1
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Lee IT, Yang CC, Yang CM. Harnessing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonists to induce Heme Oxygenase-1: a promising approach for pulmonary inflammatory disorders. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:125. [PMID: 38360670 PMCID: PMC10868008 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01501-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ has been extensively shown to attenuate inflammatory responses in conditions such as asthma, acute lung injury, and acute respiratory distress syndrome, as demonstrated in animal studies. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying these inhibitory effects remain largely unknown. The upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has been shown to confer protective effects, including antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and immunomodulatory effects in vitro and in vivo. PPARγ is highly expressed not only in adipose tissues but also in various other tissues, including the pulmonary system. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are highly selective agonists for PPARγ and are used as antihyperglycemic medications. These observations suggest that PPARγ agonists could modulate metabolism and inflammation. Several studies have indicated that PPARγ agonists may serve as potential therapeutic candidates in inflammation-related diseases by upregulating HO-1, which in turn modulates inflammatory responses. In the respiratory system, exposure to external insults triggers the expression of inflammatory molecules, such as cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, matrix metalloproteinases, and reactive oxygen species, leading to the development of pulmonary inflammatory diseases. Previous studies have demonstrated that the upregulation of HO-1 protects tissues and cells from external insults, indicating that the induction of HO-1 by PPARγ agonists could exert protective effects by inhibiting inflammatory signaling pathways and attenuating the development of pulmonary inflammatory diseases. However, the mechanisms underlying TZD-induced HO-1 expression are not well understood. This review aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms through which PPARγ agonists induce the expression of HO-1 and explore how they protect against inflammatory and oxidative responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ta Lee
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110301, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chung Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Taoyuan, Taoyuan, 333008, Taiwan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333323, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Mao Yang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 242062, Taiwan.
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2
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Silnitsky S, Rubin SJS, Zerihun M, Qvit N. An Update on Protein Kinases as Therapeutic Targets-Part I: Protein Kinase C Activation and Its Role in Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17600. [PMID: 38139428 PMCID: PMC10743896 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases are one of the most significant drug targets in the human proteome, historically harnessed for the treatment of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and a growing number of other conditions, including autoimmune and inflammatory processes. Since the approval of the first kinase inhibitors in the late 1990s and early 2000s, the field has grown exponentially, comprising 98 approved therapeutics to date, 37 of which were approved between 2016 and 2021. While many of these small-molecule protein kinase inhibitors that interact orthosterically with the protein kinase ATP binding pocket have been massively successful for oncological indications, their poor selectively for protein kinase isozymes have limited them due to toxicities in their application to other disease spaces. Thus, recent attention has turned to the use of alternative allosteric binding mechanisms and improved drug platforms such as modified peptides to design protein kinase modulators with enhanced selectivity and other pharmacological properties. Herein we review the role of different protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms in cancer and cardiovascular disease, with particular attention to PKC-family inhibitors. We discuss translational examples and carefully consider the advantages and limitations of each compound (Part I). We also discuss the recent advances in the field of protein kinase modulators, leverage molecular docking to model inhibitor-kinase interactions, and propose mechanisms of action that will aid in the design of next-generation protein kinase modulators (Part II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shmuel Silnitsky
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Henrietta Szold St. 8, Safed 1311502, Israel; (S.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Samuel J. S. Rubin
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Mulate Zerihun
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Henrietta Szold St. 8, Safed 1311502, Israel; (S.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Nir Qvit
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Henrietta Szold St. 8, Safed 1311502, Israel; (S.S.); (M.Z.)
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3
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Qin P, He C, Ye P, Li Q, Cai C, Li Y. PKCδ regulates the vascular biology in diabetic atherosclerosis. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:330. [PMID: 37974282 PMCID: PMC10652453 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01361-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, known for its complications, especially vascular complications, is becoming a globally serious social problem. Atherosclerosis has been recognized as a common vascular complication mechanism in diabetes. The diacylglycerol (DAG)-protein kinase C (PKC) pathway plays an important role in atherosclerosis. PKCs can be divided into three subgroups: conventional PKCs (cPKCs), novel PKCs (nPKCs), and atypical PKCs (aPKCs). The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of the PKCδ pathway, an isoform of nPKC, in regulating the function of endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and macrophages in diabetic atherosclerosis. In addition, potential therapeutic targets regarding the PKCδ pathway are summarized. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiliang Qin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Changhuai He
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Pin Ye
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Chuanqi Cai
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Yiqing Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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4
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Swiatlowska P, Sit B, Feng Z, Marhuenda E, Xanthis I, Zingaro S, Ward M, Zhou X, Xiao Q, Shanahan C, Jones GE, Yu CH, Iskratsch T. Pressure and stiffness sensing together regulate vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype switching. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabm3471. [PMID: 35427166 PMCID: PMC9012473 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm3471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play a central role in the progression of atherosclerosis, where they switch from a contractile to a synthetic phenotype. Because of their role as risk factors for atherosclerosis, we sought here to systematically study the impact of matrix stiffness and (hemodynamic) pressure on VSMCs. Thereby, we find that pressure and stiffness individually affect the VSMC phenotype. However, only the combination of hypertensive pressure and matrix compliance, and as such mechanical stimuli that are prevalent during atherosclerosis, leads to a full phenotypic switch including the formation of matrix-degrading podosomes. We further analyze the molecular mechanism in stiffness and pressure sensing and identify a regulation through different but overlapping pathways culminating in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton through cofilin. Together, our data show how different pathological mechanical signals combined but through distinct pathways accelerate a phenotypic switch that will ultimately contribute to atherosclerotic disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Swiatlowska
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Brian Sit
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London, UK
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hong Kong University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Zhen Feng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hong Kong University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Emilie Marhuenda
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ioannis Xanthis
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Simona Zingaro
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew Ward
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Xinmiao Zhou
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Qingzhong Xiao
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Cathy Shanahan
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Gareth E. Jones
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Cheng-han Yu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hong Kong University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Thomas Iskratsch
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London, UK
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5
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Palioura D, Lazou A, Drosatos K. Krüppel-like factor (KLF)5: An emerging foe of cardiovascular health. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2022; 163:56-66. [PMID: 34653523 PMCID: PMC8816822 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Krüppel-like factors (KLFs) are DNA-binding transcriptional factors, which regulate various pathways that pertain to development, metabolism and other cellular mechanisms. KLF5 was first cloned in 1993 and by 1999, it was reported as the intestinal-enriched KLF. Beyond findings that have associated KLF5 with normal development and cancer, it has been associated with various types of cardiovascular (CV) complications and regulation of metabolic pathways in the liver, heart, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Specifically, increased KLF5 expression has been linked with cardiomyopathy in diabetes, end-stage heart failure, and as well as in vascular atherosclerotic lesions. In this review article, we summarize research findings about transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation of KLF5, as well as the role of KLF5 in the biology of cells and organs that affect cardiovascular health either directly or indirectly. Finally, we propose KLF5 inhibition as an emerging approach for cardiovascular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Palioura
