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Rao VG, Subramanianbalachandar V, Magaj MM, Redemann S, Kulkarni SS. Mechanisms of cilia regeneration in Xenopus multiciliated epithelium in vivo. bioRxiv 2024:2023.06.14.544972. [PMID: 37398226 PMCID: PMC10312767 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.14.544972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Cilia regeneration is a physiological event, and while studied extensively in unicellular organisms, it remains poorly understood in vertebrates. In this study, using Xenopus multiciliated cells (MCCs) as a model, we demonstrate that, unlike unicellular organisms, deciliation removes the transition zone (TZ) and the ciliary axoneme. While MCCs immediately begin the regeneration of the ciliary axoneme, surprisingly, the assembly of TZ is delayed. However, ciliary tip proteins, Sentan and Clamp, localize to regenerating cilia without delay. Using cycloheximide (CHX) to block new protein synthesis, we show that the TZ protein B9d1 is not a component of the cilia precursor pool and requires new transcription/translation, providing insights into the delayed repair of TZ. Moreover, MCCs in CHX treatment assemble fewer (∼ 10 vs. ∼150 in controls) but near wild-type length (ranging between 60 to 90%) cilia by gradually concentrating ciliogenesis proteins like IFTs at a select few basal bodies. Using mathematical modeling, we show that cilia length compared to cilia number influences the force generated by MCCs more. In summary, our results question the requirement of TZ in motile cilia assembly and provide insights into how cells determine organelle size and number.
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2
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Weissmiller AM, Fesik SW, Tansey WP. WD Repeat Domain 5 Inhibitors for Cancer Therapy: Not What You Think. J Clin Med 2024; 13:274. [PMID: 38202281 PMCID: PMC10779565 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13010274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
WDR5 is a conserved nuclear protein that scaffolds the assembly of epigenetic regulatory complexes and moonlights in functions ranging from recruiting MYC oncoproteins to chromatin to facilitating the integrity of mitosis. It is also a high-value target for anti-cancer therapies, with small molecule WDR5 inhibitors and degraders undergoing extensive preclinical assessment. WDR5 inhibitors were originally conceived as epigenetic modulators, proposed to inhibit cancer cells by reversing oncogenic patterns of histone H3 lysine 4 methylation-a notion that persists to this day. This premise, however, does not withstand contemporary inspection and establishes expectations for the mechanisms and utility of WDR5 inhibitors that can likely never be met. Here, we highlight salient misconceptions regarding WDR5 inhibitors as epigenetic modulators and provide a unified model for their action as a ribosome-directed anti-cancer therapy that helps focus understanding of when and how the tumor-inhibiting properties of these agents can best be understood and exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- April M. Weissmiller
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 32132, USA;
| | - Stephen W. Fesik
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - William P. Tansey
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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3
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Lyu Q, Li Q, Zhou J, Zhao H. Formation and function of multiciliated cells. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202307150. [PMID: 38032388 PMCID: PMC10689204 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202307150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, multiciliated cells (MCCs) are terminally differentiated cells that line the airway tracts, brain ventricles, and reproductive ducts. Each MCC contains dozens to hundreds of motile cilia that beat in a synchronized manner to drive fluid flow across epithelia, the dysfunction of which is associated with a group of human diseases referred to as motile ciliopathies, such as primary cilia dyskinesia. Given the dynamic and complex process of multiciliogenesis, the biological events essential for forming multiple motile cilia are comparatively unelucidated. Thanks to advancements in genetic tools, omics technologies, and structural biology, significant progress has been achieved in the past decade in understanding the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of multiple motile cilia formation. In this review, we discuss recent studies with ex vivo culture MCC and animal models, summarize current knowledge of multiciliogenesis, and particularly highlight recent advances and their implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Lyu
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Qingchao Li
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huijie Zhao
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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4
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Chatzifrangkeskou M, Kouis P, Skourides PA. JNK regulates ciliogenesis through the interflagellar transport complex and actin networks. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202303052. [PMID: 37851005 PMCID: PMC10585068 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202303052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) regulates various important physiological processes. Although the JNK pathway has been under intense investigation for over 20 yr, its complexity is still perplexing, with multiple protein partners underlying the diversity of its activity. We show that JNK is associated with the basal bodies in both primary and motile cilia. Loss of JNK disrupts basal body migration and docking and leads to severe ciliogenesis defects. JNK's involvement in ciliogenesis stems from a dual role in the regulation of the actin networks of multiciliated cells (MCCs) and the establishment of the intraflagellar transport-B core complex. JNK signaling is also critical for the maintenance of the actin networks and ciliary function in mature MCCs. JNK is implicated in the development of diabetes, neurodegeneration, and liver disease, all of which have been linked to ciliary dysfunction. Our work uncovers a novel role of JNK in ciliogenesis and ciliary function that could have important implications for JNK's role in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Panayiotis Kouis
- Respiratory Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Paris A. Skourides
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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5
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Chen Y, Su H, Zhao J, Na Z, Jiang K, Bacchiocchi A, Loh KH, Halaban R, Wang Z, Cao X, Slavoff SA. Unannotated microprotein EMBOW regulates the interactome and chromatin and mitotic functions of WDR5. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113145. [PMID: 37725512 PMCID: PMC10629662 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The conserved WD40-repeat protein WDR5 interacts with multiple proteins both inside and outside the nucleus. However, it is currently unclear whether and how the distribution of WDR5 between complexes is regulated. Here, we show that an unannotated microprotein EMBOW (endogenous microprotein binder of WDR5) dually encoded in the human SCRIB gene interacts with WDR5 and regulates its binding to multiple interaction partners, including KMT2A and KIF2A. EMBOW is cell cycle regulated, with two expression maxima at late G1 phase and G2/M phase. Loss of EMBOW decreases WDR5 interaction with KIF2A, aberrantly shortens mitotic spindle length, prolongs G2/M phase, and delays cell proliferation. In contrast, loss of EMBOW increases WDR5 interaction with KMT2A, leading to WDR5 binding to off-target genes, erroneously increasing H3K4me3 levels, and activating transcription of these genes. Together, these results implicate EMBOW as a regulator of WDR5 that regulates its interactions and prevents its off-target binding in multiple contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanran Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Institute for Biomolecular Design and Discovery, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education and Shanghai, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Haomiao Su
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Institute for Biomolecular Design and Discovery, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Jianing Zhao
- Frontier Innovation Center, Department of Systems Biology for Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhenkun Na
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Institute for Biomolecular Design and Discovery, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Kevin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Institute for Biomolecular Design and Discovery, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Antonella Bacchiocchi
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ken H Loh
- Institute for Biomolecular Design and Discovery, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ruth Halaban
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Zhentian Wang
- Frontier Innovation Center, Department of Systems Biology for Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiongwen Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Institute for Biomolecular Design and Discovery, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education and Shanghai, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Sarah A Slavoff
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Institute for Biomolecular Design and Discovery, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06529, USA.
