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Liu H, Xiao H, Lin S, Zhou H, Cheng Y, Xie B, Xu D. Effect of gut hormones on bone metabolism and their possible mechanisms in the treatment of osteoporosis. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1372399. [PMID: 38725663 PMCID: PMC11079205 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1372399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone is a highly dynamic organ that changes with the daily circadian rhythm. During the day, bone resorption is suppressed due to eating, while it increases at night. This circadian rhythm of the skeleton is regulated by gut hormones. Until now, gut hormones that have been found to affect skeletal homeostasis include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and peptide YY (PYY), which exerts its effects by binding to its cognate receptors (GLP-1R, GLP-2R, GIPR, and Y1R). Several studies have shown that GLP-1, GLP-2, and GIP all inhibit bone resorption, while GIP also promotes bone formation. Notably, PYY has a strong bone resorption-promoting effect. In addition, gut microbiota (GM) plays an important role in maintaining bone homeostasis. This review outlines the roles of GLP-1, GLP-2, GIP, and PYY in bone metabolism and discusses the roles of gut hormones and the GM in regulating bone homeostasis and their potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmacy Development, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Huimin Xiao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmacy Development, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Sufen Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmacy Development, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Huan Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmacy Development, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yizhao Cheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmacy Development, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Baocheng Xie
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The 10th Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University (Dongguan People’s Hospital), Dongguan, China
| | - Daohua Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmacy Development, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
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2
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Mabilleau G, Bouvard B. Gut hormone analogues and skeletal health in diabetes and obesity: evidence from preclinical models. Peptides 2024; 177:171228. [PMID: 38657908 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus and obesity are rapidly growing worldwide. Aside from metabolic disturbances, these two disorders also affect bone with a higher prevalence of bone fractures. In the last decade, a growingbody of evidence suggested that several gut hormones, including ghrelin, gastrin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon, and glucagon-like peptide-1 and 2 (GLP-1 and GLP-2, respectively) may affect bone physiology. Several gut hormone analogues have been developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity, and could represent a new alternative in the therapeutic arsenal against bone fragility. In the present review, a summary of the physiological roles of these gut hormones and their analogues is presented at the cellular level but also in several preclinical models of bone fragility disorders including type 2 diabetes mellitus, especially on bone mineral density, microarchitecture and bone material properties. The present review also summarizes the impact of GLP-1 receptor agonists approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the more recent dual or triple analogue on bone physiology and strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Mabilleau
- Univ Angers, Nantes Université, ONIRIS, Inserm, RMeS, UMR 1229, SFR ICAT, F-49000, Angers, France; CHU Angers, Département de Pathologie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, UF de Pathologie osseuse, 49933 Angers, France.
| | - Béatrice Bouvard
- Univ Angers, Nantes Université, ONIRIS, Inserm, RMeS, UMR 1229, SFR ICAT, F-49000, Angers, France; CHU Angers, Service de Rhumatologie, F-49933 Angers, France
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3
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Ali A, Flatt PR, Irwin N. Gut-Derived Peptide Hormone Analogues and Potential Treatment of Bone Disorders in Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus. Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes 2024; 17:11795514241238059. [PMID: 38486712 PMCID: PMC10938612 DOI: 10.1177/11795514241238059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes mellitus are prevalent metabolic disorders that have a detrimental impact on overall health. In this regard, there is now a clear link between these metabolic disorders and compromised bone health. Interestingly, both obesity and diabetes lead to elevated risk of bone fracture which is independent of effects on bone mineral density (BMD). In this regard, gastrointestinal (GIT)-derived peptide hormones and their related long-acting analogues, some of which are already clinically approved for diabetes and/or obesity, also seem to possess positive effects on bone remodelling and microarchitecture to reduce bone fracture risk. Specifically, the incretin peptides, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), as well as glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), exert key direct and/or indirect benefits on bone metabolism. This review aims to provide an initial appraisal of the relationship between obesity, diabetes and bone, with a focus on the positive impact of these GIT-derived peptide hormones for bone health in obesity/diabetes. Brief discussion of related peptides such as parathyroid hormone, leptin, calcitonin and growth hormone is also included. Taken together, drugs engineered to promote GIP, GLP-1 and GLP-2 receptor signalling may have potential to offer therapeutic promise for improving bone health in obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Ali
- Diabetes Research Centre, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Peter R Flatt
- Diabetes Research Centre, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Nigel Irwin
- Diabetes Research Centre, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
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4
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Gobron B, Couchot M, Irwin N, Legrand E, Bouvard B, Mabilleau G. Development of a First-in-Class Unimolecular Dual GIP/GLP-2 Analogue, GL-0001, for the Treatment of Bone Fragility. J Bone Miner Res 2023; 38:733-748. [PMID: 36850034 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Due to aging of the population, bone frailty is dramatically increasing worldwide. Although some therapeutic options exist, they do not fully protect or prevent against the occurrence of new fractures. All current drugs approved for the treatment of bone fragility target bone mass. However, bone resistance to fracture is not solely due to bone mass but relies also on bone extracellular matrix (ECM) material properties, i.e., the quality of the bone matrix component. Here, we introduce the first-in-class unimolecular dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/glucagon-like peptide-2 (GIP/GLP-2) analogue, GL-0001, that activates simultaneously the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPr) and the glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor (GLP-2r). GL-0001 acts synergistically through a cyclic adenosine monophosphate-lysyl oxidase pathway to enhance collagen maturity. Furthermore, bilateral ovariectomy was performed in 32 BALB/c mice at 12 weeks of age prior to random allocation to either saline, dual GIP/GLP-2 analogues (GL-0001 or GL-0007) or zoledronic acid groups (n = 8/group). Treatment with dual GIP/GLP-2 analogues was initiated 4 weeks later for 8 weeks. At the organ level, GL-0001 modified biomechanical parameters by increasing ultimate load, postyield displacement, and energy-to-fracture of cortical bone. GL-0001 also prevented excess trabecular bone degradation at the appendicular skeleton and enhanced bone ECM material properties in cortical bone through a reduction of the mineral-to-matrix ratio and augmentation in enzymatic collagen cross-linking. These results demonstrate that targeting bone ECM material properties is a viable option to enhance bone strength and opens an innovative pathway for the treatment of patients suffering from bone fragility. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Gobron
- Univ Angers, Nantes Université, ONIRIS, Inserm, RMeS, UMR 1229, SFR ICAT, Angers, France.,CHU Angers, Service de Rhumatologie, Angers, France
| | - Malory Couchot
- Univ Angers, Nantes Université, ONIRIS, Inserm, RMeS, UMR 1229, SFR ICAT, Angers, France.,SATT Ouest Valorisation, Nantes, France
| | - Nigel Irwin
- Ulster University, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Coleraine, UK
| | - Erick Legrand
- Univ Angers, Nantes Université, ONIRIS, Inserm, RMeS, UMR 1229, SFR ICAT, Angers, France.,CHU Angers, Service de Rhumatologie, Angers, France
| | - Béatrice Bouvard
- Univ Angers, Nantes Université, ONIRIS, Inserm, RMeS, UMR 1229, SFR ICAT, Angers, France.,CHU Angers, Service de Rhumatologie, Angers, France
| | - Guillaume Mabilleau
- Univ Angers, Nantes Université, ONIRIS, Inserm, RMeS, UMR 1229, SFR ICAT, Angers, France.,CHU Angers, Departement de Pathologie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, UF de Pathologie osseuse, Angers, France
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5
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Pei S, Zhou Y, Li Y, Azar T, Wang W, Kim DG, Liu XS. Instrumented nanoindentation in musculoskeletal research. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 2022; 176:38-51. [PMID: 35660010 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal tissues, such as bone, cartilage, and muscle, are natural composite materials that are constructed with a hierarchical structure ranging from the cell to tissue level. The component differences and structural complexity, together, require comprehensive multiscale mechanical characterization. In this review, we focus on nanoindentation testing, which is used for nanometer to sub-micrometer length scale mechanical characterization. In the following context, we will summarize studies of nanoindentation in musculoskeletal research, examine the critical factors that affect nanoindentation testing results, and briefly summarize other commonly used techniques that can be conjoined with nanoindentation for synchronized imaging and colocalized characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaopeng Pei
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Yilu Zhou
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Yihan Li
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Tala Azar
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Wenzheng Wang
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Do-Gyoon Kim
- Division of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - X Sherry Liu
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States.