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA;,School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR, Greece
| | - Antigone Lazou
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Drosatos
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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6
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Namkoong H, Omae Y, Asakura T, Ishii M, Suzuki S, Morimoto K, Kawai Y, Emoto K, Oler AJ, Szymanski EP, Yoshida M, Matsuda S, Yagi K, Hase I, Nishimura T, Sasaki Y, Asami T, Shiomi T, Matsubara H, Shimada H, Hamamoto J, Jhun BW, Kim SY, Huh HJ, Won HH, Ato M, Kosaki K, Betsuyaku T, Fukunaga K, Kurashima A, Tettelin H, Yanai H, Mahasirimongkol S, Olivier KN, Hoshino Y, Koh WJ, Holland SM, Tokunaga K, Hasegawa N. Genome-wide association study in patients with pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex disease. Eur Respir J 2021; 58:13993003.02269-2019. [PMID: 33542050 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02269-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are environmental mycobacteria that can cause a chronic progressive lung disease. Although epidemiological data indicate potential genetic predisposition, its nature remains unclear. OBJECTIVES We aimed to identify host susceptibility loci for Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), the most common NTM pathogen. METHODS This genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted in Japanese patients with pulmonary MAC and healthy controls, followed by genotyping of candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in another Japanese cohort. For verification by Korean and European ancestry, we performed SNP genotyping. RESULTS The GWAS discovery set included 475 pulmonary MAC cases and 417 controls. Both GWAS and replication analysis of 591 pulmonary MAC cases and 718 controls revealed the strongest association with chromosome 16p21, particularly with rs109592 (p=1.64×10-13, OR 0.54), which is in an intronic region of the calcineurin-like EF-hand protein 2 (CHP2). Expression quantitative trait loci analysis demonstrated an association with lung CHP2 expression. CHP2 was expressed in the lung tissue in pulmonary MAC disease. This SNP was associated with the nodular bronchiectasis subtype. Additionally, this SNP was significantly associated with the disease in patients of Korean (p=2.18×10-12, OR 0.54) and European (p=5.12×10-03, OR 0.63) ancestry. CONCLUSIONS We identified rs109592 in the CHP2 locus as a susceptibility marker for pulmonary MAC disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Namkoong
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.,JSPS Overseas Research Fellow, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.,H. Namkoong and Y. Omae are co-first authors.,H. Namkoong, N. Hasegawa and K. Tokunaga contributed equally to this article as lead authors and supervised the work
| | - Yosuke Omae
- Dept of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Genome Medical Science Project (Toyama), National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,H. Namkoong and Y. Omae are co-first authors
| | - Takanori Asakura
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Dept of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Ishii
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Suzuki
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kozo Morimoto
- Respiratory Disease Center, Fukujuji Hospital, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kawai
- Dept of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Genome Medical Science Project (Toyama), National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsura Emoto
- Dept of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andrew J Oler
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eva P Szymanski
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mitsunori Yoshida
- Dept of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuichi Matsuda
- Respiratory Disease Center, Fukujuji Hospital, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuma Yagi
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isano Hase
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Utsunomiya Hospital, Tochigi, Japan
| | | | - Yuka Sasaki
- Respiratory Disease Center, Fukujuji Hospital, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Asami
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Shiomi
- Dept of Pulmonary Medicine, Keiyu Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Hisato Shimada
- Dept of Pulmonary Medicine, Kawasaki Municipal Ida Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Junko Hamamoto
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Byung Woo Jhun
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Su-Young Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee Jae Huh
- Dept of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hong-Hee Won
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Manabu Ato
- Dept of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Kosaki
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Betsuyaku
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Fukunaga
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuyuki Kurashima
- Respiratory Disease Center, Fukujuji Hospital, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hervé Tettelin
- Dept of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Institute for Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hideki Yanai
- Dept of Clinical Laboratory, Fukujuji Hospital, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Surakameth Mahasirimongkol
- Medical Genetics Center, Medical Life Sciences Institute, Dept of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Kenneth N Olivier
- Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yoshihiko Hoshino
- Dept of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Won-Jung Koh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Steven M Holland
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Katsushi Tokunaga
- Dept of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Genome Medical Science Project (Toyama), National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,H. Namkoong, N. Hasegawa and K. Tokunaga contributed equally to this article as lead authors and supervised the work
| | - Naoki Hasegawa
- Dept of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,H. Namkoong, N. Hasegawa and K. Tokunaga contributed equally to this article as lead authors and supervised the work
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7
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Palmer TM, Salt IP. Nutrient regulation of inflammatory signalling in obesity and vascular disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:1563-1590. [PMID: 34231841 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite obesity and diabetes markedly increasing the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie this association remain poorly characterised. In the last 20 years it has become apparent that chronic, low-grade inflammation in obese adipose tissue may contribute to the risk of developing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, increased vascular pro-inflammatory signalling is a key event in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Overnutrition exacerbates pro-inflammatory signalling in vascular and adipose tissues, with several mechanisms proposed to mediate this. In this article, we review the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which nutrients are proposed to regulate pro-inflammatory signalling in adipose and vascular tissues. In addition, we examine the potential therapeutic opportunities that these mechanisms provide for suppression of inappropriate inflammation in obesity and vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Palmer
- Centre for Atherothrombosis and Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Ian P Salt
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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8
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Infante T, Franzese M, Ruocco A, Schiano C, Affinito O, Pane K, Memoli D, Rizzo F, Weisz A, Bontempo P, Grimaldi V, Berrino L, Soricelli A, Mauro C, Napoli C. ABCA1, TCF7, NFATC1, PRKCZ, and PDGFA DNA methylation as potential epigenetic-sensitive targets in acute coronary syndrome via network analysis. Epigenetics 2021; 17:547-563. [PMID: 34151742 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2021.1939481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is the most severe clinical manifestation of coronary heart disease.We performed an epigenome-wide analysis of circulating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells isolated from ACS patients and healthy subjects (HS), enrolled in the DIANA clinical trial, by reduced-representation bisulphite sequencing (RRBS). In CD4+ T cells, we identified 61 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) associated with 57 annotated genes (53% hyper- and 47% hypo-methylated) by comparing ACS patients vs HS. In CD8+ T cells, we identified 613 DMRs associated with 569 annotated genes (28% hyper- and 72% hypo-methylated) in ACS patients as compared to HS. In CD4+ vs CD8+ T cells of ACS patients we identified 175 statistically significant DMRs associated with 157 annotated genes (41% hyper- and 59% hypo-methylated). From pathway analyses, we selected six differentially methylated hub genes (NFATC1, TCF7, PDGFA, PRKCB, PRKCZ, ABCA1) and assessed their expression levels by q-RT-PCR. We found an up-regulation of selected genes in ACS patients vs HS (P < 0.001). ABCA1, TCF7, PDGFA, and PRKCZ gene expression was positively associated with CK-MB serum concentrations (r = 0.75, P = 0.03; r = 0.760, P = 0.029; r = 0.72, P = 0.044; r = 0.74, P = 0.035, respectively).This pilot study is the first single-base resolution map of DNA methylome by RRBS in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and provides specific methylation signatures to clarify the role of aberrant methylation in ACS pathogenesis, thus supporting future research for novel epigenetic-sensitive biomarkers in the prevention and early diagnosis of this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Infante
