodeling and bone formation activity occurred during the second half of the study period (6-12 months). Bone formation in the tibia was significantly lower for the control (2.71 ± 1.26%) as compared to BioM1 (6.01 ± 2.99%) and BioM2 (6.45 ± 2.12%); (p = 0.006, p = 0004). Micro-computed tomography revealed a BV/TV volume fraction of 44.72 ± 9.01% in femur defects filled with BioM1 which was significantly higher compared to the control (32.27 ± 7.02%; p = 0.01). Bone architecture (trabecular number, trabecular thickness) did not significantly differ from the self-healed defects. SIGNIFICANCE Both biomaterials, especially BioM1 showed good osseointegration and bone formation characteristics and can be recommended for further examination in periodontal regeneration studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kranz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Jena, An der, alten Post 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - M Heyder
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Jena, An der, alten Post 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - U Rabe
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Jena, An der, alten Post 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - P Liu
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University Ulm, Helmholtzstr. 8/1, 9081 Ulm, Germany
| | - A Mrozinska
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Jena, An der, alten Post 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - A Guellmar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Jena, An der, alten Post 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - A Berg
- Department of Biomaterials, INNOVENT e.V., Prüssingstr. 27b, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - D Steen
- biolitec research GmbH, Otto-Schott-Str. 15, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - J Tuckermann
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University Ulm, Helmholtzstr. 8/1, 9081 Ulm, Germany
| | - David C Watts
- University of Manchester, School of Medical Sciences, Oxford Road, M13 9PL Manchester, UK
| | - Bernd Sigusch
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Jena, An der, alten Post 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - M Reise
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Jena, An der, alten Post 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Harris DM, Sulewski JG. Photoinactivation and Photoablation of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Pathogens 2023; 12:1160. [PMID: 37764967 PMCID: PMC10535405 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Several types of phototherapy target human pathogens and Porphyromonas gingivitis (Pg) in particular. The various approaches can be organized into five different treatment modes sorted by different power densities, interaction times, effective wavelengths and mechanisms of action. Mode 1: antimicrobial ultraviolet (aUV); mode 2: antimicrobial blue light (aBL); mode 3: antimicrobial selective photothermolysis (aSP); mode 4: antimicrobial vaporization; mode 5: antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). This report reviews the literature to identify for each mode (a) the putative molecular mechanism of action; (b) the effective wavelength range and penetration depth; (c) selectivity; (d) in vitro outcomes; and (e) clinical trial/study outcomes as these elements apply to Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg). The characteristics of each mode influence how each is translated into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Harris
- Bio-Medical Consultants, Inc., Canandaigua, NY 14424, USA
- Department of Periodontics, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - John G. Sulewski
- Institute for Advanced Dental Technologies, Huntington Woods, MI 48070, USA
- Millennium Dental Technologies, Inc., Cerritos, CA 90703, USA
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Anas A, Sobhanan J, Sulfiya K, Jasmin C, Sreelakshmi P, Biju V. Advances in photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews 2021; 49:100452. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2021.100452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Le Gall T, Lemercier G, Chevreux S, Tücking KS, Ravel J, Thétiot F, Jonas U, Schönherr H, Montier T. Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes as Photosensitizers for Antibacterial Photodynamic Therapy: A Structure-Activity Study on Clinical Bacterial Strains. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:2229-2239. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tony Le Gall
- Gene Transfer and Gene Therapy Team, UMR INSERM 1078, (Génétique, Génomique Fonctionnelle et Biotechnologies); Université de Brest (UBO); CHRU de Brest, CS 93837 29238 Brest France
| | - Gilles Lemercier
- Coordination Chemistry Team, UMR CNRS 7312 (Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, ICMR); Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BP 1039; 51687 Reims Cedex 2 France