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Kizilkaya HS, Sørensen KV, Kibsgaard CJ, Gasbjerg LS, Hauser AS, Sparre-Ulrich AH, Grarup N, Rosenkilde MM. Loss of Function Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Receptor Variants Are Associated With Alterations in BMI, Bone Strength and Cardiovascular Outcomes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:749607. [PMID: 34760890 PMCID: PMC8573201 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.749607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and its receptor (GIPR) are involved in multiple physiological systems related to glucose metabolism, bone homeostasis and fat deposition. Recent research has surprisingly indicated that both agonists and antagonists of GIPR may be useful in the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes, as both result in weight loss when combined with GLP-1 receptor activation. To understand the receptor signaling related with weight loss, we examined the pharmacological properties of two rare missense GIPR variants, R190Q (rs139215588) and E288G (rs143430880) linked to lower body mass index (BMI) in carriers. At the molecular and cellular level, both variants displayed reduced G protein coupling, impaired arrestin recruitment and internalization, despite maintained high GIP affinity. The physiological phenotyping revealed an overall impaired bone strength, increased systolic blood pressure, altered lipid profile, altered fat distribution combined with increased body impedance in human carriers, thereby substantiating the role of GIP in these physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hüsün Sheyma Kizilkaya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kimmie Vestergaard Sørensen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla J Kibsgaard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laerke Smidt Gasbjerg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander S Hauser
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander Hovard Sparre-Ulrich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Antag Therapeutics ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Grarup
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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7
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Skov-Jeppesen K, Veedfald S, Madsbad S, Holst JJ, Rosenkilde MM, Hartmann B. Subcutaneous GIP and GLP-2 inhibit nightly bone resorption in postmenopausal women: A preliminary study. Bone 2021; 152:116065. [PMID: 34153529 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) are gut hormones secreted in response to food ingestion, and they have been suggested to regulate bone turnover. In humans, exogenous GIP and GLP-2 acutely inhibit bone resorption as measured by circulating levels of carboxy-terminal type 1 collagen crosslinks (CTX). OBJECTIVE The objective was to study the individual and combined acute effects of GIP and GLP-2 on bone turnover in postmenopausal women during nighttime - a period of increased bone resorption. METHODS Using a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, crossover design, each participant (n = 9) received on four separate study days: GIP, GLP-2, GIP + GLP-2, and placebo (saline) as subcutaneous injections at bedtime. Main outcomes were levels of CTX and procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP). RESULTS Compared with placebo, GIP and GLP-2 alone significantly inhibited bone resorption (measured by CTX). GIP rapidly reduced CTX levels in the period from 45 to 120 min after injection, while GLP-2 had a more delayed effect with reduced CTX levels in the period from 120 to 240 min after injection. Combining GIP and GLP-2 showed complementary effects resulting in a sustained inhibition of CTX with reduced levels from 45 to 240 min after injection. Furthermore, GIP acutely increased bone formation (measured by P1NP). CONCLUSION Both GIP and GLP-2 reduced CTX during the night and had complementary effects when combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsa Skov-Jeppesen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon Veedfald
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre University Hospital, Kettegaard Alle 30, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre University Hospital, Kettegaard Alle 30, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Marie Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Abstract
Gut hormones secreted from enteroendocrine cells following nutrient ingestion modulate metabolic processes including glucose homeostasis and food intake, and several of these gut hormones are involved in the regulation of the energy demanding process of bone remodelling. Here, we review the gut hormones considered or known to be involved in the gut-bone crosstalk and their role in orchestrating adaptions of bone formation and resorption as demonstrated in cellular and physiological experiments and clinical trials. Understanding the physiology and pathophysiology of the gut-bone axis may identify adverse effects of investigational drugs aimed to treat metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and obesity and new therapeutic candidates for the treatment of bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Steen Hansen
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Morten Frost
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark.
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9
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide an update on the acute effects of glucose, insulin, and incretins on markers of bone turnover in those with and without diabetes. RECENT FINDINGS Bone resorption is suppressed acutely in response to glucose and insulin challenges in both healthy subjects and patients with diabetes. The suppression is stronger with oral glucose compared with intravenous delivery. Stronger responses with oral glucose may be related to incretin effects on insulin secretion or from a direct effect on bone turnover. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) infusion acutely suppresses bone resorption without much effect on bone formation. The bone turnover response to a metabolic challenge may be attenuated in type 2 diabetes, but this is an understudied area. A knowledge gap exists regarding bone turnover responses to a metabolic challenge in type 1 diabetes. The gut-pancreas-bone link is potentially an endocrine axis. This linkage is disrupted in diabetes, but the mechanism and progression of this disruption are not understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa D Sherk
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Irene Schauer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Viral N Shah
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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10
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Gobron B, Bouvard B, Vyavahare S, Blom LV, Pedersen KK, Windeløv JA, Boer GA, Harada N, Zhang S, Shimazu-Kuwahara S, Wice B, Inagaki N, Legrand E, Flatt PR, Chappard D, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, Rosenkilde MM, Irwin N, Mabilleau G. Enteroendocrine K Cells Exert Complementary Effects to Control Bone Quality and Mass in Mice. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:1363-1374. [PMID: 32155286 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of a gut-bone axis in controlling bone physiology has been long suspected, although the exact mechanisms are unclear. We explored whether glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)-producing enteroendocrine K cells were involved in this process. The bone phenotype of transgenic mouse models lacking GIP secretion (GIP-GFP-KI) or enteroendocrine K cells (GIP-DT) was investigated. Mice deficient in GIP secretion exhibited lower bone strength, trabecular bone mass, trabecular number, and cortical thickness, notably due to higher bone resorption. Alterations of microstructure, modifications of bone compositional parameters, represented by lower collagen cross-linking, were also apparent. None of these alterations were observed in GIP-DT mice lacking enteroendocrine K cells, suggesting that another K-cell secretory product acts to counteract GIP action. To assess this, stable analogues of the known K-cell peptide hormones, xenin and GIP, were administered to mature NIH Swiss male mice. Both were capable of modulating bone strength mostly by altering bone microstructure, bone gene expression, and bone compositional parameters. However, the two molecules exhibited opposite actions on bone physiology, with evidence that xenin effects are mediated indirectly, possibly via neural networks. Our data highlight a previously unknown interaction between GIP and xenin, which both moderate gut-bone connectivity. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Gobron
- Groupe Études Remodelage Osseux et Biomatériaux, GEROM, SFR 42-08, Université d'Angers, Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France.,Service de Rhumatologie, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Béatrice Bouvard