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (DAMSS), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Ruocco
- Unit of Cardiovascular Diseases and Arrhythmias, "Antonio Cardarelli" Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Concetta Schiano
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (DAMSS), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Domenico Memoli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana," University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy.,Genome Research Center for Health, Campus of Medicine, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Francesca Rizzo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana," University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy.,Genome Research Center for Health, Campus of Medicine, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Alessandro Weisz
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana," University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy.,Genome Research Center for Health, Campus of Medicine, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Paola Bontempo
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Grimaldi
- IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy.,U.O.C. Division of Clinical Immunology, Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Liberato Berrino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Soricelli
- IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy.,Department of Exercise and Wellness Sciences, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Ciro Mauro
- Unit of Cardiovascular Diseases and Arrhythmias, "Antonio Cardarelli" Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Napoli
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (DAMSS), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.,IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy
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9
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Lu X, Li H, Wang S. Hydrogen Sulfide Protects Against Uremic Accelerated Atherosclerosis via nPKCδ/Akt Signal Pathway. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 7:615816. [PMID: 33644113 PMCID: PMC7903246 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.615816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cardiovascular disease is the most common complication and leading cause of death in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Previous studies have found that disorders of cystathionine-gamma-lyase/hydrogen sulfide (CSE/H2S) system in maintenance hemodialysis patients are correlated with the risk of cardiovascular disease. Although the role of CSE/H2S system in UAAS has been preliminarily explored, the molecular mechanism of CSE/H2S is still not systematically elaborated, and the molecular mechanism of nPKCδ and its related signaling pathway in UAAS is still not thoroughly studied. Methods: Forty chronic kidney disease (CHD) patients were studied and the activation of nPKCδ in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were detected. ApoE−/− mice aged 6 weeks were treated with 5/6 nephrectomy and high-fat diet to make UAAS model. They were divided into Sham group (Sham group), UAAS group (UAAS group), UAAS+L-cysteine group (UAAS+L-cys group), UAAS+sodium hydrosulfide group (UAAS+NaHS group) and UAAS+propargylglycine group (UAAS+PPG group). The UAAS+L-cys group, UAAS+NaHS group and UAAS+PPG group were respectively given L-cys, NaHS and PPG by intraperitoneal injection. The aorta was taken 6 weeks after surgery. Western blot was used to detect the activation of nPKCδ, the phosphorylation of Akt, and the expression of VCAM-1 in the aorta of mice. Results: The membrane translocation of nPKCδ in CHD patients with plaque was higher than that in CHD patients without plaque. The membrane translocation of nPKCδ and the expression of VCAM-1 in UAAS group was higher than sham group, L-cys or NaHS injection could suppress the membrane translocation of nPKCδ and the expression of VCAM-1, but PPG treatment resulted in more membrane translocation of nPKCδ and the expression of VCAM-1 (P<0.05, n=6 per group). Akt phosphorylation in UAAS group was lower than sham group, and L-cys or NaHS injection could suppress the degradation of Akt phosphorylation, but PPG treatment resulted in more decrease in the Akt phosphorylation (P<0.05, n=6 per group). Conclusion: Endogenous CSE/H2S system protected against the formation of UAAS via nPKCδ/Akt signal pathway. The imbalance of CSE/H2S system may participate in the formation of UAAS by affecting the expression of downstream molecule VCAM-1, which may be mediated by nPKCδ/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxue Lu
- Department of Blood Purification, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Han Li
- Department of Blood Purification, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Shixiang Wang
- Department of Blood Purification, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
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Martín-Aragón Baudel MAS, Shi J, Large WA, Albert AP. Obligatory role for PKCδ in PIP 2 -mediated activation of store-operated TRPC1 channels in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Physiol 2020; 598:3911-3925. [PMID: 32627185 PMCID: PMC7656825 DOI: 10.1113/jp279947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS In vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), activation of Ca2+ -permeable store-operated channels (SOCs) composed of canonical transient receptor potential channel 1 (TRPC1) subunits mediates Ca2+ entry pathways that regulate contraction, proliferation and migration, which are processes associated with vascular disease. Activation of TRPC1-based SOCs requires protein kinase C (PKC) activity, which is proposed to phosphorylate TRPC1 proteins to promote channel opening by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2 ). We investigated the identity of the PKC isoform involved in activating TRPC1-based SOCs in rat mesenteric artery VSMCs. TRPC1-based SOCs were reduced by PKCδ inhibitors and knockdown of PKCδ expression. Store depletion induced interactions between TRPC1 and PKCδ and PKCδ-dependent phosphorylation of TRPC1. Furthermore, generation of store-operated interactions between PIP2 and TRPC1 and activation of TRPC1-based SOCs by PIP2 required PKCδ. These findings reveal that PKCδ activity has an obligatory role in activating TRPC1-based SOCs, through regulating PIP2 -mediated channel opening. ABSTRACT In vascular smooth muscle cells (VMSCs), stimulation of Ca2+ -permeable canonical transient receptor potential channel 1 (TRPC1)-based store-operated channels (SOCs) mediates Ca2+ entry pathways that regulate cell contraction, proliferation and migration, which are processes associated with vascular disease. It is therefore important to understand how TRPC1-based SOCs are activated. Stimulation of TRPC1-based SOCs requires protein kinase C (PKC) activity, with store-operated PKC-dependent phosphorylation of TRPC1 essential for channel opening by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2 ). Experimental protocols used to activate TRPC1-based SOCs suggest that the PKC isoform involved requires diacylglycerol (DAG) but is Ca2+ -insensitive, which are characteristics of the novel group of PKC isoforms (δ, ε, η, θ). Hence, the present study examined whether a novel PKC isoform(s) is involved in activating TRPC1-based SOCs in contractile rat mesenteric artery VSMCs. Store-operated whole-cell cation currents were blocked by Pico145, a highly selective and potent TRPC1/4/5 channel blocker and T1E3, a TRPC1 blocking antibody. PKCδ was expressed in VSMCs, and selective PKCδ inhibitory peptides and knockdown of PKCδ expression with morpholinos oligomers inhibited TRPC1-based SOCs. TRPC1 and PKCδ interactions and phosphorylation of TRPC1 induced by store depletion were both reduced by pharmacological inhibition and PKCδ knockdown. In addition, store-operated PIP2 and TRPC1 interactions were blocked by PKCδ inhibition, and PKCδ was required for PIP2 -mediated activation of TRPC1 currents. These results identify the involvement of PKCδ in stimulation of TRPC1-based SOCs and highlight that store-operated PKCδ activity is obligatory for channel opening by PIP2 , the probable activating ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jian Shi
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - William A Large
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Research Institute, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, UK
| | - Anthony P Albert
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Research Institute, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, UK
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11
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Li JY, Chen RJ, Huang LT, Lee TY, Lu WJ, Lin KH. Embelin as a Novel Inhibitor of PKC in the Prevention of Platelet Activation and Thrombus Formation. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8101724. [PMID: 31635287 PMCID: PMC6832570 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Embelin is a quinone derivative and found in the fruits of Embelia ribes Burm.f. Embelin has been identified as a small molecular inhibitor of X-chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis proteins, and has multiple biological activities, including antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and antitumor effects. However, the effect of embelin in platelets remains unclear. Thus, this study investigated the antiplatelet mechanism of embelin. Our data revealed that embelin could inhibit platelet aggregation induced by various agonists, including the protein kinase C (PKC) activator phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu). Embelin, as well as the PKC inhibitor Ro 31-8220, markedly reduced PDBu-mediated phosphorylation of the PKC substrate, suggesting that embelin may be a PKC inhibitor for platelets. Embelin could block PKC downstream signaling and events, including the inhibition of protein kinase B and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, granule release, and glycoprotein IIbIIIa activation. Moreover, embelin could delay thrombus formation in the mesenteric microvessels of mice, but did not significantly affect the tail bleeding time. In conclusion, we demonstrated that embelin is a PKC inhibitor and possesses antiplatelet and antithrombotic effects. The further analysis is necessary to more accurately determine clinical therapeutic potential of embelin in all clinical thromboembolic events with disturbance of thrombocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiun Yi Li
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan.