| | - Sylviane Chevreux
- Coordination Chemistry Team, UMR CNRS 7312 (Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, ICMR); Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BP 1039; 51687 Reims Cedex 2 France
| | - Katrin-Stephanie Tücking
- Physical Chemistry I and Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ); Department of Chemistry and Biology; University of Siegen; Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2 57076 Siegen Germany
| | - Julian Ravel
- Gene Transfer and Gene Therapy Team, UMR INSERM 1078, (Génétique, Génomique Fonctionnelle et Biotechnologies); Université de Brest (UBO); CHRU de Brest, CS 93837 29238 Brest France
| | - Franck Thétiot
- UMR CNRS 6521; Université de Brest (UBO), CS 93837; 29238 Brest France
| | - Ulrich Jonas
- Macromolecular Chemistry; Department of Chemistry and Biology; University of Siegen; Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2 57076 Siegen Germany
| | - Holger Schönherr
- Physical Chemistry I and Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ); Department of Chemistry and Biology; University of Siegen; Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2 57076 Siegen Germany
| | - Tristan Montier
- Gene Transfer and Gene Therapy Team, UMR INSERM 1078, (Génétique, Génomique Fonctionnelle et Biotechnologies); Université de Brest (UBO); CHRU de Brest, CS 93837 29238 Brest France
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Sigusch BW, Dietsch S, Berg A, Voelpel A, Guellmar A, Rabe U, Schnabelrauch M, Steen D, Gitter B, Albrecht V, Watts DC, Kranz S. Antimicrobial photodynamic active biomaterials for periodontal regeneration. Dent Mater 2018; 34:1542-1554. [PMID: 29970234 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2018.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Biomaterials for periodontal regeneration may have insufficient mechanical and antimicrobial properties or are difficult to apply under clinical conditions. The aim of the present study was to develop a polymeric bone grafting material of suitable physical appearance and antimicrobial photodynamic activity. METHODS Two light curable biomaterials based on urethane dimethacrylate (BioM1) and a tri-armed oligoester-urethane methacrylate (BioM2) that additionally contained a mixture of β-tricalcium phosphate microparticles and 20wt% photosensitizer mTHPC (PS) were fabricated and analyzed by their compressive strength, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity. Cytotoxicity was observed by incubating eluates and in direct-contact to MC3T3-E1 cells. Antimicrobial activity was ascertained on Porphyromonas gingivalis and Enterococcus faecalis upon illumination with laser light (652nm, 1×100J/cm2, 2×100J/cm2). RESULTS The compressive strength, flexural strength and elastic modulus were, respectively, 311.73MPa, 22.81MPa and 318.85MPa for BioM1+PS and 742.37MPa, 7.58MPa and 406.23MPa for BioM2+PS. Both materials did not show any cytotoxic behavior. Single laser-illumination (652nm) caused total suppression of P. gingivalis (BioM2+PS), while repeated irradiation reduced E. faecalis by 3.7 (BioM1+PS) and 3.1 (BioM2+PS) log-counts. SIGNIFICANCE Both materials show excellent mechanical and cytocompatible properties. In addition, irradiation with 652nm induced significant bacterial suppression. The manufactured biomaterials might enable a more efficient cure of periodontal bone lesions. Due to the mechanical properties functional stability might be increased. Further, the materials are antimicrobial upon illumination with light that enables a trans-mucosal eradication of residual pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Sigusch
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospitals Jena, An der alten Post 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - S Dietsch
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospitals Jena, An der alten Post 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - A Berg
- Biomaterials Department, INNOVENT e.V. Pruessingstrasse 27 B, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - A Voelpel
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospitals Jena, An der alten Post 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - A Guellmar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospitals Jena, An der alten Post 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - U Rabe
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospitals Jena, An der alten Post 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - M Schnabelrauch
- Biomaterials Department, INNOVENT e.V. Pruessingstrasse 27 B, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - D Steen
- biolitec research GmbH, Otto-Schott-Str. 15, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - B Gitter
- biolitec research GmbH, Otto-Schott-Str. 15, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - V Albrecht
- biolitec research GmbH, Otto-Schott-Str. 15, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - D C Watts