- Groupe Études Remodelage Osseux et Biomatériaux, GEROM, SFR 42-08, Université d'Angers, Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France.,Service de Rhumatologie, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Sagar Vyavahare
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK
| | - Liv Vv Blom
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian K Pedersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johanne A Windeløv
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Geke A Boer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Norio Harada
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Satoko Shimazu-Kuwahara
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Burton Wice
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Erick Legrand
- Groupe Études Remodelage Osseux et Biomatériaux, GEROM, SFR 42-08, Université d'Angers, Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France.,Service de Rhumatologie, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Peter R Flatt
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK
| | - Daniel Chappard
- Groupe Études Remodelage Osseux et Biomatériaux, GEROM, SFR 42-08, Université d'Angers, Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France.,Service Commun D'imageries et d'Analyses Microscopiques, SCIAM, SFR 42-08, Université d'Angers, Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France.,Bone Pathology Unit, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nigel Irwin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK
| | - Guillaume Mabilleau
- Groupe Études Remodelage Osseux et Biomatériaux, GEROM, SFR 42-08, Université d'Angers, Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France.,Service Commun D'imageries et d'Analyses Microscopiques, SCIAM, SFR 42-08, Université d'Angers, Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France.,Bone Pathology Unit, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France
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Vyavahare SS, Mieczkowska A, Flatt PR, Chappard D, Irwin N, Mabilleau G. GIP analogues augment bone strength by modulating bone composition in diet-induced obesity in mice. Peptides 2020; 125:170207. [PMID: 31765668 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Receptors to glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), have been identified on bone and GIP receptor (GIPr) knockout mice exhibit reduced bone strength and quality. Despite this, little is known on the potential beneficial bone effects of exogenous GIP on bone physiology. The aim of the present study was to assess whether stable GIP analogues were capable of ameliorating bone strength in mice with diet-induced obesity. The stable GIP analogue (D-Ala²)-GIP, and (D-Ala²)-GIP-Tag, a specific GIP analogue homing exclusively to bone, were employed. In vitro studies were used to assess effects of (D-Ala²)-GIP and (D-Ala²)-GIP-Tag on bone mineralization, lysyl oxidase activity, collagen maturity as well as osteoclast formation and activity. Subsequent in vivo studies employed obese-prediabetic Swiss NIH mice subjected to a 42-day period of daily administration of saline, (D-Ala²)-GIP or (D-Ala²)-GIP-Tag. In vitro studies confirmed that (D-Ala²)-GIP and (D-Ala²)-GIP-Tag had similar beneficial biological effects on bone cells. Administration of (D-Ala²)-GIP and (D-Ala²)-GIP-Tag resulted in lower blood glucose levels without any effects on body weight. Both GIP analogues augmented bone strength to a similar extent. Trabecular or cortical bone microarchitecture were not changed over the time course of the study. However, (D-Ala²)-GIP and (D-Ala²)-GIP-Tag augmented enzymatic collagen crosslinking as well as the heterogeneity of enzymatic collagen crosslinking, mineral-to-matrix ratio and significantly reduced the heterogeneity in mineral bone crystallite size. This study demonstrates that activation of skeletal GIPr by stable GIP analogues enhance bone strength in prediabetes and suggest that these analogues may be beneficial in the treatment of bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar S Vyavahare
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksandra Mieczkowska
- Groupe études remodelage osseux et biomatériaux, GEROM, SFR 42-08, Université d'Angers, Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, 49933 Angers Cedex, France
| | - Peter R Flatt
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Chappard
- Groupe études remodelage osseux et biomatériaux, GEROM, SFR 42-08, Université d'Angers, Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, 49933 Angers Cedex, France; Service commun d'imageries et d'analyses microscopiques, SCIAM, SFR 42-08, Université d'Angers, Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, 49933 Angers Cedex, France; Bone Pathology Unit, Angers University Hospital, 49933 Angers Cedex, France
| | - Nigel Irwin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Mabilleau
- Groupe études remodelage osseux et biomatériaux, GEROM, SFR 42-08, Université d'Angers, Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, 49933 Angers Cedex, France; Service commun d'imageries et d'analyses microscopiques, SCIAM, SFR 42-08, Université d'Angers, Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, 49933 Angers Cedex, France; Bone Pathology Unit, Angers University Hospital, 49933 Angers Cedex, France.
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12
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Irwin N, Gault VA, O'Harte FPM, Flatt PR. Blockade of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) action as a novel means of countering insulin resistance in the treatment of obesity-diabetes. Peptides 2020; 125:170203. [PMID: 31733230 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) is a 42 amino acid hormone secreted from intestinal K-cells in response to nutrient ingestion. Despite a recognised physiological role for GIP as an insulin secretagogue to control postprandial blood glucose levels, growing evidence reveals important actions of GIP on adipocytes and promotion of fat deposition in tissues. As such, blockade of GIP receptor (GIPR) action has been proposed as a means to counter insulin resistance, and improve metabolic status in obesity and related diabetes. In agreement with this, numerous independent observations in animal models support important therapeutic applications of GIPR antagonists in obesity-diabetes. Sustained administration of peptide-based GIPR inhibitors, low molecular weight GIPR antagonists, GIPR neutralising antibodies as well as genetic knockout of GIPR's or vaccination against GIP all demonstrate amelioration of insulin resistance and reduced body weight gain in response to high fat feeding. These observations were consistently associated with decreased accumulation of lipids in peripheral tissues, thereby alleviating insulin resistance. Although the impact of prolonged GIPR inhibition on bone turnover still needs to be determined, evidence to date indicates that GIPR antagonists represent an exciting novel treatment option for obesity-diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Irwin
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Victor A Gault
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Finbarr P M O'Harte
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Peter R Flatt
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
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13
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Stensen S, Gasbjerg LS, Helsted MM, Hartmann B, Christensen MB, Knop FK. GIP and the gut-bone axis - Physiological, pathophysiological and potential therapeutic implications. Peptides 2020; 125:170197. [PMID: 31715213 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The influence by gut-derived hormones on bone remodelling appears increasingly important as research on the enteroendocrine-osseous axis accelerates. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is secreted from the gut and potentiates insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner. GIP has, like the two other gut-derived hormones, glucagon-like peptide 1 and glucagon-like peptide 2, been shown to affect bone remodelling as part of the enteroendocrine-osseous axis. Observational studies have shown that a mutation in the GIP receptor causing reduced receptor signalling leads to lower bone mineral density and increased fracture risk. Rodent as well as human studies have shown that GIP causes serum levels of the bone resorption marker carboxy-terminal type 1 collagen crosslinks to decline. GIP may also increase bone formation indicating a potential uncoupling of bone resorption and formation. Here, we review past and recent discoveries elucidating the enteroendocrine-osseous axis with a special focus on GIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Stensen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Lærke Smidt Gasbjerg
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Marstrand Helsted
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Bring Christensen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip Krag Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark.