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Ray Jade Chen
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Li Ting Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Tzu Yin Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Wan Jung Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Kuan Hung Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan.
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12
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Zhang X, Chen YR, Zhao YL, Liu WW, Hayashi T, Mizuno K, Hattori S, Fujisaki H, Ogura T, Onodera S, Ikejima T. Type I collagen or gelatin stimulates mouse peritoneal macrophages to aggregate and produce pro-inflammatory molecules through upregulated ROS levels. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 76:105845. [PMID: 31470266 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular matrix (ECM) comprising the environments of multicellular society has a dynamic network structure. Collagen is one of the ubiquitous components of ECM. Collagen affects the inflammatory response by regulating the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from cells. Gelatin, denatured collagen found temporally in tissues, is supposed to be pathophysiologically involved in tissue remodeling, inflammation caused by tissue damage. Previous reports indicate that, phorbol myristate (PMA)-stimulated human U937 (lymphoma cell line) cells that are often used as macrophage-like cells, show cell aggregations when cultured on type I collagen (col I) or gelatin-coated dishes, accompanying the changes of production and release of proinflammatory factors. However, it still remains to be examined whether collagen and gelatin affects normal macrophages as well. AIM This study aims to investigate the effect of col. I, the main component of collagenous protein and its denatured product, gelatin, on mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPMs). METHODS MTT assay, flow cytometric analysis of ROS, biochemical detection of antioxidant levels, ELISA assay, and western blot were used. RESULTS MPMs formed multicellular aggregates on col. I - and gelatin-coated dishes with a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Further studies showed that the culture on col. I and gelatin up-regulated the protein expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules such as IL-1β, TNFα and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in MPMs. The levels were higher in the cells on gelatin than those on col. I. ROS levels are significantly increased in the cells cultured on both col. I- and gelatin-coated dishes, accompanying decreased levels of antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT) and anti-oxidant glutathione (GSH), and enhanced nuclear translocation of NF-κB. CONCLUSION Col I - or gelatin-coated culture induced the formation of multicellular aggregates and increased production of NF-κB-associated pro-inflammatory molecules in MPMs through up-regulation of ROS levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yi-Ran Chen
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ye-Li Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Wei-Wei Liu
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Toshihiko Hayashi
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Department of Chemistry and Life Science, School of Advanced Engineering Kogakuin University, 2665-1, Nakanomachi Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
| | - Kazunori Mizuno
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki 302-0017, Japan
| | - Shunji Hattori
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki 302-0017, Japan
| | - Hitomi Fujisaki
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki 302-0017, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ogura
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki 302-0017, Japan
| | - Satoshi Onodera
- Medical Research Institute of Curing mibyo, Machida, Tokyo 194-0042, Japan
| | - Takashi Ikejima
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research and Development, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China.
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Landry AP, Balas M, Spears J, Zador Z. Microenvironment of ruptured cerebral aneurysms discovered using data driven analysis of gene expression. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220121. [PMID: 31329646 PMCID: PMC6645676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well known that ruptured intracranial aneurysms are associated with substantial morbidity and mortality, yet our understanding of the genetic mechanisms of rupture remains poor. We hypothesize that applying novel techniques to the genetic analysis of aneurysmal tissue will yield key rupture-associated mechanisms and novel drug candidates for the prevention of rupture. METHODS We applied weighted gene co-expression networks (WGCNA) and population-specific gene expression analysis (PSEA) to transcriptomic data from 33 ruptured and unruptured aneurysm domes. Mechanisms were annotated using Gene Ontology, and gene network/population-specific expression levels correlated with rupture state. We then used computational drug repurposing to identify plausible drug candidates for the prevention of aneurysm rupture. RESULTS Network analysis of bulk tissue identified multiple immune mechanisms to be associated with aneurysm rupture. Targeting these processes with computational drug repurposing revealed multiple candidates for preventing rupture including Btk inhibitors and modulators of hypoxia inducible factor. In the macrophage-specific analysis, we identify rupture-associated mechanisms MHCII antigen processing, cholesterol efflux, and keratan sulfate catabolism. These processes map well onto several of highly ranked drug candidates, providing further validation. CONCLUSIONS Our results are the first to demonstrate population-specific expression levels and intracranial aneurysm rupture, and propose novel drug candidates based on network-based transcriptomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P. Landry
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Balas
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julian Spears
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zsolt Zador
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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14
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Zhang J, Wang Y, Bao C, Liu T, Li S, Huang J, Wan Y, Li J. Curcumin‑loaded PEG‑PDLLA nanoparticles for attenuating palmitate‑induced oxidative stress and cardiomyocyte apoptosis through AMPK pathway. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:672-682. [PMID: 31173176 PMCID: PMC6605976 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin (CUR) has the ability to attenuate oxidative stress in the myocardium and to protect the myocardium from lipotoxic injury owing to its lipid-reducing properties. However, the use of CUR is limited due to its hydrophobicity and instability. In this study, CUR-loaded nanoparticles (CUR NPs) were developed using an amphiphilic copolymer, monomethoxy poly (ethylene glycol)-b-poly (DL-lactide), as a vehicle material. CUR NPs with high drug loading and small size were prepared under optimized conditions. The effects of CUR NPs on palmitate-induced cardiomyocyte injury were investigated and the possible protective mechanism of CUR NPs was also examined. It was found that CUR NPs were able to control the release of CUR and to deliver CUR to H9C2 cells, and they could prevent palmitate-treated H9C2 cells from apoptosis. In addition, CUR NPs could regulate the Bax and Bcl-2 levels of palmitate-treated H9C2 cells back to their respective normal levels. A prospective mechanism for the function of CUR NPs is that they may activate the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mammalian target of rapamycin complex-1/p-p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase signaling pathway, regulate the expression of downstream proteins and resist the palmitate-induced cardiomyocyte injury. Results suggest that CUR NPs can attenuate palmitate-induced oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes and protect cardiomyocytes from apoptosis through the AMPK pathway. In view of the safety and efficiency of these CUR NPs, they have potential for application in protecting the myocardium from lipotoxic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Zhang
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory on Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei 437100, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Changchun People's Hospital, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Cuiyu Bao
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory on Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei 437100, P.R. China
| | - Tao Liu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory on Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei 437100, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Li
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory on Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei 437100, P.R. China
| | - Jiaxi Huang
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory on Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei 437100, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P.R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory on Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei 437100, P.R. China
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15