- University of Manchester, School of Medical Sciences,Oxford Road, M13 9PL Manchester, UK
| | - S Kranz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospitals Jena, An der alten Post 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Ryu AR, Lee MY. Chlorin e6-mediated photodynamic therapy promotes collagen production and suppresses MMPs expression via modulating AP-1 signaling in P. acnes-stimulated HaCaT cells. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 20:71-77. [PMID: 28807774 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinically approved therapeutic for cancers and non-neoplastic diseases, based on the use of a photosensitizer activated by light. The feasibility of PDT depends on several factors, such as PDT dose, photosensitizer efficacy, type of light source, and target tissue irradiated. METHODS In this study, the second generation photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6) and halogen light were used to investigate their PDT effect on the collagen production and MMPs expression of heat killed P. acnes-stimulated HaCaT cells. The mRNA levels of COL1A1, c-Jun, and c-Fos were detected by RT-PCR. The protein levels of MMPs, ERK and JNK were detected by western blot. The transactivation of AP-1 was detected by luciferase assay. RESULTS Ce6-based PDT markedly upregulated the mRNA level of COL1A1 and type I procollagen level; and at the same time downregulated the expression of MMPs in P. acnes-infected HaCaT cells. Moreover, Ce6-mediated PDT, in a dose dependent manner, inhibited P. acnes-induced phosphorylation of JNK and ERK, as wells as the phosphorylation of their downstream targets c-Jun and c-Fos. P. acnes-induced mRNA expression of c-Jun and c-Fos were also suppressed by Ce6-mediated PDT. The transactivation of AP-1 induced by P. acnes infection was also downregulated. CONCLUSION These results indicated that Ce6-mediated PDT with halogen light enhanced collagen production, but inhibited the expression of MMPs in P. acnes-infected HaCaT cells, by regulating AP-1 signals. This investigation provided the first molecular basis for the increase in collagen production by Ce6-mediated PDT, suggesting its potential use for scar amelioration and skin rejuvenation in acne treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Reum Ryu
- Department of Medical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Young Lee
- Department of Medical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, 31538, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, 31538, Republic of Korea.
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Reise M, Gottschaldt M, Matz C, Völpel A, Jandt KD, Schubert US, Sigusch BW. Antibacterial effect of silver (I) carbohydrate complexes on oral pathogenic key species in vitro. BMC Oral Health 2016; 16:42. [PMID: 27009305 PMCID: PMC4806493 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-016-0201-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It was the aim of this study to evaluate the antibacterial impact of two silver(I) carbohydrate complexes with tripodal thioglycosides, namely tris[2-(β-D-thio-glucopyranosyl)ethyl]-amine-silver(I)-nitrate (3) and tris[2-(α-D-thio-manno-pyranosyl)ethyl]-amine-silver(I)-nitrate (4), on five oral pathogenic bacterial strains. Furthermore, cytocompatibility was tested using human gingival fibroblasts (HGF). Methods Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined on five oral pathogenic bacterial strains by using the broth microdilution method: Fusobacterium nucleatum (ATCC 10953), Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (ATCC 33384), Porphyromonas gingivalis (ATCC 33277), Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) and Enterococcus faecalis (DSMZ 20376). Furthermore, antimicrobial efficiency was tested using agar diffusion assays. To evaluate cytocompatibility, human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) were exposed to AgNO3 and complex 3 followed by a live/dead staining. Results MIC of the silver(I) complexes ranged between 0.625 and 5.0 mmol/L. The silver complexes 3 and 4 showed higher antibacterial efficiency against all tested species than AgNO3. Antibacterial efficiency of complexes 3 and 4 on F. nucleatum (≥18 mm) and A. actinomycetemcomitans (≥23 mm) was more pronounced than against P. gingivalis (≥15 mm). Complex 3 (20 mM) induced the largest inhibition zones (30 to 31 mm) on Gram-negative strains. For Gram-positive strains, the largest inhibition zones were achieved by complex 3 (20 mM/S. mutans: 28 mm, E. faecalis: 18 mm). Complex 3 had a lower cytotoxic impact on HGFs compared to AgNO3 by the power of ten. Conclusions The findings suggest that silver(I) carbohydrate complexes 3 and 4 might function as novel antimicrobial agents for the treatment of periodontal, carious or endodontic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Reise
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Jena University Hospital, An der Alten Post 4, 07743, Jena, Germany.