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14
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Gobron B, Bouvard B, Legrand E, Chappard D, Mabilleau G. GLP-2 administration in ovariectomized mice enhances collagen maturity but did not improve bone strength. Bone Rep 2020; 12:100251. [PMID: 32071954 PMCID: PMC7013338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2020.100251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis and bone fragility are progressing worldwide. Previous published literature reported a possible beneficial role of gut hormones, and especially glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), in modulating bone remodeling. As now (Gly2)GLP-2 is approved in the treatment of short bowel syndrome, we thought to investigate whether such molecule could be beneficial in bone fragility. MC3T3 and Raw 264.7 were cultured in presence of ascending concentrations of (Gly2)GLP-2. Collagen crosslinks, maturity, lysyl oxidase activity and osteoclastogenesis were then analyzed. Furthermore, (Gly2)GLP-2, at the clinical approved dose of 50 μg/kg/day, was also administered to ovariectomized Balb/c mice for 8 weeks. Hundred μg/kg zoledronic acid (once iv) was also used as a positive comparator. Bone strength, microarchitectures and bone tissue composition were analyzed by 3-point bending, compression test, microCT and Fourier transform infrared imaging, respectively. In vitro, (Gly2)GLP-2 was potent in enhancing bone matrix gene expression but also to dose-dependently enhanced collagen maturation and post-processing. (Gly2)GLP-2 was also capable of reducing dose-dependently the number of newly generated osteoclasts. However, in vivo, (Gly2)GLP-2 was not capable of improving neither bone strength, at the femur diaphysis or lumbar vertebrae, nor bone microarchitecture. On the other hand, at the tissue material level, (Gly2)GLP-2 significantly enhances collagen maturity and reduce phosphate/amide ratio. Overall, this study highlights that despite modification of bone tissue composition, (Gly2)GLP-2, at the clinical approved dose of 50 μg/kg/day, did not provide real beneficial effects in improving bone strength in a mouse model of bone fragility. Further studies are recommended to validate the best dose and regimen of administration to significantly enhance bone strength. In vitro, (Gly2)GLP-2 enhances dose-dependently bone matrix deposition and quality. In vitro, (Gly2)GLP-2 reduces dose-dependently osteoclast formation. In vivo, (Gly2)GLP-2 failed to improve bone strength in ovariectomy-induced bone loss. In vivo, (Gly2)GLP-2 failed to improve bone microarchitecture. In vivo, (Gly2)GLP-2 increased collagen maturity and phosphate/amide ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gobron
- Groupe études remodelage osseux et biomatériaux, GEROM, UPRES EA4658, UNIV Angers, SFR 42-08, Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, 49933 Angers cedex, France.,Service de Rhumatologie, CHU d'Angers, 49933 Angers cedex, France
| | - B Bouvard
- Groupe études remodelage osseux et biomatériaux, GEROM, UPRES EA4658, UNIV Angers, SFR 42-08, Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, 49933 Angers cedex, France.,Service de Rhumatologie, CHU d'Angers, 49933 Angers cedex, France
| | - E Legrand
- Groupe études remodelage osseux et biomatériaux, GEROM, UPRES EA4658, UNIV Angers, SFR 42-08, Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, 49933 Angers cedex, France.,Service de Rhumatologie, CHU d'Angers, 49933 Angers cedex, France
| | - D Chappard
- Groupe études remodelage osseux et biomatériaux, GEROM, UPRES EA4658, UNIV Angers, SFR 42-08, Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, 49933 Angers cedex, France.,Service commun d'imageries et d'analyses microscopiques, SCIAM, UNIV Angers, SFR 42-08, Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, 49933 Angers cedex, France.,UF de Pathologie osseuse, CHU d'Angers, 49933 Angers cedex, France
| | - G Mabilleau
- Groupe études remodelage osseux et biomatériaux, GEROM, UPRES EA4658, UNIV Angers, SFR 42-08, Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, 49933 Angers cedex, France.,Service commun d'imageries et d'analyses microscopiques, SCIAM, UNIV Angers, SFR 42-08, Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, 49933 Angers cedex, France.,UF de Pathologie osseuse, CHU d'Angers, 49933 Angers cedex, France
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15
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Müller TD, Finan B, Bloom SR, D'Alessio D, Drucker DJ, Flatt PR, Fritsche A, Gribble F, Grill HJ, Habener JF, Holst JJ, Langhans W, Meier JJ, Nauck MA, Perez-Tilve D, Pocai A, Reimann F, Sandoval DA, Schwartz TW, Seeley RJ, Stemmer K, Tang-Christensen M, Woods SC, DiMarchi RD, Tschöp MH. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Mol Metab 2019; 30:72-130. [PMID: 31767182 PMCID: PMC6812410 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 769] [Impact Index Per Article: 153.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a multifaceted hormone with broad pharmacological potential. Among the numerous metabolic effects of GLP-1 are the glucose-dependent stimulation of insulin secretion, decrease of gastric emptying, inhibition of food intake, increase of natriuresis and diuresis, and modulation of rodent β-cell proliferation. GLP-1 also has cardio- and neuroprotective effects, decreases inflammation and apoptosis, and has implications for learning and memory, reward behavior, and palatability. Biochemically modified for enhanced potency and sustained action, GLP-1 receptor agonists are successfully in clinical use for the treatment of type-2 diabetes, and several GLP-1-based pharmacotherapies are in clinical evaluation for the treatment of obesity. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we provide a detailed overview on the multifaceted nature of GLP-1 and its pharmacology and discuss its therapeutic implications on various diseases. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Since its discovery, GLP-1 has emerged as a pleiotropic hormone with a myriad of metabolic functions that go well beyond its classical identification as an incretin hormone. The numerous beneficial effects of GLP-1 render this hormone an interesting candidate for the development of pharmacotherapies to treat obesity, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - B Finan
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - S R Bloom
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - D D'Alessio
- Division of Endocrinology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - D J Drucker
- The Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5G1X5, Canada
| | - P R Flatt
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy & Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - A Fritsche
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - F Gribble
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - H J Grill
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - J F Habener
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J J Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - W Langhans
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - J J Meier
- Diabetes Division, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - M A Nauck
- Diabetes Center Bochum-Hattingen, St Josef Hospital (Ruhr-Universität Bochum), Bochum, Germany
| | - D Perez-Tilve
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati-College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - A Pocai
- Cardiovascular & ImmunoMetabolism, Janssen Research & Development, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - F Reimann
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - D A Sandoval
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - T W Schwartz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, DL-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - K Stemmer
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - M Tang-Christensen
- Obesity Research, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - S C Woods
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - R D DiMarchi
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - M H Tschöp
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
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16