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Xiong Y, Wang L, Jiang W, Pang L, Liu W, Li A, Zhong Y, Ou W, Liu B, Liu SM. MEF2A alters the proliferation, inflammation-related gene expression profiles and its silencing induces cellular senescence in human coronary endothelial cells. BMC Mol Biol 2019; 20:8. [PMID: 30885136 PMCID: PMC6423757 DOI: 10.1186/s12867-019-0125-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Myocyte enhancer factor 2A (MEF2A) plays an important role in cell proliferation, differentiation and survival. Functional deletion or mutation in MEF2A predisposes individuals to cardiovascular disease mainly caused by vascular endothelial dysfunction. However, the effect of the inhibition of MEF2A expression on human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) is unclear. In this study, expression of MEF2A was inhibited by specific small interference RNA (siRNA), and changes in mRNA profiles in response to MEF2A knockdown were analyzed using an Agilent human mRNA array. Results Silencing of MEF2A in HCAECs accelerated cell senescence and suppressed cell proliferation. Microarray analysis identified 962 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the MEF2A knockdown group and the negative control group. Annotation clustering analysis showed that the DEGs were preferentially enriched in gene ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways related to proliferation, development, survival, and inflammation. Furthermore, 61 of the 578 downregulated DEGs have at least one potential MEF2A binding site in the proximal promoter and were mostly enriched in the GO terms “reproduction” and “cardiovascular.” The protein–protein interaction network analyzed for the downregulated DEGs and the DEGs in the GO terms “cardiovascular” and “aging” revealed that PIK3CG, IL1B, IL8, and PRKCB were included in hot nodes, and the regulation of the longevity-associated gene PIK3CG by MEF2A has been verified at the protein level, suggesting that PIK3CG might play a key role in MEF2A knockdown induced HCAEC senescence. Conclusions MEF2A knockdown accelerates HCAEC senescence, and the underlying molecular mechanism may be involved in down-regulation of the genes related with cell proliferation, development, inflammation and survival, in which PIK3CG may play a key role. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12867-019-0125-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Xiong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 111 Dade Road, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 250 Changgang Dong Road, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyi Jiang
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 250 Changgang Dong Road, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Pang
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 250 Changgang Dong Road, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihua Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 250 Changgang Dong Road, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiqun Li
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 250 Changgang Dong Road, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Zhong
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 250 Changgang Dong Road, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenchao Ou
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 250 Changgang Dong Road, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Benrong Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 250 Changgang Dong Road, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shi-Ming Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 250 Changgang Dong Road, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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Lai JH, Ling XC, Ho LJ. Useful message in choosing optimal biological agents for patients with autoimmune arthritis. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 165:99-111. [PMID: 30876919 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (bDMARD) treatments for various types of autoimmune arthritis, such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthropathy and ankylosing spondylitis, represents a new era of treatment for patients with a refractory response to conventional synthetic DMARDs (csDMARDs). Many new bDMARDs with different modalities or that target different pro-inflammatory molecules, likely cytokines, are rapidly emerging. Hence, physicians in the field may be confused about choosing appropriate bDMARDs for their patients. Considering the high cost of bDMARDs and the rapid destructive process of autoimmune arthritis in patients, the choice of optimal bDMARDs for patients who fail to respond or show an inadequate therapeutic response to csDMARDs designed to control the disease is very critical. Here, we summarize the strengths and weaknesses of bDMARDs and specifically focus on their uses in patients with comorbid conditions or with specific medical conditions, such as pregnancy. This commentary provides a solid up-to-date review on commercially available bDMARDs and very useful information for physicians to facilitate the choice of more appropriate bDMARDs to treat patients with autoimmune arthritis and for basic researchers to understand the current strategies of bDMARD usage and hopefully to develop more powerful bDMARDs with fewer safety concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenn-Haung Lai
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Xiao Chun Ling
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ling-Jun Ho
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institute, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC.
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Aro AO, Dzoyem JP, Goddard A, Fonteh P, Kayoka-Kabongo PN, McGaw LJ. In vitro Antimycobacterial, Apoptosis-Inducing Potential, and Immunomodulatory Activity of Some Rubiaceae Species. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:185. [PMID: 30890938 PMCID: PMC6413436 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), a disease caused by microorganisms of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, infects almost one-third of the world’s population. The TB epidemic has been further exacerbated by the emergence of multi, extensively, and totally-drug-resistant (MDR, XDR, and TDRTB) strains. An effective immune response plays a crucial role in determining the establishment of TB infection. Therefore, the modulation of the immune system has been considered as a vital approach for the treatment or control of various immune-related diseases such as TB. In this study, the antimycobacterial, immunomodulatory, and apoptosis-inducing effects of six Rubiaceae species were evaluated. A twofold serial dilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration values of the plant extracts. The effect of the extracts on the activity of 15-lipoxygenase was investigated. The levels of six different cytokines, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, were measured in LPS-activated U937 cell line while the apoptosis-inducing effect of the extracts was evaluated using an annexin V/PI assay using a flow cytometer. The results obtained revealed that all the six extracts tested had antimycobacterial activity against M. tuberculosis H37Rv, M. tuberculosis ATCC 25177, and Mycobacterium bovis ATCC 27299 strains, with MIC values ranging from 39 to 312 μg/mL. The extracts of Cremaspora triflora and Cephalanthus natalensis were the most active against M. tuberculosis (MIC = 39 μg/mL), followed by Pavetta lanceolata and Psychotria zombamontana against M. bovis (MIC = 78 μg/mL). The extracts of P. zombamontana and Psychotria capensis had remarkable IC50 values of 4.32 and 5.8 μg/mL, respectively, better than that of quercetin. The selected extracts promoted Th1/Th2 balances in an in vitro model at the tested concentration which may suggest the therapeutic value of the plant in diseases where inflammation is a significant factor such as TB. The addition of the crude extracts of C. triflora, P. capensis, and P. zombamontana at the tested concentrations to the cell culture medium induced apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner. This interesting preliminary result generated from this study encourages further investigations of these extracts owing to the LOX-inhibitory effect, immunomodulatory, and apoptotic-inducing properties in addition to their antimycobacterial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abimbola O Aro
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida, South Africa
| | - Jean Paul Dzoyem
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroun
| | - Amelia Goddard
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Pascaline Fonteh
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Prudence N Kayoka-Kabongo
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida, South Africa
| | - Lyndy J McGaw
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Liu Z, Khalil RA. Evolving mechanisms of vascular smooth muscle contraction highlight key targets in vascular disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 153:91-122. [PMID: 29452094 PMCID: PMC5959760 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle (VSM) plays an important role in the regulation of vascular function. Identifying the mechanisms of VSM contraction has been a major research goal in order to determine the causes of vascular dysfunction and exaggerated vasoconstriction in vascular disease. Major discoveries over several decades have helped to better understand the mechanisms of VSM contraction. Ca2+ has been established as a major regulator of VSM contraction, and its sources, cytosolic levels, homeostatic mechanisms and subcellular distribution have been defined. Biochemical studies have also suggested that stimulation of Gq protein-coupled membrane receptors activates phospholipase C and promotes the hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids into inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). IP3 stimulates initial Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and is buttressed by Ca2+ influx through voltage-dependent, receptor-operated, transient receptor potential and store-operated channels. In order to prevent large increases in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c), Ca2+ removal mechanisms promote Ca2+ extrusion via the plasmalemmal Ca2+ pump and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, and Ca2+ uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, and the coordinated activities of these Ca2+ handling mechanisms help to create subplasmalemmal Ca2+ domains. Threshold increases in [Ca2+]c form a Ca2+-calmodulin complex, which activates myosin light chain (MLC) kinase, and causes MLC phosphorylation, actin-myosin interaction, and VSM contraction. Dissociations in the relationships between [Ca2+]c, MLC phosphorylation, and force have suggested additional Ca2+ sensitization mechanisms. DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, which directly or indirectly via mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylate the actin-binding proteins calponin and caldesmon and thereby enhance the myofilaments force sensitivity to Ca2+. PKC-mediated phosphorylation of PKC-potentiated phosphatase inhibitor protein-17 (CPI-17), and RhoA-mediated activation of Rho-kinase (ROCK) inhibit MLC phosphatase and in turn increase MLC phosphorylation and VSM contraction. Abnormalities in the Ca2+ handling mechanisms and PKC and ROCK activity have been associated with vascular dysfunction in multiple vascular disorders. Modulators of [Ca2+]c, PKC and ROCK activity could be useful in mitigating the increased vasoconstriction associated with vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Liu