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6
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González-Novo R, de Lope-Planelles A, Cruz Rodríguez MP, González-Murillo Á, Madrazo E, Acitores D, García de Lacoba M, Ramírez M, Redondo-Muñoz J. 3D environment controls H3K4 methylation and the mechanical response of the nucleus in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151343. [PMID: 37494871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common pediatric cancer, and the infiltration of leukemic cells is critical for disease progression and relapse. Nuclear deformability plays a critical role in cancer cell invasion through confined spaces; however, the direct impact of epigenetic changes on the nuclear deformability of leukemic cells remains unclear. Here, we characterized how 3D collagen matrix conditions induced H3K4 methylation in ALL cell lines and clinical samples. We used specific shRNA and chemical inhibitors to target WDR5 (a core subunit involved in H3K4 methylation) and determined that targeting WDR5 reduced the H3K4 methylation induced by the 3D environment and the invasiveness of ALL cells in vitro and in vivo. Intriguingly, targeting WDR5 did not reduce the adhesion or the chemotactic response of leukemia cells, suggesting a different mechanism by which H3K4 methylation might govern ALL cell invasiveness. Finally, we conducted biochemical, and biophysical experiments to determine that 3D environments promoted the alteration of the chromatin, the morphology, and the mechanical behavior of the nucleus in ALL cells. Collectively, our data suggest that 3D environments control an upregulation of H3K4 methylation in ALL cells, and targeting WDR5 might serve as a promising therapeutic target against ALL invasiveness in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel González-Novo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB Margarita Salas-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana de Lope-Planelles
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB Margarita Salas-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Pilar Cruz Rodríguez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB Margarita Salas-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - África González-Murillo
- Oncolohematology Unit, Hospital Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain; Health Research Institute La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Madrazo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB Margarita Salas-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Acitores
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario García de Lacoba
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB Margarita Salas-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Ramírez
- Oncolohematology Unit, Hospital Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain; Health Research Institute La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Redondo-Muñoz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB Margarita Salas-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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7
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Seidl C, Da Silva F, Zhang K, Wohlgemuth K, Omran H, Niehrs C. Mucociliary Wnt signaling promotes cilia biogenesis and beating. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1259. [PMID: 36878953 PMCID: PMC9988884 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36743-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely thought that Wnt/Lrp6 signaling proceeds through the cytoplasm and that motile cilia are signaling-inert nanomotors. Contrasting both views, we here show in the mucociliary epidermis of X. tropicalis embryos that motile cilia transduce a ciliary Wnt signal that is distinct from canonical β-catenin signaling. Instead, it engages a Wnt-Gsk3-Ppp1r11-Pp1 signaling axis. Mucociliary Wnt signaling is essential for ciliogenesis and it engages Lrp6 co-receptors that localize to cilia via a VxP ciliary targeting sequence. Live-cell imaging using a ciliary Gsk3 biosensor reveals an immediate response of motile cilia to Wnt ligand. Wnt treatment stimulates ciliary beating in X. tropicalis embryos and primary human airway mucociliary epithelia. Moreover, Wnt treatment improves ciliary function in X. tropicalis ciliopathy models of male infertility and primary ciliary dyskinesia (ccdc108, gas2l2). We conclude that X. tropicalis motile cilia are Wnt signaling organelles that transduce a distinct Wnt-Pp1 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Seidl
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabio Da Silva
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kaiqing Zhang
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kai Wohlgemuth
- University Children's Hospital Muenster, Department of General Pediatrics, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Heymut Omran
- University Children's Hospital Muenster, Department of General Pediatrics, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Christof Niehrs
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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8
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Abstract
Ciliogenesis is a complex multistep process used to describe assembly of cilia and flagella. These organelles play essential roles in motility and signaling on the surface of cells. Cilia are built at the distal ends of centrioles through the formation of an axoneme that is surrounded by the ciliary membrane. As is the case in the biogenesis of other cellular organelles, regulators of membrane trafficking play essential roles in ciliogenesis, albeit with a unique feature that membranes are organized around microtubule-based structures. Membrane association with the distal end of the centriole is a critical initiating step for ciliogenesis. Studies of this process in different cell types suggests that a singular mechanism may not be utilized to initiate cilium assembly. In this review, we focus on recent insights into cilium biogenesis and the roles membrane trafficking regulators play in described ciliogenesis mechanisms with relevance to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Zhao
- Center for Cancer Research, NCI Frederick, Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental, Signaling, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ziam Khan
- Center for Cancer Research, NCI Frederick, Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental, Signaling, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Christopher J Westlake
- Center for Cancer Research, NCI Frederick, Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental, Signaling, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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9
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Ventura G, Amiri A, Thiagarajan R, Tolonen M, Doostmohammadi A, Sedzinski J. Multiciliated cells use filopodia to probe tissue mechanics during epithelial integration in vivo. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6423. [PMID: 36307428 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34165-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, regeneration, and homeostasis, cells have to migrate and physically integrate into the target tissues where they ultimately execute their function. While much is known about the biochemical pathways driving cell migration in vivo, we are only beginning to understand the mechanical interplay between migrating cells and their surrounding tissue. Here, we reveal that multiciliated cell precursors in the Xenopus embryo use filopodia to pull at the vertices of the overlying epithelial sheet. This pulling is effectively used to sense vertex stiffness and identify the preferred positions for cell integration into the tissue. Notably, we find that pulling forces equip multiciliated cells with the ability to remodel the epithelial junctions of the neighboring cells, enabling them to generate a permissive environment that facilitates integration. Our findings reveal the intricate physical crosstalk at the cell-tissue interface and uncover previously unknown functions for mechanical forces in orchestrating cell integration.
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10
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Al-Ali S, Jeffries L, Faustino EVS, Ji W, Mis E, Konstantino M, Zerillo C, Jiang YH, Spencer-Manzon M, Bale A, Zhang H, McGlynn J, McGrath JM, Tremblay T, Brodsky NN, Lucas CL, Pierce R, Deniz E, Khokha MK, Lakhani SA. A retrospective cohort analysis of the Yale pediatric genomics discovery program. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:2869-2878. [PMID: 35899841 PMCID: PMC9474639 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program (PGDP) at Yale uses next-generation sequencing (NGS) and translational research to evaluate complex patients with a wide range of phenotypes suspected to have rare genetic diseases. We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of 356 PGDP probands evaluated between June 2015 and July 2020, querying our database for participant demographics, clinical characteristics, NGS results, and diagnostic and research findings. The three most common phenotypes among the entire studied cohort (n = 356) were immune system abnormalities (n = 105, 29%), syndromic or multisystem disease (n = 103, 29%), and cardiovascular system abnormalities (n = 62, 17%). Of 216 patients with final classifications, 77 (36%) received new diagnoses and 139 (64%) were undiagnosed; the remaining 140 patients were still actively being investigated. Monogenetic diagnoses were found in 67 (89%); the largest group had variants in known disease genes but with new contributions such as novel variants (n = 31, 40%) or expanded phenotypes (n = 14, 18%). Finally, five PGDP diagnoses (8%) were suggestive of novel gene-to-phenotype relationships. A broad range of patients can benefit from single subject studies combining NGS and functional molecular analyses. All pediatric providers should consider further genetics evaluations for patients lacking precise molecular diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Al-Ali
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lauren Jeffries
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - E. Vincent S. Faustino
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Weizhen Ji
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Emily Mis
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Monica Konstantino
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Cynthia Zerillo
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yong-hui Jiang
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, US
| | - Michele Spencer-Manzon
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, US
| | - Allen Bale
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, US
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, US
| | - Julie McGlynn
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, US
| | - James M. McGrath