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Mohsin S, Baniyas MM, AlDarmaki RS, Tekes K, Kalász H, Adeghate EA. An update on therapies for the treatment of diabetes-induced osteoporosis. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:937-948. [PMID: 31079501 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1618266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Currently, 424 million people aged between 20 and 79 years worldwide are diabetic. More than 25% of adults aged over 65 years in North America have Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Diabetes-induced osteoporosis (DM-OS) is caused by chronic hyperglycemia, advanced glycated end products and oxidative stress. The increase in the prevalence of DM-OS has prompted researchers to develop new biological therapies for the management of DM-OS. Areas covered: This review covered the current and novel biological agents used in the management of DM-OS. Data were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, American Diabetes Association and International Osteoporosis Foundation websites, and ClinicalTrials.gov. The keywords for the search included: DM, osteoporosis, and management. Expert opinion: Several biological molecules have been examined in order to find efficient drugs for the treatment of DM-OS. These biological agents include anti-osteoporosis drugs: net anabolics (parathyroid hormone/analogs, androgens, calcilytics, anti-sclerostin antibody), net anti-resorptive osteoporosis drugs (calcitonin, estrogen, selective estrogen receptor modulators, bisphosphonates, RANKL antibody) and anti-diabetic drugs (alpha glucosidase inhibitors, sulfonylureas, biguanides, meglitinides, thiazolidinediones, GLP-1 receptor agonists, dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitors, sodium glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors, insulin). Biological medications that effectively decrease hyperglycemia and, at the same time, maintain bone health would be an ideal drug/drug combination for the treatment of DM-OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Mohsin
- a Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain , United Arab Emirates
| | - May Myh Baniyas
- a Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain , United Arab Emirates
| | - Reem Smh AlDarmaki
- a Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain , United Arab Emirates
| | - Kornélia Tekes
- b Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Huba Kalász
- c Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Ernest A Adeghate
- a Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain , United Arab Emirates
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17
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Schiellerup SP, Skov-Jeppesen K, Windeløv JA, Svane MS, Holst JJ, Hartmann B, Rosenkilde MM. Gut Hormones and Their Effect on Bone Metabolism. Potential Drug Therapies in Future Osteoporosis Treatment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:75. [PMID: 30863364 PMCID: PMC6399108 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone homeostasis displays a circadian rhythm with increased resorption during the night time as compared to day time, a difference that seems-at least partly-to be caused by food intake during the day. Thus, ingestion of a meal results in a decrease in bone resorption, but people suffering from short bowel syndrome lack this response. Gut hormones, released in response to a meal, contribute to this link between the gut and bone metabolism. The responsible hormones appear to include glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), known as incretin hormones due to their role in regulating glucose homeostasis by enhancing insulin release in response to food intake. They interact with their cognate receptors (GIPR and GLP-1R), which are both members of the class B G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and already recognized as targets for treatment of metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity. Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), secreted concomitantly with GLP-1, acting via another class B receptor (GLP-2R), is also part of this gut-bone axis. Several studies, including human studies, have indicated that these three hormones inhibit bone resorption and, moreover, that GIP increases bone formation. Another hormone, peptide YY (PYY), is also secreted from the enteroendocrine L-cells (together with GLP-1 and GLP-2), and acts mainly via interaction with the class A GPCR NPY-R2. PYY is best known for its effect on appetite regulation, but recent studies have also shown an effect of PYY on bone metabolism. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of the actions of GIP, GLP-1, GLP-2, and PYY on bone metabolism, and to discuss future therapies targeting these receptors for the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sine Paasch Schiellerup
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirsa Skov-Jeppesen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF) Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johanne Agerlin Windeløv
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF) Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Saur Svane
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF) Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF) Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Marie Rosenkilde
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Mette Marie Rosenkilde
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18
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Mansur SA, Mieczkowska A, Flatt PR, Chappard D, Irwin N, Mabilleau G. The GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Exenatide Ameliorates Bone Composition and Tissue Material Properties in High Fat Fed Diabetic Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:51. [PMID: 30809192 PMCID: PMC6380209 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has recently been recognized as a significant risk factor for bone fragility. Careful investigations of bone mechanical properties in human studies suggested possible alterations of bone composition, although this axis has poorly been investigated. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of high fat diet-induced diabetes and therapy using the clinically approved GLP-1 receptor agonist, exenatide, on tissue bone mechanical properties and compositional parameters. Male mice had free access to high fat diet for 16 weeks to induce diabetes prior to commencement of the study. Exenatide was administered twice daily by i.p. injection at a dose of 25 nmol/kg for 52 days. Normal and high fat diet fed (HFD) mice injected with saline were used as controls. Bone mechanical properties was assessed at the organ level by 3-point bending and at the tissue level by nanoindentation. Bone microarchitecture was investigated by microcomputed tomography and bone composition was evaluated by Fourier transform infrared imaging. HFD mice exhibited profound alterations of bone mechanical properties at both the organ and tissue level. Collagen maturity as well as trabecular and cortical bone microarchitectures were abnormal. Administration of exenatide, led to clear ameliorations in bone mechanical properties at the organ and tissue levels by modifications of both cortical microarchitecture and bone compositional parameters (collagen maturity, mineral crystallinity, carbonate/phosphate ratio, acid phosphate content). These results bring new light on the mode of action of exenatide in bone physiology and demonstrate the value of GLP-1 mimetics in the treatment of fragility fractures in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sity Aishah Mansur
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksandra Mieczkowska
- Groupe études remodelage osseux et biomatériaux, GEROM, SFR 42-08, Université d'Angers, Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Peter R. Flatt
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Chappard
- Groupe études remodelage osseux et biomatériaux, GEROM, SFR 42-08, Université d'Angers, Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France
- Service commun d'imageries et d'analyses microscopiques, SCIAM, SFR 42-08, Université d'Angers, Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France
- Bone Pathology Unit, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Nigel Irwin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Mabilleau
- Groupe études remodelage osseux et biomatériaux, GEROM, SFR 42-08, Université d'Angers, Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France
- Service commun d'imageries et d'analyses microscopiques, SCIAM, SFR 42-08, Université d'Angers, Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France
- Bone Pathology Unit, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France
- *Correspondence: Guillaume Mabilleau
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Mabilleau G, Gobron B, Mieczkowska A, Perrot R, Chappard D. Efficacy of targeting bone-specific GIP receptor in ovariectomy-induced bone loss. J Endocrinol 2018; 239:215-227. [PMID: 30121578 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) has been recognized in the last decade as an important contributor of bone remodelling and is necessary for optimal bone quality. However, GIP receptors are expressed in several tissues in the body and little is known about the direct vs indirect effects of GIP on bone remodelling and quality. The aims of the present study were to validate two new GIP analogues, called [d-Ala2]-GIP-Tag and [d-Ala2]-GIP1-30, which specifically target either bone or whole-body GIP receptors, respectively; and to ascertain the beneficial effects of GIP therapy on bone in a mouse model of ovariectomy-induced bone loss. Both GIP analogues exhibited similar binding capacities at the GIP receptor and intracellular responses as full-length GIP1-42. Furthermore, only [d-Ala2]-GIP-Tag, but not [d-Ala2]-GIP1-30, was undoubtedly found exclusively in the bone matrix and released at acidic pH. In ovariectomized animals, [d-Ala2]-GIP1-30 but not [d-Ala2]-GIP-Tag ameliorated bone stiffness at the same magnitude than alendronate treatment. Only [d-Ala2]-GIP1-30 treatment led to significant ameliorations in cortical microarchitecture. Although alendronate treatment increased the hardness of the bone matrix and the type B carbonate substitution in the hydroxyapatite crystals, none of the GIP analogues modified bone matrix composition. Interestingly, in ovariectomy-induced bone loss, [d-Ala2]-GIP-Tag failed to alter bone strength, microarchitecture and bone matrix composition. Overall, this study shows that the use of a GIP analogue that target whole-body GIP receptors might be useful to improve bone strength in ovariectomized animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Mabilleau