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Raouf A Khalil
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Cho RL, Lin WN, Wang CY, Yang CC, Hsiao LD, Lin CC, Yang CM. Heme oxygenase-1 induction by rosiglitazone via PKCα/AMPKα/p38 MAPKα/SIRT1/PPARγ pathway suppresses lipopolysaccharide-mediated pulmonary inflammation. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 148:222-237. [PMID: 29309760 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
HO-1 (heme oxygenase-1), an antioxidant enzyme, induced by rosiglitazone (PPAR ligands) can be a potential treatment of inflammation. However, the mechanisms of rosiglitazone-induced HO-1 expression in human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (HPAEpiCs) remain largely unknown. In this study, we found that upregulation of HO-1 in vitro or in vivo by rosiglitazone attenuated VCAM-1 gene expression and monocyte adhesion to HPAEpiCs challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The inhibitory effects of rosiglitazone on LPS-mediated responses were reversed by transfection with HO-1 siRNA. LPS-induced VCAM-1 expression was mediated through NF-κB activation which was attenuated by rosiglitazone via suppressing p65 activation and translocation into the nucleus. Moreover, pretreatment with the inhibitor of PKCs (H7), PKCα (Gö6976), AMPKα (Compound C), p38 MAPKα (p38i VIII), SIRT1 (Sirtinol), or PPARγ (T0070907) and transfection with siRNA of PKCα, AMPKα, p38 MAPKα, SIRT1, or PPARγ abolished the rosiglitazone-induced HO-1 expression in HPAEpiCs. Further studies indicated that rosiglitazone stimulated SIRT1 deacetylase leading to PGC1α translocation from the cytosol into the nucleus, promoting fragmentation of NCoR and phosphorylation of PPARγ. Subsequently, PPARγ was activated by phosphorylation of PKCα, AMPKα, p38 MAPKα, and SIRT1, which turned on transcription of HO-1 gene by binding to PPAR response element (PPRE) and enhancing PPARγ promoter activity. These results suggested that rosiglitazone-induced HO-1 expression is mediated through PKCα/AMPKα/p38 MAPKα/SIRT1-dependent deacetylation of Ac-PGC1α and fragmentation of NCoR/PPARγ activation in HPAEpiCs. Up-regulation of HO-1 protected against the inflammatory responses triggered by LPS, at least in part, through attenuation of NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rou-Ling Cho
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Ageing Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ning Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yu Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Ageing Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chung Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Tao-Yuan, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Der Hsiao
- Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkuo and Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chung Lin
- Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkuo and Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
| | - Chuen-Mao Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Ageing Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkuo and Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine and Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
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Jiang R, Shi Y, Zeng C, Yu W, Zhang A, Du Y. Protein kinase Cα stimulates hypoxia‑induced pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation in rats through activating the extracellular signal‑regulated kinase 1/2 pathway. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:6814-6820. [PMID: 28901444 PMCID: PMC5865839 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH) may contribute to vascular remodeling, and pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) proliferation has an important role in this process. However, no relevant information concerning the role and mechanism of protein kinase C (PKC)α in hypoxia-induced rat PASMC proliferation has been elucidated. The present study aimed to further investigate this by comparison of rat PASMC proliferation among normoxia for 72 h (21% O2), hypoxia for 72 h (3% O2), hypoxia + promoter 12-myristate 13-acetate control, hypoxia + safingol control, hypoxia + PD98059 control and hypoxia + U0126 control groups. The present study demonstrated that protein expression levels of PKCα in rat PASMCs were elevated. In conclusion, through activating the extracellular signal-regulated 1/2 signaling pathway, PKCα is involved in and initiates PASMC proliferation, thus bringing about pulmonary artery hypertension. These results add to the understanding of the mechanism PKCα in PH formation and lays a theoretical basis for prevention as well as treatment of HPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jiang
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Yiwei Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanxi Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Chao Zeng
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Wenyan Yu
- Respiratory Department, Central Hospital of Zibo, Zibo, Shandong 255036, P.R. China
| | - Aizhen Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030012, P.R. China
| | - Yongcheng Du
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030012, P.R. China
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Wang Y, Zhou Q, Wu B, Zhou H, Zhang X, Jiang W, Wang L, Wang A. Propofol induces excessive vasodilation of aortic rings by inhibiting protein kinase Cβ2 and θ in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1984-2000. [PMID: 28369981 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Exaggerated hypotension following administration of propofol is strongly predicted in patients with hypertension. Increased PKCs play a crucial role in regulating vascular tone. We studied whether propofol induces vasodilation by inhibiting increased PKC activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and, if so, whether contractile Ca2+ sensitization pathways and filamentous-globular (F/G) actin dynamics were involved. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Rings of thoracic aorta, denuded of endothelium, from normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats and SHR were prepared for functional studies. Expression and activity of PKCs in vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells were determined by Western blot analysis and elisa respectively. Phosphorylation of the key proteins in PKC Ca2+ sensitization pathways was also examined. Actin polymerization was evaluated by differential centrifugation to probe G- and F-actin content. KEY RESULTS Basal expression and activity of PKCβ2 and PKCθ were increased in aortic VSMs of SHR, compared with those from WKY rats. Vasorelaxation of SHR aortas by propofol was markedly attenuated by LY333531 (a specific PKCβ inhibitor) or the PKCθ pseudo-substrate inhibitor. Furthermore, noradrenaline-enhanced phosphorylation, and the translocation of PKCβ2 and PKCθ, was inhibited by propofol, with decreased actin polymerization and PKCβ2-mediated Ca2+ sensitization pathway in SHR aortas. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Propofol suppressed increased PKCβ2 and PKCθ activity, which was partly responsible for exaggerated vasodilation in SHR. This suppression results in inhibition of actin polymerization, as well as that of the PKCβ2- but not PKCθ-mediated, Ca2+ sensitization pathway. These data provide a novel explanation for the unwanted side effects of propofol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quanhong Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huixuan Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Aizhong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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Wu W, Wang H, Jiao G, Yue J, Wang G. Aerobic Exercise Suppresses Atherosclerosis Through Adiponectin-Nuclear Transcription Factor κB Pathway in Apolipoprotein E–deficient Mice. Am J Med Sci 2017; 353:275-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Ringvold HC, Khalil RA. Protein Kinase C as Regulator of Vascular Smooth Muscle Function and Potential Target in Vascular Disorders. Adv Pharmacol 2017; 78:203-301. [PMID: 28212798 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle (VSM) plays an important role in maintaining vascular tone. In addition to Ca2+-dependent myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation, protein kinase C (PKC) is a major regulator of VSM function. PKC is a family of conventional Ca2+-dependent α, β, and γ, novel Ca2+-independent δ, ɛ, θ, and η, and atypical ξ, and ι/λ isoforms. Inactive PKC is mainly cytosolic, and upon activation it undergoes phosphorylation, maturation, and translocation to the surface membrane, the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and other cell organelles; a process facilitated by scaffold proteins such as RACKs. Activated PKC phosphorylates different substrates including ion channels, pumps, and nuclear proteins. PKC also phosphorylates CPI-17 leading to inhibition of MLC phosphatase, increased MLC phosphorylation, and enhanced VSM contraction. PKC could also initiate a cascade of protein kinases leading to phosphorylation of the actin-binding proteins calponin and caldesmon, increased actin-myosin interaction, and VSM contraction. Increased PKC activity has been associated with vascular disorders including ischemia-reperfusion injury, coronary artery disease, hypertension, and diabetic vasculopathy. PKC inhibitors could test the role of PKC in different systems and could reduce PKC hyperactivity in vascular disorders. First-generation PKC inhibitors such as staurosporine and chelerythrine are not very specific. Isoform-specific PKC inhibitors such as ruboxistaurin have been tested in clinical trials. Target delivery of PKC pseudosubstrate inhibitory peptides and PKC siRNA may be useful in localized vascular disease. Further studies of PKC and its role in VSM should help design isoform-specific PKC modulators that are experimentally potent and clinically safe to target PKC in vascular disease.