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, US
| | | | - Nina N. Brodsky
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Carrie L. Lucas
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Richard Pierce
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Engin Deniz
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mustafa K. Khokha
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, US
| | - Saquib A. Lakhani
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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11
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Cai WL, Chen JFY, Chen H, Wingrove E, Kurley SJ, Chan LH, Zhang M, Arnal-Estape A, Zhao M, Balabaki A, Li W, Yu X, Krop ED, Dou Y, Liu Y, Jin J, Westbrook TF, Nguyen DX, Yan Q. Human WDR5 promotes breast cancer growth and metastasis via KMT2-independent translation regulation. eLife 2022; 11:e78163. [PMID: 36043466 PMCID: PMC9584608 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic breast cancer remains a major cause of cancer-related deaths in women, and there are few effective therapies against this advanced disease. Emerging evidence suggests that key steps of tumor progression and metastasis are controlled by reversible epigenetic mechanisms. Using an in vivo genetic screen, we identified WDR5 as an actionable epigenetic regulator that is required for metastatic progression in models of triple-negative breast cancer. We found that knockdown of WDR5 in breast cancer cells independently impaired their tumorigenic as well as metastatic capabilities. Mechanistically, WDR5 promotes cell growth by increasing ribosomal gene expression and translation efficiency in a KMT2-independent manner. Consistently, pharmacological inhibition or degradation of WDR5 impedes cellular translation rate and the clonogenic ability of breast cancer cells. Furthermore, a combination of WDR5 targeting with mTOR inhibitors leads to potent suppression of translation and proliferation of breast cancer cells. These results reveal novel therapeutic strategies to treat metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley L Cai
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghUnited States
- Department of Pathology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | | | - Huacui Chen
- Department of Pathology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Emily Wingrove
- Department of Pathology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Sarah J Kurley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Lok Hei Chan
- Department of Pathology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Meiling Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Anna Arnal-Estape
- Department of Pathology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - Minghui Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Amer Balabaki
- Department of Pathology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Wenxue Li
- Yale Cancer Biology Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Yale UniversityWest HavenUnited States
| | - Xufen Yu
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
| | - Ethan D Krop
- Department of Pathology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University,HoustonUnited States
| | - Yali Dou
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Yansheng Liu
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
- Yale Cancer Biology Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Yale UniversityWest HavenUnited States
| | - Jian Jin
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
| | - Thomas F Westbrook
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Don X Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Medical Oncology), Yale School of Medicine,New HavenUnited States
| | - Qin Yan
- Department of Pathology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
- Yale Center for Immuno-Oncology, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
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12
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Mahjoub MR, Nanjundappa R, Harvey MN. Development of a multiciliated cell. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2022; 77:102105. [PMID: 35716530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2022.102105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Multiciliated cells (MCC) are evolutionary conserved, highly specialized cell types that contain dozens to hundreds of motile cilia that they use to propel fluid directionally. To template these cilia, each MCC produces between 30 and 500 basal bodies via a process termed centriole amplification. Much progress has been made in recent years in understanding the pathways involved in MCC fate determination, differentiation, and ciliogenesis. Recent studies using mammalian cell culture systems, mice, Xenopus, and other model organisms have started to uncover the mechanisms involved in centriole and cilia biogenesis. Yet, how MCC progenitor cells regulate the precise number of centrioles and cilia during their differentiation remains largely unknown. In this review, we will examine recent findings that address this fundamental question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe R Mahjoub
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology Division), Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Rashmi Nanjundappa
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology Division), Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Megan N Harvey
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology Division), Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
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13
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Abstract
Primary cilia play a key role in the ability of cells to respond to extracellular stimuli, such as signaling molecules and environmental cues. These sensory organelles are crucial to the development of many organ systems, and defects in primary ciliogenesis lead to multisystemic genetic disorders, known as ciliopathies. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of several key aspects of the regulation of ciliogenesis. Primary ciliogenesis is thought to take different pathways depending on cell type, and some recent studies shed new light on the cell-type-specific mechanisms regulating ciliogenesis at the apical surface in polarized epithelial cells, which are particularly relevant for many ciliopathies. Furthermore, recent findings have demonstrated the importance of actin cytoskeleton dynamics in positively and negatively regulating multiple stages of ciliogenesis, including the vesicular trafficking of ciliary components and the positioning and docking of the basal body. Finally, studies on the formation of motile cilia in multiciliated epithelial cells have revealed requirements for actin remodeling in this process too, as well as showing evidence of an additional alternative ciliogenesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huxley K Hoffman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Rytis Prekeris
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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14
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Zhao H, Sun J, Insinna C, Lu Q, Wang Z, Nagashima K, Stauffer J, Andresson T, Specht S, Perera S, Daar IO, Westlake CJ. Male infertility-associated Ccdc108 regulates multiciliogenesis via the intraflagellar transport machinery. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e52775. [PMID: 35201641 PMCID: PMC8982597 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202152775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia on the cell surface generate movement and directional fluid flow that is crucial for various biological processes. Dysfunction of these cilia causes human diseases such as sinopulmonary disease and infertility. Here, we show that Ccdc108, a protein linked to male infertility, has an evolutionarily conserved requirement in motile multiciliation. Using Xenopus laevis embryos, Ccdc108 is shown to be required for the migration and docking of basal bodies to the apical membrane in epidermal multiciliated cells (MCCs). We demonstrate that Ccdc108 interacts with the IFT‐B complex, and the ciliation requirement for Ift74 overlaps with Ccdc108 in MCCs. Both Ccdc108 and IFT‐B proteins localize to migrating centrioles, basal bodies, and cilia in MCCs. Importantly, Ccdc108 governs the centriolar recruitment of IFT while IFT licenses the targeting of Ccdc108 to the cilium. Moreover, Ccdc108 is required for the centriolar recruitment of Drg1 and activated RhoA, factors that help establish the apical actin network in MCCs. Together, our studies indicate that Ccdc108 and IFT‐B complex components cooperate in multiciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Zhao
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jian Sun
- Cancer & Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Christine Insinna
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Quanlong Lu
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Ziqiu Wang
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Kunio Nagashima
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jimmy Stauffer
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Thorkell Andresson
- Protein Characterization Laboratory (PCL) Mass Spectrometry Center, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Suzanne Specht
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Sumeth Perera
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Ira O Daar
- Cancer & Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Christopher J Westlake
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
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15
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Kawaguchi K, Asano S. Pathophysiological Roles of Actin-Binding Scaffold Protein, Ezrin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063246. [PMID: 35328667 PMCID: PMC8952289 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ezrin is one of the members of the ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) family of proteins. It was originally discovered as an actin-binding protein in the microvilli structure about forty years ago. Since then, it has been revealed as a key protein with functions in a variety of fields including cell migration, survival, and signal transduction, as well as functioning as a structural component. Ezrin acts as a cross-linker of membrane proteins or phospholipids in the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. It also functions as a platform for signaling molecules at the cell surface. Moreover, ezrin is regarded as an important target protein in cancer diagnosis and therapy because it is a key protein involved in cancer progression and metastasis, and its high expression is linked to poor survival in many cancers. Small molecule inhibitors of ezrin have been developed and investigated as candidate molecules that suppress cancer metastasis. Here, we wish to comprehensively review the roles of ezrin from the pathophysiological points of view.