- Groupe d'Etudes Remodelage Osseux et bioMatériaux, GEROM, SFR 42-08, Université d'Angers, IRIS-IBS Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, Angers Cedex, France
- Bone Pathology Unit, Angers University Hospital, Angers Cedex, France
| | - Benoit Gobron
- Groupe d'Etudes Remodelage Osseux et bioMatériaux, GEROM, SFR 42-08, Université d'Angers, IRIS-IBS Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, Angers Cedex, France
- Rheumatology Department, Angers University Hospital, Angers Cedex, France
| | - Aleksandra Mieczkowska
- Groupe d'Etudes Remodelage Osseux et bioMatériaux, GEROM, SFR 42-08, Université d'Angers, IRIS-IBS Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, Angers Cedex, France
| | - Rodolphe Perrot
- Service Commun d'Imageries et d'Analyses Microscopiques, SCIAM, SFR 42-08, Université d'Angers, IRIS-IBS Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, Angers Cedex, France
| | - Daniel Chappard
- Groupe d'Etudes Remodelage Osseux et bioMatériaux, GEROM, SFR 42-08, Université d'Angers, IRIS-IBS Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, Angers Cedex, France
- Bone Pathology Unit, Angers University Hospital, Angers Cedex, France
- Service Commun d'Imageries et d'Analyses Microscopiques, SCIAM, SFR 42-08, Université d'Angers, IRIS-IBS Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, Angers Cedex, France
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Mabilleau G, Gobron B, Bouvard B, Chappard D. Incretin-based therapy for the treatment of bone fragility in diabetes mellitus. Peptides 2018; 100:108-113. [PMID: 29412811 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bone fractures are common comorbidities of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Bone fracture incidence seems to develop due to increased risk of falls, poor bone quality and/or anti-diabetic medications. Previously, a relation between gut hormones and bone has been suspected. Most recent evidences suggest indeed that two gut hormones, namely glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), may control bone remodeling and quality. The GIP receptor is expressed in bone cells and knockout of either GIP or its receptor induces severe bone quality alterations. Similar alterations are also encountered in GLP-1 receptor knock-out animals associated with abnormal osteoclast resorption. Some GLP-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) have been approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and although clinical trials may not have been designed to investigate bone fracture, first results suggest that GLP-1RA may not exacerbate abnormal bone quality observed in T2DM. The recent design of double and triple gut hormone agonists may also represent a suitable alternative for restoring compromised bone quality observed in T2DM. However, although most of these new molecules demonstrated weight loss action, little is known on their bone safety. The present review summarizes the most recent findings on peptide-based incretin therapy and bone physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Mabilleau
- GEROM-LHEA UPRES EA4658, University of Angers, Institut de Biologie en Santé, Angers, France; SCIAM, University of Angers, Institut de Biologie en Santé, Angers, France; Bone Pathology Unit, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France.
| | - Benoît Gobron
- GEROM-LHEA UPRES EA4658, University of Angers, Institut de Biologie en Santé, Angers, France; Rheumatology Department, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Béatrice Bouvard
- GEROM-LHEA UPRES EA4658, University of Angers, Institut de Biologie en Santé, Angers, France; Rheumatology Department, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Daniel Chappard
- GEROM-LHEA UPRES EA4658, University of Angers, Institut de Biologie en Santé, Angers, France; SCIAM, University of Angers, Institut de Biologie en Santé, Angers, France; Bone Pathology Unit, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France
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21
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Abstract
Bone is a tissue with multiple functions that is built from the molecular to anatomical levels to resist and adapt to mechanical strains. Among all the factors that might control the bone organization, a role for several gut hormones called "incretins" has been suspected. The present review summarizes the current evidences on the effects of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in bone physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mabilleau
- GEROM-LHEA, groupe d'études remodelage osseux et biomatériaux, institut de biologie en santé, université d'Angers, 4, rue Larrey, 49933 Angers cedex 09, France; SCIAM, institut de biologie en santé, université d'Angers, 4, rue Larrey, 49933 Angers cedex 09, France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Hélène Lafage Proust
- Inserm 1059, service de rhumatologie, CHU de Saint-Étienne, 10, chemin Marandière, 42055 Saint-Étienne cedex 2, France.
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Pereira M, Gohin S, Roux JP, Fisher A, Cleasby ME, Mabilleau G, Chenu C. Exenatide Improves Bone Quality in a Murine Model of Genetically Inherited Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:327. [PMID: 29209277 PMCID: PMC5701968 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with skeletal complications, including an increased risk of fractures. Reduced blood supply and bone strength may contribute to this skeletal fragility. We hypothesized that long-term administration of Exenatide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, would improve bone architecture and strength of T2DM mice by increasing blood flow to bone, thereby stimulating bone formation. In this study, we used a model of obesity and severe T2DM, the leptin receptor-deficient db/db mouse to assess alterations in bone quality and hindlimb blood flow and to examine the beneficial effects of 4 weeks administration of Exenatide. As expected, diabetic mice showed marked alterations in bone structure, remodeling and strength, and basal vascular tone compared with lean mice. Exenatide treatment improved trabecular bone mass and architecture by increasing bone formation rate, but only in diabetic mice. Although there was no effect on hindlimb perfusion at the end of this treatment, Exenatide administration acutely increased tibial blood flow. While Exenatide treatment did not restore the impaired bone strength, intrinsic properties of the matrix, such as collagen maturity, were improved. The effects of Exenatide on in vitro bone formation were further investigated in primary osteoblasts cultured under high-glucose conditions, showing that Exenatide reversed the impairment in bone formation induced by glucose. In conclusion, Exenatide improves trabecular bone mass by increasing bone formation and could protect against the development of skeletal complications associated with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pereira
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Marie Pereira,
| | - Stephanie Gohin
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Mark E. Cleasby
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Mabilleau
- GEROM-LHEA UPRES EA 4658, Institut de Biologie en Santé, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
| | - Chantal Chenu
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Although originally identified as modulators of nutrient absorption, the gut hormones gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) have also been found to play an important role in the regulation of bone turnover. These "incretin" hormones promote bone anabolism by stimulating osteoblast differentiation as well as increasing osteoblast longevity. In addition, GIP and perhaps GLP-2 attenuate the activity of osteoclastic cells, leading to a net increase in bone deposition and ultimately increasing bone mass. Studies have demonstrated that these hormones are important for bone mineralization and overall bone quality and function evolutionarily as important nutritional links signaling nutrient availability for skeletal anabolic functions. Accordingly, these entero-osseous hormones (EOH) have therapeutic potential for the management of osteoporosis. Although this chapter primarily focuses on skeletal effects of these incretin hormones, the GIP, GLP-1, and GLP-2 receptors are actually widely expressed throughout the body. Therefore, we will also briefly discuss these extraosseous receptors/effects and how they may indirectly impact the skeleton.