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Wong TY, Tan YQ, Lin SM, Leung LK. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate promotes nuclear translocation of hepatic steroid response element binding protein-2. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 75:1-10. [PMID: 27032751 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-2 is a pivotal transcriptional factor in cholesterol metabolism. Factors interfering with the proper functioning of SREBP-2 potentially alter plasma lipid profiles. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), which is a common protein kinase C (PKC) activator, was shown to promote the post-translational processing and nuclear translocation of SREBP-2 in hepatic cells in the current study. Following SREBP-2 translocation, the transcripts of its target genes HMGCR and LDLR were upregulated as demonstrated by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) also demonstrated an induced DNA-binding activity on the sterol response element (SRE) domain under PMA treatment. The increase of activated Srebp-2 without the concurrent induced mRNA expression was also observed in an animal model. As the expression of SREBP-2 was not increased by PMA, the activation of PKC was the focus of investigation. Specific PKC isozyme inhibition and overexpression supported that PKCβ was responsible for the promoting effect. Further studies showed that the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), but not 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), were the possible downstream signaling proteins of PKCβ. In conclusion, this study illustrated that PKCβ increased SREBP-2 nuclear translocation in a pathway mediated by MEK/ERK and JNK, rather than the one dictated by AMPK. These results revealed a novel signaling target of PKCβ in the liver cells.
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Zhao J, Zheng DY, Yang JM, Wang M, Zhang XT, Sun L, Yun XG. Maternal serum uric acid concentration is associated with the expression of tumour necrosis factor-α and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in patients with preeclampsia. J Hum Hypertens 2016; 30:456-62. [PMID: 26511169 DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2015.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate whether there is a correlation between elevated serum uric acid (SUA) concentration and endothelial inflammatory response in women with preeclampsia (PE). On the basis of clinical and laboratory findings, patients were assigned to three groups: normal blood pressure (Control (Con)), gestational hypertension (GH) and PE (n=50 in each group). SUA concentration was measured by spectrophotometry, and serum tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining were also used to detect the changes in TNF-α and ICAM-1 expression in subcutaneous fat tissue. PE patients showed significantly higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures compared with Con and GH pregnant women (P=0.02 and P=0.02, respectively). The changes of body mass index (ΔBMI) before and after pregnancy and 24-h urine protein were significantly different among the three groups (P<0.001). Maternal SUA, TNF-α and soluble ICAM-1 (sICAM-1) levels were significantly increased in the patients with PE (P<0.05) compared with the other two groups. Scatterplot analysis revealed that elevated SUA concentration positively correlated with TNF-α and sICAM-1 in pregnant women. Moreover, vessels in subcutaneous fat tissues of preeclamptic patients showed intense TNF-α and ICAM-1 staining compared with Con and GH patients. The results support that, to a certain extent, elevated SUA concentration is significantly associated with inflammation of maternal systemic vasculature as indicated by increased TNF-α and ICAM-1 expression in women with PE.
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Huang SL, Chen PY, Wu MJ, Tai MH, Ho CT, Yen JH. Curcuminoids Modulate the PKCδ/NADPH Oxidase/Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling Pathway and Suppress Matrix Invasion during Monocyte-Macrophage Differentiation. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:8838-8848. [PMID: 26414495 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Monocyte recruitment and invasion play critical roles in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. The reduction in monocyte adhesion and infiltration is thought to exert antiatherosclerotic effects. Curcumin, demethoxycurcumin (DMC), and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC) are the major active components of curcuminoids and exhibit several biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, and hypocholesterolemic activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the antiatherogenic effects and mechanisms of curcuminoids during monocyte to macrophage differentiation. The results showed that curcumin, DMC, and BDMC (20 μM) suppressed matrix invasion from 100.0 ± 5.0% to 24.8 ± 1.4%, 26.6 ± 2.9%, and 33.7 ± 1.7%, respectively, during PMA-induced THP-1 differentiation. We found that curcuminoids significantly reduced PMA-induced CD11b and MMP-9 expression by THP-1 cells. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by PMA (126.7 ± 2.1%) was markedly attenuated by curcumin, DMC, and BDMC to 99.5 ± 7.8%, 87.8 ± 8.2%, and 89.8 ± 7.6%, respectively, resulting in the down-regulation of CD11b and MMP-9 expression. We demonstrated that curcuminoids inhibited NADPH oxidase through the down-regulation of NOX2 expression and the reduction of p47phox membrane translocation. Moreover, we found involvement of PKCδ in the PMA-induced NOX2, CD11b, and MMP-9 mRNA expression. Curcumin, DMC, and BDMC decreased the active form of PKCδ protein stimulated by PMA in THP-1 cells. Overall, our results reveal that curcuminoids suppress matrix invasion through the inhibition of the PKCδ/NADPH oxidase/ROS signaling pathway during monocyte-macrophage differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pei-Yi Chen
- Center of Medical Genetics, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital , Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jiuan Wu
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science , Tainan 717, Taiwan
| | | | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University , 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8520, United States
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Chen M, Zhu A, Storey KB. Comparative phosphoproteomic analysis of intestinal phosphorylated proteins in active versus aestivating sea cucumbers. J Proteomics 2015; 135:141-150. [PMID: 26385000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus is becoming an excellent model marine invertebrate for studies of environmentally-induced aestivation. Reversible protein phosphorylation as a regulatory mechanism in aestivation is known for some terrestrial aestivators but has never before been documented in sea cucumbers. The present study provides a global quantitative analysis of the role of reversible phosphorylation in sea cucumber aestivation by using tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling followed by an IMAC enrichment strategy to map aestivation-responsive changes in the phosphoproteome of sea cucumber intestine. We identified 2295 unique phosphosites derived from 1283 phosphoproteins and, of these, 211 hyperphosphorylated and 65 hypophosphorylated phosphoproteins were identified in intestine during deep aestivation compared with the active state based on the following criterion: quantitative ratios over 1.5 or less than 0.67 with corrected p-value <0.05. Six major functional classes of proteins exhibited changes in their phosphorylation status during aestivation: (1) protein synthesis, (2) transcriptional regulators, (3) kinases, (4) signaling, (5) transporter, (6) DNA binding. These data on the global involvement of phosphorylation in sea cucumber aestivation significantly improve our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms involved in metabolic arrest when marine invertebrates face environmental stress and provide substantial candidate phosphorylated proteins that could be important for identifying functionally adaptive variation in marine invertebrates. SIGNIFICANCE Sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus is an excellent model organism for studies of environmentally-induced aestivation by a marine invertebrate. The present study provides the first quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of sea cucumber aestivation using isobaric tag based TMT labeling followed by an IMAC enrichment strategy. These data on the global involvement of phosphorylation in sea cucumber aestivation significantly improve our understanding of the regulatory mechanism involved in metabolic arrest when marine invertebrates face environmental stress and provide substantial candidate phosphorylated proteins that could be important for identifying functionally adaptive variation in marine invertebrates. This study also demonstrates the usefulness of the TMT-based quantitative phosphoproteomics approach to explore the survival responses of a non-model marine invertebrate species to seasonal changes in its environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muyan Chen