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16
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Rocha C, Prinos P. Post-transcriptional and Post-translational Modifications of Primary Cilia: How to Fine Tune Your Neuronal Antenna. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:809917. [PMID: 35295905 PMCID: PMC8918543 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.809917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia direct cellular signaling events during brain development and neuronal differentiation. The primary cilium is a dynamic organelle formed in a multistep process termed ciliogenesis that is tightly coordinated with the cell cycle. Genetic alterations, such as ciliary gene mutations, and epigenetic alterations, such as post-translational modifications and RNA processing of cilia related factors, give rise to human neuronal disorders and brain tumors such as glioblastoma and medulloblastoma. This review discusses the important role of genetics/epigenetics, as well as RNA processing and post-translational modifications in primary cilia function during brain development and cancer formation. We summarize mouse and human studies of ciliogenesis and primary cilia activity in the brain, and detail how cilia maintain neuronal progenitor populations and coordinate neuronal differentiation during development, as well as how cilia control different signaling pathways such as WNT, Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) and PDGF that are critical for neurogenesis. Moreover, we describe how post-translational modifications alter cilia formation and activity during development and carcinogenesis, and the impact of missplicing of ciliary genes leading to ciliopathies and cell cycle alterations. Finally, cilia genetic and epigenetic studies bring to light cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie neurodevelopmental disorders and brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Rocha
- Early Drug Discovery Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Cecilia Rocha,
| | - Panagiotis Prinos
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Panagiotis Prinos,
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17
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Kawaguchi K, Nakayama S, Saito D, Kogiso H, Yasuoka K, Marunaka Y, Nakahari T, Asano S. Ezrin knockdown reduces procaterol-stimulated ciliary beating without morphological changes in mouse airway cilia. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274273. [PMID: 35132996 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucociliary clearance, which is conducted by the beating cilia cooperating with the surface mucous layer, is a major host defense mechanism of the airway epithelium. Ezrin, a crosslinker between membrane proteins and actin cytoskeleton, is located in microvilli and around the basal bodies in airway ciliary cells. It is also likely that ezrin may play the important role of apical localization of β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) in airway ciliary cells. Here we studied the physiological roles of ezrin by using the trachea and airway epithelial cells prepared from the ezrin-knockdown (Vil2kd/kd) mice. The trachea and airway ciliary cells of Vil2kd/kd mice represented normal morphology and basal body orientation, suggesting that ezrin is not directly involved in development and planer cell polarity of cilia. Procaterol stimulates ciliary beating (frequency and amplitude) via β2AR in the airway ciliary cells. In the Vil2kd/kd mice, airway ciliary beating stimulated with procaterol was partly inhibited due to the impairment of cell surface expression of β2AR. These results suggest that ezrin regulates the beating of airway ciliary cells by promoting the apical surface localization of β2AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotoku Kawaguchi
- Department of Molecular Physiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Shogo Nakayama
- Laboratory for Lung Development and Regeneration, Riken Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Daichi Saito
- Department of Molecular Physiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Haruka Kogiso
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Kasane Yasuoka
- Department of Molecular Physiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Marunaka
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.,Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.,Medical Research Institute, Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Kyoto 604-8472, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakahari
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Shinji Asano
- Department of Molecular Physiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.,Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
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18
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Nommick A, Boutin C, Rosnet O, Schirmer C, Bazellières E, Thomé V, Loiseau E, Viallat A, Kodjabachian L. Lrrcc1 and Ccdc61 are conserved effectors of multiciliated cell function. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274401. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliated epithelia perform essential functions across animal evolution, ranging from locomotion of marine organisms to mucociliary clearance of airways in mammals. These epithelia are composed of multiciliated cells (MCCs) harbouring myriads of motile cilia, which rest on modified centrioles called basal bodies (BBs), and beat coordinately to generate directed fluid flows. Thus, BB biogenesis and organization is central to MCC function. In basal eukaryotes, the coiled-coil domain proteins Lrrcc1 and Ccdc61 were shown to be required for proper BB construction and function. Here, we used the Xenopus embryonic ciliated epidermis to characterize Lrrcc1 and Ccdc61 in vertebrate MCCs. We found that they both encode BB components, localized proximally at the junction with striated rootlets. Knocking down either gene caused defects in BB docking, spacing, and polarization. Moreover, their depletion impaired the apical cytoskeleton, and altered ciliary beating. Consequently, cilia-powered fluid flow was greatly reduced in morphant tadpoles, which displayed enhanced mortality when exposed to pathogenic bacteria. This work illustrates how integration across organizational scales make elementary BB components essential for the emergence of the physiological function of ciliated epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Nommick
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Camille Boutin
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Rosnet
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Claire Schirmer
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Elsa Bazellières
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Virginie Thomé
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Etienne Loiseau
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CINaM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Annie Viallat
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CINaM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Kodjabachian
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
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19
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Lee M, Nagashima K, Yoon J, Sun J, Wang Z, Carpenter C, Lee HK, Hwang YS, Westlake CJ, Daar IO. CEP97 phosphorylation by Dyrk1a is critical for centriole separation during multiciliogenesis. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:e202102110. [PMID: 34787650 PMCID: PMC8719716 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202102110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper cilia formation in multiciliated cells (MCCs) is necessary for appropriate embryonic development and homeostasis. Multicilia share many structural characteristics with monocilia and primary cilia, but there are still significant gaps in our understanding of the regulation of multiciliogenesis. Using the Xenopus embryo, we show that CEP97, which is known as a negative regulator of primary cilia formation, interacts with dual specificity tyrosine phosphorylation regulated kinase 1A (Dyrk1a) to modulate multiciliogenesis. We show that Dyrk1a phosphorylates CEP97, which in turn promotes the recruitment of Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), which is a critical regulator of MCC maturation that functions to enhance centriole disengagement in cooperation with the enzyme Separase. Knockdown of either CEP97 or Dyrk1a disrupts cilia formation and centriole disengagement in MCCs, but this defect is rescued by overexpression of Separase. Thus, our study reveals that Dyrk1a and CEP97 coordinate with Plk1 to promote Separase function to properly form multicilia in vertebrate MCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kunio Nagashima
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Jaeho Yoon
- National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | - Jian Sun
- National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | - Ziqiu Wang
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Christina Carpenter
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | | | | | - Christopher J. Westlake
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD
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20
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Chuyen A, Daian F, Pasini A, Kodjabachian L. A live-imaging protocol to track cell movement in the Xenopus embryo. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100928. [PMID: 34778847 PMCID: PMC8577151 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Tracking individual cell movement during development is challenging, particularly in tissues subjected to major remodeling. Currently, most live imaging techniques in Xenopus are limited to tissue explants and/or to superficial cells. We describe here a protocol to track immature multiciliated cells (MCCs) moving within the inner epidermal layer of a whole embryo. In addition, we present a data processing protocol to uncouple the movements of individual cells from the coplanar drifts of the tissue in which they are embedded. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Chuyen et al. (2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Chuyen
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Fabrice Daian
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Andrea Pasini
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Kodjabachian
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
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21
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Li Q, Huang Y, Xu J, Mao F, Zhou B, Sun L, Basinski BW, Aksu M, Liu J, Dou Y, Rao RC. p53 inactivation unmasks histone methylation-independent WDR5 functions that drive self-renewal and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:2642-58. [PMID: 34715053 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 alterations occur during culture of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), but the significance of these events on epigenetic control of PSC fate determination remains poorly understood. Wdr5 deletion in p53-null (DKO) mouse ESCs (mESCs) leads to impaired self-renewal, defective retinal neuroectoderm differentiation, and de-repression of germ cell/meiosis (GCM)-specific genes. Re-introduction of a WDR5 mutant with defective H3K4 methylation activity into DKO ESCs restored self-renewal and suppressed GCM gene expression but failed to induce retinal neuroectoderm differentiation. Mechanistically, mutant WDR5 targets chromatin that is largely devoid of H3K4me3 and regulates gene expression in p53-null mESCs. Furthermore, MAX and WDR5 co-target lineage-specifying chromatin and regulate chromatin accessibility of GCM-related genes. Importantly, MAX and WDR5 are core subunits of a non-canonical polycomb repressor complex 1 responsible for gene silencing. This function, together with canonical, pro-transcriptional WDR5-dependent MLL complex H3K4 methyltransferase activity, highlight how WDR5 mediates crosstalk between transcription and repression during mESC fate choice. H3K4me defective WDR5 supports self-renewal and GCM differentiation in p53-null mESCs WDR5 regulates H3K4me-independent stemness and GCM gene expression in p53-null mESCs MAX and WDR5 repress GCM-related gene chromatin accessibility upon differentiation