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Glorie L, D'Haese PC, Verhulst A. Boning up on DPP4, DPP4 substrates, and DPP4-adipokine interactions: Logical reasoning and known facts about bone related effects of DPP4 inhibitors. Bone 2016; 92:37-49. [PMID: 27535784 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) is a conserved exopeptidase with an important function in protein regulation. The activity of DPP4, an enzyme which can either be anchored to the plasma membrane or circulate free in the extracellular compartment, affects the glucose metabolism, cellular signaling, migration and differentiation, oxidative stress and the immune system. DPP4 is also expressed on the surface of osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes, and was found to play a role in collagen metabolism. Many substrates of DPP4 have an established role in bone metabolism, among which are incretins, gastrointestinal peptides and neuropeptides. In general, their effects favor bone formation, but some effects are complex and have not been completely elucidated. DPP4 and some of its substrates are known to interact with adipokines, playing an essential role in the energy metabolism. The prolongation of the half-life of incretins through DPP4 inhibition led to the development of these inhibitors to improve glucose tolerance in diabetes. Current literature indicates that the inhibition of DPP4 activity might also result in a beneficial effect on the bone metabolism, but the long-term effect of DPP4 inhibition on fracture outcome has not been entirely established. Diabetic as well as postmenopausal osteoporosis is associated with an increased activity of DPP4, as well as a shift in the expression levels of DPP4 substrates, their receptors, and adipokines. The interactions between these factors and their relationship in bone metabolism are therefore an interesting field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Glorie
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Patrick C D'Haese
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Anja Verhulst
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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Mabilleau G, Perrot R, Mieczkowska A, Boni S, Flatt PR, Irwin N, Chappard D. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) dose-dependently reduces osteoclast differentiation and resorption. Bone 2016; 91:102-12. [PMID: 27451082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A role for glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) in controlling bone resorption has been suspected. However uncertainty remains to identify whether GIP act directly on osteoclasts. The aim of the present study were (i) to identify in different osteoclast differentiation models (human peripheral blood mononuclear cells-PBMC, murine bone marrow macrophage-BMM and murine Raw 264.7 cells) whether GIP was capable of reducing osteoclast formation and resorption; (ii) ascertain whether the highly potent GIP analogue N-AcGIP was capable of inducing a response at lower concentrations and (iii) to decipher the molecular mechanisms responsible for such effects. [d-Ala(2)]-GIP dose-dependently reduced osteoclast formation at concentration as low as 1nM in human PBMC and 10nM in murine BMM cultures. Furthermore, [d-Ala(2)]-GIP also reduced the extent of osteoclast resorption at concentration as low as 1nM in human PBMC and murine BMM cultures. The mechanism of action of [d-Ala(2)]-GIP appeared to be mediated by reduction in intracellular calcium concentration and oscillation that subsequently inhibited calcineurin activity and NFATc1 nuclear translocation. The potency of the highly potent N-AcGIP was determined and highlighted an effect on osteoclast formation and resorption at concentration ten times lower than observed with [d-Ala(2)]-GIP in vitro. Furthermore, N-AcGIP was also capable of reducing the number of osteoclast in ovariectomized mice as well as the circulating level of type I collagen C-telopeptide. Pharmacological concentrations required for reducing osteoclast formation and resorption provide the impetus to design and exploit enzymatically stable GIP analogues for the treatment of bone resorption disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Mabilleau
- GEROM Groupe Etudes Remodelage Osseux et bioMatériaux - LHEA, IRIS-IBS Institut de Biologie en Santé, University of Angers, 49933 ANGERS Cedex, France; SCIAM, Service Commun d'Imagerie et Analyses Microscopiques, IRIS-IBS Institut de Biologie en Santé, University of Angers, 49933 ANGERS Cedex, France.
| | - Rodolphe Perrot
- SCIAM, Service Commun d'Imagerie et Analyses Microscopiques, IRIS-IBS Institut de Biologie en Santé, University of Angers, 49933 ANGERS Cedex, France
| | - Aleksandra Mieczkowska
- GEROM Groupe Etudes Remodelage Osseux et bioMatériaux - LHEA, IRIS-IBS Institut de Biologie en Santé, University of Angers, 49933 ANGERS Cedex, France
| | - Sébastien Boni
- Lentivec, IRIS-IBS Institut de Biologie en Santé, University of Angers, 49933 ANGERS Cedex, France
| | - Peter R Flatt
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, Diabetes Research Group, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, BT52 1SA Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel Irwin
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, Diabetes Research Group, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, BT52 1SA Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Chappard
- GEROM Groupe Etudes Remodelage Osseux et bioMatériaux - LHEA, IRIS-IBS Institut de Biologie en Santé, University of Angers, 49933 ANGERS Cedex, France; SCIAM, Service Commun d'Imagerie et Analyses Microscopiques, IRIS-IBS Institut de Biologie en Santé, University of Angers, 49933 ANGERS Cedex, France
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27
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Mansur SA, Mieczkowska A, Flatt PR, Bouvard B, Chappard D, Irwin N, Mabilleau G. A new stable GIP-Oxyntomodulin hybrid peptide improved bone strength both at the organ and tissue levels in genetically-inherited type 2 diabetes mellitus. Bone 2016; 87:102-13. [PMID: 27062994 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) progress worldwide with detrimental effects on several physiological systems including bone tissue mainly by affecting bone quality. Several gut hormones analogues have been proven potent in ameliorating bone quality. In the present study, we used the leptin receptor-deficient db/db mice as a model of obesity and severe T2DM to assess the extent of bone quality alterations at the organ and tissue levels. We also examined the beneficial effects of gut hormone therapy in this model by using a new triple agonist ([d-Ala(2)]GIP-Oxm) active at the GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptors. As expected, db/db mice presented with dramatic alterations of bone strength at the organ level associated with deterioration of trabecular and cortical microarchitectures and an augmentation in osteoclast numbers. At the tissue level, these animals presented also with alterations of bone strength (reduced hardness, indentation modulus and dissipated energy) with modifications of tissue mineral distribution, collagen glycation and collagen maturity. The use of [d-Ala(2)]GIP-Oxm considerably improved bone strength at the organ level with modest effects on trabecular microarchitecture. At the tissue level, [d-Ala(2)]GIP-Oxm ameliorated bone strength reductions with positive effects on collagen glycation and collagen maturity. This study provides support for including gut hormone analogues as possible new therapeutic strategies for improving bone quality in bone complications associated to T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sity Aishah Mansur
- Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksandra Mieczkowska
- GEROM Groupe Etudes Remodelage Osseux et bioMatériaux - LHEA, IRIS-IBS Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, LUNAM Université, 49933 ANGERS Cedex, France
| | - Peter R Flatt
- Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Beatrice Bouvard
- GEROM Groupe Etudes Remodelage Osseux et bioMatériaux - LHEA, IRIS-IBS Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, LUNAM Université, 49933 ANGERS Cedex, France
| | - Daniel Chappard
- GEROM Groupe Etudes Remodelage Osseux et bioMatériaux - LHEA, IRIS-IBS Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, LUNAM Université, 49933 ANGERS Cedex, France; SCIAM, Service Commun d'Imagerie et Analyses Microscopiques, IRIS-IBS Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, LUNAM Université, 49933 ANGERS Cedex, France
| | - Nigel Irwin
- Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Guillaume Mabilleau
- GEROM Groupe Etudes Remodelage Osseux et bioMatériaux - LHEA, IRIS-IBS Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, LUNAM Université, 49933 ANGERS Cedex, France; SCIAM, Service Commun d'Imagerie et Analyses Microscopiques, IRIS-IBS Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, LUNAM Université, 49933 ANGERS Cedex, France.