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Aijun Zhu
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1S 5B6
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Ho LJ, Luo SF, Lai JH. Biological effects of interleukin-6: Clinical applications in autoimmune diseases and cancers. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 97:16-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Song MG, Ryoo IG, Choi HY, Choi BH, Kim ST, Heo TH, Lee JY, Park PH, Kwak MK. NRF2 Signaling Negatively Regulates Phorbol-12-Myristate-13-Acetate (PMA)-Induced Differentiation of Human Monocytic U937 Cells into Pro-Inflammatory Macrophages. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26222138 PMCID: PMC4519053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood monocytes are recruited to injured tissue sites and differentiate into macrophages, which protect against pathogens and repair damaged tissues. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to be an important contributor to monocytes’ differentiation and macrophages’ function. NF-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2), a transcription factor regulating cellular redox homeostasis, is known to be a critical modulator of inflammatory responses. We herein investigated the role of NRF2 in macrophage differentiation using the human monocytic U937 cell line and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA). In U937 cells with NRF2 silencing, PMA-stimulated cell adherence was significantly facilitated when compared to control U937 cells. Both transcript and protein levels for pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukine-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) were highly elevated in PMA-stimulated NRF2-silenced U937 compared to the control. In addition, PMA-inducible secretion of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) was significantly high in NRF2-silenced U937. As an underlying mechanism, we showed that NRF2-knockdown U937 retained high levels of cellular ROS and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers expression; and subsequently, PMA-stimulated levels of Ca2+ and PKCα were greater in NRF2-knockdown U937 cells, which caused enhanced nuclear accumulation of nuclear factor-ҡB (NFҡB) p50 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2 phosphorylation. Whereas the treatment of NRF2-silenced U937 cells with pharmacological inhibitors of NFҡB or ERK1/2 largely blocked PMA-induced IL-1β and IL-6 expression, indicating that these pathways are associated with cell differentiation. Taken together, our results suggest that the NRF2 system functions to suppress PMA-stimulated U937 cell differentiation into pro-inflammatory macrophages and provide evidence that the ROS-PKCα-ERK-NFҡB axis is involved in PMA-facilitated differentiation of NRF2-silenced U937 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-gu Song
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 712–749, Republic of Korea
| | - In-geun Ryoo
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 420–743, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-young Choi
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 420–743, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-hyun Choi
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 420–743, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Tae Kim
- Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Sungnam, Gyeonggi-do 463–707, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hwe Heo
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 420–743, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 420–743, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil-Hoon Park
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 712–749, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyoung Kwak
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 420–743, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Daphnanes and tiglianes are diterpenes with a shared tricyclic 5-7-6 ring system. Many members exhibit significant biological activities often associated with protein kinase C signaling. Many of these natural products (~100) have a C6-C7 α-epoxide whose influence on biological activity is little studied. Using the more readily available phorbol ester PDBu as a test substrate, we report an efficient, and potentially general, α-epoxidation method based on a vanadium-catalyzed asymmetric epoxidation with bishydroxamic acid (BHA) ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Luc Boudreault
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA
| | - Jennifer K. Mattler
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA
| | - Paul A. Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA
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Corsini E, Galbiati V, Pinto A, Davin A, Polito L, Guaita A, Racchi M. Immunostimulatory effects of RACK1 pseudosubstrate in human leukocytes obtained from young and old donors. Oncotarget 2015; 6:6524-34. [PMID: 25779661 PMCID: PMC4466631 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims of this study were to investigate the ability of RACK1 pseudosubstrate alone or in combination with classical immune stimuli to activate human leukocytes, and to restore age-associated immune defects.A total of 25 donors (17 old donors, 77-79 yrs; 8 young donors, 25-34 yrs) were enrolled. To evaluate the effect of RACK1 pseudosubstrate on cytokine production and CD86 expression the whole blood assay was used. Cultures were treated with RACK1 pseudosubstrate in the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and incubated for 24 h or 48 h for LPS-induced CD86 expression, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 production, and PHA-induced IL-4, IL-10, IFN-γ, respectively. RACK1 pseudosubstrate alone induced IL-6, IL-8, and CD86 expression in both young and old donors, and IFN-γ in old donors. In combination with LPS an increase in IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-α was observed, also resulting in restoration of age-associated defective production, while no changes in the other parameters investigated were found.Even if based on a small sample size, these results suggest the possibility to by-pass some of age-associated immune alterations, which may be beneficial in situations were natural immune stimulation is required, and highlight a different role of PKCβ in immune cells activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Corsini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, DiSFeB, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Galbiati
- Laboratory of Toxicology, DiSFeB, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Pinto
- Department of Drug Sciences - Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Marco Racchi
- Department of Drug Sciences - Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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32
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Ho LJ, Lai JH. Small-molecule inhibitors for autoimmune arthritis: success, failure and the future. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 747:200-5. [PMID: 25220243 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of patients with aggressive autoimmune arthritis, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), is a considerable challenge for physicians, particularly rheumatologists. Because of the nature of autoimmune arthritis, effective and complete suppression of disease activity has been the primary therapeutic goal. Although currently available disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) can successfully control the disease progression in a large proportion of patients, the benefit/risk ratio is not very much satisfied. The introduction of biologic agents such as anti-tumor necrosis factor-α, anti-interleukin-6, and anti-CD20 brings significant help to those patients with an inadequate response to treatment with DMARDs. In considering the limitation of currently available DMARDs and biologics, the development of new DMARDs, small-molecule inhibitors (SMIs), has recently emerged. In the past few years, a great volume of knowledge has been revealed from the experience of examining the usefulness of several SMIs for therapeutics of autoimmune arthritis. This paper addresses the up-to-date knowledge regarding autoimmune arthritis, therapeutics, findings from recently developed SMIs and the benefits and drawbacks of the development of SMIs. In addition, perspectives on the future development of SMIs for autoimmune arthritis will be described and discussed.
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