| | - Michael Gottschaldt
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Carina Matz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Jena University Hospital, An der Alten Post 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Andrea Völpel
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Jena University Hospital, An der Alten Post 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Klaus D Jandt
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Chair of Materials Science, Otto Schott Institute for Materials Research, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Fraunhoferstraße 6, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernd W Sigusch
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Jena University Hospital, An der Alten Post 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
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ISHIYAMA KIRIKA, NAKAMURA KEISUKE, KANNO TARO, NIWANO YOSHIMI. Bactericidal Action of Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (PACT) with Photosensitizers Used as Plaque-Disclosing Agents against Experimental Biofilm. Biocontrol Sci 2016; 21:187-91. [DOI: 10.4265/bio.21.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - TARO KANNO
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry
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Marinic K, Manoil D, Filieri A, Wataha JC, Schrenzel J, Lange N, Bouillaguet S. Repeated exposures to blue light-activated eosin Y enhance inactivation of E. faecalis biofilms, in vitro. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2015; 12:393-400. [PMID: 26188278 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In dentistry, antibacterial photodynamic therapy (a-PDT) has shown promising results for inactivating bacterial biofilms causing carious, endodontic and periodontal diseases. In the current study, we assessed the ability of eosin Y exposed to 3 irradiation protocols at inactivating Enterococcus faecalis biofilms, in vitro. METHODS E. faecalis biofilms formed on hydroxyapatite disks were incubated with eosin Y (10-80μM), then activated with blue light using different irradiation protocols. Biofilms exposed to continuous exposure were incubated for 40min before being light-activated for 960 s. For the intermittent exposure, biofilms were exposed 4 times to the light/photosensitizer combination (960 s total) without renewing the photosensitizer. For repeated a-PDT, the same light dose was delivered in a series of 4 irradiation periods separated by dark periods; fresh photosensitizer was added between each light irradiation. After treatment, bacteria were immediately labeled with LIVE/DEAD BacLight Bacterial Viability kit and viability was assessed by flow cytometry (FCM). Results were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparison intervals (α=0.05). RESULTS The viability of E. faecalis biofilms exposed to 10μM eosin Y, was significantly reduced compared to controls (light only-eosin Y only). After a second exposure to blue light-activated eosin Y, viability significantly decreased from 58% to 12% whereas 6.5% of the bacterial biofilm remained live after a third exposure (p<0.05). Only 3.5% of the bacterial population survived after the fourth exposure. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that blue light-activated eosin Y can photoinactivate E. faecalis biofilms grown on hydroxyapatite disks. Also, repeated exposures to blue light-activated eosin Y were shown to significantly improve efficacy. Further studies seem warranted to optimize the antibacterial activity of blue light-activated eosin Y on major oral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlo Marinic
- Endodontics Unit, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Manoil
- Endodontics Unit, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anna Filieri
- Endodontics Unit, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - John C Wataha
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jacques Schrenzel
- Service of Infectious Diseases, University Hospitals of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Lange
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Serge Bouillaguet
- Endodontics Unit, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Kranz S, Huebsch M, Guellmar A, Voelpel A, Tonndorf-Martini S, Sigusch BW. Antibacterial photodynamic treatment of periodontopathogenic bacteria with indocyanine green and near-infrared laser light enhanced by TroloxTM. Lasers Surg Med 2015; 47:350-60. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kranz
- Polyclinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology; University Hospital Jena, An der alten Post 4; Jena 07743 Germany
| | - Marie Huebsch
- Polyclinic for Prosthetic Dentistry and Material Science; University Hospital Jena, An der alten Post 4; Jena 07743 Germany
| | - Andre Guellmar
- Polyclinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology; University Hospital Jena, An der alten Post 4; Jena 07743 Germany
| | - Andrea Voelpel
- Polyclinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology; University Hospital Jena, An der alten Post 4; Jena 07743 Germany
| | - Silke Tonndorf-Martini
- Polyclinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology; University Hospital Jena, An der alten Post 4; Jena 07743 Germany
| | - Bernd W. Sigusch
- Polyclinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology; University Hospital Jena, An der alten Post 4; Jena 07743 Germany