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22
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Collins C, Kim SK, Ventrella R, Carruzzo HM, Wortman JC, Han H, Suva EE, Mitchell JW, Yu CC, Mitchell BJ. Tubulin acetylation promotes penetrative capacity of cells undergoing radial intercalation. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109556. [PMID: 34407402 PMCID: PMC8383821 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modification of tubulin provides differential functions to microtubule networks. Here, we address the role of tubulin acetylation on the penetrative capacity of cells undergoing radial intercalation, which is the process by which cells move apically, insert between outer cells, and join an epithelium. There are opposing forces that regulate intercalation, namely, the restrictive forces of the epithelial barrier versus the penetrative forces of the intercalating cell. Positively and negatively modulating tubulin acetylation in intercalating cells alters the developmental timing such that cells with more acetylation penetrate faster. We find that intercalating cells preferentially penetrate higher-order vertices rather than the more prevalent tricellular vertices. Differential timing in the ability of cells to penetrate different vertices reveals that lower-order vertices represent more restrictive sites of insertion. We shift the accessibility of intercalating cells toward more restrictive junctions by increasing tubulin acetylation, and we provide a geometric-based mathematical model that describes our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Collins
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Sun K Kim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rosa Ventrella
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Herve M Carruzzo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Juliana C Wortman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Hyebin Han
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Evelyn E Suva
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jennifer W Mitchell
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Clare C Yu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Brian J Mitchell
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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23
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Marquez J, Mann N, Arana K, Deniz E, Ji W, Konstantino M, Mis EK, Deshpande C, Jeffries L, McGlynn J, Hugo H, Widmeier E, Konrad M, Tasic V, Morotti R, Baptista J, Ellard S, Lakhani SA, Hildebrandt F, Khokha MK. DLG5 variants are associated with multiple congenital anomalies including ciliopathy phenotypes. J Med Genet 2021; 58:453-464. [PMID: 32631816 PMCID: PMC7785698 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cilia are dynamic cellular extensions that generate and sense signals to orchestrate proper development and tissue homeostasis. They rely on the underlying polarisation of cells to participate in signalling. Cilia dysfunction is a well-known cause of several diseases that affect multiple organ systems including the kidneys, brain, heart, respiratory tract, skeleton and retina. METHODS Among individuals from four unrelated families, we identified variants in discs large 5 (DLG5) that manifested in a variety of pathologies. In our proband, we also examined patient tissues. We depleted dlg5 in Xenopus tropicalis frog embryos to generate a loss-of-function model. Finally, we tested the pathogenicity of DLG5 patient variants through rescue experiments in the frog model. RESULTS Patients with variants of DLG5 were found to have a variety of phenotypes including cystic kidneys, nephrotic syndrome, hydrocephalus, limb abnormalities, congenital heart disease and craniofacial malformations. We also observed a loss of cilia in cystic kidney tissue of our proband. Knockdown of dlg5 in Xenopus embryos recapitulated many of these phenotypes and resulted in a loss of cilia in multiple tissues. Unlike introduction of wildtype DLG5 in frog embryos depleted of dlg5, introduction of DLG5 patient variants was largely ineffective in restoring proper ciliation and tissue morphology in the kidney and brain suggesting that the variants were indeed detrimental to function. CONCLUSION These findings in both patient tissues and Xenopus shed light on how mutations in DLG5 may lead to tissue-specific manifestations of disease. DLG5 is essential for cilia and many of the patient phenotypes are in the ciliopathy spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Marquez
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nina Mann
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kathya Arana
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Engin Deniz
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Weizhen Ji
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Monica Konstantino
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Emily K Mis
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Lauren Jeffries
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Julie McGlynn
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hannah Hugo
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eugen Widmeier
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Martin Konrad
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Velibor Tasic
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Children's Hospital, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Raffaella Morotti
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Julia Baptista
- Exeter Genomics Laboratory, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
- Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, Exeter, UK
| | - Sian Ellard
- Exeter Genomics Laboratory, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
- Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, Exeter, UK
| | - Saquib Ali Lakhani
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mustafa K Khokha
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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24
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Kulkarni S, Marquez J, Date P, Ventrella R, Mitchell BJ, Khokha MK. Mechanical stretch scales centriole number to apical area via Piezo1 in multiciliated cells. eLife 2021; 10:66076. [PMID: 34184636 PMCID: PMC8270640 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
How cells count and regulate organelle number is a fundamental question in cell biology. For example, most cells restrict centrioles to two in number and assemble one cilium; however, multiciliated cells (MCCs) synthesize hundreds of centrioles to assemble multiple cilia. Aberration in centriole/cilia number impairs MCC function and can lead to pathological outcomes. Yet how MCCs control centriole number remains unknown. Using Xenopus, we demonstrate that centriole number scales with apical area over a remarkable 40-fold change in size. We find that tensile forces that shape the apical area also trigger centriole amplification based on both cell stretching experiments and disruption of embryonic elongation. Unexpectedly, Piezo1, a mechanosensitive ion channel, localizes near each centriole suggesting a potential role in centriole amplification. Indeed, depletion of Piezo1 affects centriole amplification and disrupts its correlation with the apical area in a tension-dependent manner. Thus, mechanical forces calibrate cilia/centriole number to the MCC apical area via Piezo1. Our results provide new perspectives to study organelle number control essential for optimal cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Kulkarni
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Jonathan Marquez
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Priya Date
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Rosa Ventrella
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Brian J Mitchell
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Mustafa K Khokha
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
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25
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Abstract
The cardiac neural crest cells (cNCCs) is a transient, migratory cell population that contribute to the formation of major arteries and the septa and valves of the heart. Abnormal development of cNCCs leads to a spectrum of congenital heart defects that mainly affect the outflow region of the hearts. Signaling molecules and transcription factors are the best studied regulatory events controlling cNCC development. In recent years, however, accumulated evidence supports that epigenetic regulation also plays an important role in cNCC development. Here, we summarize the functions of epigenetic regulators during cNCC development as well as cNCC related cardiovascular defects. These factors include ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling factors, histone modifiers and DNA methylation modulators. In many cases, mutations in the genes encoding these factors are known to cause inborn heart diseases. A better understanding of epigenetic regulators, their activities and their roles during heart development will ultimately contribute to the development of new clinical applications for patients with congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kai Jiao
- Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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26
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Yang B, Yao Y, Wu H, Yang H, Ma XH, Li D, Wang XZ, Huang SN, Jiang X, Cheng S, Sun JY, Huang ZL, Zhao C, McVoy MA, Ahn JH, Zeng WB, Britt WJ, Gong S, Luo MH. Localization of the WD repeat-containing protein 5 to the Virion Assembly Compartment Facilitates Human Cytomegalovirus Assembly. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI. [PMID: 33504601 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02101-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) utilizes the cellular protein WD repeat-containing protein 5 (WDR5) to facilitate capsid nuclear egress. Here, we further show that HCMV infection results in WDR5 localization in a juxtanuclear region, and that its localization to this cellular site is associated with viral replication and late viral gene expression. Furthermore, WDR5 accumulated in the virion assembly compartment (vAC) and co-localized with vAC markers of gamma-tubulin (γ-tubulin), early endosomes, and viral vAC marker proteins pp65, pp28, and glycoprotein B (gB). WDR5 co-immunoprecipitated with multiple virion proteins, including MCP, pp150, pp65, pIRS1, and pTRS1, which may explain WDR5 accumulation in the vAC during infection. WDR5 fractionated with virions either in the presence or absence of Triton X-100 and was present in purified viral particles, suggesting that WDR5 was incorporated into HCMV virions. Thus, WDR5 localized to the vAC and was incorporated into virions, raising the possibility that in addition to capsid nuclear egress, WDR5 could also participate in cytoplasmic HCMV virion morphogenesis.Importance Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has a large (∼235-kb) genome that contains over 170 ORFs and exploits numerous cellular factors to facilitate its replication. In the late phase of HCMV infection cytoplasmic membranes are reorganized to establish the virion assembly compartment (vAC), which has been shown to necessary for efficient assembly of progeny virions. We previously reported that WDR5 facilitates HCMV nuclear egress. Here, we show that WDR5 is localized to the vAC and incorporated into virions, perhaps contributing to efficient virion maturation. Thus, findings in this study identified a potential role for WDR5 in HCMV assembly in the cytoplasmic phase of virion morphogenesis.