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Mansur SA, Mieczkowska A, Bouvard B, Flatt PR, Chappard D, Irwin N, Mabilleau G. Stable Incretin Mimetics Counter Rapid Deterioration of Bone Quality in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:3009-18. [PMID: 26016732 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is associated with a high risk for bone fractures. Although bone mass is reduced, bone quality is also dramatically altered in this disorder. However, recent evidences suggest a beneficial effect of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) pathways on bone quality. The aims of the present study were to conduct a comprehensive investigation of bone strength at the organ and tissue level; and to ascertain whether enzyme resistant GIP or GLP-1 mimetic could be beneficial in preventing bone fragility in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Streptozotocin-treated mice were used as a model of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Control and streptozotocin-diabetic animals were treated for 21 days with an enzymatic-resistant GIP peptide ([D-Ala(2) ]GIP) or with liraglutide (each at 25 nmol/kg bw, ip). Bone quality was assessed at the organ and tissue level by microCT, qXRI, 3-point bending, qBEI, nanoindentation, and Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy. [D-Ala2]GIP and liraglutide treatment did prevent loss of whole bone strength and cortical microstructure in the STZ-injected mice. However, tissue material properties were significantly improved in STZ-injected animals following treatment with [D-Ala2]GIP or liraglutide. Treatment of STZ-diabetic mice with [D-Ala(2) ]GIP or liraglutide was capable of significantly preventing deterioration of the quality of the bone matrix. Further studies are required to further elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved and to validate whether these findings can be translated to human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sity Aishah Mansur
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom.,University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
| | | | - Béatrice Bouvard
- GEROM-LHEA, Institut de Biologie en Santé, LUNAM Université, Angers, France
| | - Peter R Flatt
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Chappard
- GEROM-LHEA, Institut de Biologie en Santé, LUNAM Université, Angers, France.,SCIAM, Institut de Biologie en Santé, LUNAM Université, Angers, France
| | - Nigel Irwin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Mabilleau
- GEROM-LHEA, Institut de Biologie en Santé, LUNAM Université, Angers, France.,SCIAM, Institut de Biologie en Santé, LUNAM Université, Angers, France
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29
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Irwin N, Flatt PR. New perspectives on exploitation of incretin peptides for the treatment of diabetes and related disorders. World J Diabetes 2015; 6:1285-1295. [PMID: 26557956 PMCID: PMC4635139 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i15.1285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The applicability of stable gut hormones for the treatment of obesity-related diabetes is now undisputable. This is based predominantly on prominent and sustained glucose-lowering actions, plus evidence that these peptides can augment insulin secretion and pancreatic islet function over time. This review highlights the therapeutic potential of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), oxyntomodulin (OXM) and cholecystokinin (CCK) for obesity-related diabetes. Stable GLP-1 mimetics have already been successfully adopted into the diabetic clinic, whereas GIP, CCK and OXM molecules offer promise as potential new classes of antidiabetic drugs. Moreover, recent studies have shown improved therapeutic effects following simultaneous modulation of multiple receptor signalling pathways by combination therapy or use of dual/triple agonist peptides. However, timing and composition of injections may be important to permit interludes of beta-cell rest. The review also addresses the possible perils of incretin based drugs for treatment of prediabetes. Finally, the unanticipated utility of stable gut peptides as effective treatments for complications of diabetes, bone disorders, cognitive impairment and cardiovascular dysfunction is considered.
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31
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Mieczkowska A, Bouvard B, Chappard D, Mabilleau G. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) directly affects collagen fibril diameter and collagen cross-linking in osteoblast cultures. Bone 2015; 74:29-36. [PMID: 25582623 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is absolutely crucial in order to obtain optimal bone strength and collagen quality. However, as the GIPR is expressed in several tissues other than bone, it is difficult to ascertain whether the observed modifications of collagen maturity, reported in animal studies, were due to direct effects on osteoblasts or indirect through regulation of signals originating from other tissues. The aims of the present study were to investigate whether GIP can directly affect collagen biosynthesis and processing in osteoblast cultures and to decipher which molecular pathways were necessary for such effects. MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured in the presence of GIP ranged between 10 and 100pM. Collagen fibril diameter was investigated by electron microscopy whilst collagen maturity was determined by Fourier transform infra-red microspectroscopy (FTIRM). GIP treatment resulted in dose-dependent increases in lysyl oxidase activity and collagen maturity. Furthermore, GIP treatment shifted the collagen fiber diameter towards lower value but did not significantly affect collagen heterogeneity. GIP acted directly on osteoblasts by activating the adenylyl cyclase-cAMP pathway. This study provides evidences that GIP acts directly on osteoblasts and is capable of improving collagen maturity and fibril diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Mieczkowska
- GEROM Groupe Etudes Remodelage Osseux et bioMatériaux-LHEA, IRIS-IBS Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, LUNAM Université, 49933 Angers Cedex, France
| | - Beatrice Bouvard
- Service de Rhumatologie, CHU d'Angers, 49933 Angers Cedex, France
| | - Daniel Chappard
- GEROM Groupe Etudes Remodelage Osseux et bioMatériaux-LHEA, IRIS-IBS Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, LUNAM Université, 49933 Angers Cedex, France; SCIAM, Service Commun d'Imagerie et Analyses Microscopiques, IRIS-IBS Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, LUNAM Université, 49933 Angers Cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Mabilleau
- GEROM Groupe Etudes Remodelage Osseux et bioMatériaux-LHEA, IRIS-IBS Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, LUNAM Université, 49933 Angers Cedex, France; SCIAM, Service Commun d'Imagerie et Analyses Microscopiques, IRIS-IBS Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d'Angers, LUNAM Université, 49933 Angers Cedex, France.
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Pathak V, Gault VA, Flatt PR, Irwin N. Antagonism of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) by palmitoylation of GIP analogues with N- and C-terminal modifications improves obesity and metabolic control in high fat fed mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 401:120-9. [PMID: 25449420 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Compromise of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) receptor signalling represents a possible therapeutic strategy for the treatment of obesity-related diabetes. This study has characterised and evaluated the C-terminally fatty acid derivatised GIP analogues, GIP(3-30)Cex-K(40)[Pal] and Pro(3)GIP(3-30)Cex-K(40)[Pal], as potential GIP inhibitors. Both GIP analogues lack the two N-terminal amino acids cleaved by DPP-4 and have addition of nine amino acids from the C-terminal of exendin(1-39), Cex. GIP(3-30)Cex-K(40)[Pal] and Pro(3)GIP(3-30)Cex-K(40)[Pal] effectively (p < 0.01 to p < 0.001) inhibited GIP-induced cAMP production and insulin secretion in vitro. In normal mice, GIP(3-30)Cex-K(40)[Pal] and Pro(3)GIP(3-30)Cex-K(40)[Pal] displayed a significant (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001) and prolonged inhibitory effect on GIP-induced glucose-lowering and insulin-releasing actions. When injected once daily for 21 days in obese-diabetic high fat fed mice, both GIP(3-30)Cex-K(40)[Pal] and Pro(3)GIP(3-30)Cex-K(40)[Pal] significantly reduced body weight (p < 0.01 to p < 0.001) and lowered circulating glucose (p < 0.001) and insulin (p < 0.01 to p < 0.001) concentrations. The observed beneficial changes were independent of effects on energy intake, locomotor activity or metabolic rate. Oral and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance were significantly (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001) improved in both treatment groups at the end of the study, despite reduced glucose-induced plasma insulin concentrations. This improvement of metabolic control was accompanied by enhanced (p < 0.05 to p < 0.01) insulin sensitivity compared with high fat controls. These data demonstrate the potential offered by GIP(3-30)Cex-K(40)[Pal] and Pro(3)GIP(3-30)Cex-K(40)[Pal] for the treatment of obesity-related diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Pathak
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - V A Gault
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - P R Flatt
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - N Irwin
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK.
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