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Jeon YM, Lee HS, Jeong D, Oh HK, Ra KH, Lee MY. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy using chlorin e6 with halogen light for acne bacteria-induced inflammation. Life Sci 2015; 124:56-63. [PMID: 25623849 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The present study was designed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT) using chlorin e6 with halogen light against acne bacteria-induced inflammation. MAIN METHODS Highly purified chlorin e6 (Ce6), as a second generation photosensitizer, was synthesized from Spirulina chlorophyll. To evaluate the antimicrobial property of Ce6-mediated PDT with halogen light, the broth microdilution method and two-color fluorescence assay were used. The free radicals generated upon irradiating Ce6 with halogen light were measured using 2,7-dichlorofluorescin diacetate. Propionibacterium acnes was intradermally injected into the left ear of the ICR mice, and the anti-inflammatory effect of Ce6-mediated PDT with halogen light was measured by the histological examination. The expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines were also measured by Western blotting. KEY FINDINGS Chlorin e6-mediated PDT with halogen light (30,000 lx) inactivated various skin bacteria, including P. acnes in a dose-dependent manner. The MIC99 value against P. acnes (KCTC3314) of Ce6 with light was >0.49 μg/ml, whereas the MIC99 for Ce6 alone was >31.25 μg/ml. Ce6-mediated PDT suppressed the expression of P. acnes-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines and iNOS, but not COX-2 in a mouse model. SIGNIFICANCE This study showed a remarkable therapeutic effect of chlorin e6-mediated PDT with halogen light against P. acnes-induced inflammation. Our results suggest for the first time the potential of Ce6-mediated PDT with halogen light as a more effective and safer alternative treatment to antibiotic therapy against pathogenic infections of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mi Jeon
- Department of Medical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam 336-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan-Suk Lee
- R&D Center, Dong Sung Lumax Co. Ltd. Nonsan, Chungnam 320-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongjun Jeong
- Institute of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Research, Cheonan Hospital of Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungnam 330-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Keun Oh
- Chung Nam Technopark Bio Center, Nonsan, Chungnam 320-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Hwan Ra
- Dong Sung Bio Pharm Co. Ltd, Asan, Chungnam 336-871, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Young Lee
- Department of Medical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam 336-600, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam 336-600, Republic of Korea.
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Sigusch BW, Kranz S, Klein S, Völpel A, Harazim S, Sanchez S, Watts DC, Jandt KD, Schmidt OG, Guellmar A. Colonization of Enterococcus faecalis in a new SiO/SiO2-microtube in vitro model system as a function of tubule diameter. Dent Mater 2014; 30:661-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bulit F, Grad I, Manoil D, Simon S, Wataha JC, Filieri A, Feki A, Schrenzel J, Lange N, Bouillaguet S. Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxicity of 3 Photosensitizers Activated with Blue Light. J Endod 2014; 40:427-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Voos AC, Kranz S, Tonndorf-martini S, Voelpel A, Sigusch H, Staudte H, Albrecht V, Sigusch BW. Photodynamic antimicrobial effect of safranine O on an ex vivo periodontal biofilm: EFFECT OF SAFRANINE O. Lasers Surg Med 2014; 46:235-43. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Manjón F, Santana-Magaña M, García-Fresnadillo D, Orellana G. Are silicone-supported [C60]-fullerenes an alternative to Ru(ii) polypyridyls for photodynamic solar water disinfection? Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 13:397-406. [DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50361e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cieplik F, Späth A, Leibl C, Gollmer A, Regensburger J, Tabenski L, Hiller KA, Maisch T, Schmalz G. Blue light kills Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans due to its endogenous photosensitizers. Clin Oral Investig 2014; 18:1763-9. [PMID: 24297656 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-013-1151-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to demonstrate that the periodontal pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (AA) can be killed by irradiation with blue light derived from a LED light-curing unit due to its endogenous photosensitizers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Planktonic cultures of AA and Escherichia coli were irradiated with blue light from a bluephase® C8 light-curing unit with an emission peak at 460 nm, which is usually applied for polymerization of dental resins. A CFU-assay was performed for the analysis of viable bacteria after treatment. Moreover, bacterial cells were lysed and the lysed AA and E. coli were investigated for generation of singlet oxygen. Spectroscopic measurements of lysed AA and E. coli were performed and analyzed for characteristic absorption and emission peaks. RESULTS A light dose of 150 J/cm(2) induced a reduction of ≥5 log10 steps of viable AA, whereas no effect of blue light was found against E. coli. Spectrally resolved measurements of singlet oxygen luminescence showed clearly that a singlet oxygen signal is generated from lysed AA upon excitation at 460 nm. Spectroscopic measurements of lysed AA exhibited characteristic absorption and emission peaks similar to those of known porphyrins and flavins. CONCLUSIONS AA can be inactivated by irradiation with blue light only, without application of an exogenous photosensitizer. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results encourage further studies on the potential use of these blue light-mediated auto-photosensitization processes in the treatment of periodontitis for the successful inactivation of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans.