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27
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Rao VG, Kulkarni SS. Xenopus to the rescue: A model to validate and characterize candidate ciliopathy genes. Genesis 2021; 59:e23414. [PMID: 33576572 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are present on most vertebrate cells and play a central role in development, growth, and homeostasis. Thus, cilia dysfunction can manifest into an array of diseases, collectively termed ciliopathies, affecting millions of lives worldwide. Yet, our understanding of the gene regulatory networks that control cilia assembly and functions remain incomplete. With the advances in next-generation sequencing technologies, we can now rapidly predict pathogenic variants from hundreds of ciliopathy patients. While the pace of candidate gene discovery is exciting, most of these genes have never been previously implicated in cilia assembly or function. This makes assigning the disease causality difficult. This review discusses how Xenopus, a genetically tractable and high-throughput vertebrate model, has played a central role in identifying, validating, and characterizing candidate ciliopathy genes. The review is focused on multiciliated cells (MCCs) and diseases associated with MCC dysfunction. MCCs harbor multiple motile cilia on their apical surface to generate extracellular fluid flow inside the airway, the brain ventricles, and the oviduct. In Xenopus, these cells are external and present on the embryonic epidermal epithelia, facilitating candidate genes analysis in MCC development in vivo. The ability to introduce patient variants to study their effects on disease progression makes Xenopus a powerful model to improve our understanding of the underlying disease mechanisms and explain the patient phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatramanan G Rao
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Saurabh S Kulkarni
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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28
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Lewis M, Stracker TH. Transcriptional regulation of multiciliated cell differentiation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 110:51-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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29
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Pellicciotta N, Das D, Kotar J, Faucourt M, Spassky N, Lauga E, Cicuta P. Cilia density and flow velocity affect alignment of motile cilia from brain cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 223:223/24/jeb229310. [PMID: 33376093 PMCID: PMC7790191 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.229310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In many organs, thousands of microscopic ‘motile cilia’ beat in a coordinated fashion generating fluid flow. Physiologically, these flows are important in both development and homeostasis of ciliated tissues. Combining experiments and simulations, we studied how cilia from brain tissue align their beating direction. We subjected cilia to a broad range of shear stresses, similar to the fluid flow that cilia themselves generate, in a microfluidic setup. In contrast to previous studies, we found that cilia from mouse ependyma respond and align to these physiological shear stress at all maturation stages. Cilia align more easily earlier in maturation, and we correlated this property with the increase in multiciliated cell density during maturation. Our numerical simulations show that cilia in densely packed clusters are hydrodynamically screened from the external flow, in agreement with our experimental observation. Cilia carpets create a hydrodynamic screening that reduces the susceptibility of individual cilia to external flows. Summary: Alignment of motile cilia in mammalian brains is essential for transport of fluids as described in an in vitro model of the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debasish Das
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
| | - Jurij Kotar
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Marion Faucourt
- Cilia biology and neurogenesis, Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale superieure (IBENS), Ecole normale superieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Universite Paris, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Spassky
- Cilia biology and neurogenesis, Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale superieure (IBENS), Ecole normale superieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Universite Paris, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Eric Lauga
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
| | - Pietro Cicuta
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
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30
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Smith CEL, Lake AVR, Johnson CA. Primary Cilia, Ciliogenesis and the Actin Cytoskeleton: A Little Less Resorption, A Little More Actin Please. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:622822. [PMID: 33392209 PMCID: PMC7773788 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.622822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles that extend from the apical surface of most mammalian cells, forming when the basal body (derived from the mother centriole) docks at the apical cell membrane. They act as universal cellular “antennae” in vertebrates that receive and integrate mechanical and chemical signals from the extracellular environment, serving diverse roles in chemo-, mechano- and photo-sensation that control developmental signaling, cell polarity and cell proliferation. Mutations in ciliary genes cause a major group of inherited developmental disorders called ciliopathies. There are very few preventative treatments or new therapeutic interventions that modify disease progression or the long-term outlook of patients with these conditions. Recent work has identified at least four distinct but interrelated cellular processes that regulate cilia formation and maintenance, comprising the cell cycle, cellular proteostasis, signaling pathways and structural influences of the actin cytoskeleton. The actin cytoskeleton is composed of microfilaments that are formed from filamentous (F) polymers of globular G-actin subunits. Actin filaments are organized into bundles and networks, and are attached to the cell membrane, by diverse cross-linking proteins. During cell migration, actin filament bundles form either radially at the leading edge or as axial stress fibers. Early studies demonstrated that loss-of-function mutations in ciliopathy genes increased stress fiber formation and impaired ciliogenesis whereas pharmacological inhibition of actin polymerization promoted ciliogenesis. These studies suggest that polymerization of the actin cytoskeleton, F-actin branching and the formation of stress fibers all inhibit primary cilium formation, whereas depolymerization or depletion of actin enhance ciliogenesis. Here, we review the mechanistic basis for these effects on ciliogenesis, which comprise several cellular processes acting in concert at different timescales. Actin polymerization is both a physical barrier to both cilia-targeted vesicle transport and to the membrane remodeling required for ciliogenesis. In contrast, actin may cause cilia loss by localizing disassembly factors at the ciliary base, and F-actin branching may itself activate the YAP/TAZ pathway to promote cilia disassembly. The fundamental role of actin polymerization in the control of ciliogenesis may present potential new targets for disease-modifying therapeutic approaches in treating ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E L Smith
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Alice V R Lake
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Colin A Johnson
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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31
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Marquez J, Bhattacharya D, Lusk CP, Khokha MK. Nucleoporin NUP205 plays a critical role in cilia and congenital disease. Dev Biol 2020; 469:46-53. [PMID: 33065118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ciliopathies affect a variety of tissues during development including the heart, kidneys, respiratory tract, and retina. Though an increasing number of monogenic causes of ciliopathies have been described, many remain unexplained. Recently, recessive variants in NUP93 and NUP205 encoding two proteins of the inner ring of the nuclear pore complex were implicated as causes of steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome. In addition, we previously found that the inner ring nucleoporins NUP93 and NUP188 function in proper left-right patterning in developing embryos via a role at the cilium. Here, we describe the role of an additional inner ring nucleoporin NUP205 in cilia biology and establishment of normal organ situs. Using knockdown in Xenopus, we show that Nup205 depletion results in loss of cilia and abnormal cardiac morphology. Furthermore, by transmission electron microscopy, we observe a loss of cilia and mispositioning of intracellular ciliary structures such as basal bodies and rootlets upon depleting inner ring nucleoporins. We describe a model wherein NUP93 interacting with either NUP188 or NUP205 is necessary for cilia. We thus provide evidence that dysregulation of inner ring nucleoporin genes that have been identified in patients may contribute to pathogenesis through cilia dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Marquez
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dipankan Bhattacharya
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - C Patrick Lusk