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Calvino-Fernández M, García-Fresnadillo D, Benito-Martínez S, McNicholl AG, Calvet X, Gisbert JP, Parra-Cid T. Helicobacter pylori inactivation and virulence gene damage using a supported sensitiser for photodynamic therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 68:284-90. [PMID: 23988411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
About half of the world's population is currently infected with Helicobacter pylori, which is involved in the development of several gastro-duodenal pathologies. The increasing number of antibiotic resistance reduces the effectiveness of the first-line therapy, so new strategies to improve the H. pylori eradication rates are needed. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (APDT) benefits from photogenerated reactive oxygen species, such as singlet oxygen, which inactivate microorganisms by means of photosensitising dyes and visible light. Therefore, it could be a suitable alternative for H. pylori eradication in the gastro-duodenal tract, particularly in patients infected with antibiotic resistant strains. We evaluated APDT against H. pylori, in vitro, using a new photosensitising material (PSM) based on a ruthenium(II) complex covalently bound to micrometric glass beads. Five H. pylori isolates (classified according to cagA genotype, and metronidazole-clarithromycin resistance) were used. Bacteria were mixed with the PSM and incubated in the dark or illuminated by blue light. Aliquots (min 1', 2', 5', 15' and 30') were cultured and colonies were counted after 2-3 days. A 99.99999% decrease was detected in the number of colonies in the irradiated wells where the bacterium was mixed with the PSM, compared to non-illuminated wells or with irradiated wells without PSM. It was also confirmed that DNA is a molecular target for oxidant species released during APDT (evaluated by alkaline gel electrophoresis after endonuclease III incubation, ureC and cagA RT-PCR, and bacterial fingerprint). Results were independent of cagA gene and antibiotic resistances.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Calvino-Fernández
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Guadalajara, C/ Donante de Sangre s/n, 19002 Guadalajara, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Spain.
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Pileggi G, Wataha JC, Girard M, Grad I, Schrenzel J, Lange N, Bouillaguet S. Blue light-mediated inactivation of Enterococcus faecalis in vitro. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2013; 10:134-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Ishiyama K, Nakamura K, Ikai H, Kanno T, Kohno M, Sasaki K, Niwano Y. Bactericidal action of photogenerated singlet oxygen from photosensitizers used in plaque disclosing agents. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37871. [PMID: 22629466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been suggested as an efficient clinical approach for the treatment of dental plaque in the field of dental care. In PDT, once the photosensitizer is irradiated with light of a specific wavelength, it transfers the excitation energy to molecular oxygen, which gives rise to singlet oxygen. Methodology/Principal Findings Since plaque disclosing agents usually contain photosensitizers such as rose bengal, erythrosine, and phloxine, they could be used for PTD upon photoactivation. The aim of the present study is to compare the ability of these three photosensitizers to produce singlet oxygen in relation to their bactericidal activity. The generation rates of singlet oxygen determined by applying an electron spin resonance technique were in the order phloxine > erythrosine ≒ rose bengal. On the other hand, rose bengal showed the highest bactericidal activity against Streptococcus mutans, a major causative pathogen of caries, followed by erythrosine and phloxine, both of which showed activity similar to each other. One of the reasons for the discrepancy between the singlet oxygen generating ability and bactericidal activity was the incorporation efficiency of the photosensitizers into the bacterial cells. The incorporation rate of rose bengal was the highest among the three photosensitizers examined in the present study, likely leading to the highest bactericidal activity. Meanwhile, the addition of L-histidine, a singlet oxygen quencher, cancelled the bactericidal activity of any of the three photoactivated photosensitizers, proving that singlet oxygen was responsible for the bactericidal action. Conclusions It is strongly suggested that rose bengal is a suitable photosensitizer for the plaque disclosing agents as compared to the other two photosensitizers, phloxine and erythrosine, when used for PDT.
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Kranz S, Guellmar A, Völpel A, Gitter B, Albrecht V, Sigusch BW. Photodynamic suppression of Enterococcus faecalis
using the photosensitizer mTHPC. Lasers Surg Med 2011; 43:241-8. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.21046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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