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mustafa K Khokha
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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32
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Abstract
The epidermis of the Xenopus embryo has emerged as a powerful tool for studying the development of a ciliated epithelium. Interspersed throughout the epithelium are multiciliated cells (MCCs) with 100+ motile cilia that beat in a coordinated manner to generate fluid flow over the surface of the cell. MCCs are essential for various developmental processes and, furthermore, ciliary dysfunction is associated with numerous pathologies. Therefore, understanding the cellular mechanisms involved in establishing a ciliated epithelium are of particular interest. MCCs originate in the inner epithelial layer of Xenopus skin, where Notch signaling plays a critical role in determining which progenitors will adopt a ciliated cell fate. Then, activation of various transcriptional regulators, such as GemC1 and MCIDAS, initiate the MCC transcriptional program, resulting in centriole amplification and the formation of motile cilia. Following specification and differentiation, MCCs undergo the process of radial intercalation, where cells apically migrate from the inner layer to the outer epithelial layer. This process involves the cooperation of various cytoskeletal networks, activation of various signaling molecules, and changes in cell-ECM and cell-cell adhesion. Coordination of these cellular processes is required for complete incorporation into the outer epithelial layer and generation of a functional ciliated epithelium. Here, we highlight recent advances made in understanding the transcriptional cascades required for MCC specification and differentiation and the coordination of cellular processes that facilitate radial intercalation. Proper regulation of these signaling pathways and processes are the foundation for developing a ciliated epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Collins
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Rosa Ventrella
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Brian J Mitchell
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.
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33
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Abstract
The epigenome determines heritable patterns of gene expression in the absence of changes in DNA sequence. The result is programming of different cellular-, tissue- and organ-specific phenotypes from a single organismic genome. Epigenetic marks that comprise the epigenome (e.g. methylation) are placed upon or removed from chromatin (histones and DNA) to direct the activity of effectors that regulate gene expression and chromatin structure. Recently, the cytoskeleton has been identified as a second target for the cell's epigenetic machinery. Several epigenetic 'readers, writers and erasers' that remodel chromatin have been discovered to also remodel the cytoskeleton, regulating structure and function of microtubules and actin filaments. This points to an emerging paradigm for dual-function remodelers with 'chromatocytoskeletal' activity that can integrate cytoplasmic and nuclear functions. For example, the SET domain-containing 2 methyltransferase (SETD2) has chromatocytoskeletal activity, methylating both histones and microtubules. The SETD2 methyl mark on chromatin is required for efficient DNA repair, and its microtubule methyl mark is required for proper chromosome segregation during mitosis. This unexpected convergence of SETD2 activity on histones and microtubules to maintain genomic stability suggests the intriguing possibility of an expanded role in the cell for chromatocytoskeletal proteins that read, write and erase methyl marks on the cytoskeleton as well as chromatin. Coordinated use of methyl marks to remodel both the epigenome and the (epi)cytoskeleton opens the possibility for integrated regulation (which we refer to as 'epiregulation') of other higher-level functions, such as muscle contraction or learning and memory, and could even have evolutionary implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Walker
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Warren Burggren
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203, USA
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34
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Hoppler S, Conlon FL. Xenopus: Experimental Access to Cardiovascular Development, Regeneration Discovery, and Cardiovascular Heart-Defect Modeling. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a037200. [PMID: 31767648 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Xenopus has been used to study a wide array of developmental processes, benefiting from vast quantities of relatively large, externally developing eggs. Xenopus is particularly amenable to examining the cardiac system because many of the developmental processes and genes involved in cardiac specification, differentiation, and growth are conserved between Xenopus and human and have been characterized in detail. Furthermore, compared with other higher vertebrate models, Xenopus embryos can survive longer without a properly functioning heart or circulatory system, enabling investigation of later consequences of early embryological manipulations. This biology is complemented by experimental technology, such as embryonic explants to study the heart, microinjection of overexpression constructs, and, most recently, the generation of genetic mutations through gene-editing technologies. Recent investigations highlight Xenopus as a powerful experimental system for studying injury/repair and regeneration and for congenital heart disease (CHD) modeling, which reinforces why this model system remains ideal for studying heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hoppler
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular & Diabetes Centre, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Frank L Conlon
- Department of Biology and Genetics, University of North Carolina McAllister Heart Institute, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3280, USA
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35
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Collins C, Majekodunmi A, Mitchell B. Centriole Number and the Accumulation of Microtubules Modulate the Timing of Apical Insertion during Radial Intercalation. Curr Biol 2020; 30:1958-1964.e3. [PMID: 32243862 PMCID: PMC7239760 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Centrioles are microtubule (MT)-based structures that provide important functions during cell migration, cell division, and cell signaling [1]. Modulating centriole number in 3D cell cultures has been shown to influence protrusive behavior [2-5]. Here, we address in vivo the role of centrioles and the accumulation of MTs on the protrusive behavior required during the initiation of radial intercalation. Radial intercalation is an important developmental process whereby cells undergo polarized movements and interdigitate into a more superficial layer [6, 7]. It is commonly employed during metamorphic events, such as the tissue thinning coupled with expansion or during the introduction of different cell types into an epithelium. During radial intercalation, cells emerge from a basal layer by undergoing a process of apical migration, apical insertion, and expansion [8]. In Xenopus skin, multiciliated cells (MCCs), which contain ∼150 centrioles, and ionocytes (ICs), which contain two centrioles, differentiate during the same developmental window, but MCCs complete intercalation prior to ICs. Here, we utilize this difference in timing to create a quantifiable assay for insertion and find that the timing of insertion is modulated by changes in centriole number and the accumulation of acetylated MTs. Additionally, centrioles align between the nucleus and the leading edge creating an axis of migration with apically oriented (+) ends. Using the MT (-) end protein CAMSAP1 fused to the apically positioned Par6 protein, we have artificially reversed the orientation of MTs and find that the accumulation of MTs in either orientation is sufficient to promote apical insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Collins
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ahmed Majekodunmi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Brian Mitchell
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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36
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Copeland J. Actin-based regulation of ciliogenesis - The long and the short of it. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 102:132-8. [PMID: 31862221 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilia is found on the mammalian cell surface where it serves as an antenna for the reception and transmission of a variety of cellular signaling pathways. At its core the cilium is a microtubule-based organelle, but it is clear that its assembly and function are dependent upon the coordinated regulation of both actin and microtubule dynamics. In particular, the discovery that the centrosome is able to act as both a microtubule and actin organizing centre implies that both cytoskeletal networks are acting directly on the process of cilia assembly. In this review, we set our recent results with the formin FHDC1 in the context of current reports that show each stage of ciliogenesis is impacted by changes in actin dynamics. These include direct effects of actin filament assembly on basal body positioning, vesicle trafficking to and entry into the cilium, cilia length, cilia membrane organization and cilia-dependent signaling.
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37
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Federspiel JD, Tandon P, Wilczewski CM, Wasson L, Herring LE, Venkatesh SS, Cristea IM, Conlon FL. Conservation and divergence of protein pathways in the vertebrate heart. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000437. [PMID: 31490923 PMCID: PMC6750614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the western world. Attaining a mechanistic understanding of human heart development and homeostasis and the molecular basis of associated disease states relies on the use of animal models. Here, we present the cardiac proteomes of 4 model vertebrates with dual circulatory systems: the pig (Sus scrofa), the mouse (Mus musculus), and 2 frogs (Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis). Determination of which proteins and protein pathways are conserved and which have diverged within these species will aid in our ability to choose the appropriate models for determining protein function and to model human disease. We uncover mammalian- and amphibian-specific, as well as species-specific, enriched proteins and protein pathways. Among these, we find and validate an enrichment in cell-cycle–associated proteins within Xenopus laevis. To further investigate functional units within cardiac proteomes, we develop a computational approach to profile the abundance of protein complexes across species. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of these data sets for predicting appropriate model systems for studying given cardiac conditions by testing the role of Kielin/chordin-like protein (Kcp), a protein found as enriched in frog hearts compared to mammals. We establish that germ-line mutations in Kcp in Xenopus lead to valve defects and, ultimately, cardiac failure and death. Thus, integrating these findings with data on proteins responsible for cardiac disease should lead to the development of refined, species-specific models for protein function and disease states. Comparison of cardiac proteomes across four vertebrate model systems reveals species-specific differentially enriched proteins and pathways, including the Xenopus-enriched Kielin/chordin-like protein (Kcp), which is shown to be important for proper heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Panna Tandon
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Caralynn M. Wilczewski
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lauren Wasson
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Laura E. Herring
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Ileana M. Cristea
- Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail: (IMC); (FLC)
| | - Frank L. Conlon
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (IMC); (FLC)
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Hwang WY, Marquez J, Khokha MK. Xenopus: Driving the Discovery of Novel Genes in Patient Disease and Their Underlying Pathological Mechanisms Relevant for Organogenesis. Front Physiol 2019; 10:953. [PMID: 31417417 PMCID: PMC6682594 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Frog model organisms have been appreciated for their utility in exploring physiological phenomena for nearly a century. Now, a vibrant community of biologists that utilize this model organism has poised Xenopus to serve as a high throughput vertebrate organism to model patient-driven genetic diseases. This has facilitated the investigation of effects of patient mutations on specific organs and signaling pathways. This approach promises a rapid investigation into novel mechanisms that disrupt normal organ morphology and function. Considering that many disease states are still interrogated in vitro to determine relevant biological processes for further study, the prospect of interrogating genetic disease in Xenopus in vivo is an attractive alternative. This model may more closely capture important aspects of the pathology under investigation such as cellular micro environments and local forces relevant to a specific organ's development and homeostasis. This review aims to highlight recent methodological advances that allow investigation of genetic disease in organ-specific contexts in Xenopus as well as provide examples of how these methods have led to the identification of novel mechanisms and pathways important for understanding human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mustafa K. Khokha
- Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, The Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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Boutin C, Kodjabachian L. Biology of multiciliated cells. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2019; 56:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Bennett TD, Callahan TJ, Feinstein JA, Ghosh D, Lakhani SA, Spaeder MC, Szefler SJ, Kahn MG. Data Science for Child Health. J Pediatr 2019; 208:12-22. [PMID: 30686480 PMCID: PMC6486872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tellen D Bennett
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; CU Data Science to Patient Value (D2V), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO; Adult and Child Consortium for Outcomes Research and Delivery Science (ACCORDS), University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO; Computational Bioscience Program, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.
| | - Tiffany J Callahan
- Computational Bioscience Program, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - James A Feinstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Adult and Child Consortium for Outcomes Research and Delivery Science (ACCORDS), University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Debashis Ghosh
- CU Data Science to Patient Value (D2V), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO; Computational Bioscience Program, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Saquib A Lakhani
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Michael C Spaeder
- Pediatric Critical Care, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Stanley J Szefler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Adult and Child Consortium for Outcomes Research and Delivery Science (ACCORDS), University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Michael G Kahn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Computational Bioscience Program, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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Nanjundappa R, Kong D, Shim K, Stearns T, Brody SL, Loncarek J, Mahjoub MR. Regulation of cilia abundance in multiciliated cells. eLife 2019; 8:e44039. [PMID: 31025935 PMCID: PMC6504233 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiciliated cells (MCC) contain hundreds of motile cilia used to propel fluid over their surface. To template these cilia, each MCC produces between 100-600 centrioles by a process termed centriole amplification. Yet, how MCC regulate the precise number of centrioles and cilia remains unknown. Airway progenitor cells contain two parental centrioles (PC) and form structures called deuterosomes that nucleate centrioles during amplification. Using an ex vivo airway culture model, we show that ablation of PC does not perturb deuterosome formation and centriole amplification. In contrast, loss of PC caused an increase in deuterosome and centriole abundance, highlighting the presence of a compensatory mechanism. Quantification of centriole abundance in vitro and in vivo identified a linear relationship between surface area and centriole number. By manipulating cell size, we discovered that centriole number scales with surface area. Our results demonstrate that a cell-intrinsic surface area-dependent mechanism controls centriole and cilia abundance in multiciliated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Nanjundappa
- Nephrology Division, Department of MedicineWashington UniversitySt LouisUnited States
| | - Dong Kong
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteFrederickUnited States
| | - Kyuhwan Shim
- Nephrology Division, Department of MedicineWashington UniversitySt LouisUnited States
| | - Tim Stearns
- Department of BiologyStanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Steven L Brody
- Pulmonary Division, Department of MedicineWashington UniversitySt LouisUnited States
| | - Jadranka Loncarek
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteFrederickUnited States
| | - Moe R Mahjoub
- Nephrology Division, Department of MedicineWashington UniversitySt LouisUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyWashington UniversitySt LouisUnited States
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Kulkarni SS, Khokha MK. WDR5 regulates left-right patterning via chromatin-dependent and -independent functions. Development 2018; 145:dev.159889. [PMID: 30377171 DOI: 10.1242/dev.159889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a major cause of infant mortality and morbidity, yet the genetic causes and mechanisms remain opaque. In a patient with CHD and heterotaxy, a disorder of left-right (LR) patterning, a de novo mutation was identified in the chromatin modifier gene WDR5 WDR5 acts as a scaffolding protein in the H3K4 methyltransferase complex, but a role in LR patterning is unknown. Here, we show that Wdr5 depletion leads to LR patterning defects in Xenopus via its role in ciliogenesis. Unexpectedly, we find a dual role for WDR5 in LR patterning. First, WDR5 is expressed in the nuclei of monociliated cells of the LR organizer (LRO) and regulates foxj1 expression. LR defects in wdr5 morphants can be partially rescued with the addition of foxj1 Second, WDR5 localizes to the bases of cilia. Using a mutant form of WDR5, we demonstrate that WDR5 also has an H3K4-independent role in LR patterning. Guided by the patient phenotype, we identify multiple roles for WDR5 in LR patterning, providing plausible mechanisms for its role in ciliopathies like heterotaxy and CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh S Kulkarni
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mustafa K Khokha
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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